$13,235 $21,829 $26,880 $29,439 $38,297 $50,077 $65,501 $71,734 $32,199 $45,146 $53,539 $56,153 $75,311 $90,956 $115,415 $138,118 HS dropout HS G raduate Som e C ollege A ssoicate B achelor's M aster's D octorate P rofessional Source: Postsecondary Education OPPORTUNITY Collaborating to Expand the Pipeline “Let’s Get Real” Presented by: Ed C. Apodaca November 3-5, 2005
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$13,235
$21,829$26,880
$29,439
$38,297
$50,077
$65,501
$71,734
$32,199
$45,146
$53,539$56,153
$75,311
$90,956
$115,415
$138,118
HS dropout HS Graduate Some College Assoicate Bachelor's Master's Doctorate Professional
Source: Postsecondary Education OPPORTUNITY
Collaborating to Expand the Pipeline“Let’s Get Real”
Presented by: Ed C. Apodaca
November 3-5, 2005
“Closing the Gaps” Projected College Enrollment Growth
138288 134619
404986448673434619
897346
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
700000
800000
900000
1000000
Private Col. Public 4Yr. Public 2Yr.
Projected Growth= 500,000 more students are expected to enrolled in higher education-200,000 from population growth, and 300,000 from improved participation.
2000 2015
41%44%
14% 9%
30%
60%
(990,000 students) (1,500,000 students)
National Center for Education Statistics (NCES)
U. S. Department of Education’s agency responsible for reporting of educational data
Ways of measuring dropout rates-
▸Status dropout rates- provide cumulative data among young adults within a specified age range.
▸Event dropout rates- describe the proportion of students who leave school each year without completing a high school degree program.
▸Cohort dropout rates- measure what happens to a cohort of students over a period of time.
National Center for Education Statistics (NCES)(Status Dropout Rates)
Intercultural Development Research Association (Cohort Rates)
Texas Education Agency (Event Rates)
Texas Education Agency (Event Dropout Rates)
87.8%83.0%
77.7%
2.9% 2.1%
14.9%10.7%
5.5%
2.4%5.3%3.8%3.8%
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
White Black Hispanic
Graduated Continued GED Dropout
Class 2003
Who is to Blame for the High Dropout Rates
School-related factors:
–Over crowded classrooms
–Improper/inadequate funding
–Grade retention
–Altering school policies
–Poor curriculum
–Lack of engaging teachers
–Lack of discipline
–School’s size
Student-related factors:
–Poor academic achievement
–Low motivation/truancy
–Limited English proficiency
–Expectations
–Pregnancy/marriage
–Drug/Gangs
–Learning disabilities
–Peer relationships
Family-related factors:
–Parents’ educational & occupational levels–Mother’s educational background–Student helping to support family–Come from single parent families–Non-English speaking home environment–Ineffective parenting–Lack of interest from parents for education–Mobility
Community-related factors
–Lack of community support for schools–High incidences of criminal activities–Poor response from court system–Lack of cooperation between schools & community–Low economic level–Teaching vs. Training
What do we know about who drops out and why-
Variables Associated with Dropouts
–Age... students tend to be older-
–Gender... more likely to be male. Females who dropout are often pregnant-
–Socioeconomic ... come from low-income families-
–Ethnicity... likely to be Black, Hispanic or Native American-
–Native Language... come from non-English speaking backgrounds-
–Region... live in urban settings-
–Ability.. scored low on measures of cognitive ability-
High School Dropouts’ Profile
The National Center for Educational Statistic found that the majority of dropouts do not fit the at-risk profile-
Although the dropout rates of Blacks are 50% higher than those of Whites and Hispanics’ rates are twice those of Blacks....
Two-thirds of all dropouts are White........ and most dropouts are not from broken homes, not poor, and are not pregnant-
White, 1,566,039,
67%
Hispanic, 529,192,
22%Black,
267,602, 11%
Source: National Center on Secondary Education and Transition (NCSET)
Enrollment Trends of Males by Level
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Elementary High School Associate Bachelors Masters Doctoral Professional
White Hispanic BlackSource: NCES/2003 data
✔From 1957 to 1991 females high school graduates- out numbered males-
✔From 1991, males high school graduates exceeded females 5 out of the last 7
year-
Black Enrollment Trends by Gender and Level
63%
37%
62%
71%
62%
66%
56%
50% 51%
38%38%
29%
34%44%
50% 51%
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Kindergarten Elementary High School Bachelors Masters Doctoral Law Medince
Female Male
Source: NCES/2003 data
Hispanic Enrollment Trends by Gender and Level
56%
62%
45%
50%51%51%52%
45%
38%40%
50%49%48% 49%
55%
60%
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Kindergarten Elementary High School Bachelors Masters Doctoral Law Medince
Male FemaleSource: NCES/2003 data
White Enrollment Trends by Gender and Level
55%
59%
45%41%
50%
39%
44%
49%
52%52% 51%
61%57%
51%
48%48%
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Kindergarten Elementary High School Bachelors Masters Doctoral Law Medince
Male Female
Source: NCES/2003 data
U.S. Population in State and Federal Prisons
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Texas Prisons-▸Cost......$1.8 Billion per year▸73 state facilities- (50% built in past 12 yrs)
▸164,702 inmates–41% high school dropouts–43% HS diploma/GED–16% some college