Sonfusion

7/30/2019 Sonfusion

1/26

1 | P a g e

SONOFUSION

Technical Seminar

Submitted to M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology (Autonomous InstituteAffiliated to VTU, Belgaum) in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

award of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

InTELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

For the Academic Year 2012-13

Submitted By

SRIVIDHYA.R.NANDANUSN: 1MS09TE061

Under the guidance of

DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING,

M.S.RAMAIAH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,

(Autonomous Institute affiliated to VTU),

BANGALORE 560054

April 2013

Internal Guide:

Prof. Parimala.PAsst. Professor

Dept. of Telecommunication Engg,

MSRIT, Bangalore 560 054

7/30/2019 Sonfusion

2/26

2 | P a g e

M.S.RAMAIAH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY(Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU)

Vidya Soudha, Jnana Gangothri MSR Nagar,

Bangalore- 560 054, Karnataka

Department of Telecommunication Engineering

CERTIFICATEThis is to certify that the Technical seminar entitled Sonofusion carried out by

Srividhya.R.Nandan (1MS09TE061), a bonafide student of M.S.Ramaiah Institute

of Technology, Bangalore, in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of

Engineering in Telecommunication Engineering, of the Visvesvaraya

Technological University, Belgaumduring the year 2012-2013. It is certified that

all corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been

incorporated in the Report. The Seminar Report has been approved as it satisfies

the academic requirements in respect of Seminar work prescribed for the said

Degree.

Parimala. P Mr. K. NatarajanAsst. Professor Professor and Head,

Dept of TC Engg. Dept. of TC Engg,

MSRIT MSRIT

7/30/2019 Sonfusion

3/26

3 | P a g e

DECLARATION

I, Srividhya.R.Nandan , student of B.E, Telecommunication Engineering, M.S.

Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore-560054, hereby declare that the

Technical Seminarentitled Sonofusion has been carried out independently by me

in M.S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore-560054 under the guidance

Parimala. P, Asst. Professor, Dept of Telecommunication Engg, MSRIT,

Bangalore.

I declare that the work submitted in this report is my own, except where

acknowledged in the text, and has not been previously submitted for the partial

fulfillment of the degree at the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum or

any other Institution/University.

Place: Bangalore Srividhya.R.Nandan

Date: 19/04/2013 B.E (Telecommunication Engineering)

MSRIT, Bangalore- 560054

7/30/2019 Sonfusion

4/26

4 | P a g e

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

No work is complete with due recognition being given to persons who made it

possible. My project is no exception. I would like to place on record, profound

gratitude for those who have mattered the most in the successful completion of the

project.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Prof. Parimala. P the internal guide

and the contact faculty for his constant encouragement, continuous feedback and

sparing his valuable time for discussion.

I am grateful to Mr. K. Natarajan, Prof. and Head, Dept of Telecommunication

Engineering for his moral support given at various stages.

I wish to express my gratitude to the B.E technical seminar coordinator Prof.

Venu. K. N

I also wish to express my sincere thanks to our principal Dr. S Y Kulkarni for his

inspiration and support at various stages of the project.

Last but not the least I would like to thank our staff members, all those who have

helped me in the completion of the project.

Srividhya.R.Nandan

7/30/2019 Sonfusion

5/26

5 | P a g e

ABSTRACT

Sonofusion is a new way to create fusion reactions, by applying sound waves to a

deuterium rich liquid. It incorporates sound waves to implode tiny bubbles filled

with deuterium vapour resulting in violent collapse between the bubbles which

initiates the fusion reaction.

The idea of sonofusion (technically known as acoustic inertial confinement fusion)

was derived from a related phenomenon known as sonoluminescence. In

sonofusion a piezoelectric crystal attached to liquid filled Pyrex flask send pressure

waves through the fluid, exciting the motion of tiny gas bubbles. The bubbles

periodically grow and collapse, producing visible flashes of light. The researchers

studying these light emitting bubbles speculated that their interiors might reach

such high temperature and pressure they could trigger fusion reaction.

Researchers are using enormous lasers or powerful magnetic fields to trigger

limited fusion reactions. We are yet to identify economically viable fusion reactor

technologies that consistently produce more energy than it consume. Sonofusion

technique can replace the existing nuclear fusion technology. These tiny bubbles

imploded by sound waves can make hydrogen nuclei fuse- and may one day

become a revolutionary new energy source.

7/30/2019 Sonfusion

6/26

6 | P a g e

TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Figures.................................................................................................7

1. INTRODUCTION....8

2. SONOLUMINESCENCE10

3. SONOFUSION12

4. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP FOR SONOFUSION..13

5. OTHER METHODS OF FUSION REACTIONS...21

6. EVIDENCE SUPPORTING TABLE TOP SONOFUSION DEVICE....22

7. FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS.23

8. ADVANTAGES OF SONOFUSION OVER OTHER METHODS OF

NUCLEAR ENERGY.24

9. APPLICATIONS OF SONOFUSION24

10.CONCLUSION25

References26

7/30/2019 Sonfusion

7/26

7 | P a g e

LIST OF FIGURES

1. FIGURE 1: Acoustic cavitation (Cause of Sonoluminescence)

2. FIGURE 2:Experimental setup for sonofusion

3. FIGURE 3:Stage 1 of sonofusion (bubble cluster formation)

4. FIGURE 4:Stage 2 of sonofusion (cavitation or expansion of bubble

cluster)

5. FIGURE 5: Stage 3 of sonofusion (Compression of bubble cluster and

nuclear fusion)

6. FIGURE 6: Deuterium fusion reactions

7. FIGURE 7: Deuterium-Tritium fusion reaction

8. FIGURE 8: Sequence of events during sonofusion

7/30/2019 Sonfusion

8/26

8 | P a g e

INTRODUCTION

The standard of living in a society is measured by the amount of energy

consumed. In the present scenario where the conventional fuels are getting

depleted at a very fast rate the current energy reserves are not expected to last for

more than 100 years. Improving the harnessing efficiency of non-conventional

energy sources like solar, wind etc. as a substitute for the conventional sources is

under research.

One of the conventional methods of producing bulk energy is nuclear power.

There are two types of nuclear reactions, namely fission & fusion. They are

accompanied by the generation of enormous quantity of energy. The energy

comes from a minute fraction of the original mass converting according to

Einsteins famous law: E=mc2, where E represents energy, m is the mass and c is

the speed of light. In fission reaction, certain heavy atoms, such as uranium is

split by neutrons releasing huge amount of energy. It also results in waste

products of radioactive elements that take thousands of years to decay. The

fusion reactions, in which simple atomic nuclei are fused together to form

complex nuclei, are also referred to as thermonuclear reactions. The more

important of these fusion reactions are those in which hydrogen isotopes fuse to

form helium. The Suns energy is ultimately due to gigantic thermonuclear

reaction. The waste products from the fusion plants would be short lived,

decaying to non-dangerous levels in a decade or two. It produces more energy

than fission but the main problem of fusion reaction is to create an atmosphere of

very high temperature and pressure like that in the Sun.

A new step that has developed in this field is Bubble Power-the revolutionary

new energy source. It is working under the principle of Sonofusion. For several

years Sonofusion research team from various organizations have joined forces to

create Acoustic Fusion Technology Energy Consortium (AFTEC) to promote the

development of sonofusion. It was derived from a related phenomenon known as

sonoluminescence.

In sonoluminescence, a process widely used by chemists, loud speakers attached to

a liquid filled flask send pressure waves through the fluid, exciting the motion of

7/30/2019 Sonfusion

9/26

9 | P a g e

tiny gas bubbles. The bubbles periodically grow and collapse, producing visible

flashes of light that last less than 50 Pico seconds.

About 20 years ago, researchers studying these light emitting bubbles speculated

that their interiors might reach such high temperatures and pressures that they could

trigger fusion reactions. This method called Single Bubble Sonoluminescence,

involves a single gas bubble that is trapped inside the flask by a pressure field and

yields light flashes during repetitive implosions. At the point where the contraction

causes extreme temperatures and pressures comparable to those found in the interiors

of stars, deuterium atoms can fuse together, the same way hydrogen atoms fuse in

stars, releasing neutrons and energy in the process. The process also releases a type of

radiation called gamma rays and a radioactive material called tritium. The tritium

produced might then be used as a fuel to drive energy-producing reactions in which it

fuses with deuterium.

Whereas conventional nuclear fission reactors produce waste products that take

thousands of years to decay, the waste products from fusion plants are short-lived,

decaying to non-dangerous levels in a decade or two. The desktop experiment is safe

because, although the reactions generate extremely high pressures and temperatures,

those extreme conditions exist only in small regions of the liquid in the container -

within the collapsing bubbles.

7/30/2019 Sonfusion

10/26

10 | P a g e

SONOLUMINESCENCE

When a gas bubble in a liquid is excited by ultrasonic acoustic waves it can emit

short flashes of light suggestive of extreme temperatures inside the bubble. These

flashes of light known as sonoluminescence, occur as the bubble implode or

cavitates. It is shown that chemical reactions occur during cavitations of a single,

isolated bubble and yield photons, radicals and ions formed. In this way gas

bubbles in a liquid can convert sound energy in to light.

Sound waves advance as patterns of positive and negative pressure. Hence, the

traditional wisdom about sonoluminescence is that, when the negative pressure

portion of a sound wave passes through a bubble in a liquid, it causes that bubble

to swell in size by several orders of magnitude. When the subsequent positive

pressure portion of the sound wave approaches, that large bubble is forced to

shrink rapidly by a process called acoustic cavitation. In this theory, the collapse

results in all the energy that went in to the expansion of the bubble being

compressed in to a very small area. In other words, a proportionately huge

amount of energy gets focused into a very tiny package. As a result the small

amount of gas trapped inside the bubble is heated to absurdly hot temperatures,

causing it to glow.

Sonoluminescence also called single-bubble sonoluminescence involves a single

gas bubble that is trapped inside the flask by a pressure field. For this loud

speakers are used to create pressure waves and for bubbles naturally occurring

gas bubbles are used. These bubbles cannot withstand the excitation pressures

higher than about 170 kilopascals. Pressures higher than about 170 kilopascalswould always dislodge the bubble from its stable position and disperse it in the

liquid. A pressure at least ten times that pressure level to implode the bubbles is

necessary to trigger thermonuclear fusion. The idea of sonofusion overcomes

these limitations.

7/30/2019 Sonfusion

11/26

11 | P a g e

Fig 1: Acoustic cavitation (Cause of Sonoluminescence)

7/30/2019 Sonfusion

12/26

12 | P a g e

SONOFUSION

It is hard to imagine that mere sound waves can possibly produce in the bubbles,

the extreme temperatures and pressures created by the lasers or magnetic fields,

which themselves replicate the interior conditions of stars like our sun, where

fusion occurs steadily. Nevertheless, three years ago, researchers obtained strong

evidence that such a process now known as sonofusion is indeed possible.

Sonofusion is technically known as acoustic inertial confinement fusion. In this we

have a bubble cluster (rather than a single bubble). This is significant because,

when the bubble cluster implodes the pressure within the bubble cluster may be

greatly intensified. The centre of the gas bubble cluster shows a typical pressure

distribution during the bubble cluster implosion process. It can be seen that, due to

converging shock waves within the bubble cluster, there can be significant pressure

intensification in the interior of the bubble cluster. Researchers estimate that

temperatures inside the imploding bubbles reach 10 million degrees Celsius and

pressures comparable to 1,000 million earth atmospheres at sea level. This large

local liquid pressure (P>1000 bar) will strongly compress the interior bubbles

within the cluster, leading to conditions suitable for thermonuclear fusion. Moreover during the expansion phase of the bubble cluster dynamics, coalescence of

some of interior bubbles is expected, and this will lead to the implosion of fairly

large interior bubbles which produce more energetic implosions.

One key to the process is the large difference between the original size of the

bubbles and their expanded size. Going from 60 nanometers to 6,000 microns is

about 100,000 times larger, compared to the bubbles usually formed in

sonoluminescence, which grow only about 10 times larger before they implode.

The major differences between single-bubble sonoluminescence and sonofusion

method is that increasing the pressure by an order of magnitude , firing neutrons at

the flask to seed the bubbles on demand , and choosing a liquid rich in deuterium.

7/30/2019 Sonfusion

13/26

13 | P a g e

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP FOR SONOFUSION

Fig 2: Experimental setup for sonofusion

7/30/2019 Sonfusion

14/26

14 | P a g e

The essential apparatus involved are:

1. Pyrex flask.

2. Deuterated acetone (C3D6O).

3. Vacuum pump.

4. Piezoelectric crystal.

5. Wave generator.

6. Amplifier.

7. Neutron generator.

8. Neutron and gamma ray detector.

9. Photomultiplier.

10.Microphone and speaker.

PYREX FLASK WITH PIEZOELECTRIC RING:

The apparatus consists of a cylindrical Pyrex glass flask 100 mm in high

and 65mm in diameter. A lead-zirconate-titanate ceramic piezoelectric

crystal in the form of a ring is attached to the flasks outer surface. The

piezoelectric ring works like the loud speakers in a sonoluminescence

experiment, although it creates much stronger pressure waves. When a

positive voltage is applied to the piezoelectric ring, it contracts; when the

voltage is removed, it expands to its original size.

DEUTERATED ACETONE:

The flask is then filled with commercially available deuterated acetone

(C3D6O), in which 99.9 percent of the hydrogen atoms in the acetone

molecules are deuterium (this isotope of hydrogen has one proton and one

neutron in its nucleus). The main reason to choose deuterated acetone is

that atoms of deuterium can undergo fusion much more easily than

ordinary hydrogen atoms. Also the deuterated fluid can withstand

significant tension (stretching) without forming unwanted bubbles. The

substance is also relatively cheap, easy to work with, and not particularly

hazardous.

7/30/2019 Sonfusion

15/26

15 | P a g e

VACUM PUMP:

The naturally occurring gas bubbles cannot withstand high temperature

and pressure. All the naturally occurring gas bubbles dissolved in the

liquid are removed virtually by attaching a vacuum pump to the flask and

acoustically agitating the liquid.

WAVE GENERATOR:

To initiate the sonofusion process, we apply an oscillating voltage with a

frequency of about 20,000 hertz to the piezoelectric ring. The alternating

contractions and expansions of the ring-and thereby of the flask-send

concentric pressure waves through the liquid. The waves interact, and

after a while they set up an acoustic standing wave that resonates and

concentrates a huge amount of sound energy. This wave causes the region

at the flasks centre to oscillate between a maximum (1500kpa) and a

minimum (-1500kpa) pressure.

AMPLIFIER:

The amplifier amplifies the signal from the wave generator and feeds it to

the piezoelectric crystal to provide pressure waves to the acetone in the

flask by means of alternative contractions and expansions.

NEUTRON GENERATOR:

Precisely when the pressure reaches its lowest point, a pulsed neutron

generator is fired. This is a commercially available, baseball bat size

device that sits next to the flask. The generator emits high-energy

neutrons at 14.1 mega electron volts in a burst that lasts about six

microseconds and that goes in all directions.

ACTION WITHIN THE FLASK:

STAGE 1 (creation of bubble clusters):Some neutrons go through the liquid, and some collide head on with

the Carbon, oxygen and deuterium atoms of the deuterated acetone

molecules. The fast moving neutrons may knock the atoms nuclei

out of their molecules as these nuclei recoil; they give up their kinetic

energy to the liquid molecules. This interaction between the nuclei

and the molecules create heat in regions a few nanometres in size that

results in tiny bubbles of deuterated acetone vapour. Computer

7/30/2019 Sonfusion

16/26

16 | P a g e

simulations, suggest that this process generates clusters of about 1000

bubbles, each with a radius of only tens of nanometres.

Fig 3: Stage 1 of sonofusion (bubble cluster formation)

STAGE 2 (cavitation or expansion of bubble cluster):

By firing the neutron generator during the liquids low pressure phase,

the bubbles instantly swell -a process known as cavitation. In these

swelling phases, the bubbles balloon out 100,000 times from their

nanometre dimensions to about one millimetre in size. To grasp the

magnitude of this growth, imagine that the initial bubbles are the size

of peas after growing by a factor of 100,000, each bubble would be

big enough to contain the Empire State Building.

Fig 4: Stage 2 of sonofusion (cavitation or expansion of bubble cluster)

7/30/2019 Sonfusion

17/26

17 | P a g e

STAGE 3 (compression of bubble cluster and nuclear fusion):

Then the pressure rapidly reverses, the liquid pushes the bubbles

walls inward with tremendous force, and they implode with great

violence. The implosion creates spherical shock waves with in the

bubbles that travel inward at high speed and significantly strengthen

as they converge to their centres. The result, in terms of energy, is

extra ordinary. Hydrodynamic shock-waves create, in a small region

at the centre of the collapsing bubble, a peak pressure greater than 10

trillion kPa. For comparison, atmospheric pressure at sea level is101.3

kPa. The peak temperature in this tiny region soars above 10 million

degree centigrade about 20.000 times that of the suns surface.

Fig 5: Stage 3 of sonofusion (Compression of bubble cluster and

nuclear fusion)

These extreme conditions within the bubbles, especially in the bubbles

at the centre of the cluster, where the shock waves are more intensebecause of the surrounding implosions, cause the deuterium nuclei to

collide at high speed. These collisions are so violent that the positively

charged nuclei overcome their natural electrostatic repulsion and fuse,

resulting in nuclear fusion producing neutrons, gamma rays and

enormous amount of energy.

7/30/2019 Sonfusion

18/26

18 | P a g e

NEUTRON AND GAMMA RAY DETECTOR (SCINTILLATIOR):

The fusion process creates neutrons which we detect using a scintillator, a

device in which the radiation interacts with a liquid that gives off light

pulses that can be measured.

PHOTOMULTIPLIER:

The sonoluminescence caused due to the compression of the bubble cluster

is indicated by bursts of photons, which is detected with a photomultiplier.

MICROPHONE AND SPEAKER:

After about 20 microseconds, a shock wave in the liquid reaches the

flasks inner wall, resulting in an audible pop, which can be picked up

and amplified by a microphone and a speaker.

FUSION REACTIONS TAKING PLACE WITHIN THE FLASK:

Fig 6: Deuterium fusion reactions

Deuterium-Deuterium fusion has two probable outputs, helium and a 2.45-

MeV neutron or tritium and a proton.

7/30/2019 Sonfusion

19/26

19 | P a g e

IF TRITIUM IS PRODUCED:

Fig 7: Deuterium-Tritium fusion reaction

The total neutron output would include not only the neutrons from

deuterium-deuterium fusion, but also neutrons from deuterium-

tritium fusion, since the tritium produced in sonofusion remains

within the liquid and can fuse with deuterium atoms. Compared with

deuterium-deuterium fusion, deuterium-tritium fusion occurs 1000

times more easily and produces more energetic neutrons increasing

the neutron yield by about three orders of magnitude.

7/30/2019 Sonfusion

20/26

20 | P a g e

SEQUENCE OF EVENTS DURING SONOFUSION:

Fig 8: Sequence of events during sonofusion

7/30/2019 Sonfusion

21/26

21 | P a g e

OTHER METHODS OF FUSION REACTIONS

There are mainly two approaches on fusion reactions other than bubble power.

They are

1. Laser Beam Technique.

2. Magnetic Confinement Fusion.

LASER BEAM TECHNIQUE:

In this process extremely energetic laser beams converge on a tiny solid

pellet of deuterium-deuterium fuel. The result is a shock wave that

propagates towards the centre of the pellet and creates an enormous

increase in temperature and density.

One of the drawbacks of this approach is the amount of power lasers

required. This techniques main goal is not producing energy but rather

producing thermonuclear weapons.

MAGNETIC CONFINEMENT FUSION:

It uses powerful magnetic fields to create immense heat and pressure in

hydrogen plasma contained in a large, toroidal device known as a

tokamak. The fusion produces high energy by neutrons that escape the

plasma and hit a liquid filled blanket surrounding it. The idea is to use the

heat produced in the blanket to generate vapour to drive a turbine and thus

generate electricity.

It is very difficult to hold the plasma in place while increasing

temperature and pressure. It is a very unstable process that has been

proved difficult to control.

The above methods need some energy input in the form of electricity, high

energy laser, strong magnetic field or such. The efficiency of such reactions is

very small. However, Sonofusion can be used as an economically viable fusion

reactor technology that consistently produces more energy than it consumes.

The present nuclear fusion reactors have always required large, multibillion-

dollar machines, but sonofusion devices might be built for a fraction of that cost.

7/30/2019 Sonfusion

22/26

22 | P a g e

EVIDENCE SUPPORTING TABLE TOP

SONOFUSION DEVICE

There are two kinds of evidence that deuterium is fusing. The first is the neutron

emission detected by the neutron scintillator. The device registers two clearly

distinct bursts of neutron that are about 30 microseconds apart. The first is at 14.1

MeV, from the pulsed neutron generator; the second, however, is at 2.45 MeV.

This is the exact energy level a neutron produced in a deuterium-deuterium

fusion reaction is expected to have. These 2.45MeV neutrons are detected at

about the same time that the photomultiplier detects a burst of light, indicating

that both events take place during the implosion of the bubbles.

There is a second fusion fingerprint is by measuring levels of another hydrogen

isotope, tritium, in the deuterated acetone. The reason is that deuterium-

deuterium fusion is a reaction with two possible outputs at almost equal

probability. One possibility gives 2.45 MeV neutron plus helium, and the other

gives tritium plus a proton. Thus, the build-up of tritium above the measured

initial levels is an independent and strong, indication that fusion has taken place,

since tritium cannot be produced without a nuclear reaction.

The desktop experiment is safe because although the reactions generate

extremely high pressures and temperature those extreme conditions exist only in

small regions of the liquid in the container-within the collapsing bubbles.

7/30/2019 Sonfusion

23/26

23 | P a g e

FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS

FULLY SELF-SUSTAINED:

To make the fusion reaction fully self-sustaining arranging the setup so it

produces a continuous neutron output without requiring the external

neutron generator. One of the possible ways is to put two complete

apparatuses side by side so that they would exchange neutrons and drive

each others fusion reactions. Imagine two adjacent sonofusion setups

with just one difference: when the liquid pressure is low in one, it is high

in the other. That is, their pressure oscillations are 180 degrees out of

phase. Suppose hit the first apparatus with neutrons from the external

neutron generator, causing the bubble cluster to form inside the first flask.

Then turn off the neutron generator permanently. As the bubble cluster

grows and then implodes, it will give off neutrons, some of which will hit

the neighbouring flask. If all is right, the neutrons will hit the second flask

at the exact moment when it is at the lowest pressure, so that it creates a

bubble cluster there. If the process repeats, get a self-sustaining chain

reaction.

COMPLETE ELECTRICITY-PRODUCING NUCLEAR FUSION

REACTOR:

A table top single apparatus yields about 400000 per second. The

neutrons are an important measure of the output of the process because

they carry most of the energy released in the fusion reaction. Yet that

yield corresponds to a negligible fraction of a watt of power. Foroperating a few thousand mega watts of thermal power, in terms of

neutron-per-second, output of 1022 neutrons per second needed. For this

we will improve various parameters of Sonofusion process, such as the

size of the liquid flask, the size of the bubbles before implosion and the

pressure compressing the bubbles etc. then we installed a liquid filled

blanket system around the reactor. All those high-energy neutrons would

collide with it, raising its temperature. So that it heat could used to boil a

fluid to drive a turbine and thus generate electricity.

7/30/2019 Sonfusion

24/26

24 | P a g e

ADVANTAGES OF SONOFUSION OVER OTHER

METHODS OF NUCLEAR ENERGY

1. The process is self sustainable.

2. It is easily controllable.

3. It consistently produces more energy than it consumes.

4. The process is economically viable.

5. Raw materials for the process are easily available.

6. The entire process is environmental friendly.

APPLICATIONS OF SONOFUSION

1. Thermonuclear fusion gives a new, safe, environmental friendly way to

produce electrical energy.

2. This technology could also result in a new class of low cost, compact

detectors for security applications that use neutrons to probe the contents

of suitcases.

3. It can lead to the development of devices for research that use neutrons to

analyze the molecular structure of materials.

4. It can provide machines that cheaply manufacture new synthetic materials

and efficiently produce tritium, which is used for numerous applications

ranging from medical imaging to watch dials.

5. It can give rise to a new technique to study various phenomena in

cosmology, including the working of neutron star and black holes.

7/30/2019 Sonfusion

25/26

25 | P a g e

CONCLUSION

Nevertheless, the Holy Grail of all fusion research is the development of a new, safe,

environmentally friendly way to produce electrical energy. Fusion produces no

greenhouse gases and, unlike conventional nuclear fission reactors, it produces no

noxious radioactive wastes that last for thousands of years. With the steady growth of

world population and with economic progress in developing countries, average

electricity consumption per person will increase significantly. Therefore, seeking new

sources of energy isnt just important; it is necessary. Much more research is required

before it is clear whether sonofusion can become a new energy source.

7/30/2019 Sonfusion

26/26

REFERENCES

IEEE SPECTRUM: BUBBLE POWER by Richard T. Lahey Jr., Rusi P.

Taleyarkhan, Robert I. Nigmatulin / May 2005

www.spectrum.iee.org

www.null-hypothesis.co.uk

www.washington.edu/research/scienceforum

www.rpi.edu