SOUND IN ENGLISH.pptx

SOUND IN ENGLISH -DIPHTHONG-

Speech Organs and Articulation

What are speech organs?

Organs that produce many sounds needed for language.

Example: lips,teeth,tongue,alveolar ridge,hard palate, velum (soft palate),uvulaandglottis.

Soft palateHard palateUpper teethLower teethAlveolar ridgeFig 1. THE ARTICULATORS

The Eight Parts of Human Speech Organs

1) Lips, Teeth, TongueLips form different shapes, such as an oval, and movements in order to make different sounds. Sounds can be formed by using the teeth to shape the lips, in combination with the tongue, or to block air from escaping the mouth. The tongue moves throughout the mouth and with many of the other organs, as well as making shapes like the lips, in order to formulate speech. ( /p/ , /f/ , /v/ , /u:/ )2) UvulaThe uvula is used to make guttural sounds. It helps to make nasal consonants by stopping air from moving through the nose.

3) GlottisThe glottis is used in controlling the vibration made by the vocal chords, in order to make different sounds.

4) Alveolar RidgeTo make different sounds, known as alveolar sounds, the tongue touches the ridges found on this organ. ( /t/ & /d/ )

5) Hard PalateLike the alveolar ridge, the tongue touches and taps the palate when articulating speech.

6) Velum (Soft Palate)The movable velum can retract and elevate in order to separate the mouth from the nasal cavity, helping to make speech less nasally. When the tongue hits the velum, it also makes a special sound called the velar consonant. ( /k/ & /g/ )

The larynx, jaws & nose and nasal cavityLarynx Complex and independentFeel the vibration when produce sound such as /z/Jaws Lower jaw helps a lot in speaking.Dont make contacts with other articulators.Nose and nasal cavity/m/ & /n/

SOUND IN ENGLISH CONSONANTS-

What is ConsonantsA consonant is a sound in spoken language that is characterized by a construction or closure at one or more points along the vocal tract, such as lips, tongue, and teeth.Also refers to each letter that denotes this type of sound.In the English alphabet, the 21 letters that typically denote consonant sounds are B, C, D, F, G The letter Y also can act a vowel words such as myth and try.When consonant letter act as both a vowel and consonant in a word and it its own syllable such as prism it is called a sonorant.All consonants shh , brr

Types of Consonants

1. VOICED or UNVOICED A sound is said to be voiced if it requires the vocal chords to vibrate. In an unvoiced sound the vocal chords do not vibrate. T he voice/unvoiced distinction tends to coincide with gentle and strong aspiration; which is stronger and weaker breath force.

2. BLENDS Some consonants can be pronounced one after the other. Example: Combination is /d/ with // which occurs twice in the word judge /dd/, /t/ with // as in choose / u/ .

3. FRICATIVE Consonants that involved restricting the flow of air through the mouth dramatically that it makes a hissing noise as it passes. Examples: /f/ and /v/ as well as // and // Sibilant fricatives is strong fricative [ s z ] .

4. RHOTIC Also called the r sound. Pronounced by curving the tip of the tongue slightly backward and holding it just behind the alveolar ridge. Example: red, try, writer

CHARACTERISTICS OF CONSONANTS Articulation involves a closing movements of the speech organ either a narrowing or a total closure.For example the sound of p in English (represented as /p/ in the IPA) is produced by holding the lips together to block air and sound and then suddenly opening them: it is therefore called a bilabial(with both lips)plosive (allowing air and sound to pop outward) consonant. Phonologically appear at the edges of syllables and may in clusters e.g string, glimpsed Can be voiced or unvoiced.

Consonants Manner of Articulation

Oral Stops/ Plosive Complete occlusion (blockage) of both the oral and nasal cavities of the vocal tract and therefore no air flow.Example: /p t k/ (voiceless) and /b d g/ (voiced)2. Nasal StopThere is complete occlusion of the oral cavity and the air passes instead through the nose.Example: /m/ and /n/

3. Fricative / SpirantThere is continuous frication (turbulent and noisy airflow) at the place of articulations.Example: /f, s/ (voiceless) /v, z/ (voiced)4. Affricate Begins like a plosive, but this releases into a fricative rather than having a separate release of its own.Example: ch and j 5. ApproximantLateral approximant (liquid): pronounced with the side of the tongue e.g /l/.Semivowel (glide): pronounced like a vowel but with the tongue closer to the roof of the mouth e.g /w/ is the semivowel equivalent of the vowel /u/. 6. Rhotics

VOWELS

English Vowel Sounds

LONG VOWELisee, air, where, wear, there, their, they're, hair, care/si/father, army, car, party, garden, park, calm, palm, drama;/f(r)/saw, more, order, cord, port,long, gone, cost, coffee,law, pause, because,bought, thought, caught,hall, always, water, war, want/s/utoo, rude, Lucy, June,do, move, room, tool,crew, chew, flew, jewel,blue, true, fruit, juice,group, through, route/tu/bird, burden, heard, herd, world, were, colonel, courtesy, curl, girl,early, search, sir, surgeon, occur, fur, circuit/f(r)/

LONG VOWELsit, it, kiss, tip, pick, dinner,system, busy, pity, sunny/st/eten, let, tell, press, send, end,bread, dead, weather, leather/ten/cat, apple, land, travel, mad, last, class, dance, castle, half/kt/got, cot, hot,on,from (final), what, watch, want, cough/t/ (British English)put, look, book, foot, good, push, pull, full, sugar, would, could, should/pt/cup, but, cup, some, mother, come,other, above, Monday, love, thorough, tough, flourish, flood/kp/about, gun, cut, son, money, love,tough, enough, rough, brutal, taken, violent,memory, reason, family/bat/

-DIPHTHONG-

What is Diphthong?A diphthong is a one-syllable sound that is made up of two vowels.

In Received Pronunciation English there are eight diphthong sounds.

e + = eface + = choicea + = a moutha + = aprice

+ = near e + = e square + = cure + = goat

Example : http://www.pulmeier.com/ipa/diphthongs.htmla

Strong and Weak Form

Weak and Strong FormsWeak forms pronounced in an unstressed manner. Function words /grammatical wordsConjunctions : but, while, asarticles : a, an, thePronouns : they, she, usPrepositions : before, next to, oppositeDeterminers : the, a, some, a fewSome auxiliary and modal verbs : dont, am , can , were

Strong FormsStress words are considered content words such as Nouns kitchen, PeterPrincipal verbs visit, constructAdjectives beautiful, interestingAdverbs often, carefully

Example : the modal verb canWhen we use the positive form of "can" we quickly glide over the can and it is hardly pronounced. They can come on Friday . On the other hand, when we use the negative form "can't" we tend to stress the fact that it is the negative form by also stressing "can't". They can't come on Friday .

ExampleA: Will you be at the meeting on Friday? (you is weak)B: Yes. Will you be there? (you is strong)

Can you help me carry this suitcase? (me is weak) Hey, wait for me! (me is strong)

A: She doesnt smoke or drink! (she is strong) B: Ah, thats what she told you! (she is weak)

Example of weak form pronunciationa cup You and me As good as I must sell To mexicoWill he go?