1972-1973 1983-1984 1994-1995 2005-2006 $0 $2,500 $5,000 $7,500 $10,000 $3,536 $5,650 $6,975 $8,872 $835 $1,264 $1,173 $1,315 Annual Enrichment Expenditures Top-Income Bottom-Income Source: Greg J. Duncan and Richard J Murnane, “Introduction: The American Dream, Then and Now,” in Whither Opportunity: Rising Inequality, Schools, and Children’s Life Chances, edited by Greg J. Duncan and Richard Murnane, 11. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2011. Authors’ calculations based on Consumer Expenditure Surveys, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Amount Spent Per Year on Enrichment
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Source: Greg J. Duncan and Richard J Murnane, “Introduction: The American Dream, Then and Now,” in Whither Opportunity: Rising Inequality, Schools, and.
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1972-1973 1983-1984 1994-1995 2005-2006$0
$2,500
$5,000
$7,500
$10,000
$3,536
$5,650
$6,975
$8,872
$835 $1,264 $1,173 $1,315
Annual Enrichment Expenditures
Top-IncomeBottom-Income
Source: Greg J. Duncan and Richard J Murnane, “Introduction: The American Dream, Then and Now,” in Whither Opportunity: Rising Inequality, Schools, and Children’s Life Chances, editedby Greg J. Duncan and Richard Murnane, 11. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2011. Authors’ calculations based on Consumer Expenditure Surveys, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Amount Spent Per Year on Enrichment
Less
than 4,000
4,000-4,999
5,000-5,999
6,000-6,999
7,000-7,999
8,000-8,999
9,000-9,999
10,000-10,999
11,000-11,999
12,000-12,999
13,000 or higher
0
5
10
15
20
2522.6
20.2
17.8
15.4
1210.6
9.411.2
7.6 7.86.4
Total Per-Student Expenditures
Perc
enta
ge o
f Stu
dent
s Li
ving
in P
over
ty
“Communities where student poverty is rare tend to have well-funded schools, whereas schools in communities where
student poverty is rampant tend to receive much less funding.”
A Research Synthesis / Unequal School Funding in the United StatesBruce J. Biddle and David C. Berliner
*Research conducted in partnership with Dallas ISD Evaluation and Accountability and WolfBrown, using a rubric based on the Principles of Learning developed by the Institute for Learning, the National Standards for Arts Education, and the Framework for 21st Century Learning,
developed by the Partnership for 21st Century Learning Skills.
Percentage of High-Impact Learning* Occurring in Thriving Minds 2007-2011