SOSC4 - Lesson 2

Preliminary Considerations

The Land and the PeopleSOSC4Lesson 2TopicsThe PeopleGeography and ClimateOrigin of the People

THE PEOPLESOSC4

Laguna Copperplate InscriptionWhen and where was the Laguna Copperplate Inscription (LCI) discovered?The LCI was discovered on 1989 buried at a riverbank in Laguna Province.In Common Era when was the LCI document promulgated? The LCI document was drawn up in 900 C.E.Laguna Copperplate Inscription

Laguna Copperplate Inscription

The LCI and other S.E.A. LanguagesTrue or False. The LCI document uses the Baybayin script.FalseWhich script was it more familiar with? It bears remarkable similarities to the Kawi script of IndonesiaThe LCI document contains several South East Asian languages. What are those languages?The document contains old Javanese, old Malay, old Tagalog wordsThe LCI and other S.E.A. LanguagesKawi script of Indonesia

The LCI and Baybayin What was the native script used by pre-colonial Filipinos when the Spanish came?The native script was BaybayinWhich Philippine tribe is still using a form of Baybayin script?The Hanunoo Mangyan of Mindoro is still using a variation of Baybayin to inscribe on bamboo a form of its poetry.

The LCI and Baybayin

The LCI and BaybayinBaybayin ScriptCoke/Pepsi in Baybayin

Slavery in the Barangay LifeWhat are the reasons why a person might become a slave in the pre-colonial Philippines?The basis for slavery were indebtedness, becoming a prisoner of war and as punishment for crimes

Filipino PeopleVisayansIlonggos live in Western Negros, Southern Mindoro and in Panay IslandCebuanos predominate in Cebu, Western Leyte, Bohol, Eastern Negros and some coastal areas of MindanaoTagalogsMost Tagalogs live in Manila, Central Luzon and Southern LuzonIlocanosIlocanos live particularly in Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, and La UnionFilipino PeopleBicolanosBicol RegionPangasinensesLingayen Gulf region of PangasinanKapampangansPampanga and TarlacZambalsZambalesIbanags Cagayan and Northern Isabela

Filipino PeopleIndigenous PeoplesLuzonIfugaos of Ifugao Province The Bontocs, Kalinga, Tinguian, the Kankana-ey and Ibaloi of the Cordillera regionIsnegs of northern Kalinga-Apayao Province, the Gaddangs of the border between Kalinga-Apayao, and Isabela provinces and the Ilongots of Nueva VizcayaThere are Negritos all over the Philippine highlands but has been dwindling over the years

Filipino PeopleIndigenous PeoplesSouthern Philippines (Mindanao and Western Visayas)Lumad (includes the Manobo, Bukidnon of Bukidnon Province, Bagobo, Mandaya, and Mansaka)Subanon of upland areas in the ZamboangaMamanua in the Agusan-Surigao border regionBila-an, Tiruray and Tboli in the region of the Cotabato provinceSamal and Bajau in the Sulu Archipelago

THE GEOGRAPHY SOSC4

LocationLocationCrossroads of the Pacific

Political SubdivisionsWhat is the capital of the Philippines?It used to be Quezon City (1948 to 1976).It is Manila since 1976.What are the political subdivisions of the Philippines?The political subdivisions are provinces, cities or municipalities and barangaysProvinces are however grouped into Administrative/Autonomous regions

Political SubdivisionsHow many regions do the Philippines have?The Philippines has 17 16 administrative regions1 autonomous region (ARMM)Political SubdivisionsRegions located in Luzon Ilocos Region (Region I)Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)Cagayan Valley (Region II)Central Luzon (Region III)National Capital Region (NCR)Calabarzon (Region IV-A)Mimaropa (Region IV-B)Bicol Region (Region V)Political SubdivisionsRegions located in the VisayasWestern Visayas (Region VICentral Visayas (Region VII)Eastern Visayas (Region VIII)

Political SubdivisionsRegions located in MindanaoZamboanga Peninsula (Region IX)Northern Mindanao (Region X)Davao Region (Region XI)SOCCSKSARGEN (Region XII)Caraga (Region XIII)ARMM

Political SubdivisionsWhat is ARMM?ARMM stands for Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao.It is a semi-independent region with its own governor and legislative assembly.It has jurisdiction over administrative organizations, family relations, natural resources, economic, social and tourism development.It does not have powers over national defense, monetary policies, citizenship and foreign affairs.Political SubdivisionsARMM CapitolMap of ARMM

Political SubdivisionsHow many provinces do the Philippines have?It has 81 provinces at present.What is the newest province in the Philippines?Davao Occidental is the Philippines newest provinceIt was founded on Oct. 28, 2013Political SubdivisionsHow many cities do the Philippines have?It has 143 cities, 38 of which are are independent What is the newest city in the Philippines?San PedroinLagunais the newest city, Its charter was ratified on December 28, 2013

Political SubdivisionsRegions of the Philippines (17 regions)Luzon

Region Name (Code)Regional CapitalNational Capital Region (NCR) ManilaCordillera Administrative Region (CAR)BaguioIlocos Region (Region I)San Fernando City, La UnionCagayan Valley (Region II)TuguegaraoCentral Luzon (Region III)San Fernando City, PampangaCalabarzon (Region IV-A) aka Southern Tagalog MainlandCalambaMimaropa (Region IV-B) aka Southern Tagalog IslandsCalapanBicol Region (Region V)LegazpiPolitical SubdivisionsRegions of the Philippines (17 regions)Visayas

Region Name (Code)Regional CapitalWestern Visayas (Region VI)Iloilo CityCentral Visayas (Region VII)Cebu CityEastern Visayas (Region VIII)Tacloban CityPolitical SubdivisionsRegions of the Philippines (17 regions)Mindanao

Region Name (Code)Regional CapitalZamboanga Peninsula (Region IX)Pagadian CityNorthern Mindanao (Region X)Cagayan de OroDavao Region (Region XI)Davao CitySOCCSKSARGEN (Region XII) aka Central MindanaoKoronadal CityCaraga Region (Region XIII)Butuan CityAutonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM)Cotabato CityLand AreaWhat is the total land area of the Philippines?It has a total land area of 300,000 square kilometersMajor IslandsOut of the 7,107 islands of the Philippines, how many bear names?Only 2,773 islands in the Philippines bear namesWhat are the two largest islands in the Philippines?The two islands are Luzon in the north the largest and Mindanao to the south the next in size.Luzon and Mindanao together constitute how much of the total Philippine landmass?Together, Luzon and Mindanao constitute 2/3 of countrys land mass.Major IslandsLuzon (141,395 sq. km.)Mindanao (101,999)

Major IslandsWhat islands constitute the Visayas?It consist mainly of Samar, Leyte, Cebu, Negros, Bohol and Panay.What island province is located at the western edge of the Philippines?It is the mini-archipelago of Palawan Province.How many satellite isles do Palawan islands have?Palawan islands is made up of 1,700 isles.Major IslandsVisayas IslandsPalawan Archipelago

ClimateHow many distinct seasons do the Philippines have?It has two distinct seasons (dry and wet).Which part of the Philippines lie in within the typhoon belt?The northern and eastern region lie within the typhoon belt.On average how many typhoons visit the eastern Visayas and Luzon annually?On average, typhoons visit the Philippines 20x per year.

ClimateAverage Number of Typhoons/year

Typhoon Ondoy (Ketsana)

ClimateWhy is Baguio known as the summer capital of the Philippines?It is located in the Cordilleras of Northern Luzon where the weather can be downright chilly.39Climate and IndustrializationAccording to Francia, why is the western part Philippines more Industrialized? Due to more frequent typhoons in the eastern regions, the dry season is less pronounced in those areas.The western portion having a more pronounced dry season tends to attract more industries and economic activities.Volcanic FormationsWhere do the Philippines owe the ruggedness of its island geography?It owes much of its ruggedness to the Pacific Rim of Fire. What is the Pacific Rim of Fire?It is a line of volcanic formations that extend from Alaska to Japan and the Philippines and Indonesia.How many volcanoes do the Philippines have?According to Francia (2010), it contains 37 volcanoes.However, PAGASA only lists 27 active volcanoes, while Smithsonian lists 50 active volcanoes.The number depends on classifications system used.Volcanic FormationsWhat is worst volcanic eruption in the countrys history?It was the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in 1991.

Volcanic FormationMt. Pinatubo (1991)Mt. Pinatubo (2009)

Earthquakes and TrenchesWhere is the Philippine Deep located in relation to the Philippines and nearby islands?It is located east of the archipelago, off the coast of northeastern Luzon and south of Halmahera, Indonesia.What is another name for the Philippine Deep?It is also known as the Mindanao Trench.Describe the Philippine deep in terms of its dimensions.It stretches 19 miles across with its deepest portion extending 34,840 feet below sea level Earthquakes and Trenches

Earthquakes and Trenches

Philippine TrenchManila TrenchEarthquakes and TrenchesWhich tectonic plates are connected with the Mindanao trench?The trench rests on the Eurasian and Philippine sea tectonic plates. What is the connection between tectonic plates and earthquakes?Tectonic plates constantly shift and grind against one another producing fault lines and earthquakes.Geological FormationGeologically speaking, how old is the Philippines?Large swaths of Luzon and Mindanao are more than 25 million years old.The age of the rest of the country varies from 100,000 to 10 million years oldWhat islands may have been previously connected to the Asian mainland? The islands of Palawan, Mindoro, and Panay.Which among the Philippine islands may have been part of Borneo? Explain why.Palawan may have been part of Borneo. They have flora and fauna not found in the rest of the country.

Geological FormationWhich among the Philippine islands may have been part of Borneo? Explain.Palawan may have been part of Borneo. It has flora and fauna not found in the rest of the country.What does the geological formation tell us about the avian and reptilian species in the islands? Explain.Over 70% of reptiles and 44% of avian creatures are not found anywhere else.This is primarily due to the relative isolation of Philippine archipelago

ORIGIN OF THE PEOPLESOSC4

Origin TheoriesWhat is this theory which says that populations in the Philippines were the result of neat successive waves of migration?It is called the Wave Migration TheoryWhen was this neat successive of migration supposedly took place?It took place between 30,000 B.C.E. and 200 B.C.E.Who was the biggest proponent of this theory?The biggest proponent of Wave Migration Theory was the Anthropologist H. Otley Beyer.Wave Migration TheoryWave Migration TheoryWhat are the four waves of migration to the Philippines according to Beyer?

WavePeopleCivilizationFirstDawn ManRudimentarySecondNegritosBasicThirdIndonesianIntermediateFourthMalayAdvancedWave Migration TheoryAccording to Francia, what are the reasons why the theory has fallen out of favor?Various languages were already being spoken throughout the archipelago thousands of years agoTrade was already flourishing in the Philippines since the first millennium B.C.EAccording to Halili, what are the reasons why the theory is being dismissed?There was no evidence of any dawn man found in the countryThe oldest human relic in the Philippines is only about 20,000 years old

Wave Migration Theory

Henry Otley BeyerOrigin TheoriesWhat is this theory which says the inhabitants of the Philippines consist of a core population to which came accretions of people who moved in from the region?It is called the Core Population Theory The proponent of the theory is F. Landa Jocano.Does this mean that there were no waves migration to the Philippines?There were migrations, but the movement of people were erratic rather than in neat successive waves.Moreover, the movement of people were two way (people came and went).Core Population TheoryCore Population TheoryThe movements were erratic rather than sequential waves.Core PopulationNegritosMalaysIndonesiansOthersCore Population Theory

Felipe Landa JocanoIsland Origin HypothesisWho is Wilhelm Solheim II?He is the proponent of the Island Origin Hypothesis (Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network)He came from the University of Hawaii.What is the Island Origin Hypothesis?This postulates that the people of the Philippines originated from prehistoric people from an island in Southeast Asia (Halili, 2011).Who are these prehistoric people?Solheim calls these prehistoric people the NusantaoIsland Origin HypothesisWho are the Nusantao?According to Solheim, they had the beginnings or at least influenced by the maritime oriented tribes of Insular South East Asia.Who are the ancestors of the Nusantao?Solheim postulated that the Nusantao had the beginnings or at least influenced by the maritime oriented tribes of Insular Southeast Asia.

Island Origin HypothesisHow did the Nusantao travelled from their native island?They used long distance sea-faring vessels with innovative bamboo outriggers possibly devised beginning 4,000 B.C.E.Francia (2010), noted that these sea-faring vessels were known as barangays in pre-colonial Philippines

Island Origin HypothesisBalangay MigrationPeriod in HistorySettlements Established3,000 B.C.E.North & Northeast: Indonesia Philippines1,000 B.C.E.Further West: MadagascarIsland Origin Hypothesis

Island Origin HypothesisWilhelm G. Solheim II

Mainland Origin HypothesisWhat is the Mainland Origin Hypothesis?This maintains that the early Filipinos originated from South China and Taiwan (Halili, 2011).Also known as the Out-of-Taiwan HypothesisWho is the proponent of the Mainland Origin Hypothesis?The proponent of Mainland Origin is Peter Bellwood of Australian National University.Mainland Origin HypothesisFrom China to Eastern IndonesiaPeriod in HistorySettlements Established5,000 B.C.E.South & West: Northern Philippines3,500 B.C.E.Further South: Eastern IndonesiaMainland Origin Hypothesis

Mainland Origin HypothesisPeter Bellwood

Settlements in Tabon CavesWhere is the Tabon Caves?The Tabon Caves can be found in the Palawan IslandWhat is the significance of the Tabon Caves to study of Philippine history?This is where the earliest known human settlements in the PhilippinesHow long were the Tabon caves continuously inhabited? It was continuously inhabited from 50,000 ago up to 9,000 B.C.E.Settlements in the Tabon CavesTabon Caves (view from the sea)Tabon Caves (from the inside)

Settlements in the Tabon CavesHow were the settlers of the Tabon Caves called?They were called Tabon Man, possibly the oldest Homo Sapiens fossil in Southeast AsiaHow old were the remains of the Tabon Man?It was carbon-dated to 47,000 years ago.What are the characteristics of the Tabon Man?They had Negritoid characteristics.Apparently, they could have been the ancestors of modern-day Negritos

Settlements in the Tabon CavesWhat are the characteristics of the Tabon Caves which made it ideal for early human settlement?It as set into ocean-facing cliffs which would have afforded a clear view of water-borne visitors It provided an easy access to the waters for the settlers themselves.Where there earlier human settlements than the one in Tabon Caves?Yes, it is possible since archaeological evidence attests to human presence in the Philippine as far back 250,000 ago. However, human remains older than the Tabon Man is yet to be found.

Settlements in the Tabon CavesManunggul Burial Jar (found in the Tabon Caves Complex, Quezon, Palawan)

Settlements Near Bodies of WaterWhats the reason why the early Filipinos prefer to live by or close to water?Ocean, rivers, lakes are sources of abundant food.Water was the only transportation route to other islands.It was easier to engage in trade with nearby islands and distant ports.What was the result of brisk trade among islands and distant ports?It resulted to emergence of larger population centers.In Mindanao, it resulted to the spread of Islamic faith.Settlements Near Bodies of WaterWhat might be the reason why early Filipino settlements failed to produce a nation state?Questions?