Somalia - Encyclopedia Britannica7Part of “Republic of Somaliland” from 1991. 8Part of “autonomous region” of Puntland from 1998. 9Part of the newly created (2011) semiautonomous
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Parliamentary and presidential elections were sched-uled to be held in 2016. Although the parliamen-tarians were supposed to have been directly elect-
ed, in 2015 Pres. Hassan Sheikh Mohamud announcedthat it would not be possible, in part because of the insta-bility caused by the Islamic militant group al-Shabaab,which continued in 2016. Instead, the members of the twohouses of parliament—the Upper House and the Houseof the People—were to be indirectly elected during polls,which, after some delay, took place in October–December.Members of both houses were expected to then elect thepresident, but that was delayed until 2017.
Vital statisticsBirth rate per 1,000 population (2015): 40.5 (world avg. 19.5).Death rate per 1,000 population (2015): 13.6 (world avg. 8.1).Life expectancy at birth (2015): male 49.9 years; female 54.1 years.
DemographyPopulation (2016): 12,961,000.Density (2016): persons per sq mi 52.6,persons per sq km 20.3.
Sex distribution (2015): male 50.32%;female 49.68%.
Population projection: (2020) 14,533,000;(2030) 19,295,000.
Major cities (2008): Mogadishu (2011)1,554,0006; Hargeysa (in Somaliland)436,232; Burao (in Somaliland)151,451; Belet Weyne 108,125;Boosaaso (in Puntland) 108,016.
National economyBudget: n.a. UN assistance (2007): U.S.$175,000,000, of which food
aid U.S.$50,000,000.Public debt (external, outstanding; 2012): U.S.$1,985,-000,000.
Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture,forestry, fishing (2014): sugarcane 212,710, sorghum152,300, corn (maize) 95,000, sesame seeds 90,550, cas-sava 89,880, dry beans 24,900, bananas 24,07915, toma-toes 19,89115, dates 13,00015, coconuts 10,980; othertree/bush products include khat, frankincense, andmyrrh; livestock (number of live animals) 12,325,000sheep, 11,600,000 goats, 7,150,000 camels, 4,900,000 cat-tle; roundwood (2015) 14,148,437 cu m, of which fuel-wood 99%; fisheries production 30,000 (from aquacul-
ture, none). Mining and quarrying (2012): small quantities of gem-stones (including garnet and opal) and salt. Manufacturing: smallmanufacturers produce textiles, handicrafts, and processed meat.Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2012)333,000,000 (295,000,000), by source (2013): fossil fuels 100%; coal,none (none); crude petroleum, none (none); petroleum products(metric tons; 2011) none (188,000); natural gas, none (none).
Population economically active (2012): total 3,006,500; participationrates: age 15 and over, male, n.a.; female 33.9%; unemployed c. 54%, of which youth, n.a.
Gross national income (2011): U.S.$1,024,292,800 (U.S.$107 per capita).
Average household size (2001–02): 5.8.Land use as % of total land area (2011): in temporary crops or leftfallow 1.8%, in permanent crops 0.05%, in pasture 68.5%, forestarea 10.6%.
MilitaryTotal active duty personnel (November 2015):17,000 (army 100%)18, 19. Military expendi-ture as percentage of GDP: n.a.
Foreign trade17
Imports (2011): U.S.$880,000,000 (agricultural products66.7%, of which cereals and cereal products 34.2%,vegetables and vegetable products 23.1%, sugar [allforms] and honey 9.4%; unspecified 33.3%). Major import sources (2010):
1Proclamation of the “Republic of Somaliland” in May 1991 on territory corresponding to the former British Somaliland (which unified with the for-mer Italian Trust Territory of Somalia to form Somalia in 1960) had not received international recognition as of November 2016. This entity repre-sented about a quarter of Somalia’s territory. 2The government did not control all of Somalia in November 2016. 3The Upper House may have a max-imum of 54 members; elections were held in October–November 2016. 4The value of the So.Sh. has fluctuated greatly since 1991, ranging as much as7,000 to 35,000 So.Sh. per 1 U.S.$. 5Somaliland’s sole legal tender from 1995 is the Somaliland shilling; in November 2016, 1 U.S.$ = 728.90 Somalilandshillings. 6Urban agglomeration. 7Part of “Republic of Somaliland” from 1991. 8Part of “autonomous region” of Puntland from 1998. 9Part of thenewly created (2011) semiautonomous region of Jubaland, with an estimated population of 1.8 million. 10Administered (in part) as part of Puntland.11Administration disputed (at least in part) between Puntland and Somaliland. 12Detail does not add to total given because of rounding. 13Estimateof United Nations Population Fund, including Somaliland. 14Midyear estimates. 152013. 16Taxes on products less subsidies and less imputed bank ser-vice charges. 17Imports c.i.f.; exports f.o.b. 18Somaliland and Puntland have their own militias. 19AU peacekeeping troops (November 2015) 21,550.20Subscribers.
Internet resource for further information:• UNDP in Somalia www.so.undp.org
Structure of gross domestic product and labour force2011 201314
in value % of total labour % of labourSo.Sh. ’000,000 value force force