Nutrients in Groundwater, and Public Water Supply Protection GWPC Annual Forum September 28, 2015
Nutrients in Groundwater, and
Public Water Supply
Protection
GWPC Annual Forum
September 28, 2015
Lee Geologic
717.991.5620
Joseph J. Lee, Jr., P.G
1. Nutrients characteristics
2. Nutrient contamination and public water supply
3. Nutrients and groundwater in the United States
4. Successes and efforts to remediate nutrient
contamination of groundwater
5. Importance of understanding groundwater movement
in developing remediation and protection strategies
6. Future challenges to groundwater and implications for
water supply protection
KEY MESSAGES
Nutrient Pollution in the United States
• 20% of the nations lakes have high levels of N & P
• 30% of streams have high levels of N %P
• 15,000 water bodies have 1 or more nutrient-related
impairments
• Drinking water violations for nitrates have doubled in
the last decade (MCL - 10 mg/l)
• Nutrient pollution has been increasin
Nutrient Pollution Sources
• Atmospheric deposition – car & power plant emissions
• Fertilizer runoff
• Wastewater discharge
• Storm water runoff
• Failing Septic systems and
• land application
Impacts of Nutrient Pollution
•Disinfection by-product & methemoglobinemia (blue baby
syndrome)
•Co-occuring contaminants (pathogens, pesticides,
industrial chemicals)
•Toxic algal blooms (neuro-toxins, paralytic, & diarrehtic
effects)
• Increased treatment costs
•Recreation and tourism economic impacts
•Widespread water quality impairments
•Low dissolved oxygen levels (hypoxia/anoxia)
•Decreased species diversity and increased species
vulnerability
• Significant habitat loss (seagrasses & submerged aquatic
vegetation)
US EPA, The State-EPA Nutrient Innovations Task Group Report August 2009
Tools to Address Nutrient Pollution
• Point source control
• Non-point source controls
• Stream assessments
• Total Maximum Daily Load development
• Nutrient management plans
• Bank & Trade programs
Other Tools & Strategies
• USDA Nutrient Management Guidance recognizes
critical groundwater and water uses, namely wellhead
protection areas
• NRCS Funding for conservation measures in wellhead
protection areas
• USDA funding focusing on targeted watershed
improvements
• US EPA identification of complementary authorities
and tools in the CWA & SDWA
Map of EPA Nutrient Pollution Reduction Efforts
http://www2.epa.gov/nutrientpollution
Octoraro
Creek
Watershed
Chesapeake
Bay
0 .0
1.0
2 .0
3 .0
4 .0
5.0
6 .0
7.0
8 .0
9 .0
10 .0
11.0
12 .0
13 .0
14 .0
78 79 8 0 8 1 8 2 8 3 8 4 8 5 8 6 8 7 8 8 8 9 9 0 9 1 9 2 9 3 9 4 9 5 9 6 9 7 9 8 9 9 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4
NIT
RA
TE
(a
s N
) m
g/L
MINIMUM AVERAGE MAXIMUM
OCTORARO RESERVOIR INTAKE 1978-2004OCTORARO RESERVOIR INTAKE
1978-2004
Conceptual Model Groundwater Movement
Watershed Divided into Sections for Model
World Population Increase = Demand for Increased
Agricultural production
Time of Travel Allows Development of Effective
Mitigation for Best Water Quality
Climate Change Implications for
Groundwater
• rising sea levels = salt water intrusion
• decreasing water quality
• increased demand for groundwater
• changes in recharge rates
Implications of Temperature & precipitation changes
World Population Increase = Demand for Increased
Agricultural production
United Nations:
7 Billion 2012
9.4 Billion 2050
Lee Geologic
717.991.5620
Joseph J. Lee, Jr., P.G