sources of imges

ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM - the range of all possible frequencies of electromagnetic radiation

1. GAMMA RADIATION2. XRAY RADIATION3. UV RADIATION4. VISIBLE RADIATION5. IR RADIATION6. MICROWAVE RADIATION7. RADIO WAVES

1. GAMMA RADIATION2. XRAY RADIATION3. UV RADIATION4. VISIBLE RADIATION5. IR RADIATION6. MICROWAVE RADIATION7. RADIO WAVES

electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength longer than that of visible light, measured from the nominal edge of visible red light at 0.74 micrometres (µm), and extending conventionally to 300 µm.

Infrared light is used in industrial, scientific, and medical applications.

Night-vision devices using infrared illumination allow people or animals to be observed without the observer being detected. In astronomy, imaging at infrared wavelengths allows observation of objects obscured by interstellar dust. Infrared imaging cameras are used to detect heat loss in insulated systems, observe changing blood flow in the skin, and overheating of electrical apparatus.

gaining importance in the applied spectroscopy particularly in the fields of NIR, SWIR, MWIR, and LWIR spectral regions

Typical applications include biological, mineralogical, defense, and industrial measurements.

collects and processes information from across the electromagnetic spectrum

Much as the human eye sees visible light in three bands (red, green, and blue), spectral imaging divides the spectrum into many more bands.

This technique of dividing images into bands can be extended beyond the visible.

Engineers build sensors and processing systems to provide such capability for application in agriculture, mineralogy, physics, and surveillance.

Hyperspectral sensors look at objects using a vast portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Hyperspectral (AVIRIS) image of Mammoth Mountans, California. 1024 x 512 pixles, 224 bands, approximately 300 Mbytes od data.

Hyperspectral surveillance is the implementation of hyperspectral scanning technology for surveillance purposes.

Hyperspectral imaging is particularly useful in military surveillance because of countermeasures that military entities now take to avoid airborne surveillance.

The idea that drives hyperspectralsurveillance is that hyperspectralscanning draws information from such a large portion of the light spectrum that any given object should have a unique spectral signature in at least a few of the many bands that are scanned.

The soldiers from DEVGRU who killed Osama bin Laden in May 2011 used this(hyperspectral surveillance) technology while conducting the raid (Operation Neptune's Spear) on Osama bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan.

Hyperspectral thermal infrared emission measurement, an outdoor scan in winter conditions, ambient temperature -15°C - relative radiance spectra from various targets in the image are shown with arrows.

In infrared photography, infrared filters are used to capture the near-infrared spectrum.

Digital cameras often use infrared blockers.

Radio waves have frequencies from 300 GHz to as low as 3 kHz, and corresponding wavelengths from 1 millimeter to 100 kilometers.

Naturally occurring radio waves are made by lightning, or by astronomical objects.

Artificially generated radio waves are used for fixed and mobile radio communication, broadcasting, radar and other navigation systems, satellite communication, computer networks and innumerable other applications.

Mobile radio communication

broadcasting

Navigation system

Satellite communication

subfield of astronomy that studies celestial objects at radio frequencies

Subsequent observations have identified a number of different sources of radio emission.

Radio astronomy is conducted using large radio antennas referred to as radio telescopes, that are either used singularly, or with multiple linked telescopes utilizing the techniques of radio interferometry and aperture synthesis.

To “image” a region of the sky in more detail, multiple overlapping scans can be recorded and pieced together in a mosaic image.

An optical image of the galaxy M87 (HST), a radio image of same galaxy using Interferometry

A radio image of the central region of the Milky Way galaxy.

Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI)

Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI)

It allows observations of an object that are made simultaneously by many telescopes to be combined, emulating a telescope with a size equal to the maximum separation between the telescopes.

Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI)

VLBI is most well known for imaging distant cosmic radio sources, spacecraft tracking, and for applications in astrometry.

The Parkes64-m (210-ft) radio telescope in Australia produced this radio map of the Large MagellanicCloud.

Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI)

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refers to any study or application of sound waves higher in frequency than the human audible range

They are used in many applications including plastic welding, medicine, jewelry cleaning, and nondestructive test.

Plastic welding

Jewelry Cleaning

Non destructive test

the visualization of living animals for research purposes, such as drug development

These imaging systems can be categorized into primarily morphological/anatomical and primarily molecular imaging techniques.

High-frequency micro-ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) are usually used for anatomical imaging, while optical imaging (fluorescence and bioluminescence), positron emission tomography (PET), and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) are usually used for molecular visualizations.

High-frequency micro-ultrasound works through the generation of harmless sound waves from transducers into living systems. As the sound waves propagate through tissue, they are reflected back and picked up by the transducer, and can then be translated into 2D and 3D images.

Micro-ultrasound is specifically developed for small animal research by VisualSonics, with frequencies ranging from 15 MHz to 80 MHz,[3] compared with clinical ultrasound systems which range from 3-15 MHz

VEVO 2100 BY VisualSonic Tech.

Vevo 2100 is a portable imaging modality which means the system can be easilytransported from one site to the next and allows for multiple users to perform andstore multiple examinations/ studies. The addition of more animals to each study ispossible as well as re-assessment of study data a later dates for the purpose ofanalysis of that data.

Micro-ultrasound is the only real-time imaging modality per se, capturing data at up to 1000 frames per second.

Micro-ultrasound systems are portable, do not require any dedicated facilities, and is extremely cost-effective compared to other systems.

Currently, imaging of up to 30 µm is possible, allowing the visualization of tiny vasculature in cancer angiogenesis.

Micro-ultrasound devices have unique properties pertaining to an ultrasound research interface, where users of these devices get access to raw data typically unavailable on most commercial ultrasound (micro and non-micro) systems.

Typically, micro-ultrasound can image tissue of around 3 cm below the skin, and this is more than sufficient for small animals such as mice.

The performance of ultrasound imaging is often perceived as to be linked with the experience and skills of the operator.

The advances in micro-ultrasound has been able to aid cancer research in a plethora of ways. For example, researchers can easily quantify tumor size in two and three dimensions.

Because of its real-time nature, micro-ultrasound can also guide micro-injections of drugs, stem cells, etc. into small animals without the need for surgical intervention.

Acoustics is the interdisciplinary science that deals with the

study of all mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids

including vibration, sound, ultrasound andinfrasound. A scientist

who works in the field of acoustics is an acoustician while

someone working in the field of acoustics technology may be called

an acoustical engineer

Five basic steps :

The study of acoustics revolves around the generation, propagation

and reception of mechanical waves and vibrations.

The steps shown in the above diagram can be found in any acoustical

event or process.

Acoustic Micro Imaging

a method of evaluating materials and bonding for various

micro electronic applications. Acoustic micro imaging uses

high frequency ultrasound (5 to 300 MHz) to image the

internal features of samples

Acoustic Micro Imaging can be

optimized for analytical studies

where layer-by-layer analysis is needed.

broadband pulse viewed in the time domain

The five basic steps are found equally well whether we are talking about an earthquake, a submarine using sonar to locate its foe, or a band playing in a rock concert.

The higher the frequency the shorter the

wavelength and the higher the resolution

potential.

time domain imagepulse content in the frequency domain

frequency domain image

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Analytic instruments such as

the Spectrum analyzer facilitate

visualization and measurement

of acoustic signals and their

properties.

The Spectrogram produced by

such an instrument is a graphical

display of the time varying

pressure level and frequency

profiles which give a specific

acoustic signal its defining

character.

Spectrogram of a young girl saying "oh, no"

AudioPaint generates

sounds from pictures.

The program can read

JPEG, GIF and BMP files

and translates each pixel

position and color into

frequency, amplitude and

pan information. It's a

kind of massive additive

synthesis tool.

AudioPaint

Hyperupic [Image to Sound Tool

Hyperupic is a tool for creating sounds from digital images. Hyperupic is intended to be a musical tool for composers, but it is sufficiently general for many sonificationapplications as well. Hyperupic is available for MacOS X.

Virtual Reality

In Virtual Reality (VR) systems -all human sensory systems

have to be stimulated in a natural way to enhance immersion

into computer-generated environments with which users can

interact freely and naturally

One of the major contributions of this comprehensive system is

the realization as a software-only solution that makes it possible

to use this technology on a standard PC basis. It frees the user

of any costly DSP technology or other custom hardware which

additionally is hard to maintain. In addition to that it is to our

knowledge the first approach to install a versatile and stable

real-time binaural acoustics system with dynamic CTC in a

CAVE-like environment.

shows a measurement of the

artificial head of the Institute of

Technical Acoustics (ITA) of

RWTH Aachen University under

120 degree relating to the frontal

direction in the horizontal plane.

The Interaural Time Difference

(ITD) can be assessed in the

time domain plot. The Interaural

Level Difference (ILD) is shown

in the frequency domain plot and

clarifies the frequency

dependent level increase at the

ear turned toward the sound

source and the decrease at the

ear that is turned away from the

sound source.

Methods for Acoustical ImagingThe basic theory of the wave field

synthesis is the Huygens′ principle.

An array of loudspeakers (ranging

from just a few to some hundreds in

number) is placed in the same

position as a microphone array was

placed at the time of recording the

sound event in order to reproduce

an entire real sound field. In a VR

environment the loudspeaker signal

will then be calculated for a given

position of one or more virtual

sources.

Five sided projection CAVE-like virtual environment using optical

tracking. Possible loudspeakers are colored in green and

mounted on the rack on top of the device

1234-8 ) 5 basic steps(acoustic)

Sources for images

9) refers to any study or application of sound waves higher in frequency than the human audible range

10)TRUE/FALSE: In astronomy, imaging at infrared wavelengths allows examination of objects obscured by interstellar dust.