Soul Music “Soul” Applied to Culture 1903 “The Souls of Black Folk” W.E.B. DuBois “Soul” Applied to Music in 1960s Ray Charles “Soul Brothers” (1958) & “Soul Meeting” (1962) John Coltrane “Soultrane” (1960)
Soul Music
Jun 27, 2015
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Soul Music
“Soul” Applied to Culture 1903 “The Souls of Black Folk” W.E.B. DuBois
“Soul” Applied to Music in 1960s
Ray Charles “Soul Brothers” (1958) & “Soul Meeting” (1962)
John Coltrane “Soultrane” (1960)
Soul Music
Identified by Location: Motown, Memphis, Chicago, Philly, Las Vegas
Motown & Memphis dominated the 1960s
Motown vs. Memphis
Refined Gospel
Polished Arrangements (Funk Brothers)
Polite Scream
Artist Development
Black Studio Band
Sanctified Gospel
Hard Bop Horn Sound
Gut Wrenching Scream
No Artist Development
Mixed Raced Studio Band
Motown
Motown Records
Berry Gordy Jr. (& Wife) 1959 Started Label (Tamla Records) After Several Years in the BizSpent Time Crafting their Sound
1. Infectious Intros & Hooks2. Gospel Sound (Tambourine)3. Sweet Soul (falsetto or Castrato)
Motown
(cont.)
4. Highly Syncopated Bass Lines
5. Conga Drums
6. Unusual Sounds
Tire Chains, Plywood Marching, Hollow
Percussive
MotownSpector-Like Studio Productions1. Harp, big band, strings2. Bells, celeste, cymbal bell3. Flutes, w/vocal group4. “Ahs” tamb, conga, bass line, huge vocals5. Spoken, fuzz guitar, strings6. Orch interlude7. group
Motown
Corporate Production (“assembly-line’)
Developed A Sound to Overcome Airwave Segregation
Spent Time Developing Artists: Dance Lessons, Charm School
Motown
Production Teams: Holland-Dozier-Holland Many Hits with the Supremes 1964-67
Producers Had A Lock On An Act Until FailureMotown Moved to LA 1971Success eroded, the move? Too much time with Diana Ross?
Motown Groups
Smokey Robinson & the Miracles
Associated with Gordy Before Motown
“Shop Around” 1960, Motown’s first Million Seller
“Second That Emotion” Smokey’s Sweet Soul voice & graceful Dance Steps
Motown Groups
Motown Groups
Temptations (1960 signed 1961)Variety of Sounds Sweet & Rougher“My Girl” (1965) 1st #1“Psychedelic Shack”
Motown Groups
Four Tops (1963)Had a Las Vegas Career before MotownHad a Harder Vocal SoundReach Out (1966)“Bernadette” (1966)
Motown Groups
Marvelettes (Female Group)
“Please Mr. Postman” (1961) Motown’s 1st #1
The Beatles Recorded it also
Motown Groups
Martha Reeves and the Vandellas
Hits with H-D-H
“Heat Wave” (1963)
“Dancing in the Streets” (1964)
Motown Groups
Diana Ross and the Supremes
Signed in 1961, no hits until H-D-H in 1963, also exposure from a Dick Clark Tour
“Baby Love” (1964)
“Stop in the Name of Love”
The Supremes
Motown Groups
Jackson Five
Sign in 1969, Father had been in Show Business
Young Michael was the star “Never Can Say Goodbye”
Motown Groups
Michael Jackson
The Group left Motown in 1976 Signed with Columbia (Epic)
“Thriller” (1982)
Dancing a Major Influence on Pop Culture
Videos Influenced the Genre
Motown Solo Singers
Mary Wells, Several hits 1962-65.
She Left Motown, Gordy Focused His Attention on Diana Ross
“My Guy”
Mary Wells & Beatles
Motown Solo Singers: Stevie Wonder
Signed at 11 Yrs. Old
Influenced by Ray Charles
1st Hit “Fingertips Pt II” Harmonica
“Up Tight” 1965
“You Are The Sunshine of My Life”
“Superstition” Beginning of Synthesizer Funk
Stevie Wonder & The Funk Brothers
Motown Solo Singers: Marvin Gaye
Started with the Moonglows Doo Wop
Several Hits But Motown Had Problems with His Direction, Wanted to Do Jazz
“What’s Goin’ On” A Jazz Protest Album
“Mercy Mercy Me” (The Ecology)
Memphis Soul
Stax & Atlantic
Stax Founded by Jim STewart (Banker & Country Fidler) and Estelle AXton 1958\
Moved to Old Theater In Memphis
He “didn’t know what R&B was”
Memphis
1960 Rufus Thomas (WDIA DJ) & Daughter, Carla Thomas Walked In.
Atlantic records Noticed the Success
Stax & Atlantic Joined in Distribution Deal (So They Said)
Atlantic Recorded in the Stax Studios
Memphis
Parted 1967, Realized that Atlantic Owned EverythingSplit: Atlantic recorded 15-20 weekends per YearAtlantic Moved across the River to Muscle Shoals, AL (Duane Alman connection)House Band Booker T. & the MGs with added horns became the Mar-Kays (Blues Brothers Band Members)
Memphis
Otis Redding, Many Hits Before His Cross Over Hit“Got - Ta-Got-Tas”Wrote “Respect”Performed at Monterey Pop Festival 1967“Dock of the Bay” Major Hit, But Killed in Plane Crash 4 Days After Recording Session
Otis Redding
Memphis
Wilson Pickett, Had some Success as Lead Singer of the Falcons
Signed With Atlantic/Recorded at Stax
“Midnight Hour”
“Land of A Thousand Dances”
Wilson Pickett
Memphis
Aretha Franklin, Daughter of Rev. C L Franklin, Child Gospel Star
Signed by Hammond to Columbia, Marketed Her as A Jazz Singer
Signed with Atlantic 1966, But They Offered Her to Stax
“Respect”
“Natural Woman”
Aretha Franklin
Memphis
Sam & Dave, Signed to Atlantic But Released on Stax
“Soul Man” Also hit for the 1st Blues Brothers
Memphis
Isaac Hayes, Stax Writer/Arranger
20 Min Love Rap “By The Time I Get to Phoenix”
Roots of Barry White Love Unlimited Orch
Big Hit “Shaft”
Isaac Hayes
1960s Soul Ends
After Break Up Stax Flounders: Sold and Repurchased, A Few Hits But Dead By 1976
1970s Brings Funk, Philly Soul and Disco
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