Some Notes on Plutarch.xcoded

8/19/2019 Some Notes on Plutarch.xcoded

1/28

Some notes on Plutarch’s Quaestiones naturales

FAR VEDERE CITAZIONE IN TEDESCO A ZANETTI

Cfr belles lettres dei praec reip ger per coento

Cerca su internet frasi scri!endo "parola # tradu$ione inglese su b%

bla

CITARE EDIZIONI DI RIFERI&ENTO DI '(INIO ) nueri

arabi e roani* isto o unificato +

,RECO -NICODE +++++++++....... da /ui

INSERISCI CO&&ENTI e tradu$ di riferiento di '(INIO E

aristotele 0A CASA IN SCAFFA(I1 E CITA EDIZIONI (OE2 O

2E((S (ETTRES 'REDNENDO(E A &I(no in biblio

Vedi lEssico FI(O(O,ICO di titc3ener* lo4E* sandbac3 ETC

Uniforma ai criteri redazionali

Inglese pia CORREZIONI ALCUNE + hancock correzioni ?


2/28

l!tarch"s Quaestiones naturales# $ritten %efore than Quaestiones convivales and dated near

the end of the first decade or in the second decade of the of II cent!r& A' (# $ere p!%lished %&

l!tarch himself )# immediatel& or after some time from the final redaction of the $ork *#

haing %een composed $ith formal leanness and in a $ell,refined st&le# %!t holding shortness

and -monoton& of the oca%!lar&./ too0 As notes shaped on pse!do,Aristotelian Problemata#

the& o$n the c!rt and sketch& te1t pec!liar of annotations2# $hose !sef!lness $as initiall&

en3o&ed perhaps onl& %& the l!tarchean circle# and later %& the remaining a!dience0

1 4enzasono 5)6678 /9,/:0

) -'ie ;

man 3edenfalls im =in%lick a!f die ganz gleich gearteten

Ai[tia JRwmai>kav !nd JEllhnikav z!gestehen# fr

die die 4el%stzitate 5s0!08 die @er


3/28

In the opinion of D0 Ziegler -Deinesfalls %esteht ein r!nd# die 4chrift ,in der a!ch die =iate#

$enn schon nicht mit %esonderer 4orgfalt# gemieden sind , dem 0 a%z!sprechen.7# $hile C0

=!%ert p!t an end to the disc!ssion concerning the a!thenticit& of the op!sc!le opened %& the

nineteenth,cent!r& st!dies9 asserting - genuinae sint dubitare non licet .:0 F!st like 0=0

4and%ach# L0 4enzasono considered not so important that G!estion# recognizing f!rthermore

the !niG!e l!tarchean st&listic feat!re of the s&non&mic acc!m!lation s!pported %& the

cop!latie con3!nction as an essential trait of a concise and referential st&listic cond!ctB0

Hhe op!sc!le o!tlines the mostl& G!alitatie nat!re of phenomenal reports# $ithin a

nat!ralistic G!estion %elonging to an !ndenia%le eripatetic tradition# that contemplates

%iological or ph&sio,pathological iss!es(6 to$ard $hich the a!thor maintains an h&pothetical

and pro%lematic approach0

& emplo&ing a lang!age# !tilized also in Aristotelian and 4toic thinkers# that called Jca!ses"

some connections %et$een phenomena in realit& tracea%le onl& as simple connections((# the

treatise seems to interpret# therefore# the idea of Jca!se" in a er& %road sense from the

concept!al point of ie$()# or# an&$a in a sense to conte1t!alize in a specific terminological

tradition and in affinit& $ith l!tarchean concept of histor&(*0

6 Ziegler 5(B2(8 :290

7 4ee @olkmann 5(:7B8 I# (:: '


4/28

Hhe essa& has %een transmitted %& man!scripts entitled αἰτίαι φυσικαί(/# recalling the

incipit of quaestiones (B and )B0 Hhe $ord ατιαἰ 15,$ithin the $ork# occ!rs a total of nine

times# in three circ!mstances placed in initial interrogatie position (7# and in other occasions

incl!ded in the deelopment of the quaestio17

0

4tarting from 0N0 ernardakis" edition(:# in analog& $ith the main $ork of Callimach!s#

$ith the etiological spirit and the er!dite interest of Ale1andrine scholars# and especiall&

!nder the infl!ence of Rom0 (2#9 $here l!tarch sa&sK περιὶ νὦ πιὶ πλεον ν τοςἐ ἐ ῖ

Ατιοις ερηκαμενἰ ἰ # the essa& has %een entitled [ τια φυσικα ᾼ (B 5 Aetia physica# in Latin80

14 Hhe same title occ!rs in Lamprias catalog!e )(: see

Hre! 5(:9*8 (7 Irigoin 5(B:98 CCC@III0

15 4ee L4F# s.v.# cause0 4ee also =dt0# prooem0 'emocr0

:* l0# Ti. 7:e Phd. B9a Resp. /7/% Arist0# Ph. (B/%7

Metaph. B:*a)7 '0=0 :#)B0 Hhe first of M0 &lander"s

Annotationes n Quaestionibus naturalibus saidK

-ατιαιἰ 0 !ausae enim redduntur eorum" de quibus est

quaestio. &lander 5(2BB8 //0

16

4ee Quaestio )6 5B(78 and Quaestio )B 5B(BA8017 4ee Quaestiones ( 5B((C8# (B 5B(7C8# )/ 5B(98 and

)9 5B(:80

18 ernardakis 5(:B*8 *9*,/6(0

19 Hitle chosen also %& D0 Ziegler# $ho translated it

- Aetia oder Quaestiones physicae. Ziegler 5(B2(8 :290


5/28

=o$eer the !orpus Plutarcheum neer directl& G!ote the essa $hose title $as later

translated into Quaestiones naturales %& &lander )6# Cr!seri!s)(# M&tten%ach))# Ha!chnitz

edition)* and '%ner )/# Aetia physica %& ernardakis)2# =!%ert)7 and ;orales Ortiz)9# De

causis naturalibus %& Longoli!s):# #es !auses naturelles %& Am&ot)B# !agioni naturali %&

Adriani*6# Questioni naturali %& andino*(# Questions naturelles %& Ricard*)# !auses

naturelles %& to!la!d**# !uestiones sobre la naturale$a %& Ramn alerm*/# !auses o%

20 &lander 5(2968 7/*,7/B0

21 Cr!seri!s 5(29*8 /7:,/970

22 M&tten%ach 5(9B98 7:*,9(B0

23 Ha!chnitz 5(:778 *(2,**90

24 '%ner 5(:998 (((/,(()70

25 ernardakis 5(:B*8 *9*,/6(0

26 =!%ert 5(B228 (,*60

27 ;orales Ortiz 5(BBB8 (/*,(2(0

28 Longoli!s 5(2/)8 :7,()70

29

Am&ot 5(29)8 2*/,2*B030 Adriani 5(:)B8 )B2,*(20

31 andino 5(7)28 )6:,)(20

32 Ricard 5(://8 *7*,*:70

33 tola!d 5(:968 (6(,()B0

34 Ramn alerm 5)66)8 :2,((90


6/28

natural phaenomena %& 4and%ach*2 and !ause dei %enomeni naturali %& 4enzasono*70 Hhe

$ordατιονἴ # moreoer# is !sed in the essa& onl& $ithin quaestio )B and# considering that

Lamprias Catalog!e contains titles as ατιαι τ νἰ ῶ ̓Αρατου ∆ιοσημειων5((B8# ατιαιἰ

ῥωμαικαι5(*:8# ατιαι βαρβαρικαιἰ 5(*B8# ατιαι τ ν περιφερομενων Στωικ νἰ ῶ ῶ

5(/B8# ατιαι καιὶ τοποιἰ 5(768# ατιαι λλαγ νἰ ἀ ῶ 5(7(8# ατιαιἰ ἑλληνων5(778 and

ατιαι γυναικ νἰ ῶ 5(798# the title ατιαι φυσικαι,ἰ agreeing $ith the opinion of 4and%ach

e1pressed in his -Introd!ction. to the edition of Quaestiones naturales for Hhe Loe% Classical

Li%rar reall& seems to hae nothing -intrinsicall& o%3ectiona%le.*9 and# s!pported %& the !se

of reek,speaking readers of l!tarch"s $orks# appears to %e %etter than a con3ect!re0

& !tilizing one dis3!nctie interrogatie proposition composed of t$o or more elements#

l!tarch ans$ers some G!estions# adanced $itho!t a precise order and constantl& introd!ced

%& διαὶ τι# sho$ing to$ard Jph&sical" themes a philosophical approach# not far from the

attit!de of 4eneca"s &aturales Quaestiones*: and g!ided %& the p!rpose of -scr!tare e snidare

i segreti della %eneola nat!ra# concepita come !n oracolo da interrogare. *B0

Hhe man!script,tradition of the essa& contains *( quaestiones# and 0=0 4and%ach"s edition#

entitled !auses o% &atural Phaenomena# offers a ta%le that sho$s the (9 l!tarchean nat!ral

35 4and%ach 5(B728 (/:,))B0

36 4enzasono 5)6678 76,(*90

37 4ee 4and%ach 5(B728 (**0

38 4ee arroni 5)66)8 III,L0

39 attegazzore 5(BB)8 /B0


7/28

G!estions !sed as so!rces and re,ela%orated %& ;0 sell!s for the redaction of De omni%aria

doctrina/6# paragraphs B),(69/(0

=o$eer# in the comple1 of sell!s" paragraphs %ased on l!tarch"s Quaestiones naturales#

0= 4and%ach incl!ded also the sections (*/ and (2) /) 5edition ;igne/*8 of De omni%aria

doctrina %eca!se these t$o chapters had %een preio!sl& recognized %& Mesterink // as

40 Concerning sell!s and l!tarch"s Quaestiones

naturales see also =arrison 5)6668 )*9,)26 and;ee!sen 5)6()8 (62,((6041 In man!scripts =ieros0 gr0 (6: and La!r0 @II *2# these

paragraphs are e1plicitl& headed aijtivai fusikaiv see

Mesterink 5(B/:8 *0 ;oreoer# paragraphs ()),(*6 of

De omni%aria doctrina $o!ld come from l!tarch"s

Placita philosophorum# and paragraphs (*(,(*9 from

Quaestiones platonicae see 4and%ach 5(B728 (/*0 In

relation to this iss!e# L0 4enzasono has %een ca!tio!s

and short# asserting that ;0 sell!s -forse incorporPalc!ni estratti dell"op!scolo nel s!o De omni%aria

doctrina e il fatto che ci sia affinitQ di materia e di stile

con passi di l!tarco comporta pro%a%ilitQ# non certezza

d"infl!enze o deriazioni pl!tarchee. 4enzasono 5)6678

26,2(0 Concerning the a!thenticit& of these t$o


8/28

e1tracts of the lost part/2 of l!tarchean Quaestiones naturales then incorporated %& the

&zantine scholar in the str!ct!re of De omni%aria doctrina/70

Looking at De omni%aria doctrina (*6 ;igne/9# section aimed to e1plain the solar origin of

the salin content in sea $ater and to sho$ the good effects of salt for the sailing# it seems to

indirectl& and in different $a&s recall not onl& part of l!tarch"s Placita philosophorum (7#

%!t also and especiall& Quaestiones naturales @II,I0 Hhis part of the treatise is dedicated to

G!estions# %eca!se of -some important parallel passages

%et$een the t$o pro%lems at iss!e and Table Tal's.#

;ee!sen claims -4and%ach $as right to incl!de them

and to treat them as 5more or less8 gen!in. ;ee!sen

5)6()8 (6B0

42 Hhese paragraphs correspond to paragraphs (6( and

(67 of the original redaction of the essa& see ;igne

5(::B8 97B,996 99B,9:60

43 Hhese same paragraphs are n!m%ered as (96 and (::

in Mesterink edition0

44 Mesterink 5(B/:8 *0

45 Hhese paragraphs of De omni%aria doctrina hae %een

later added as Quaestio (# and Quaestio (# in the

appendi) to 4and%ach"s edition of ατιαι φυσικαιἰ

see 4and%ach 5(B728 ))7,))B0 4and%ach also statedK

-there is no eidence incompati%le $ith his haing !sed


9/28

the sea $ater and to the ph&sical prerogaties deeloped thro!gho!t climate change# in

contact $ith heat and other elements# and in comparison $ith the characteristic of riers0

l!tarch especiall& de%ated the densit& 5Quaest 0 nat 0 @II# B(/A8 and the heainess 5Quaest 0

nat 0 @II# B(/A Quaest 0 nat 0 @III# B(/8 of marine $ater# recalls the action of heat and

e1halations 5Quaest 0 nat 0 @II# B(/A Quaest 0 nat 0 @III# B(/ Quaest 0 nat 0 I# B(/C'8 on

marine $aes and the conseG!ences of marine eaporation on the naigation 5 Quaest 0 nat 0

@II# B(*,B(/A8 and the salinit& of the sea# pointing o!t the implications for sailing of the

load of $atercrafts on impact $ith the sea 5Quaest 0 nat 0 @II# B(/A80

U $hile still complete. 4and%ach 5(B728 (/70

46 Mesterink"s choice seems to %e do!%tless d!e to the

position of these t$o paragraphs in the conte1t of the

original redaction of De omni%aria doctrina0 All the

paragraphs of the treatise %et$een B) and (69 $ererelated in different $a&s to l!tarch"s Quaestiones

naturales# e1cept paragraphs (6( and (67K 3!st these

t$o paragraphs $ere identified %& Mesterink as t$o of

the l!tarchean Quaestiones naturales considered lost0

47 Chapter entitledδιαὶ τι λμυροὶν τοὶ τς θαλαττηςἀ ῆ

δωρ στινὖ ἐ and not mentioned in the st!dies of

Mesterink and 4and%ach concerning the relation

%et$een l!tarch"s Quaestiones naturales and sell!s"

De omni%aria doctrina0


10/28

4imilarl sell!s pointed o!t the action of apor and marine e1halations thro!gho!t the

seasons# the ca!ses and the impact of saltiness# !nderlining the depth of marine $ater

compared to riers and the positie infl!ences of sea $ater densit& on %oats# also in relation to

their $eight0

If l!tarch"s Quaestiones naturales @II# @III# I and sell!s" De omni%aria doctrina hae a

common and strong familiarit& $ith the !orpus Aristotelicum# the s!pposed connection of

infl!encedescent %et$een the t$o passages has %een !ne1pectedl& ignored or# at least#

neglected %& scholars# perhaps %eca!se the passage of sell!s# $hile disc!ssing similar

themes# does not offer a theme that is similar to the s!pposed l!tarchean model in G!estion0

!t in De omni%aria doctrina# anal&zing the titles of sections e1tracted from Quaestiones

naturales# the& often paraphrase# rephrase# s!mmarize# a%ridge# enhance# and generall&

modif& the titles of l!tarch"s quaestiones taken as a model# $itho!t necessaril& recall them

verbatim/:0 ;oreoer# chapter (*6 ;igne/B of the &zantine poligraph"s treatise# deriing its

content from a gro!p of l!tarchean quaestiones er& similar %& topic# ma& propose an

alternatie titration of mediation in relation to the ario!s and different incipit reada%le in the

model# that are# f!rthermore# completel& and literall& reprod!ced onl& in a er& small n!m%er

of cases0

Hhe man!scripts that hae presered l!tarch"s Quaestiones naturales are Ur%inas B9 5 saec0

I# interr!pted at B(/'# in the middle of quaestio B8# alatin!s =eidel%ergensis ):* 5that

gies Quaestiones naturales !ntil B()E# in the middle of quaestio *8# and Am%rosian!s :2B

5a0 ()B28# from $hich descend ten codices of lan!dean tradition# that gies a total of *(

quaestiones0

48 or sell!s"$riting st&le and the str!ct!ral adaptations

of l!tarch"s Quaestiones naturales in sell!s" De

omni%aria doctrina see =arrison 5)6668 )*9,)26

;ee!sen 5)6()8 ((6,((*0

49

;igne 5(::B8 972,97:0


11/28

In (2/)# the '!tch h!manist &%ert!s Longoli!s26 p!%lished the translation of some essa&s

selected from l!tarch"s Moralia# %et$een $hich there $as a Latin versio of ατιαιἰ

φυσικαιincl!ding *B quaestiones and characterized %& a st&le f!ll of amplifications#

periphrasis# red!ndancies and co!ples of $ords made - sententias magis quam verba

curans.2(# as C0 =!%ert o%sered2)0

Hhe *asileensis editio of Moralia p!%lished onl& *( ατιαι φυσικαιἰ 2*# $hile F0 Am&ot"s

translation of Quaestiones naturales contained *( !auses naturelles and# at the end of the

essa p!t the editor"s noteK -Tout le reste est perdu.2/0

M0 &lander"s translation of Quaestiones naturales stopped at the end of quaestio *(#

informing in a footnote# signed $ith the initials of the translatorK - Desunt multa. +ybertus

#ongolius , Mediolanensi codice adhuc octo quaestiones se adiecisse scripsit. eius videndi

nunquam mihi copia contigit. +.(..220

Hhen# in the reek,Latin edition of Moralia c!rated %& Estienne# the eight pro%lems added %&

Longoli!s to the essa& hae %een p!t %ehind the te1t of Quaestiones naturales0

50 il%ert or is%ert Long!eil see 4enzasono 5)6678 /B0

51 =!%ert 5)66(8 I0

52

A%o!t Longoli!s" method and st&le of translation# seealso 4and%ach 5(B728 (/) ;orales Ortiz 5(BBB8 (/2

4enzasono 5)6678 26,2( ;ee!sen 5)6()8 (6B0

53 ro%en 5(2/)8 72(,72:0

54 Am&ot 5(2B98 27:0

55 &lander 5(2968 7/B0


12/28

=0 Cr!seri!s# in (29*# p!%lished a Latin translation of *B l!tarch"s Quaestiones naturales#

incl!ding : quaestiones added %& Longoli!s27# $hose te1t has %een $idel& paraphrased and

modified# more in the form than in the contents0

;0A0 andino"s translation# edited in @enice in (2B: at rati"s printing ho!se# offers *B

seamless Questioni naturali29# $hile the saec0 @I ersion of ;0 Adriani# at the end of the *(st

pro%lem of !agioni naturali# placed the footnoteK -Il resto di G!esto trattato manca nel testo

greco noi non a%%iamo cred!to di s!pplire alla mancanza colle gi!nte di altre antiche

trad!zioni italiane.2:0

Hhe tomus I@# pars II of '0A0 M&tten%ach"s edition of ατιαι φυσικαιἰ # in (9B9# stopped at

the end of quaestio *(# annotatingK - ta librarii in omnibus nostris libris notarunt. -na

#ongolii #atina versio" %acta e codice mediolanensi" et hanc suo %ine integram" et insuper octo

habet quaestiones. De quo hic non est quaerere locus.2B0

In (:77# the volumen @ of Ha!chnitz editio stereotypa p!%lished onl& the *( nat!ral G!estions

presered from the man!scripts76# $hile the second ol!me of 'idot"s reek,Latin edition of

l!tarchean Moralia# prepared %& '%ner and edited in aris in (:99# proposed the *(

Quaestiones naturales contained in codices and# %efore adding the : Longolian problems#

$roteK - Addimus quaestiones quae desunt octo e) translatione +yberti #ongolii hac notantis/0ucusque Aldinum e)emplar sumus secuti quae sequuntur" e) Mediolanensi sunt

e)emplari..7(0 ;oreoer# it is interesting to o%sere that '%ner# %efore of each additional

Longolian G!estion# p!t a %rief title that s!mmed !p its content# anticipating the initial

interrogatie proposition of the disc!ssed pro%lem and creating an unicum in the conte1t of all

editions of this l!tarchean essa&0

56

Cr!seri!s 5(29*8 /9/,/97057 andino 5(2B:8 (B7,(B:0

58 Adriani 5(:/(8 BB20

59 M&tten%ach 5(9B98 9(B0

60 Ha!chnitz 5(:778 **90

61 '%ner 5(:998 (()20


13/28

Hhe ol!me @#* of 0N0 ernardakis" edition of l!tarch"s Moralia# p!%lished in Lipsia in

(:B*# printed *( Quaestiones naturales and# separated %& a horizontal line# placed the other :

pro%lems $riting in critical apparat!sK -2equuntur octo quaestiones quas servavit +yberti

#ongolii latina versio.7)0

Hhe volumen @#* of He!%ner edition of Moralia# edited in Lipsia in (B76# contains the *(

l!tarcheanατιαι φυσικαιἰ # and the editor C0 =!%ert# in the preface to the $ork# e1plains

the incl!sion of the : Longolian G!estions assertingK -S ulla causa est cur ei di%%idamus

dicenti se ea in codice graeco Mediolanensi invenisse" praesertim cum eum complures annos

in talia degisse constet .7*0 !rthermore# =!%ert !nderlines that the n!merical difference

%et$een ατιαι φυσικαιἰ presered %& the man!script tradition and the Latin versio of the

l!tarchean treatise $as alread& kno$n to a homo doctus of (266# $ho on an Aldine

Am%rosian!s e1emplar -S manu sua adscripsit K Jdesunt problemata octo quae in eo quod

versum est e)emplari inveniuntur "S.7/# as $ell as another vir quidam doctus# on %olium *6 of

miscellaneo!s code1 Am%rosian!s 9)* 5R ((2 s!p# saec0 @I8# %et$een the variae lectiones

of l!tarchean Moralia# -cum alia multa S haec transtulit 3in e)trema pagina haec

habentur desunt problemata octo quae in eo quod versum est e)emplari inveniuntur "S.720

Lamenting the loss of that mediolanense e)emplar # =!%ert led %ack to the famil& of

man!scripts Π the Aldine edition !sed %& Longoli!s to translate the first *( Quaestiones

naturales0

Hhe -Introd!ction. to 4and%ach"s -Ca!ses of Nat!ral haenomena. contains a paragraph

entitled -Hhe additional G!estions.77# $here the a!thor points o!t the impossi%ilit& to define

the real content of a lost man!script# %!t considers certain that -Longoli!s did not !se it to

s!ppl& the deficiencies of the Aldine.790 ;oreoer# 0=0 4and%ach# follo$ing Mesterink"s

opinion# identifies in quaestiones (6( and (67 of De omni%aria doctrina t$o lost problemata

62 ernardakis 5(:B*8 *B90

63 =!%ert 5)66(8 I0

64 =!%ert 5)66(8 @III0

65 =!%ert 5)66(8 I0

66 4and%ach 5(B728 (/),(//0


14/28

of l!tarch"s Quaestiones naturales# placing them in the appendi) to his edition of the $ork#

naming them Quaestio (# and (# 7: and recognizing their parallelism $ith other sections of

l!tarchean Quaestiones convivales7B0

L0 4enzasono"s edition for !orpus Plutarchi Moralium# entitled -Ca!se dei fenomeni

nat!rali.# $hile criticizing as e1cessie the Longolio"s freedom of interpretation96 and fidelit&

to the reek te1t# ho$eer considers the Latin versio of '!tch h!manist a -testimonianza

imperfetta# ma nel complesso certa del pensiero di l!tarco in G!ella parte perd!ta

dell"op!scolo.9(0

67

4and%ach 5(B728 (/)0 4ee also Irigoin 5(B:98CCLI@0

68 4ee 4and%ach 5(B728 ))7,))B0

69 4ee also ;ee!sen 5)6()8 (6B0

70 -la trad!zione di Longolio# nella parte che si p!P

confrontare con l"originale pl!tarcheo# riela in aritratti !n"eccessia li%ertQ di decodificazione.

4enzasono 5)6678 26071 4enzasono 5)6678 2(0 Looking at the Latin translation

of Longoli!s# follo$ing in toto the con3ect!res of

Mesterink and 4and%ach# and noting -that the n!m%er of pro%lems contained in Qu. nat 0 5/(8 is lo$er than that in

Qu. conv0 5B28 or in similar collections# s!ch as Qu.

Rom0 5((*8 and Qu. +raec0 52B8.# ;0 ;ee!sen has

G!alified the man!script tradition of Quaestiones

naturales as -in an& case# lac!nar&.# finding -reasons to


15/28

In a total of *( nat!ral pro%lems concerning er& different topics# there are B quaestiones 5*

(9,)) ): *68 directl& related to animals# especiall& disc!ssing their G!alities#

predispositions# actiities# reprod!ctie c&cle and !sef!lness in ario!s conte1ts of disc!ssion0

!rthermore# there are indirect references to the animal $orld also in other 2 quaestiones 5(#

)# (*# )*# )28 concerning n!trition# fishing# h!nting and traces left in nat!ral enironments0

Hhen# animals and insects as dogs# $oles and %ees are the s!%3ect of disc!ssion in / of the

nat!ral pro%lems 5*2,*:8 translated %& Longoli!s and missing in l!tarchean man!scripts0

In more detail# quaestio @I intends to inestigate the reason $h& the animals# s!ffering

from some illness# seek elements $ith health& properties# $hose emplo&ment prod!ces

%enefits0 Hhe a!thor G!otes e)empla s!ch as dogs that eat grass to omit %ile# pigs that eat

cra&fish to alleiate headache# %ears $ith na!sea that %& tong!e s$allo$ ants to feel %etter#

and t!rtles that# after eating iper meat# add oregano to the meal0 l!tarch ascri%es the !nclear

and enchanting nat!re of these e1pedients to the lack of περαῖ andπεριπτωσις# together

ass!me that the te1t of Quaestiones &aturales did not

come do$n to !s in its f!ll e1tent.0 =o$eer ;ee!sen#

$hile haing -no do!%t. a%o!t the a!thenticit& of the

eight Longoli!s" additional pro%lems# ackno$ledges

that the mediolanense e)emplar -co!ld not %e retraced

%& &lander or an& s!%seG!ent scholar. and that -$e

do not kno$ $hether the lost man!script from ;ilan 5or indeed other lost man!scripts8 perhaps contained more

Quaestiones 5for that matter# $e do not een kno$

$hether the ;ilan man!script also contained Qu. nat 0

(T*(8. ;ee!sen 5)6()8 (69,(6: n0 *)0


16/28

$ith the a%ilit& of those animals to identif& δυναμεις potentiall& health& as material ca!ses

and passie po$ers0

As a first h&pothesis# l!tarch thinks that σμαιὀ and ευματαῥ lead animal istincts to$ards

those nat!ral remediesK according to this e1planation# pigs# t!rtles and %ears $o!ld %e drien

%&ασθησιςἴ # rather thanλογισμος# 3!st like# from a distance# thro!gh the sense of smell the

hone&com%s stim!late the %ees and the carcasses e1cite and attract !lt!res0

Or# as a second h&pothesis# the animal ρεξιςὄ co!ld %e ca!sed %& κρσις σωματοςᾶ #

deeloped %& some diseases that originate an alteration of internal liG!ids# s!ch as %lood# %ile

and phlegm# a%le to prod!ce %itter# s$eet# !n!s!al and een immense G!alities0 Hherefore# as

pointed o!t also in Quaest 0 conv0 @I#) 57:9,7:BA8# the comple1ion of %od& $o!ld

contri%!te to achiee internal %alance thro!gh the condition of appetite realized %& istinct0 Hhe

e1istence of ario!sl& com%ined or altered liG!ids $ithin the %od& $o!ld %e clearl&

demonstrated πιὶ τ ν γυναικ νἐ ῶ ῶ # ταν κυωσι, καιὶ λιθους καιὶ γνὅ ῆ

προσφερομενων0 Hhis anomalo!s $a& of no!rishment allo$s χαριεντες ατροιἰ to

diagnose the chances to s!rie of the patient according to the appetites sho$n# $hich are a

direct conseG!ence of %od& comple1ion ca!sed %& diseases0 And# in parallel $ith the h!man

e1perience# l!tarch closes the quaestio @I identif&ing in the animals a nat!ral disposition

that g!ide them to salation thro!gh appetites $hich occ!rr from time to time# if the& are

s!ffering fromνοσηματα μηὶ παντελ ς λεθρια μηδῶ ὀ " ναιρετικαἀ 0

Hhe cr!cialπαραδειγμαfor the logical and narratie deelopment of quaestio @I is the

appetite of pregnant $omen# $ho ate stones and earth pro%a%l& %eca!se of the !pheaal of

internal liG!ids determined %& the child carried in the $om%0 Ho completel& !nderstand the

p!rpose of this c!rio!s ha%it# $hich at first sight might appear prett& harmf!l to pregnant

$omen# it is necessar& to anal&ze the section :6(A of l!tarch"s Praecepta gerendae

reipublicae0 =aing disc!ssed a%o!t priate life of statesmen# recognizing that people like or

dislike not onl& the p!%lic acts of politicians# %!t also their priate %ehaior# l!tarch asks

$h& cities sometimes choose r!lers $ho σελγ ς καιὶ τεθρυμμενως ζσινἀ ῶ ῶ 0 A do!%le

e)emplum helps the a!thor to ans$er the G!estionK καιὶ γαὶρ α κιττ σαι λιθουςἱ ῶ S

διωκουσι πολλακις ετἴ " λιγον στερον ξεπτυσαν καιὶ πεστραφησανὀ ὕ ἐ ἀ K οτωὕ


17/28

καιὶ ο δμοι διαὶ τρυφηὶν καιὶ βριν βελτιονων πορι δημαγωγ ν χρ νταιἱ ῆ ὕ ἀ ᾳ ῶ ῶ 9)0 As

$ell as the sailors s!ffering from na!sea# $ho crae pickled food and similar no!rishments#

and 3!st like pregnant $omen# $ho often $ant to eat stones that# immediatel& after eating#

re3ect and hate# people# %eca!se of their $eakness and insolence# and d!e to the lack of %etter leaders# elect demagog!es $ho are similarl& hated and despised0

After$ards# l!tarch G!otes a fragment of lato the poet $here the people# electing ario!s

demagog!es# get read& to omit $ith a %asin and a feather0 Hhe fact that the a!dience la!ghed

at this derisie representation# taken as proof of the h!moral lack of political a$areness and

foresight of the people# is again associated $ith forced omit retches# 3!st like the preio!s

Jston&" female appetite0 Reading this section of Praecepta gerendae reipublicae# $e might

infer that the ha%it of eating stones $as not onl& a simple appetite stim!lated %& the internal

moements of the child# %!t perhaps it $as also a $a& to fight na!sea and ca!se omit retches

in pregnant $omen0

4o it co!ld %e a fit of s!dden and !ncontrolla%le h!nger# or a method to omit in a conscio!s

and a$are $a&0 One admissi%le h&pothesis co!ld %e also that pregnant $omen# seized %&

!ncontrolla%le h!nger# s$allo$ed stones that the& $ere immediatel& forced to omit %eca!se

of the na!sea0 =o$eer# it still remains to %e seen if the desire to eat stones deried from

traditions# rit!als# %eliefs or medical !ses practiced %& pregnant $omen0

It is certain that l!tarch G!otes this c!stom# t$ice and in different conte1ts# as a stereot&pe of

an ine1plica%le and anomalo!s nat!ral relationship %et$een desire and re3ection0 !rthermore#

the c!stom to ingest stones seems to %e descri%ed as rec!rring and esta%lished among

pregnant $omen# as if the usus had made less a%normal this practice# and creating therefore

an e1emplar anecdote to !se in rhetorical,paradigmatic disc!ssions0 Hhen# %& comparing

quaestio naturalis @I and Praecepta gerendae reipublicae :6(A# it is eident that perhaps

72 -S and pregnant $omen often long for stones S

$hich then a little later the& spe$ o!t and detest so the

people of democracies# %eca!se of the l!1!r& of their

o$n lies or thro!gh sheer perersit or for lack of

%etter leaders# make !se of demagog!es.0


18/28

l!tarch"s description concerns t$o phases of the same proced!re# %eca!se the $omen#

p!shed %& a great appetite ca!sed %& internal liG!ids in moement# and looking for an inner

%alance# eat stones 5Quaest 0 nat 0 @I8# and this appetite# haing %een satisfied# originated

omit and hate to$ards things ingested 5 Praec0 ger 0 reip0 :6(A80 In the first case# l!tarch

foc!sed on the ca!ses of the phenomenon# and in the second circ!mstance he has highlighted

its effects# descri%ing and e1ploiting t$o different moments of the same c!stom for

demonstratie p!rposes0

lin& deotes &aturalis 0istoria @III#99 to medical remedia deried from animals and#

a%o!t purgationes mulierum# reports in paragraphs )/7,)/9 a similar and interesting eidenceK

tradunt cervas" cum senserint se gravidas" lapillum devorare" quem in e)crementis repertum

aut in vulva 4nam et ibi invenitur5 custodire partus adalligatum. nveniuntur et ossicula in

corde et in vulva perquam utilia gravidis parturientibusque. &am de pumice" qui in vaccarum

utero simili modo invenitur di)imus in natura boum9*0 Not onl& the does# realizing to %e

pregnant# deo!r a pe%%le that comes into e1crements and !la# %!t also in co$s" !ter!s it is

possi%le to find a small stone0 According to lin as $ell as the stones# in does" heart and

73 -=inds# the& sa $hen the& find themseles pregnant#

are in the ha%it of s$allo$ing a small stone0 Hhis stone#

$hen fo!nd in their e1crements# or in the !ter!s ,for it is

to %e fo!nd there as $ell, attached to the %od& as an

am!let# is a preentie of a%ortion0 Hhere are also

certain small stones# fo!nd in the heart and !ter!s of these animals# $hich are er& helpf!l for $omen d!ring

pregnanc& and in traail0 As to the kind of p!mice,stone

$hich is similarl& fo!nd in the !ter!s of the co$# $e

hae alread& mentioned it $hen treating of the

formation of that animal.0


19/28

!la there are also ossicles that are e1traordinaril& !sef!l to pregnant $omen and mothers in

la%or0 4o# not onl& the does and the co$s ingest pe%%les# in analog& $ith the $omen

descri%ed %& l!tarch# d!ring the pregnanc in order to custodire partus# %!t these stones#

fo!nd in the entrails of animals# $ill %e er& !sef!l# if !tilized to gie help to pregnant $omen

and $omen in la%or0 Hhe comparisons $ith the animal $orld and the health& effects of small

stones" ingestion for pregnant $omen $ere alread& kno$n to lin $ho ho$eer made no

mention of side effects and h!man s&mptoms# as omit and na!sea# descri%ed %& l!tarch0

lin moreoer# talked a%o!t ossicles# and not a%o!t earth# as ad3!ant to pregnanc& together

$ith little stones0 lin& descri%ed does and co$s that protected their fet!ses ingesting pe%%les

as am!let to aoid a%ortion# and he sho$ed the stones as er& !sef!l to pregnant $omen0

Mhen l!tarch states that pregnant $omen came to eat stones# perhaps he implicitl& refers to

this same tradition too# altho!gh lin rather than to appetite# attri%!ted the ingestion of

pe%%les to the aim of presering the fet!s# that is a medical,apotropaic p!rpose not e1plicitl&

mentioned in Quaest 0 nat 0 @I and Praec0 ger 0 reip0 :6(A0 In fact# rather than on the real

p!rpose of eating stones# the narratie conte1t of the t$o l!tarchean passages seems foc!sed

on the !ne1pected conseG!ences of an anomalo!s deed ca!sed %& an !nnat!ral appetite0

Aristotle 6th0 &ic0 2 5((/:%)/,)B8# a%o!t incontinence# %estialit& and mor%idit considered

theτρωξεις νθρακων καιὶ γςἀ ῆ as mor%ose status deried from a ha%it0 Hhen# $itho!t

making an& reference to the pregnanc Aristotle called the practices of eating coal and earth

νοσηματωδεις ξ θουςἐ ἔ # 3!st like hair p!lling# eating nails and making loe %et$een men0

eca!se of the predominantl& eripatetic mark of Quaestiones naturales# there co!ld %e in

pregnant $omen a kind of common and !s!al pathological status that led them to ingest rocks

and stones0 Or# like eating nails or p!lling hair# perhaps this ha%it co!ld %e the conseG!ence

of an end!ring and ine1plica%le ph&sical or ps&chological disease# rather than an actiit& $ith

medical,apotropaic p!rpose or stim!lated %& h!nger0

=ippocrates" Prorrheticus II#*( 5B#7/#((8# in a didactic phase deoted to sho$ the prognostic

meaning of signs concerning ario!s diseases# states that &o!ng people s!ffering for a long

time from a %ad skin tone# that neer %ecomes 3a!ndiced h!e# οτοι καιὶ τ ν νδρ ν καιὶὑ ῶ ἀ ῶ

τ ν γυναικ ν κεφαληὶν λγεουσι, καιὶ λιθους τε καιὶ γν τρωγουσι, καιὶῶ ῶ ἀ ῆ


20/28

αμορροιΐδας χουσινἱ ἔ 9/0 Hhen the essa& arg!es that &o!ng people# s!ffering from a

greenish,&ello$# %!t neer 3a!ndiced# skin tone# had a similar s&ndrome# e1cept that# instead

of eating stones and earth# the& felt more pain in the h&pochondri!m0

4o# this treatise of =ippocratic tradition considered eating earth and stones the essential part

of a real a!tonomo!s patholog& that afflicted %o&s and girls# $hile the section of the same

essa& deoted to the diseases of pregnant $omen did not talk concerning s!ch a c!stom0

Another treatise incl!ded in !orpus 0ippocraticum and entitled De super%etatione is entirel&

deoted to iss!es related to πικυησιςἐ # as pregnanc& and $omen in la%or# and its section

/:7#:,(6 5(:8 contains a er& interesting eidence0 After disc!ssing a%o!t signs# ca!ses and

therapies for pregnant $omen# and after speaking a%o!t fet!ses that are dead# sick# or destined

to die# the a!thor sa&sK [Ην τις κυιΐσκομενη γν πιθυμε σθιειν νθρακας καιὶῆ ἐ ἐ ! "

σθι, πιὶ τς κεφαλς το παιδιου φαινεται, κοταν γενηται, σημεον ποὶἐ ἐ ῆ ῆ # $ ῖ ἀ

τοιουτων920 If a pregnant $oman had $anted to eat earth or coals# this $o!ld hae %een

kno$n at the time of child%irth# $hen on the %a%&"s head $o!ld hae appeared a σημεονῖ of

the things ingested0 Hhe e1istence of this practice among the anecdotes mentioned in

=ippocrates" De super%etatione allo$s to think that it $as perhaps !s!al or# at least#

$idespread eno!gh0 ro%a%l %eing $orth& of disc!ssion# it $as an anomalo!s c!stom and# at

the same time# it $as practiced secretl !ncontrolla%l or in moments of !nconscio!sness or

!na$areness0 And this is proed %& the fact that the practice co!ld %e discoered perhaps onl&

after the %irth of the %a%&0 !rthermore# l!tarch talks a%o!t t$o ha%itsK h!nger of earth and

appetite of coal# that are t$o separate practices assem%led in a single c!stom %& the a!thor0

74

-Hhese# %oth men and $omen# s!ffer headaches# eatstones and earth# and hae haemorrhoids. otter 5(BB28

):(0

75 -If a pregnant $oman $ishes to eat earth or coal# and

she does so# a mark $ill appear on the head of the child

at %irth as a res!lt. otter 5)6(68 **(0


21/28

Hhen# l!tarch $ill speak a%o!t stones rather than coal# displa&ing an interpretation slightl&

different# perhaps more generic# of the practice alread& mentioned in !orpus 0ippocraticum0

If the tradition has often connected the stones to the pregnanc& mainl& for apotropaic or

medical p!rposes# to $ard off eil e&e 97 and to aoid a%ortion99# the ingestion of earth does

not seem to hae a pla!si%le e1planation# if not related to the field of the eating disorders0 And

in fact the phenomenon $hich l!tarch refers# preceded %& !orpus 0ippocraticum# might %e

3!st the mental disorder called Jica# or J;agpie 4&ndrome"# from the name of the %ird that

seems to like to s$allo$ eer&thing is catching his attention0 Jicacism" is an eating disorder

characterized %& the ingestion of non,n!trities s!%stances# 3!st as earth or stones# $hich

sometimes affects pregnant $omen $ith a desire for inappropriate foods# ca!sed %& anemia

and deficienc& of iron0 Hhen# this s&ndrome regresses $ith the correction of the deficienc& or

$ith the end of pregnanc $hile in some cases it ma& e1press also a kind of o%sessie,

comp!lsie disorder# recognized %& the 'iagnostic and 4tatistical ;an!al for ;ental

'isorders9: as a mental disorder0

76 A%o!t the eil e&e in l!tarch see also @olpe

Cacciatore 5)6()8 (9),(9B0

77 In ancient times people %elieed that stones# s!ch as

lapis laz!li and 3asper# had negatie or health& effects on

child%irth# $hile the practice of flintstones called Jpietre

lattaiole" and Jpietre d"aG!ila" $as the prod!ct of pop!lar apotropaic %eliefs# and in Christian era some

people dr!nk d!st of the rocks from the sanct!aries as a

protection and s!pport for the child0 4ee imma 5(9*68

)77 Lemer& 5(92(8 9 'ini 5(B:68 7) )62 'ini

5(B:B8 !magalli 5)6668 ((20


22/28

It seems that this anomalo!s eating ha%it $as $ell kno$n to l!tarch and medical a!thors#

$ho# not kno$ing its origins# ela%orated different theories and con3ect!res to e1plain it0 Hhe

freG!enc& $ith $hich this s&ndrome hit pregnant $omen pro%a%l& made it a τοποςof

parado1ical connection %et$een desire and re3ection# een in a literar& and narratie conte1t0

In the spirit of an γκυκλιος παιδειαἐ inspired %& a aried and composite Aristotelian

latonism# l!tarch %rilliantl& f!lfilled the task to present himself as a pol&graph# a!thor of

essa&s# %!t especiall& Jc!lt!ral diff!ser "0

ollo$ing the =ellenistic science# -chiamata a farsi pers!asia# retoricamente efficace# a

mo%ilitare G!egli effetti di pistis che giQ in Aristotele si accompagnaano alla cogenza

scientifica.

9B

# l!tarch spreads a science mainl& characterized %& the mi10 Hhen this science#to get more pers!asie# has %ecome %asicall& a literar& fact# that gies priorit& to commentar

e1planation and !lgarization0

l!tarch certainl& keeps the mental approach proper of the h!manists# inclined to promote the

disc!ssion across the %oard# rather than to tr& specific sol!tions that co!ld %e ne$ and %old0

;oreoer# concerning l!tarch"s essa&s deoted to scientific and nat!ralistic topics# 3!st as

78 Hhe Diagnostic and 2tatistical Manual %or Mental

Disorders 5'4;8 is a a man!al p!%lished since (B2)

%& the American s&chiatric Association 5AA80

ollo$ing the International Classification of 'iseases

5IC'8# it incl!des all c!rrentl& recognized mentalhealth disorders and is !tilized to descri%e the feat!res

of a gien mental disorder# also indicating ho$ it ma&

%e disting!ished from other similar pro%lems0

79 4ee @egetti 5(B:/8 /270 4ee also 'onini 5(B:/8 *9*,

*9/ attegazzore 5(BB)8 *),*90

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_illnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_illnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_illnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_illness


23/28

Quaestiones naturales# it is possi%le to infer that those $orks hae %een $ritten for an

ed!cated# %!t not technical# a!dience0

F!st dra$ing from all the %asins $here the rier of science has %een diided after the

eripatetic diaspora# l!tarch promisc!o!sl& !ses his ast kno$ledge# making no distinction

in dignit& %et$een the aphorism of the poet# the $ord of the scientist and the sa&ing of

famo!s man# and sho$ing a great interest in com%ining the theoretical o%seration $ith the

real practice0

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Adriani# ;0 5(:/(8# puscoli di Plutarco volgari$$ati da Marcello Adriani" nuovamente

con%rontati col testo e illustrati con note da 8rancesco Ambrosoli0 rima edizione napolitana a

d!e colonne con rami0 Napoli# per aetano No%ile Li%raio,tipografo0

Am&ot# F0 5(2B98# #es euvres Mesl9es de Plutarque# Translat9es de +rec en 8ran:ois"

reveues et corrigees en plusieurs passages par le Translateur. Avec Pre%ace generale"

2ommaires au commencement de chacun livre" annotations en marge" de nouveau reveues ;

augmentees de moiti9. Avec un ndice des choses memorables mentionnees esdites


24/28

• attegazzore# A0;0 5(BB)8# -L"atteggiamento di l!tarco erso le scienze.# in

allo# I0 5ed08# Plutarco e le scien$e" Atti del ? !onvegno plutarcheo" +enova5*occa di

Magra" @@5@ aprile 1BB1# enoa# (B,2B0

ernardakis# 0N0 5(:B*8# Plutarchi !haeronensis Moralia# recognoit regori!s N0ernardakis# ol0 @# Lipsiae# in aedi%!s 00 He!%neri0

• tola!d# @0 5(:968# euvres compl,tes de Plutarque0 euvres morales et

euvres diverses# trad!ites en franais par @ictor tola!d# 'octe!r Vs lettres de la ac!lt de

aris# Ancien professe!r de l"Uniersit# chealier de la Lgion d"honne!r0 Home G!atriVme0

aris# Li%rairie =achette et Cie0

Cr!seri!s# =0 5(29*8# Plutarchi !haeronei" 6thica" sive Moralia" pera quae e)tant" omnia

nterprete 0ermanno !ruserio .!. atque illustrissimi Ducis !liuensis ; uliacensis

!onsiliario. Accesserunt rerum ; verborum %idelissimi indices. !um grata et priuilegio

Regio# asileae# ap!d Hhomam !arin!m0

• 'esideri# 0 5(BB)8# -4cienza nelle ?ite di !tarco.# in allo# I0 5ed08# Plutarco

e le scien$e" Atti del ? !onvegno plutarcheo" +enova5*occa di Magra" @@5@ aprile 1BB1 #

enoa# 9*,:B0

• 'iels# =0 5(B628# -Aristotelica.# 0ermes /6# *6(,*(70

'ini# @0 5(B:68# l potere delle antiche madri %econdit> e culti delle acque nella cultura

subalterna toscana# Horino0

'ini# @0 5(B:B8# -Le madri del parto# delle acG!e# della terra0 Contin!itQ protettia e sant!ari

terape!tici.# in iani allino# H0 5ed08# #e +randi Madri# Atti del !onvegno" Torino" %ebbraio

1BCC# ;ilano# :/,B)0

'


25/28

• ro%en# =0 5(2/)8# Plutarchi !haeronei Moralia puscula" multis mendarum

milibus e)purgata. asileae# per =ier0 ro%eni!m et Nic0 Episcopi!m0

• !magalli# ;0 5)6668# Di$ionario di alchimia e di chimica %armaceutica

antiquaria# Roma0• andino# ;0A0 5(7)28# puscoli Morali di Plutarco !heroneseJ 8iloso%o" ;

0istorico notabilissimo. arte 4econda0 Hradotti in olgare dal 4ig0 ;arc"Antonio andino#

W da altri Letterati0 In G!esta !ltima Impressione da infinitissimi errori esp!rgata# et

diligentemente corretta0 Con d!e taole# !na delli op!scoli W l"altra delle cose piX Nota%ili0

Con licenza de" 4!periori e riilegi0 In @enetia# Appresso io0 attista Com%i0

imma# 0 5(9*68# Della storia naturale delle gemme" delle pietre" e di tutti i minerali"

ovvero della %isica sotterranea# t0 (# Napoli# nella stamperia di ennaro ;!zio# erede di;ichele,L!igi0 Con Licenza de" 4!periori# e riilegio0

=arrison# 0M0;0 5)6668# -Hipping his =andK l!tarch"s references in the Quaestiones

&aturales.# in @an der 4tockt# L0 5ed08# Rhetorical Theory and Pra)is in Plutarch0 Acta o% the

?th

nternational !ongress o% the nternational Plutarch 2ociety" #euven" Kuly L5E" 1BBE # Le!en#

)*9,)260

=!%ert# C0 ohlenz# ;0 5)66(8# ‒ Plutarchi Moralia" ol0 @# fasc0 *# recens!er!nt et

emendaer!nt C0 =!%ert et ;0 ohlenz# editio altera addenda adiecit =0 're1ler# editio

stereot&pa editionis sec!ndae 5;C;L80 ;onachii et Lipsiae# in aedi%!s D00 4a!r 5H80

• Lemer N0 5(92(8# Di$ionario overo Trattato -niversale delle Droghe

2emplici. n cui si ritrovano i loro di%%erenti nomi" la loro origine" la loro scelta" i princip"

che hanno" le loro qualit>" la loro etimologia" e tutto ciN" che vOha di particolare negli

Animali" neO ?egetabili" e neO Minerali0 Opera dipendente dalla armacopea Uniersale scritta

in francese dal sig0 Niccolo" Lemer&0 'ell"Accademia Reale e delle 4cienze 'ottore in

;edicina# E tradotta in Italiano0 Edizione Herza Accresci!ta0 In @enezia0 Appresso i!seppe

ertella0 Nel negozio =ertz0 Con licenza de" 4!periori# e riilegio0

• Longoli!s# 0 5(2/)8# 6) Plutarchi !haeronei moralibus opuscula aliquot

hactenus non conuersa. &um seni sit gerenda Respublica. De parentum erga liberos amore.

!ausarum naturalium liber unus. Disceptatio" utrum ignis an aqua sit utilior. tem alia

quaedam. D. +yberto #ongolio interprete. C!m gratia et priilegio0 Coloniae Ioan0 &mnic!s

e1c!de%at0


26/28

;ee!sen# ;0 5)6()8# -;atching in ;ind the 4ea east"s Comple1ion0 On the ragmatics of

l!tarch"s =&pomnemata and 4cientific InnoationK the Case of Q.& 0 (B 5B(78.#

Philologus (27# )*/,)2B0

;ee!sen# ;0 5)6()8# -4alt in the =ol& MaterK l!tarch"s Quaestiones &aturales in ;ichael

sell!s" De omni%aria doctrina.# in Roig Lanzillotta# L0 ‒ ;!Yoz allarte# I0 5eds08# Plutarch

in the Religious and Philosophical Discourse o% #ate antiquity# Leiden ‒ oston# (6(,()60

;igne# F0,0 5(::B8# Patrologiae cursus completus seu *ibliotheca universalis" integra"

uni%ormis" commoda" oeconomica" omnium 22. Patrum" Doctorum 2criptorumque

6cclesiasticorum" sive #atinorum" sive +raecorum" qui ab aevo apostolico ad aetatem

nnocentii anno 1@1E pro #atinis et ad *essarionis tempora anno CEL pro +raecis

%loruerunt Recusio !hronologica omnium quae e)stitere monumentorum !atholicae

traditionis per quindecim priora 6cclesiae 2aecula et amplius S 2eries +raeca in qua

prodeunt Patres" Doctores 2criptoresque 6cclesiae +raecae a 2. *arnaba ad *essarionem"

accurante K.5P. Migne" *ibliothecae !leri universae sive cursuum completorum in singulos

scientiae ecclesiasticae ramos editore. Patrologiae +raecae Tomus !((. +eorgius

!edrenus" Koannes 2cylit$es" Michael Psellus. arisiis# ap!d arnier fratres# editores et F0,0

;igne s!ccessores# in ia dictaK Aen!e d! ;aine# (:B# olim Cha!sse d! ;aine# ()90

;orales Ortiz# A0 5(BBB8# -O%seraciones a la trad!ccin latina de 0 Long!eil de Aetia

Physica de l!tarco.# Myrtia (/# (/*,(2(0

• arroni# 0 5)66)8# 2eneca" Ricerche sulla natura# ;ilano 5ondazione Lorenzo

@alla T 4crittori reci e Latini80

earson# L0 4and%ach# 0=0 5(B728# ‒ PlutarchOs Moralia in 8i%teen ?olumes# I# C65C7! #

B11!5B1B8 # $ith an English Hranslation# London Cam%ridge# ;a0 ‒ 5LCL80

• otter# 0 5(BB28# 0ippocrates# @III# London Cam%ridge# ;a0 ‒ 5LCL80

• otter# 0 5)6(68# 0ippocrates# I# London Cam%ridge# ;a0 ‒ 5LCL80

• Ramn alerm# @0 erg!a Caero# F0 5)66)8# ‒ Plutarco. bras Morales y de

!ostumbres Moralia# I# ;adrid 5i%lioteca Clsica redos )BB80

• Ricard# '0 5(://8# Huvres morales de Plutarque" traduites du grec par Ricard 0

Home G!atriVme0 A aris# chez LefVre dite!r0

4am%!rsk 40 5(B728# Das physi'alische eltbild der Anti'e# Zrich 4t!ttgart0 ‒

4enzasono# L0 5)6678# Plutarco. !ause dei %enomeni naturali. ntrodu$ione" testo critico"

tradu$ione e commento# Napoli 5Corp!s l!tarchi ;orali!m /)80


27/28

• 4tephan!s# =0 5(29)8# Plutarchi !haeronensis quae e)tant opera" !um #atina

interpretatione. 6) vetustis codicibus plurima nunc primum emendata sunt" ut e) 0enr.

2tephani annotationibus intelliges quibus et suam quorundam libellorum interpretationem

adiun)it# eneae0• Ha!chnitz# C0 5(:778# Plutarchi !haeronensis ?aria 2cripta quae Moralia

vulgo vocantur. Ad optimorum librorum %idem accurate edita. Editio 4tereot&pa C0

Ha!chnitiana0 Hom!s @0 Noa impressio0 Lipsiae# s!mpti%!s Ottonis =oltze0

• Hre!# ;0 5(:9*8# Der sogenannte #ampriascatalog der Plutarchschri%ten#

Malden%!rg in 4chlesien0

• @egetti# ;0 5(B:/8# -La scienza ellenisticaK pro%lemi di epistemologia storica.#

in iannantoni# 0 T @egetti# ;0 5eds08# #a scien$a ellenistica. Atti delle tre giornate di studiotenutesi a Pavia dal 1 al 1E aprile 1BC@# Napoli# /)9,/960

• @olkmann# R0 5(:7B8# #eben# 2chri%ten und Philosophie des Plutarch von

!haeronea# erlin0

• @olpe Cacciatore# 0 5)6()8# -Cicalata s!l fascino olgarmente detto 3ettat!raK

l!tarch# Quaestio !onvivalis 209.# in Roig Lanzillotta# L0 ‒ ;!Yoz allarte# I0 5eds08#

Plutarch in the Religious and Philosophical Discourse o% #ate antiquity# Leiden ‒ oston#

(9(,(9B0

• &lander# M0 5(2968# Plutarchi !haeronensis Moralia" quae usurpantur 0 2unt

autem omnis 6legantis doctrinae Penus d est" vari libri morales" historici" physici" ma5

thematici" deniqueJ ad politiorem litteraturam pertinentes et humanitatem omnes de +raeca

in #atinam linguam transcripti summo labore" cura" ac %ide +uilielmo (ylandro Augustano

interprete0 Accesserunt his indices locupletissimi0 asileae# per Hhomam !arin!m0

• &lander# M0 5(2BB8# Plutarchi !haeronensis omnium" quae e)stant" operum

Tomus 2ecundus" continens Moralia" +ulielmo (ylandro interprete# rancof!rti# ap!dAndreae Mecheli heredes# Cla!di!m ;arni!m# W Ioannem A!%ri!m0

• Mesterink# L00 5(B/:8# Michael Psellus. De omni%aria doctrina# Ni3megen0

• M&tten%ach# '0 A0 5(9B98# Plutarchi !haeronensis Moralia" id est opera"

e)ceptis ?itis" reliqua" +raeca emendavit" notationem emendationum" et #atinam (ylandri

interpretationem castigatam" subun)it" animadversiones e)plicandis rebus ac verbis" item

indices copiosos" adecit D.A. yttenbach# Homi I@0 ars II0 O1onii# e H&pographeo

Clarendoniano0Ziegler# D0 5(B2(8# -l!tarchos on Chaironeia.# in R6 I0(# 4t!ttgart# 7*7,B7)0

http://opac.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/opac/controller.jsp?action=search_byidnsearch&query_fieldname_1=bidtutti&query_querystring_1=TO0E013093http://opac.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/opac/controller.jsp?action=search_byidnsearch&query_fieldname_1=bidtutti&query_querystring_1=TO0E013093http://opac.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/opac/controller.jsp?action=search_byidnsearch&query_fieldname_1=bidtutti&query_querystring_1=TO0E013093http://opac.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/opac/controller.jsp?action=search_byidnsearch&query_fieldname_1=bidtutti&query_querystring_1=TO0E013093http://opac.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/opac/controller.jsp?action=search_byidnsearch&query_fieldname_1=bidtutti&query_querystring_1=TO0E013093http://opac.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/opac/controller.jsp?action=search_byidnsearch&query_fieldname_1=bidtutti&query_querystring_1=TO0E013093http://opac.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/opac/controller.jsp?action=search_byidnsearch&query_fieldname_1=bidtutti&query_querystring_1=TO0E013093http://opac.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/opac/controller.jsp?action=search_byidnsearch&query_fieldname_1=bidtutti&query_querystring_1=TO0E013093http://opac.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/opac/controller.jsp?action=search_byidnsearch&query_fieldname_1=bidtutti&query_querystring_1=TO0E013093


28/28

Some Notes on Plutarch.xcoded

Documents