Some definitions… Parasite: An organism that obtains food and shelter from another organism and derives all the benefits from this association. Obligate:

Some definitions…Some definitions…

Parasite: An organism that obtains food and shelter from another organism and derives all the benefits from this

association.

Obligate: When the parasite can live only in host.

Facultative: When the parasite can live in the host as well as in free form.

Endoparasites: When the parasite lives inside the body.

Ectoparasites: When the parasite survives on the body surface .

Parasites wormsParasites worms

TapewormsTapeworms

Round W.

Round W.

Trematodes Trematodes

lungwormslungwormsFascicles hepaticaFascicles hepatica

Bilharizial W.Bilharizial W.

Broad tapeworms

Broad tapeworms Filarial W.Filarial W.Ruminal W.Ruminal W.

BloodwormsBloodworms

Liver W.Liver W.

Gastroenteritis W.Gastroenteritis W.Beef orpork tapewormBeef orpork tapeworm

Common Internal Parasites

Common NameLarge stomach worm

Medium stomach worm

Small stomach worm

Hook worm

EffectSucks blood; anemia

Reduction of nutrient absorption ;

profuse, watery diarrhea

Reduction of nutrient absorption ;

profuse, watery diarrhea

Sucks blood; anemia, weight loss

Common Internal Parasites

•Common NameIntestinal thread worm

Lungworm

Tapeworm

•EffectIntestinal hemorrhages

Coughing; rapid shallow breathing; secondary

bacterial infections

Reduce nutrient absorption; occasional

diarrhea

Common Internal Parasites

•Common NameCommon liver fluke

Stomach fluke

•EffectHemorrhage of liver ;

cystic and enlarged bile

Ducts

Diarrhea; loss of appetite ;

loss of weight

Another Effects

►Losses in animal productivity (milk production, weight gain, altered carcass

composition, conception rate, etc.

Tapeworm

lungworms

A bloodworm is an aquatic insect larval stage of a non-biting midge (Chironomus tetans). The head has modified mouthparts for filtering small food organisms. Bloodworms frequently build tubes of mud around themselves, which may be attached to stones. The bloodworm has an iron-porphyrin protein, respiratory pigment in its blood and tissue fluids (red) that corresponds to hemoglobin in vertebrates. This larva is important in the aquatic food chain.

Image and text copyright © Dennis Kunkel. All rights reserved.

Integrated Parasite Management (IPM)

►Parasite control starts with good management.

(.►Good sanitation ( controlling parasites.►Feed should not be fed on the ground

.►Use Feeders that ( waste and contamination )(.►Water (clean and free from fecal matter

.►Pens and pastures should not be overstocked( ►All new arrivals to (isolated for at least 30 days and de wormed

►The use of clean or safe .

IPM

. ► Nutrition in early pregnancy

(.► protein levels (late gestation - immune response

. ►Genetics affect an animal's ability to resist infection

►It is important to manage both resistance.

(. ►Animals have majority of worm eggs( removed

►Animals which require frequent treatment (removed )

►Select breeds are more resistant to parasites.

IPM

►During Rotational grazing (rest periods > 70 days).

►Intensive grazing ( exacerbate parasite problems).

►There are some forages (anti-parasitic effects -Chicory).

Treatment

There are three families of drugs which are used

to treat internal parasites in livestock:

►Fenbendazole, Albendazole, Oxybendazole,… . ►Nicotinics - Levamisole, Pyrantel , Moratel . ►Macrolytic Lactones - Ivermectin , Doramectin .

Living with parasites? ►Clean water

-Some parasites (e.g. Cryptosporidia) are very resistant to bleach

►Clean environments-Washing hands, treating well-water systems

►Cooking foods-Most parasites are destroyed by adequate cooking of

foods ►Treatment

-Most therapies are quite toxic to the host. Pregnancy is an important issue

Conclusion

►Parasite control starts with good knowledge of the parasites and how they affect livestock

►Susceptibility and resistance to internal parasites in animals is affected ( season, the age, nutrition, and pasture management.

►Fecal counts are worthwhile to detect the types and number of parasites affecting the herd or an individual.

►As prevention, animals should not be allowed to graze when pastures are wet

►Young animals should preferably be put in new pastures where parasite levels are low

►Deworming can be done when the animals are put out to pasture and again three weeks later