SOME BASIC ELEMENTS

SOME BASIC ELEMENTS

© 2 0 1 0 T E X A S C H R I S T I A N U N I V E R S I T Y , W . L . A D A M S C E N T E R F O R W R I T I N G

CHICAGO/TURABIAN STYLE

TABLE OF CONTENTS 2

�  Chicago & Turabian Styles…………………………..3 �  Formatting a Paper in Turabian…………………..4 �  Parenthetical Notes …………………………………….5 �  Mixing Endnotes and Footnotes………..…………6 �  Paraphrase…………………………………………………7 �  Summary…………………………………………………..8 �  Using Quotations………………………………………..9 �  Block Quotations……………………………….………10 �  Notes and Bibliography………………………..……12 �  Ibid. ……………………………………………………….13 �  Shortened Forms in Notes…………………..……..14 �  Books by Single Author…………………………..…15 �  Journal Articles…………………………………………16 �  Newspaper Articles………………………..………….17 �  Sacred and Classical Works………………………..18

�  Television Broadcasts……………………..………21 �  Sound Recordings………………………….………22 �  Public Documents………………………………….23 �  Congressional Publications………………..……24 �  Presidential Publications……………………..…26 �  Government Agencies………………….…………27 �  U.S. Constitution……………………………………28 �  Legal Cases……………………………………………29 �  State and Local Documents…………….……...30 �  Electronic Public Documents………….……….31 �  Web Sites, Blogs, E-Lists…………………………32 �  Tables and Figures…………………………………33 �  Bibliography Format……………………..……….34 �  Index to Slides………………………….……………35

HOW ARE CHICAGO AND TURABIAN STYLES RELATED?

�  Chicago Style is a method of documentation commonly used by the humanities, including philosophy, theology, rhetoric, religion, history, art history, and music.

�  Kate Turabian details the shorter, friendlier version of Chicago Style in A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (7th edition).

�  Therefore, Turabian and Chicago Style are essentially the same. �  In both styles, you must cite all referenced material, including a

page number if available, that you paraphrase, summarize, or quote directly from the source.

�  Turabian Style employs two citation systems: footnotes or endnotes OR, less frequently, parenthetical citations.

�  Since footnotes or endnotes are most common, this guide refers to parenthetical style only for unusual instances, such as citing the Bible and classical works, or as an alternate form.

3

MANUSCRIPT FORMATTING

  �  Use 8.5 x 11 inch white paper and leave a 1-inch margin on

all four edges of the page. �  The text should be double-spaced in a standard 12-point

font (such as Times New Roman), but single-space all block quotations, notes, captions, and long headings.

�  Right margins are not justified. �  For essays, pagination begins on the first page of text, not

the title page, with page numbers placed in the upper-right corner.

�  Pagination is much more specific for theses and dissertations, so refer to the Appendix in the Turabian text for explanations and examples.

(Turabian, Appendix, A-1 through A-3)

4

PARENTHETICAL NOTES IN TURABIAN

Some academic disciplines, such as Environmental Studies, use a form of Turabian that employs parenthetical notes rather than footnotes or endnotes.

�  In this form, include the author’s name, the year of publication, and the page number.

One critic writes “It was Virginia Woolf who started me thinking about thinking” (Birkerts, 1994, 11).

Sven Birkerts writes, “It was Virginia Woolf who started me thinking about thinking” (1994, 11).

�  In such cases, the bibliography entry follows conventional Turabian Style:

Birkerts, Sven. The Gutenberg Elegies: The Fate of Reading in an Electronic Age. London: Faber & Faber, 1994.

For a full discussion of this alternate style, see Turabian, A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, 7th ed., sec. 18.3.

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MIXING ENDNOTES AND FOOTNOTES 6

�  Turabian allows the mixed use of endnotes and footnotes in the same paper under certain circumstances.

�  Turabian also allows the mixed use of parenthetical notes and footnotes in the same paper under certain circumstances.

�  If you mix “substantive” footnotes with either endnotes or parenthetical notes in Turabian, they usually function to provide background or related information, or refer the reader to additional sources.

�  Here is a sample “substantive” footnote from a paper that uses endnotes for the main documentation:

_________________ ³ For an additional discussion of the historical link between apocalypticism, gospel music, and early English ballads, see David Janssen & Edward Whitelock, Apocalypse Jukebox: The End of the World in American Popular Music (New York: Soft Skull Press, 2009).

(Turabian 7.6)

PARAPHRASE

Use paraphrase to express the information from a source in your own words, without altering the meaning or clarity:

Unfortunately for Nazi Germany, by the start of hostilities in September 1939, they had only 57 U-boats, with only half being able to leave coastal waters. Nevertheless, U-boat production became a priority, and they quickly turned out a large number of U-boats by 1942.²²

___________________ ²² Thomas, The German Navy in the Nazi Era, (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1990), 187.

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SUMMARY

Here’s an example of a summary condensed from several paragraphs of the original source:

Shortly after the outbreak of World War II, German shipbuilders were beginning to introduce the far superior Type VII U-boat into the Kriegsmarine fleet. ¹

______________ ¹T.L. Francis, Submarines: Leviathans of the Deep (New

York: Freidman/Fairfax Publishers, 1997), 51.

8

USING QUOTATIONS

When you use the exact words of a source, set them off in quotation marks and acknowledge the source with a footnote, endnote, or parenthetical note. Remember to use a signal phrase to introduce any quotations.

�  Quotation:

President Dwight D. Eisenhower gave a somber and reflective farewell speech to the nation on January 17, 1961, calling for a national quest for “permanent peace” not only in the U.S. but in the world at large.¹

�  Footnote or Endnote:

_______________ ¹Dwight D. Eisenhower, “Farewell Address,” January 17, 1961; OurDocuments.gov, http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=old&doc=90 (accessed June 8 2010).

(Turabian 7.9.1 and 25.2)

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BLOCK QUOTATIONS

For quotations that run more than five lines in a Turabian-formatted paper, use a block quotation, single-spaced.

�  Leave a blank line before and after. �  Indent the quotation the same as for a paragraph indent, 5 spaces. �  Use a signal phrase to introduce the quote properly. �  Omit quotation marks. �  Use block quotations only when you need to quote a lengthy

significant passage or speech from a significant source and you cannot improve it by shortening it. Limit the number of block quotations you use and avoid “padding” your paper to meet a length requirement. See the following slide for an example of a block quote.

(Turabian 25.2.2)

10

SAMPLE BLOCK QUOTE

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NOTES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

The following slides will show examples illustrating both note (N) forms and their corresponding bibliography (B) entries.

�  The first line of a note is always indented five spaces

(one tab), and bibliography entries have hanging indentation (formatted by hanging paragraphing).

�  Notice also that all titles use headline-style, conventional rules of capitalization.

(Turabian 16, 17, and 22.3)

12

THE USE OF “Ibid.”

When references to the same work follow one another with no intervening references, ibid. may take the place of the author's name, the title of the work, and as much of the succeeding material as is identical. This term is an abbreviation for the Latin word ibidem, “in the same place.” Since ibid. is an abbreviation, it must end with a period.

�  Though ibid. is a foreign term, in Chicago and Turabian styles, we do not italicize it in notes. The author's name and the title are never used with ibid.

¹ Max Plowman, An Introduction to the Study of Blake (London: Gollancz, 1982), 32.

² Ibid. ³ Ibid., 37.

�  Note that ibid. must not be used for an author's name in references to two works by the same author.

�  Once a source has been cited in full, subsequent references to it should be in the shortened form. (See next slide.)

(Turabian 16.4.2)

13

SHORTENED FORMS IN NOTES

Once you have cited a work in its full form in a footnote or endnote, you are free to use a "short" form using the author's name only and the page number in subsequent references. If you use more than one work by an author, include the title in short forms.

  �  Examples:   ¹ Max Plowman, An Introduction to the Study of Blake (London: Gollancz, 1982), 32.   ² Arthur Waley, The Analects of Confucius (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1938), 33.   ³ Plowman, 125. Note that the third endnote indicates a repeated reference to the Plowman text that is already fully documented previously.

�  More than one work by an author:

²¹ Plowman, An Introduction to the Study of Blake, 33.  

(See Turabian 16.4.1 and Fig. 16.2)

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BOOKS BY A SINGLE AUTHOR

�  Footnotes and endnotes: ¹Peter Guralnick, Last Train to Memphis: The Rise of Elvis

Presley (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 1994), 22.   �  Bibliography entry:  

Guralnick, Peter. Last Train to Memphis: The Rise of Elvis Presley. New York: Little Brown and Company, 1994.

(Turabian 17.1)

15

JOURNAL ARTICLES

�  Footnotes and endnotes:

³ Ernesto Grassi, “Rhetoric and Philosophy,” Janus Head 3, no. 1 (Spring 2000), http://www.janushead.org/3-1/ egrassi.cfm (accessed August, 20, 2009).

�  Bibliography entry:

Grassi, Ernesto. “Rhetoric and Philosophy.” Janus Head 3, no. 1 (Spring 2000). http://www.janushead.org/

3-1/egrassi.cfm (accessed August, 20, 2009).

(Turabian 17.2)

16

NEWSPAPER ARTICLES

Newspaper articles are cited in Turabian much the same as journals are. Omit page numbers; identify any special editions. Inclusion in the bibliography is not required by Turabian, but IS required by many professors, especially if you cite the article frequently.

�  Footnotes and Endnote:

²² Holland Cotter, “Louise Bourgeois, Influential Sculptor, Dies at 98,” New York Times, May 31, 2010.

�  Bibliography: Cotter, Holland. “Louise Bourgeois, Influential Sculptor, Dies at 98.” New York Times, May

31, 2010. �  Electronic:

²² Holland Cotter, “Louise Bourgeois, Influential Sculptor, Dies at 98,” New York Times, May 31, 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/01/arts/design/01bourgeo is.html?src=me&ref=homepage (accessed June 1, 2010).

Cotter, Holland. “Louise Bourgeois, Influential Sculptor, Dies at 98.” New York Times, May

31, 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/01/arts/design/01bourgeo is.html?src=me&ref=homepage (accessed June 1, 2010).

(Turabian 17.4)

17

SACRED AND CLASSICAL WORKS

  The Bible, Talmud, Torah, and Qur’an, as well as classical, medieval, and early English literary works are cited according to traditional reference numbers of sections (books, chapters, verses, lines, and so forth) in Arabic numerals and with a period (for classical works) or a colon (for the Bible) between section numbers. These are used in place of page numbers. Do not italicize sacred texts; do italicize classical works titles.

�  The Bible and classical literature are usually cited in parenthetical notes but sometimes in footnotes. You may use standard abbreviations for the names of books.

�  The Bible and classical works omit commas between author and title and numbered sections, but early English literature includes such commas.

�  Quoting from a sacred text, you should identify which version you are quoting in your first citation, either with the spelled-out name or an accepted abbreviation. If you quote from multiple versions, you should make sure it is clear to your audience to which translation you are referring. You do not need to include the Bible in your bibliography unless you are quoting from a non-standard version or paraphrase.

(Turabian 17.5.1, 19.5, and 24.6)

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SAMPLE FOOTNOTES OR ENDNOTES, SACRED AND CLASSICAL

¹ Gen. 3:15 (English Standard Version).  

² 1 Cor. 13:4-13 (NIV).

³Plato Republic 360a 1-2.

______________________  

¹ Aristotle Poetics 1450a 3-5.  

²Augustine De Doctrina Christiana 4.2.3.  

³ Milton, Paradise Lost, 1.83-86.

(Turabian 17.5.1)

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SAMPLE PARENTHETICAL NOTES, SACRED AND CLASSICAL

(Gen. 3:15 [ESV]) or (Gen. 3:15 [English Standard Version]).   (1 Cor. 13:4-13 [NIV]) or (1 Cor. 13:4-13 [New International Version]).   (Plato Republic 360a 1-2).   (Aristotle Poetics 1450a 3-5).   (Augustine De Doctrina Christiana 4.2.3).   (Milton, Paradise Lost, 1.83-86).

(Turabian 17.5.1)

20

TELEVISION BROADCASTS

Cite television broadcasts only in notes, not in bibliography, unless otherwise instructed by your professor.

�  Include title of program, date you watched it, and episode and title number if available:

¹ Meet the Press, NBC, March 25, 2006. �  If you watched the television program via the web as an

archived program, cite the source as one from an electronic archive:

¹ PBS, American Experience: We Shall Remain, “After the Mayflower,” episode 1. PBS Web site. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/weshallremain/the_films/ episode_1_trailer (accessed June 1, 2010).

(Turabian 17.8.3 and 17.8.6)

21

SOUND RECORDINGS

Sound recordings such as broadcasts, music, and recorded testimony must be included in both notes and bibliography. Include the name of the composer or performer, and include as much information as necessary to distinguish it from other recordings: the name of the company, the date, the serial number of the recording, the medium (CD or MPEG), and the copyright date.

�  Footnotes and Endnotes:

¹ Woody Guthrie, “Vigilante Man,” The Original Vision, Smithsonian/Folkways SF 40001 (CD), 1989.

�  Bibliography: Guthrie, Woody. “Vigilante Man.” The Original Vision. Smithsonian/Folkways SF

40001. CD. 1989.

(Turabian 17.8.4)

22

PUBLIC DOCUMENTS

Citations and bibliography entries for public documents usually include these elements:

�  Name of the entity issuing the document, such as Library of Congress,

Government Accounting Office, etc. �  Title of the document �  Name of author, editor, or compiler, if given �  Any identifying document or series numbers �  Publication information: place, publisher (such as Government Printing

Office), date. The National Archives and Records Administration uses a modified form of citation not mentioned in Turabian. Historians often include the NARA citations in references. For more information, consult Citing Records in the National Archives of the United States, General Information Leaflet 17, NARA, Washington, D.C., 2007.

(Turabian 17.9)

23

CONGRESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS

24

Congressional publications can usually be classified into one of these groups: •  Debates, recorded in the Congressional Record •  Reports and documents •  Hearings and testimony transcripts •  Bills and resolutions •  Statutes Congressional documents are identified usually by which house of Congress (or subcommittee) they originate from, and often have numbers assigned to them. Therefore, similar documents may have different “authors,” titles, and numbers. Cite the one you use.

(Turabian 17.9.)

CONGRESSIONAL RECORD

�  Footnotes and Endnotes:

³ Cong. Rec., 109th Cong., 1st sess., 2005, Treaty 109-21, sec. 2, pt. 2.

�  Bibliography:

U.S. Congress. Congressional Record. 109th Congress, 1st sess., 2005, Treaty 109-21, sec. 2, pt. 2.

(Turabian 17.9.2)

25

PRESIDENTIAL PUBLICATIONS

Considered primary sources, these include proclamations, executive orders, vetoes, speeches, and statements issued via the internet or presidential spokespeople. If referring to a current administration, you need not use the individual’s name, but the name of the office. If referring to an archived document from a past administration, use the identifying personal name in the bibliography.

�  Footnotes or Endnotes:

²President, Executive Order 13,492, “Review and Disposition of Individuals Detained at the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base and Closure of Detention Facilities,” Federal Register 74, no.16 (January 27, 2009): 4,899.

�  Electronic: ³President, Executive Order 13,492, “Review and Disposition of Individuals Detained at the Guantanamo Bay Naval

Base and Closure of Detention Facilities,” Federal Register 74, no. 16 (January 27, 2009): 4,899, http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/2009/pdf/E9-1893.pdf (accessed May 25, 2010).

�  Bibliography entry: U.S. President. Executive Order 13,492. “Review and Disposition of Individuals Detained at the Guantanamo Bay

Naval Base and Closure of Detention Facilities.” Federal Register 74, no. 16 (January 27, 2009): 4,897-900. �  Electronic:

U.S. President. Executive Order 13,492. “Review and Disposition of Individuals Detained at the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base and Closure of Detention Facilities.” Federal Register 74, no. 16 (January 27, 2009): 4,897-900. http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/2009/pdf/E9-1893.pdf (accessed May 25, 2010).

(Turabian 17.9.3)

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GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

Often government documents are authored or issued by agencies or committees rather than individual authors. In such cases, the agency or committee occupies the author position in both notes and bibliography:

�  Footnotes or Endnotes:

³ National Institute of Mental Health, Clinical Training in Serious Mental Illness. DHHS Publication no. ADM 90-1679. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1990): 1.

�  Bibliography Entry:

National Institute of Mental Health. Clinical Training in Serious Mental Illness. DHHS Publication no. ADM 90-1679. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1990.

(Turabian 17.9.4)

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U.S. CONSTITUTION

Cite the U.S. Constitution only in your notes, not in your bibliography:

�  Footnotes and Endnotes: ² U.S. Constitution, art.1, sec. 1, cl. 5.

³ U.S. Constitution, amend. 1, sec. 1.

(Turabian 17.9.5)

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LEGAL CASES

Citations of legal cases must include the full case name, volume number, name of the reporter, ordinal series number, a standardized abbreviation of the name of the court and the date, and any other relevant information. Here’s how a famous case is cited, in both lower and Supreme Court decisions.

�  Footnotes and Endnotes:

² Brown v. Board of Education, 98 F Supp. 797 (D. Kan. 1951). ³ Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483, 490 (1954).

�  Bibliography: Brown v. Board of Education. 98 F Supp. 797 (D. Kan. 1951). Brown v. Board of Education. 347 U.S. 483, 490 (1954).

(Turabian 17.9.7)

29

STATE AND LOCAL DOCUMENTS

To cite state or local documents, use the guidelines for federal ones as a template. Statutes do not require inclusion in bibliography.

�  Footnotes and Endnotes: ² Methamphetamine Control and Community Protection

Act, Illinois Compiled Statutes, ch. 720, sec. 646/10 (2005).

(Turabian 17.9.8)

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ELECTRONIC PUBLIC DOCUMENTS

If you access public documents from an electronic database, form the appropriate note and bibliography entry as usual, and then include the url and the date of access:

�  Note: ³ Executive Order 13492, Review and Disposition of Individuals Detained at the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base and Closure of Detention Facilities, Federal Register, 74 (January 27, 2009) 4901.

Bibliography: Executive Order 13492, Review and Disposition of Individuals Detained at the Guantanamo Bay Naval

Base and Closure of Detention Facilities, Federal Register, 74 (January 27, 2009) 4901. Electronic :

³Executive Order 13492, Review and Disposition of Individuals Detained at the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base and Closure of Detention Facilities, Federal Register, 74 (January 27, 2009) 4901. http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/2009/pdf/E9-1893.pdf. Accessed May 25, 2010.

Executive Order 13492, Review and Disposition of Individuals Detained at the Guantanamo Bay Naval

Base and Closure of Detention Facilities, Federal Register, 74 (January 27, 2009) 4901. http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/2009/pdf/E9-1893.pdf. Accessed May 25, 2010

(Turabian 17.9.13)

31

WEB SITES, BLOGS, E-LISTS

�  Footnote and Endnote: ²¹ Jane Wardell, “BP’s Stock Plunges To 18-Year Low as Company’s

Survival Could Hang In The Balance,” The Huffington Post, entry posted June 1, 2010, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/06/01/bp-shares-plunge-to-18yea_n_595796.html (accessed June 1, 2010).

�  Bibliography:

Wardell, Jane. “BP’s Stock Plunges To 18-Year Low as Company’s Survival Could Hang In The Balance.” The Huffington Post. Entry posted June 1, 2010. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/06/01/ bp-shares-plunge-to-18yea_n_595796.html (accessed June 1, 2010).

(Turabian 17.7)

32

PRESENTING DATA IN TABLES OR FIGURES

�  A general rule of thumb: if you present more than four or five numbers in one paragraph, use a table.

�  Simplify the contents of graphics as much as possible; avoid cluttered graphics.

�  Match the choice of graphic (bar graph, pie chart, etc.) by appropriateness for content.

�  Use information ethically; do not distort graphics or deliberately mislead readers.

�  Reference the graphics in the text of the paper, and provide citations of sources there in the usual way.

(Turabian 8.1-8.7)

33

BIBLIOGRAPHY FORMAT

�  For a discussion of how to alphabetize and arrange bibliography entries or a reference list at the end of the paper, see Turabian 16.2.2.

�  For alternative arrangements of bibliography entries, such as by category or chronology, see Turabian 16.2.2.

�  For a list of works that may be omitted from the bibliography, see Turabian 16.2.3.

�  For templates to form various types of bibliography entries, see Turabian 17.1-17.10.

34

INDEX TO SLIDES 35

�  Bibliography Format………………………..……….34 �  Block Quotations……………………………….………10 �  Books by Single Author………………….………..…15 �  Congressional Publications……………………24-25 �  Chicago & Turabian Styles…………………………...3 �  Electronic Public Documents………….………….31 �  Formatting a Paper in Turabian……….…………..4 �  Government Agencies…………………….…………27 �  Ibid. ……………………………………………………….13 �  Journal Articles…………………………………………16 �  Legal Cases………………………………….……………29 �  Mixing Endnotes and Footnotes………..…………6 �  National Archives……………………………..………24 �  Newspaper Articles………………………..………….17 �  Notes and Bibliography………………………..……12

�  Paraphrase………………………………………………7 �  Parenthetical Notes …………………………..…….5 �  Public Documents………………………………….23 �  Presidential Publications……………………..…26 �  Sacred and Classical Works……………………..18 �  Shortened Forms in Notes…………………..…..14 �  Sound Recordings………………………….………22 �  State and Local Documents…………………….30 �  Summary………………………………………………..8 �  Tables and Figures…………………………………33 �  Television Broadcasts……………………..………21 �  Using Quotations……………………………………..9 �  U.S. Constitution……………………………………28 �  Web Sites, Blogs, E-Lists…………………………32