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Write descriptions of differing interpretations of the Write descriptions of differing interpretations of the advances of women during the First World War.advances of women during the First World War.

WWhathatII’m’mLLookingookingFForor

Give an explanation of why different historical Give an explanation of why different historical interpretations might be produced.interpretations might be produced.

Use appropriate dates and historical terms.Use appropriate dates and historical terms.Click to revealClick to reveal

Suitably structure your work.Suitably structure your work.

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Click to revealClick to reveal

Click to revealClick to reveal

Source BSource BSource ASource A

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[From the education section of the Imperial War Museum [From the education section of the Imperial War Museum website, website, www.iwm.org.uk looking at women’s lives in the looking at women’s lives in the

2020thth and 21 and 21stst centuries (2008)] centuries (2008)]


Describe the interpretation. What does the source tell me about women during WW1?W

ho

is

th

e a

uth

or?

Wh

at

do

th

ey

do

?W

he

n w

as

the

so

urc

e w

ritten

? W

ha

t mig

ht h

av

e in

flue

nc

ed

the

au

tho

r?

What evidence may have been looked at and how might this explain how the interpretation was produced?

During the First World War women's work and During the First World War women's work and status began to change. Women were actively status began to change. Women were actively recruited to do war work and many others recruited to do war work and many others volunteered … At the end of the war it was clear volunteered … At the end of the war it was clear that women and their work had been vital to the that women and their work had been vital to the war effort.war effort.

During the First World War women's work and During the First World War women's work and status began to change. Women were actively status began to change. Women were actively recruited to do war work and many others recruited to do war work and many others volunteered … At the end of the war it was clear volunteered … At the end of the war it was clear that women and their work had been vital to the that women and their work had been vital to the war effort.war effort.

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Throughout the war … most male-dominated Throughout the war … most male-dominated professions remained closed to women. Even in areas professions remained closed to women. Even in areas where they were employed in large numbers, such as where they were employed in large numbers, such as munitions and transport, they were often treated as munitions and transport, they were often treated as inferior, stop-gap replacements for enlisted men. inferior, stop-gap replacements for enlisted men. Moreover, women's wages, routinely portrayed as 'high' Moreover, women's wages, routinely portrayed as 'high' in the wartime press, remained significantly lower than in the wartime press, remained significantly lower than those of their male counterparts.those of their male counterparts.

Throughout the war … most male-dominated Throughout the war … most male-dominated professions remained closed to women. Even in areas professions remained closed to women. Even in areas where they were employed in large numbers, such as where they were employed in large numbers, such as munitions and transport, they were often treated as munitions and transport, they were often treated as inferior, stop-gap replacements for enlisted men. inferior, stop-gap replacements for enlisted men. Moreover, women's wages, routinely portrayed as 'high' Moreover, women's wages, routinely portrayed as 'high' in the wartime press, remained significantly lower than in the wartime press, remained significantly lower than those of their male counterparts.those of their male counterparts.

[From the commentary to the BBC TV documentary series Out of the Doll’s House, which looked at the history of women in the

twentieth century (1988)]


Describe the interpretation. What does the source tell me about women during WW1?W

ho

is

th

e a

uth

or?

Wh

at

do

th

ey

do

?W

he

n w

as

the

so

urc

e w

ritten

? W

ha

t mig

ht h

av

e in

flue

nc

ed

the

au

tho

r?

What evidence may have been looked at and how might this explain how the interpretation was produced?

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During the First World War women's work and During the First World War women's work and status began to change. Women were actively status began to change. Women were actively recruited to do war work and many others recruited to do war work and many others volunteered … At the end of the war it was volunteered … At the end of the war it was clear that women and their work had been clear that women and their work had been vital to the war effort.vital to the war effort.

During the First World War women's work and During the First World War women's work and status began to change. Women were actively status began to change. Women were actively recruited to do war work and many others recruited to do war work and many others volunteered … At the end of the war it was volunteered … At the end of the war it was clear that women and their work had been clear that women and their work had been vital to the war effort.vital to the war effort.

Describe the interpretation. What does the source tell me about women during the war?Describe the interpretation. What does the source tell me about women during the war?Describe the interpretation. What does the source tell me about women during the war?Describe the interpretation. What does the source tell me about women during the war?

Source ASource A

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Most women inMost women indomestic servicedomestic service


Work in Work in munitions factoriesmunitions factories


Married womenMarried womennot expected to worknot expected to work


Click to Click to check check

answersanswers

Women campaignedWomen campaignedfor the votefor the vote


Women were paidWomen were paidless than menless than men


Women took onWomen took on‘‘male only ’ jobsmale only ’ jobs


Women joined theWomen joined theLand ArmyLand Army


Many men sawMany men sawwomen as inferiorwomen as inferior


Women joined theWomen joined thearmed forcesarmed forces


Women were nursesWomen were nurses Women were nursesWomen were nurses










Women were nursesWomen were nurses

Click the arrows to move the statements under the correct heading

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Read the information below to try and help you understand a little more about the work of women during the First World War.

Female bus conductors on a tramcar in Cardiff

Source: Cardiff Central Library

As men left their jobs to volunteer to fight for As men left their jobs to volunteer to fight for King and country, they were replaced by King and country, they were replaced by women. As a result the number of women women. As a result the number of women employed increased from 3,224,600 in July, employed increased from 3,224,600 in July, 1914 to 4,814,600 in January 1918. 1914 to 4,814,600 in January 1918.

Women took up roles in government Women took up roles in government departments, became clerical workers, worked departments, became clerical workers, worked as conductors on trams and buses, worked on as conductors on trams and buses, worked on the land, in the munitions industry, did heavy the land, in the munitions industry, did heavy work such as unloading coal, stoking furnaces work such as unloading coal, stoking furnaces and building ships.and building ships.Women also served as non-combatants in the Women also served as non-combatants in the Women's Royal Navy Service (WRNS), Women's Royal Navy Service (WRNS), Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) and Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) and Women's Royal Air Force (WRAF). Others Women's Royal Air Force (WRAF). Others became nurses or joined the Voluntary Aid became nurses or joined the Voluntary Aid Detachments (V.A.D.).Detachments (V.A.D.).

Describe the interpretation. What does the source tell me about women during the war?Describe the interpretation. What does the source tell me about women during the war?

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[From the education section of the Imperial War Museum website, www.iwm.org.uk looking at

women’s lives in the 20th and 21st centuries (2008)]

Who is the author? What do they do?Who is the author? What do they do?

Source ASource A

Education SectionEducation SectionEducation SectionEducation Section

Imperial WarImperial WarMuseumMuseum

Imperial WarImperial WarMuseumMuseum

WebsiteWebsiteWebsiteWebsite

AnswersAnswers

Click the tabs to match the terms on the left with an explanation on the right.

Might be untrustworthy as anyone can produce a website,Might be untrustworthy as anyone can produce a website,

but in this case it is produced by a knowledgeable author.but in this case it is produced by a knowledgeable author.

Designed to provide materials for schoolDesigned to provide materials for schoolChildren and therefore might lead to resourcesChildren and therefore might lead to resources

being more generalised and less specific.being more generalised and less specific.

Designed to provide materials for schoolDesigned to provide materials for schoolChildren and therefore might lead to resourcesChildren and therefore might lead to resources

being more generalised and less specific.being more generalised and less specific.

Designed to provide materials for school childrenDesigned to provide materials for school childrenand therefore might lead to resources being more and therefore might lead to resources being more

generalised and less specific.generalised and less specific.

A museum devoted to Britain’sA museum devoted to Britain’sinvolvement in armed conflicts.involvement in armed conflicts.

A museum devoted to Britain’sA museum devoted to Britain’sinvolvement in armed conflicts.involvement in armed conflicts.A museum devoted to Britain’sA museum devoted to Britain’sinvolvement in armed conflicts.involvement in armed conflicts.





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When was the source written? What might have influenced the author?When was the source written? What might have influenced the author?

Source ASource A AnswersAnswers

Views given would be based onViews given would be based onthe most up-to-date evidence.the most up-to-date evidence.

Views given would be based onViews given would be based onthe most up-to-date evidence.the most up-to-date evidence.

More objective accounts areMore objective accounts areproduced as this is long after theproduced as this is long after the

events.events.

More objective accounts areMore objective accounts areproduced as this is long after theproduced as this is long after the

events.events.

Would make it primary sourceWould make it primary sourceand reflect one person’s opinion.and reflect one person’s opinion.

Would make it primary sourceWould make it primary sourceand reflect one person’s opinion.and reflect one person’s opinion.

The museum was looking to makeThe museum was looking to makechildren more aware of the role ofchildren more aware of the role of

women during the two World Wars.women during the two World Wars.

The museum was looking to makeThe museum was looking to makechildren more aware of the role ofchildren more aware of the role of

women during the two World Wars.women during the two World Wars.

The Imperial War Museum wasThe Imperial War Museum wasrecognised for its accuracy andrecognised for its accuracy and

had a good reputation.had a good reputation.

The Imperial War Museum wasThe Imperial War Museum wasrecognised for its accuracy andrecognised for its accuracy and

had a good reputation.had a good reputation.

Facts would be distorted to justFacts would be distorted to justshow one-side of the argument.show one-side of the argument.Facts would be distorted to justFacts would be distorted to justshow one-side of the argument.show one-side of the argument.

Click on the tabs to change to the correct colour.

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What evidence may have been looked at and how might this explain how the interpretation was produced?What evidence may have been looked at and how might this explain how the interpretation was produced?

Source ASource A

Account of men who served with women during the war.Account of men who served with women during the war.Account of men who served with women during the war.Account of men who served with women during the war.

Accounts given by women who worked during the war.Accounts given by women who worked during the war.Accounts given by women who worked during the war.Accounts given by women who worked during the war.

Official records that were available.Official records that were available.Official records that were available.Official records that were available.The Government has a 30 year rule on evidence but does not

need to release everything.

The museum has many records from

diaries to interviews.

The museum has many records from diaries to

interviews.

Click on the statements that you believe to be true.

The views of many historians.The views of many historians.The views of many historians.The views of many historians.Those in charge of the various collections are archivists and historians who read widely.

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Throughout the war … most male-dominated professions Throughout the war … most male-dominated professions remained closed to women. Even in areas where they were remained closed to women. Even in areas where they were employed in large numbers, such as munitions and employed in large numbers, such as munitions and transport, they were often treated as inferior, stop-gap transport, they were often treated as inferior, stop-gap replacements for enlisted men. Moreover, women's wages, replacements for enlisted men. Moreover, women's wages, routinely portrayed as 'high' in the wartime press, remained routinely portrayed as 'high' in the wartime press, remained significantly lower than those of their male counterparts.significantly lower than those of their male counterparts.

Throughout the war … most male-dominated professions Throughout the war … most male-dominated professions remained closed to women. Even in areas where they were remained closed to women. Even in areas where they were employed in large numbers, such as munitions and employed in large numbers, such as munitions and transport, they were often treated as inferior, stop-gap transport, they were often treated as inferior, stop-gap replacements for enlisted men. Moreover, women's wages, replacements for enlisted men. Moreover, women's wages, routinely portrayed as 'high' in the wartime press, remained routinely portrayed as 'high' in the wartime press, remained significantly lower than those of their male counterparts.significantly lower than those of their male counterparts.

Describe the interpretation. What does the source tell me about women during the war?Describe the interpretation. What does the source tell me about women during the war?

Source BSource B

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Number of women inNumber of women inwork increased by 1.6 mwork increased by 1.6 m


700,000 worked in 700,000 worked in munitions factoriesmunitions factories


Women became busWomen became busand tram conductorsand tram conductors


Employers ensured womenEmployers ensured womenwere paid less than menwere paid less than men


More women joinedMore women joinedtrade unionstrade unions


The government had to persuadeThe government had to persuadethe Unions to allow women inthe Unions to allow women in

to the factoriesto the factories



23,000 women joined23,000 women joinedthe Land Armythe Land Army


Women joined the armedWomen joined the armedforces in non-combat rolesforces in non-combat roles


Women over 30Women over 30got the vote in 1918got the vote in 1918


At the end of the war womenAt the end of the war womenwere forced out of jobswere forced out of jobs













Read the statements and decide how much actually changed for women

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A TV programme that concentrated on the livesA TV programme that concentrated on the livesof women during the 20of women during the 20thth century. century.



Who is the author? What do they do?Who is the author? What do they do?

DocumentaryDocumentaryDocumentaryDocumentary

Out of the Doll’sOut of the Doll’sHouseHouse

Out of the Doll’sOut of the Doll’sHouseHouse

BBC TVBBC TVBBC TVBBC TV A TV programme intended to present opinionsA TV programme intended to present opinionson past or present events by interviewing people. on past or present events by interviewing people.

AnswersAnswers

A TV programme intended to present opinionsA TV programme intended to present opinionson past or present events by interviewing people. on past or present events by interviewing people.

A TV programme intended to present opinionsA TV programme intended to present opinionson past or present events by interviewing people. on past or present events by interviewing people.

A well respected organisation that is known forA well respected organisation that is known for

Producing well-researched programmes.Producing well-researched programmes.


Producing well-researched programmes.Producing well-researched programmes.

Source BSource BClick the tabs to match the terms on the left with an explanation on the right.


Producing well-researched programmes.Producing well-researched programmes.A TV programme that concentrated on the livesA TV programme that concentrated on the lives

of women during the 20of women during the 20thth century. century.A TV programme that concentrated on the livesA TV programme that concentrated on the lives

of women during the 20of women during the 20thth century. century.

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When was the source written? What might have influenced the author?When was the source written? What might have influenced the author?

AnswersAnswers

Produced at a time when peopleProduced at a time when peoplewere aware of the long-termwere aware of the long-term

impact of the war.impact of the war.

Produced at a time when peopleProduced at a time when peoplewere aware of the long-termwere aware of the long-term

impact of the war.impact of the war.

Written a long time after theWritten a long time after theeventsevents

so was less emotive.so was less emotive.

Written a long time after theWritten a long time after theeventsevents

so was less emotive.so was less emotive.

Produced as women were stillProduced as women were stilltreated poorly in Britain.treated poorly in Britain.

Produced as women were stillProduced as women were stilltreated poorly in Britain.treated poorly in Britain.

The producers were still ableThe producers were still ableto talk to some women who hadto talk to some women who had

worked during the war.worked during the war.

The producers were still ableThe producers were still ableto talk to some women who hadto talk to some women who had

worked during the war.worked during the war.

Produced when many femaleProduced when many femalehistorians wanted to show the Warhistorians wanted to show the War

affected more than the soldiers.affected more than the soldiers.

Produced when many femaleProduced when many femalehistorians wanted to show the Warhistorians wanted to show the War

affected more than the soldiers.affected more than the soldiers.

Written over eighty years after theWritten over eighty years after theevents so is less reliable.events so is less reliable.

Written over eighty years after theWritten over eighty years after theevents so is less reliable.events so is less reliable.

Click on the tabs to change to the correct colour.Source BSource B

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NGfL CYMRUGCaDWhat evidence may have been looked at and how might this explain how the interpretation was produced?What evidence may have been looked at and how might this explain how the interpretation was produced?

Click on the statements that you believe to be true.



Source BSource B

Account of men who served with women during the war.Account of men who served with women during the war.Account of men who served with women during the war.Account of men who served with women during the war.

Accounts given by women who worked during the war.Accounts given by women who worked during the war.Accounts given by women who worked during the war.Accounts given by women who worked during the war.

Official records that were available.Official records that were available.Official records that were available.Official records that were available.The Government has a 30 year rule on evidence but does not

need to release everything.

The museum has many records from

diaries to interviews.

The museum has many records from diaries to

interviews.

The views of many historians.The views of many historians.The views of many historians.The views of many historians.Those in charge of the various collections are archivists and historians who read widely.

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men women

inferior women

jobs women

vote women

advances of women

history of women