Solution Vinyl Resins - docshare01.docshare.tipsdocshare01.docshare.tips/files/19455/194559753.pdf · Epoxy-Modified Vinyl ... or an affiliated company of Dow. 3 UCAR™ Solution

®™Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company (“Dow”) or an affiliated company of Dow.

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®™Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company(“Dow”) or an affiliatedcompany of Dow.

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Contents

UCAR™ Solution Vinyl Resins for Coatings 3Typical Properties Table 4Applications Table 6General Characteristics Table 6

FDA Status 7

Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl Acetate Copolymers 8

Carboxyl-Modified Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl Acetate Copolymers 9

Epoxy-Modified Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl Acetate Copolymers 9

Hydroxyl-Modified Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl Acetate Copolymers 10

Hydrolyzed Resins 10Directly Polymerized Resins 10

Carboxyl Modified/Hydroxyl Modified VinylChloride/Vinyl Acetate Copolymer 11

Sulfonate Modified Copolymer 11

Solution Vinyl Resins for VOC-Compliant Coatings–Water-based Resin 12

Solutions 12Viscosity Behavior 22Application Methods 23Solution Preparation 23

Formulation of Clear Coatings 25Plasticizers 25Heat Stabilizers 25Light Stabilizers 26

Formulation of Pigmented Coatings 27

Modification with Other Polymers 30Compatibility 30Reactive (Crosslinking) Systems 30

Adhesion 32

Where Not to Use Vinyl Coatings 32

Product Stewardship 34

™Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company (“Dow”) or an affiliated company of Dow.

3™Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company (“Dow”) or an affiliated company of Dow.

UCAR™ Solution Vinyl Resins for Coatings

Through advanced solution vinyl resin

technology, Dow has successfully extended

the 50 years of proven performance of the

vinyl chloride backbone.

UCAR™ Solution Vinyl Resins are available infour general copolymer types:■ Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl Acetate■ Carboxyl-Modified Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl

Acetate■ Epoxy-Modified Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl Acetate■ Hydroxyl-Modified Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl

Acetate

These copolymers are available as powders andsolutions in a range of molecular weights and compositions.

Coatings based on these resins are nonoxidizingand permanently flexible, and are characterizedby the absence of color, odor, and taste. They arenot attacked at normal temperatures by dilutealkalies or mineral acids, alcohols, greases, oils,or aliphatic hydrocarbons. They have a lowmoisture-vapor transmission rate, low order ofwater absorption, and are tough and durable.

The molecular weight and the ratio of vinylchloride to vinyl acetate affect the solubility andother physical properties of the resin. As the molecular weight (degree of polymerization) isincreased, the solution viscosity increases and thestrength of the film increases. Vinyl chloride contributes film strength and toughness, as wellas water and chemical resistance. Vinyl acetateimproves solubility and film flexibility.

When properly pigmented, coatings based onvinyl chloride/acetate copolymers have excellentoutdoor durability. Hydroxyl-modification improves compatibility and adhesion, and provides a site for crosslinking. Carboxylmodification permits formulation of coatingsthat will adhere to clean metal surfaces on air-dry. Epoxy modification provides the ability tocrosslink with carboxyl-modified vinyl resins togive an all-vinyl reactive system that yieldsthermoset-like characteristics, most notablyimproved toughness, enhanced physicalproperties, and superior chemical resistance.

UCAR™ Solution Vinyl Resins, produced by a proprietary solution polymerization process,offer several advantages:

High PurityNo water-soluble suspending agents or surfactants are used in the manufacture;therefore, water resistance is outstanding.Additionally, the as-received vinyl chloridemonomer (VCM) content of dry vinyl powders is nondetectable.

Uniform Polymer Composition and NarrowMolecular Weight DistributionProvide predictable solution viscosities andbatch-to-batch production uniformity.

Low in GelsEasily dissolved and low in gels and insolublematerials.

CompatibilityAll UCAR™ Solution Vinyl Resins are completely compatible with each other and many differenttypes of resins.

RecoatableTypically dry by evaporation. Hydroxyl-modifiedvinyls can be cured by crosslinking.

4 ™Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company (“Dow”) or an affiliated company of Dow.

Polymer Composition % by WtVCl 90 86 86 86 83 81VAc 10 14 14 13 16 17Other — — — 1a 1a 2a

Reactive FunctionalityType — — — carboxyl carboxyl carboxyl

% by Wt — — — 1.0 1.0 2.0

Acid No. — — — 10 10 19

Hydroxyl Value — — — — — —

Epoxy Equivalent Wt — — — — — —

Inherent Viscosity ASTM-D1243 0.74 0.50 0.40 0.50 0.38 0.32

Specific Gravity ASTM-D792 1.36 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.34 1.34

Glass Transition Temp. (Tg), °C 79 72 72 74 72 70

Average Molecular Wt, Mnb 44,000 27,000 22,000 27,000 19,000 15,000

Solution Viscosityc at 25°C, cP 1300d 600 200 650 100 55

Typical Solution PropertiesSolids, % by Wt 15 20 25 20 25 30MEK/Toluene 67/33 50/50 33/67 50/50 25/75 25/75Viscosity at 25°C, cP 250 200 175 150 250 370

UCAR™ Solution Vinyl Resins

VYNS-3 VYHH VYHD VMCH VMCC VMCA

Table 1A-Typical Properties of UCAR™ Solution Vinyl Resins†

(a) Maleic acid

(b) Referenced to polystyrene standard.

(c) 30% resin in MEK

(d) 20% resin in MEK

† The physical property data listed here are considered to be typical

properties, not specifications.


Polymer Composition % by WtVCl 90 90 81 81 81 82 85VAc 4 4 4 4 4 4 13Other 6d 6d 15e 15e 15e 14a,e 2f

Reactive FunctionalityType hydroxyl hydroxyl hydroxyl hydroxyl hydroxyl hydroxyl/ sulfonate

carboxyl% by Wt 2.3 2.3 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.0 1.0

Acid No. — — — — — — —

Hydroxyl Value 76 76 59 63 66 59 —

Epoxy Equivalent Wt — — — — — — —

Inherent Viscosity ASTM-D1243 0.53 0.44 0.56 0.44 0.30 0.56 0.33

Specific Gravity ASTM-D792 1.39 1.39 1.37 1.36 1.37 1.37 1.35

Glass Transition Temp. (Tg), °C 79 77 70 65 65 72 72

Average Molecular Wt, Mnj 27,000 22,000 33,000 24,000 15,000 35,000 17,000

Solution Viscosityk at 25°C, cP 1,000 400 930 275 70 720 850

Typical Solution PropertiesSolids, % by Wt 20 25 20 30 30 20 20MEK/Toluene 50/50 50/50 50/50 50/50 25/75 50/50 50/50Viscosity at 25°C, cP 350 400 171 184 340 170 500

UCAR™ Solution Vinyl ResinsUCARMAG™ Binder

VAGH VAGD VAGF VAGC VROH 527 569

Table 1B–Typical Properties of UCAR™ Solution Vinyl Resins†

(a) Maleic acid

(d) Vinyl alcohol

(e) Hydroxyalkyl acrylate

(f) Sulfonate-containing monomer

(j) Referenced to polystyrene standard.

(k) 30% resin in MEK

† The physical property data listed here are considered to be typical

properties, not specifications.


UCAR™ Solution Packaging General Marine and Magnetic Strippable WoodVinyl Resin Food Non-Food Metals Maintenance Media Inks Adhesives Coatings Finishes

VYNS-3 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

VYHH ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

VYHD ■ ■ ■ ■

VMCH ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

VMCC ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

VMCA ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

VAGH ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

VAGD ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

VAGF ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

VAGC ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

VROH ■ ■ ■ ■

UCARMAG™

Binder527 ■

569 ■ ■

Appearance White powderParticle Size% by wt, min, through 20 mesh 98Bulk Density, lb/ft3 24 to 34Heat Loss, % by wt, max 3.0Water Content, % by wt, max 0.5Melting Point, °C 93 to 135

Applications and Characteristics

Table 2–Applications

Table 3—General Characteristics ofUCAR™ Solution Vinyl Resins


FDA Regulation Use UCAR™ Solution Vinyl Resin

21CFR 175.105 Components of adhesives used in articles intended VYHD, VYHH, VYNS-3,for packaging, transporting, or holding food. VMCA, VMCC, VMCH,

VAGD, VAGH

21CFR 175.300 Components of resinous and polymeric coatings VYHD, VYHH, VYNS-3, (b)(3)(XV) to be applied as continuous films to food-contact VMCA, VMCC, VMCH,

surfaces of articles intended for use in processing, VAGD, VAGHmanufacturing, packing, producing, heating, packaging, holding, or transporting food.

21CFR 175.320 Components of a coating that is applied as a VYHD, VYHH, VYNS-3,continuous film over one or both sides of a base VMCA, VMCC, VMCH,film produced from one or more of the basic olefin VAGD, VAGHpolymers complying with 177.1520.

21CFR 176.170 (b) Components of the food-contact surface of paper VYHD, VYHH, VYNS-3,and paperboard used to package aqueous and VMCA, VMCC, VMCH,fatty foods. VAGD, VAGH

21CFR 176.180 Components of paper and paperboard in contact VYHD, VYHH, VYNS-3,with dry food. VMCA, VMCC, VMCH,

VAGD, VAGH

21CFR 177.1210 Components of closures with sealing gaskets VYHD, VYHH, VYNS-3,for food containers. VMCA, VMCC, VMCH,

VAGD, VAGH

(1) Since government regulations are subject to revision, it is the user’s responsibility to refer to the Code of Federal Regulations or the Federal Register to determine current regulatory status.

The UCAR™ Solution Vinyl Resins listed beloware cited in the following regulations1 of theUnited States Food and Drug Administration(FDA) for use in food-contact applications, suchas can, paper, film, and foil coatings, and coatingsfor closures.

FDA Status


Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl Acetate Copolymers

UCAR™ VYNS-3 Solution Vinyl ResinThe highest molecular weight Solution VinylResin, having a composition of approximately 90 percent vinyl chloride and 10 percent vinylacetate, UCAR™ VYNS-3 Solution Vinyl Resin isusually dissolved in relatively strong ketonesystems to provide resin solutions of 13 to 17percent solids. It is used where the ultimatetoughness, durability, and chemical resistance arerequired. Because of its excellent tensile tearproperties, UCAR™ VYNS-3 Solution Vinyl Resinis ideally suited for strippable coatingsapplications. UCAR™ VYHH Solution VinylResin is often blended with UCAR™ VYNS-3Solution Vinyl Resin to increase sprayable solids.

UCAR™ VYHH Solution Vinyl ResinA high molecular weight resin having a composition of approximately 86 percent vinylchloride and 14 percent vinyl acetate, UCAR™

VYHH Solution Vinyl Resin offers a desirable balance of chemical resistance, solubility, filmstrength, and thermoplasticity. It is usually dissolved in a relatively strong solvent/diluentcombination, such as ketone solvent/aromatic

diluent (50/50 percent by weight). With this system, a solids content of 20 to 22 percent canbe achieved. Marine and maintenance coatings,ink and overlacquers for vinyl substrates,strippable coatings, and masonry and metal coatings are among the principal appli-cations for UCAR™ VYHH Solution Vinyl Resin.

UCAR™ VYHD Solution Vinyl ResinA medium molecular weight resin having acomposition of approximately 86 percent vinylchloride and 14 percent vinyl acetate; UCAR™

VYHD Solution Vinyl Resin is more soluble inketones and other solvents than UCAR™ VYHHSolution Vinyl Resin and, therefore, has a greatertolerance for aromatic hydrocarbon diluents.Resin solutions of 25 percent solids can beachieved by dissolving UCAR™ VYHD SolutionVinyl Resin in a system consisting of ketone solvent/aromatic diluent (35/65 percent byweight). UCAR™ VYHD Solution Vinyl Resin can be substituted for UCAR™ VYHH SolutionVinyl Resin in most applications where highersolids are needed.


Carboxyl-ModifiedVinyl Chloride/Vinyl Acetate CopolymersThe carboxyl-modified vinyl chloride/vinylacetate copolymers are made specifically for theformulation of coatings having excellent adhesionto various substrates, especially metals, cellulosics,and certain plastics.

UCAR™ VMCH Solution Vinyl ResinA high molecular weight resin containingapprox-imately 86 percent vinyl chloride, 13 percent vinyl acetate, and 1 percent maleic acid;UCAR™ VMCH Solution Vinyl Resin is usuallydissolved in relatively strong solvent/diluent combinations, such as 50 percent ketone/50 percent aromatic hydrocarbon, to produce solutions of 20 to 22 percent solids. UCAR™

VMCH Solution Vinyl Resin is used primarilyfor air-dry finishes, such as maintenance, marine,and metal coatings, and is often used to makeheat-sealable packaging coatings.

UCAR™ VMCC Solution Vinyl ResinA medium molecular weight resin containingapproximately 83 percent vinyl chloride, 16 percent vinyl acetate, and 1 percent maleic acid;UCAR™ VMCC Solution Vinyl Resin is more soluble than UCAR™ VMCH Solution VinylResin in ketones, esters, and other solvents usedto dissolve vinyl resins.

UCAR™ VMCC Solution Vinyl Resin also has ahigher tolerance for aromatic hydrocarbon diluents. When dissolved in a suitable solvent system, such as a 50 percent ketone/50 percentaromatic hydrocarbon, resin solutions of 23 to 25 percent solids can be achieved. UCAR™

VMCC Solution Vinyl Resin is often used in thesame applications as UCAR™ VMCH SolutionVinyl Resin. However, because of its better solubility, it is also used as an adhesion promoterfor vinyl organosols in can coatings.

UCAR™ VMCA Solution Vinyl ResinA low molecular weight resin containing approximately 81 percent vinyl chloride, 17 percent vinyl acetate, and 2 percent maleic acid;UCAR™ VMCA Solution Vinyl Resin is characterized by a high degree of solubility in solvent systems having a high aromatic hydrocarbon content. When dissolved in a suitable solvent/diluent combination, such as 25percent ketone/75 percent aromatic hydrocarbon,resin solutions of 30 percent solids can beachieved. UCAR™ VMCA Solution Vinyl Resinyields the good balance of solubility and viscosityproperties needed for high-build, air-dry maintenance finishes. It can also be used in coatings and adhesives applications where highersolids are desirable.


Hydroxyl-Modified Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl Acetate CopolymersHydroxyl-modified vinyl chloride/vinyl acetatecopolymers are manufactured using two differentprocesses. UCAR™ VAGH and VAGD SolutionVinyl Resins are polymers made in a two-stepprocess that yields vinyl alcohol in the backbone.The other hydroxyl-modified resins are producedby a one-step polymerization process similar to that used to make the copolymer and carboxy-functional solution polymerized resinsdescribed above.

Hydroxyl-modified vinyl chloride/vinyl acetatecopolymers are noted particularly for compatibility with other film-forming resins,such as alkyds, urethane elastomers, isocyanateresins, epoxy polymers, and urea and melamineresins. Hydroxyl-modified vinyls are, therefore,often formulated with these and other film-forming materials to improve coating properties,such as adhesion, flexibility, toughness, hardness,and chemical resistance. Hydroxyl-modifiedresins are often used to impart snap-dry properties to a coating. The hydroxyl functionality permits crosslinking reactions forthermoset coating systems that exhibit outstanding chemical and water resistance.Coatings based on these resins also have goodadhesion to wash primers, metals, wood, andmany plastic substrates.

Hydrolyzed Resins

UCAR™ VAGH Solution Vinyl ResinA high molecular weight, partially hydrolyzedvinyl chloride/vinyl acetate resin having a composition of approximately 90 percent vinyl chloride, 4 percent vinyl acetate, with a hydroxylcontent of approximately 2.3 percent; UCAR™

VAGH Solution Vinyl Resin can be dissolved inrelatively strong solvent/diluent combinations,such as 50 percent ketone/50 percent aromatichydrocarbon, to produce resin solutions of 20percent solids. UCAR™ VAGH Solution VinylResin can be used for a wide range of coatingsapplications, including industrial maintenanceand marine finishes, wood finishes, paper coatings, metal decorative and container coatings, and as a binder in magnetic tape.

UCAR™ VAGD Solution Vinyl ResinA medium molecular weight, partially hydrolyzedvinyl chloride/vinyl acetate resin having acomposition of approximately 90 percent vinylchloride, 4 percent vinyl acetate, with a hydroxylcontent of approximately 2.3 percent. The lowermolecular weight provides improved solubilityand permits the formulation of solutions containing higher solids.

Directly Polymerized Resins

UCAR™ VAGF Solution Vinyl ResinA high molecular weight copolymer comprised ofvinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, and a hydroxyalkylacrylate. The vinyl chloride portion is about 81percent with the hydroxyl content at 1.8 percent.The solution viscosity and other properties ofUCAR™ VAGF Solution Vinyl Resin stronglyresemble those of UCAR™ VAGH Solution VinylResin. UCAR™ VAGF Solution Vinyl Resin canbe used for a wide range of coatings applications, including industrial maintenanceand marine finishes, paper coatings, generalmetal finishes, and as a binder in magnetic tape.

UCAR™ VAGC Solution Vinyl ResinA medium molecular weight copolymer comprised of vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate,and a hydroxyalkyl acrylate. The vinyl chloride portion is about 81 percent with the hydroxylcontent at 1.9 percent. The solution viscosity and other properties of UCAR™ VAGC SolutionVinyl Resin are very similar to those of UCAR™

VAGD Solution Vinyl Resin. UCAR™ VAGC Solution Vinyl Resin finds commercial application in clear and pigmented coatings formetal, wood, paper, concrete, masonry, films,foils, fabrics, and leather.


UCAR™ VROH Solution Vinyl ResinA low molecular weight copolymer comprised ofvinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, and a hydroxyalkylacrylate. The vinyl chloride portion is approximately 81 percent, and the hydroxyl content is approximately 2 percent. High tolerance for alcohols and aliphatic diluentsbroadens the usefulness of UCAR™ VROH Solution Vinyl Resin. UCAR™ VROH SolutionVinyl Resin can be dissolved in solvent/diluent combinations, such as 25 percent ketone/75 percent aromatic hydrocarbon, to produce resinsolutions of 30 percent solids. Also, 35 percentresin solutions can be prepared with UCAR™

VROH Solution Vinyl Resin using Rule 66-typeexempt solvent systems (for the wood coatingsindustry) containing as much as 30 percent byvolume butanol. UCAR™ VROH Solution VinylResin can be used in a wide variety of clear andpigmented coatings for metal, wood, paper, film,foil, and fabric.

Carboxyl Modified/Hydroxyl ModifiedVinyl Chloride/VinylAcetate CopolymerUCARMAG™ 527 Binder ResinA high molecular weight copolymer comprisedof vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, a hydroxy-alkylacrylate, and a carboxylated monomer. The vinylchloride content is about 80 percent by weightand the hydroxyl content is about 1.8 percent.The molecular weight and physical properties ofUCARMAG™ 527 Binder Resin are similar tothose of UCAR™ VAGF Solution Vinyl Resin. Acarboxyl monomer in the UCARMAG™ 527Binder Resin gives the copolymer excellent wetting and pigment dispersion properties andhas made the resin especially useful in magnetictape coatings containing neutral or basic pigments. Because of its unique functionality,UCARMAG™ 527 Binder Resin might also beconsidered as a binder for printing inks, papercoatings, and general metal finishes.

Sulfonate ModifiedCopolymer UCARMAG™ 569 Binder ResinA medium molecular weight copolymer containing vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, and amonomer with metal sulfonate functionality.The vinyl chloride of the copolymer is about 85 percent by weight. The sulfonate functionalmonomer provides the copolymer with exceptional wetting characteristics which make itan excellent dispersing medium for high surfacearea pigments used in magnetic media applications. Since the copolymer has excellentheat stability, it can be used in applicationsrequiring high shear milling operations to disperse high surface area or highly porous pigments. UCARMAG™ 569 Binder Resin,because of its sulfonate functionality, may alsobe useful in other nonmagnetic media applications where good dispersing capabilitiesare needed. For example, UCARMAG™ 569Binder Resin is an efficient grinding vehicle for hard-to-disperse organic colors such as litholrubine red. Color concentrates impart high glossand tinting strength in inks and coatings.


UCAR™ AW-875 Waterborne Vinyl ResinDispersionSince their commercialization about 50 yearsago, UCAR™ Solution-Polymerized Vinyl Resinshave become the standards for a wide range ofcoatings applications. UCAR™ AW-875Waterborne Vinyl Resin dispersion has been developed for compliant waterborne coatings,adhesives, and inks. This waterborne resin dispersion utilizes a solution-polymerized vinylresin backbone that has been chemically modified to allow dispersion in water.

Solution Vinyl Resins forVOC-Compliant Coatings–Water-based Resin

SolutionsSeveral criteria must be weighed in choosingsolvents and diluents for UCAR™ Solution VinylResins:■ Solvent Strength■ Volatility■ Toxicity■ Odor■ Cost■ Flammability■ Type of Application

UCAR™ Solution Vinyl Resins are readily dissolved into clear solutions at room temperature by ketones, nitroparaffins, esters,and chlorinated hydrocarbons. In general,ketones are the most suitable solvents for vinylresins. Compared to other solvents, ketones yieldhigher resin concentrations without gelling andlower solution viscosities at equivalent solidscontent. Because of their solvency, they tolerategreater dilution with economical hydrocarbondiluents and exhibit better storage stability.Figure 1 compares the solvent strength of different ketones for UCAR™ VYHD SolutionVinyl Resin.

Esters are useful in applications where minimalattack on the substrate is desirable (as with coatings on plastics). Because of their low solvency for vinyls, they should be used in combination with other active solvents.Urethane-grade esters are preferred for minimumviscosity and optimum viscosity stability. Figure 2compares the solvent strength of different estersfor UCAR™ VYHD Solution Vinyl Resin.


Figure 1–Viscosity vs. Concentration of UCAR™ VYHD Solution Vinyl Resin in Ketones

NOTE: Viscosity was determined using a Brookfield viscometer model RVT, running at 50 or100 rpm with spindles #2 through #5, selected as appropriate for the solution being tested.

10,000

8,000

6,0005,000

4,000

3,000

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6050

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Visc

osity

at 2

5ϒC,

cP

Solids, percentage by weight0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0

Isophorone

Cyclohexanone

Methyl Isobutyl Ketone

Acetone

Methyl Ethyl Ketone



Figure 2–Viscosity vs. Concentration of UCAR™ VYHD Solution Vinyl Resin in Esters

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cP

Solids, percentage by weight0 5 10 15 20 3525 30

Methyl PROPASOL™ Acetate

Isopropyl Acetat e

Butyl Acetate

Ethyl Acetat e


Table 4–Solution Viscosity of UCAR™ VYHH Solution VinylResin in Ketones and Ketone/Aromatic Blends

Solution Viscosity at 25°C, cPKetone Solvent Formula A Formula BAcetone 84 88Methyl Ethyl Ketone 86 130Methyl Propyl Ketone 124 212Methyl Isobutyl Ketone 230 360Methyl Isoamyl Ketone 304 504Methyl n-Amyl Ketone 316 684Cyclohexanone 672 360Isophorone 930 484

Formulation Formula A Formula BUCAR VYHH Solution Vinyl Resin 20 20Ketone Solvent 80 40Xylene — 20Toluene — 20

Parts by Weight 100 100


Diluents lower coating costs, alter the evaporation rates, and provide other importantcoating characteristics. Typical diluents for usewith UCAR™ Solution Vinyl Resins include aromatic hydrocarbons, such as toluene andxylene. Aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as mineralspirits, VM&P naphtha, and heptane can also beused. These aliphatic hydrocarbons are less effective than aromatic hydrocarbons and shouldbe used at levels not exceeding 10 percent of the solvent blend.

Ketones tolerate greater amounts of aromatic diluents than do the ester solvents. Table 4 compares the viscosity of UCAR™ VYHH Solution Vinyl Resin in ketones with the viscosityin ketone/diluent mixtures.

Optimum formulation stability and the lowestsolution viscosities are obtained when the solventsystem contains only active solvents. As the proportion of diluent increases, the stabilitydeclines. Figures 3 to 5 compare the solution viscosity of UCAR™ Solution Vinyl Resins versussolids content in methyl ethyl ketone and in amethyl isobutyl ketone/toluene (50/50) blend.

Formulating at excessively high solids or withweak solvent mixtures can result in solutionshaving unstable viscosities and can even lead tothe formation of gel structures. As the molecularweight of the vinyl resin decreases, however, thediluent level can be increased while maintainingthe same level of viscosity.


Figure 3–Viscosity vs. Concentration of Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl Acetate Copolymers in Methyl Ethyl Ketone


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osity

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VYNS-3

VYHH

VYHD


Figure 3A–Viscosity vs. Concentration of Vinyl Chloride/VinylAcetate Copolymers in Methyl Isobutyl Ketone/Toluene (50/50)


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VYNS-3

VYHH

VYHD


Figure 4–Viscosity vs. Concentration of Hydroxyl-ModifiedCopolymers in Methyl Ethyl Ketone


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osity

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VAGH

VAGF

VAGD

VROH

VAGC


Figure 4A–Viscosity vs. Concentration of Hydroxyl-ModifiedCopolymers in Methyl Isobutyl Ketone/Toluene (50/50)


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VAGH

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VAGC


Figure 5–Viscosity vs. Concentration of Carboxyl-ModifiedCopolymers in Methyl Ethyl Ketone


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VMCH

VMCA

VMCC


Figure 5A–Viscosity vs. Concentration of Carboxyl-ModifiedCopolymers in Methyl Isobutyl Ketone/Toluene (50/50)


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VMCH

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Figure 6–Memory Effect of Vinyl Resin Solutions

Viscosity BehaviorViscosity behavior of vinyl solutions is influencedby resin concentration, active solvent used, ratioof solvent to diluent, and solution temperature.

Viscosity changes in vinyl solutions are the resultof different equilibrium effects that occur duringthe preparation and storage of resin solutions.The formation of a slight degree of micro-crystallinity among adjacent polymer moleculesin solution is responsible for the observed viscosity increase.

The time required to reach equilibrium viscosityfor vinyl resin solutions is influenced by resinmolecular weight, solids content, solvent strength,processing time, and temperature. Vinyl resinsolutions usually increase in viscosity with time.The extent of the total increase can range from aminor viscosity drift to a major change, such asgelation. Vinyl solutions that have gelled becauseof excessive solids content or a solvent mix thatis too weak can be restored to fluidity by properthinning and mixing.

Another equilibrium condition that affects solution viscosity is the memory effect. It isnoted in vinyl solutions that have been subjectedto increases or decreases in temperature and ischaracterized by a significant lag in the rate atwhich a vinyl solution returns to equilibrium viscosity after a temperature change. For example,a vinyl solution that has been heated will maintain an abnormally low viscosity for extended periods after it has returned to its initial temperature. This viscosity change iscaused by differences in the degree of microcrystallinity of the solution at various temperatures. As the temperature increases,the degree of microcrystalline regions that exist in the solution decreases and the viscosity decreases. The memory effect is illustrated in Figure 6.

Formulators must be aware of both these effectsand the time required to reach equilibrium conditions, so that viscosity stability problems,resulting from the preparation of solutions atincorrect solids levels or solvent blends, areavoided.

Visc

osity

Time (weeks)0 1 2 3 4 5

Cooled

Heated

Room Temperatur e


Application MethodsCoatings based on UCAR™ Solution Vinyl Resinsmay be readily applied by commonly used application methods, such as brushing, spraying,dipping, and roller coating. Of major considertion for all applications is the correctconsistency of the coating and properevaporation rate of the solvent used in aparticularapplication method. Table 5 shows the properties of solvents useful with UCAR™

Solution Vinyl Resins.

Paper and cloth coatings may be formulatedwith highly volatile solvents, such as acetone and methyl ethyl ketone. Application by rollercoaters requires solvents and diluents with aslow evaporation rate. Isophorone is used forroller coating because it is an excellent solventfor vinyls and has a slow evaporation rate.Methyl PROPASOL™ Acetate andCyclohexanone Solvents are used for brush applications because they are slow-evaporatingsolvents that promote ease of application andgood flow-out.

Solution PreparationUse a high-shear mixer to prepare solutionsof UCAR™ Solution Vinyl Resins. Slow-speed,paddle-type agitators are not as effective as high-shear mixers. Equip the mixers with tight-fitting covers.

Add the solvent/diluent mixtures to the high-shear mixer. As the solvent mixture is agitated,add the resin slowly. The resin must be addedslowly or lumping may occur.

UCAR™ Solution Vinyl Resins should not becharged into equipment containing flammableliquid or vapor unless precautions are taken to eliminate static electrical discharge (seeStorage and Handling guide for UCAR™ SolutionVinyl Resin.)

As an alternate procedure, slurry the vinyl resinin a solvent/diluent blend containing about 20percent of active solvent. Add the resin slowly.When all the resin is thoroughly wetted,vigorously agitate the slurry and slowly add theremaining portion of the active solvent.

Do not slurry the vinyl resin in the diluent alone;slurrying with diluents may produce a static electrical discharge and cause a flash fire.

Follow all precautions for the safe handling oforganic solvents and diluents.

High-shear mixing will heat solutions, especiallyviscous solutions. Maintain the solution temperature as low as possible. If solutions areheld at elevated temperatures for long periods oftime, discoloration may result.

The addition of about 1.0 to 2.0 percentERL-4221 cycloaliphatic epoxide† on resin willhelp control discoloration without affectingcoating performance. For maximum stability,vinyl resin solutions should be stored in bakedphenolic-lined containers.

† Note: ERL-4221 cycloaliphatic epoxide does not have FDA clearances for

use in food-contact applications.


RelativeEvaporation Weight Flash Point,

Rate Solubility per gallon Distillation ClosedSolvents (BuAc=100) with VYHHa,b at 20°C, lb Range, °C Cup, °FFast Evaporating

Acetone 1160 S 6.59 56-57 0Ethyl Acetate, 99% 615 S 7.51 76-78 30Methyl Ethyl Ketone 570 S 6.71 78-81 24Isopropyl Acetate, 99% 500 S-G 7.26 86-90 42Propyl Acetate 275 S 7.39 99-103 58

Medium EvaporatingMethyl Isobutyl Ketone 165 S 6.67 114-117 61Isobutyl Acetate, Urethane Grade 145 S 7.25 112-117 62Butyl Acetate, Urethane Grade 100 S 7.34 124-129 84

Slow EvaporatingAmyl Acetate, Primary 42 S 7.29 140-150 101Cyclohexanone 23 S 7.89 156 111Methyl PROPASOL™ Acetate Solvent 34 S 8.09 146 114Diisobutyl Ketone 18 S-G 6.72 163-173 120Diacetone Alcohol 14 S 7.82 145-172 133Isophorone 3 S 7.67 210-218 179

Table 5–Solvents for UCAR™ Solution Vinyl Resins

(a) 0.5g VYHH to 4.5ml solvent

(b) S = Soluble

S-G = Soluble, tendency to gel


Formulation of Clear Coatings

Clear vinyl coatings can be modified withplasticizers, heat and light stabilizers, and othermaterials for specific performance properties.Before incorporating any modifier in the formulation, understand clearly how the modifier meets the demands of the application.Do not use clear vinyl coatings for applicationsthat involve long-term exposure to ultravioletlight.

Plasticizers

The addition of a plasticizer in the coatingformulation will enhance flexibility and help to minimize solvent retention in the film. The typical phthalate, adipate, citrate, epoxy, and phosphate plasticizers are compatible withUCAR™ Solution Vinyl Resins. In general,compatibility decreases as the hydrocarbonnature of the plasticizer increases. Polymericplasticizers are less efficient than monomericplasticizers.

Other factors to consider in selecting plasticizersinclude solubility, volatility, the effect on outdoordurability, the need for low-temperature flexibility, and suitability for contact with food.Certain citrates, epoxies, and phthalates are permitted under FDA regulations. Monomericplasticizers are most commonly used, althoughthe polymeric plasticizers are used to providespecial film characteristics, such as lowextractability or migration. Phosphate plasticizers are generally not recommended foroutdoor exposure because of poor light stability.

When a bake cycle is required, the volatility ofthe plasticizer is particularly important. Theplasticizer may volatilize sufficiently to lower the concentration below what was originallyintended for the dried or cured formulation.

The optimum level of plasticizer for a formulationwill depend upon the specific resin used and theperformance property required by the application.To obtain equivalent degrees of flexibility, highermolecular weight resins require more plasticizerthan lower molecular weight resins. Proportionsof 10 to 25 parts plasticizer per 100 parts ofresin are typically used.

Table 6 provides a list of plasticizers having goodcompatibility with UCAR™ Solution VinylResins.

Heat Stabilizers

As with all vinyl resins, UCAR™ Solution VinylResins are degraded upon prolonged exposure toheat. The degradation products include hydrogenchloride, which accelerates further resin degradation and leads to the development ofunsaturated polymer structures that can be easilyoxidized. The result is embrittlement, loss of flexibility, and discoloration of the vinyl film. Tominimize the degradation of vinyl films, add suitable heat stabilizers.

Baking at temperatures above 248ºF (120ºC) formore than five minutes will usually require athermal stabilizer to avoid degradation of thefilm. The use of a tin mercaptide stabilizer(1 percent†) in combination with a liquid epoxyresin, such as ERL-4221 cycloaliphatic epoxyresin, or diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A resin(3 to 5 percent†) gives the best results.

Do not use barium, cadmium, or zinc stabilizerswith the carboxyl-modified vinyl resins; theytend to react with the carboxyl groups. Zincstabilizers also tend to develop color quickly,especially in low plasticizer systems. Iron andzinc surfaces can accelerate decomposition and discoloration.


Table 6–Typical Plasticizers for UCAR™ Solution Vinyl Resins

Type ProductPhthalate Diisooctyl Phthalate

Diisodecyl PhthalateButyl Benzyl PhthalateButyl 2-Ethylhexyl Phthalate2-Ethylhexyl Isodecyl Phthalate

Citrate Acetyl Tributyl CitrateAcetyl Triethyl CitrateTributyl Citrate

Phosphate Tri(2-ethylhexyl) PhosphateTriphenyl PhosphateTributyl Phosphate

Epoxy FLEXOL™ EPO Plasticizer(Epoxidized soybean oil)

FLEXOL™ EP-8 Plasticizer(2-Ethylhexyl epoxy tallate)

FLEXOL™ LOE Plasticizer(Epoxidized linseed oil)

Polymeric Adipic Acid PolyesterAzelaic Acid PolyesterSebacic Acid PolyesterBlown Castor OilBlown Soybean OilBlown Linseed Oil

Miscellaneous Dibutyl SebacateDi(2-ethylhexyl) SebacateDi(2-ethylhexyl) Azelate

† on weight of vinyl resin

Light Stabilizers

An adequate quantity of a hiding pigment willscreen out incident radiation and prove the bestlight stabilizer for pigmented vinyl coatings.Do not use unpigmented vinyl coatings outdoors.Where only limited ultraviolet light exposure willbe encountered, clear films should be formulatedwith a light stabilizer system to preventdiscoloration. The best light stabilizer systemincludes an ultraviolet light absorber (substitutedbenzophenones), a hindered amine light stabilizer(HALS), and ERL-4221 cycloaliphatic epoxyresin.

A typical system would be comprised of thefollowing:

Ingredients %†

UV Absorber1 1HALS2 2ERL-4221 cycloaliphatic epoxy resin 3

† on weight of vinyl resin

(1) UV Absorber–Uvinul D-5O (BASF), Tinuvin 327

or 328 (Ciba Geigy) or equivalent.

(2) HALS–Tinuvin 292 (Ciba Geigy) or equivalent.

In all cases, choose stabilizers carefully and test them under actual use conditions.Consult suppliers of stabilizers for specific recommendations.


Formulation of Pigmented Coatings

Pigments are selected for hiding power, ultravioletprotection, purity, and ease of wetting. Althoughmost commercially available pigments are suitable for use with UCAR™ Solution VinylResins, there are some general constraints.Additionally, there are specific constraints thatapply to UCAR™ Carboxyl-Modified SolutionVinyl Resins.

Do not use natural iron oxide pigments with any UCAR™ Solution Vinyl Resin. These pigments contain trace impurities that can gelthe coating or cause discoloration or excessivechalking of the film. Do not use iron-containingpigments, such as Prussian blue or the so-called“chrome greens” (blends of Prussian blue andlead chromate). Chromium oxide green,however, performs well with UCAR™ SolutionVinyl Resins.

When an iron oxide pigment is desired, use synthetic iron oxides; they perform well withUCAR™ Solution Vinyl Resins. With coatings containing synthetic iron oxides, use a heat stabilizer, particularly when bake temperaturesmay reach 248ºF (120ºC).

Gold bronze metallic pigments are powderedalloys of copper and zinc. They tend to reactwith vinyl, causing color development and gellation. When used to make gold inks, thepowder is stirred into the ink vehicle shortlybefore use, and quantities sufficient for the job at hand are prepared.

There is a minimum amount of pigment thatmust be used to impart opacity to ultravioletlight. For example, about 65 parts of titaniumdioxide (TiO2) per 100 parts of vinyl resin is theminimum amount that should be used. To obtainmaximum hiding power in thin films, about 125parts TiO2 per 100 parts of vinyl resin is a practical maximum concentration.

Exceeding this level can cause excessive chalking.If color pigments are desired, they can generallybe substituted for TiO2 at an equal volumereplacement. There are exceptions—ultra-fineparticle size pigments, for example, are used atmuch lower concentrations.

The use of extender pigments or fillers will helpimprove the economics of the formulation. Theywill also help prevent sagging of thick wet filmson vertical surfaces, will help control gloss (flatting) at low levels, and will permit greaterfilm thickness per coat. Talcs, clays, barytes, and silicas may be used as extender pigments. If theyare used, they will contribute little to ultravioletabsorption. A sufficient quantity of ultraviolet-light-absorbing prime pigment must be includedin the formulation.

Table 7 provides a listing of pigment types and loadings typically recommended for UCAR™

Vinyl Copolymer and Hydroxyl-Modified VinylResins.

Formulation with UCAR™ VMCH, VMCC, andVMCA Carboxyl-Modified Solution Vinyl Resinsinvolves special considerations. The carboxylgroups of these products are randomly spacedalong the polymer chain and will react with basic materials to form irreversible gels orincreased consistency of pigment-vinyl combinations. Do not use basic pigments,extenders, or fillers with UCAR™

Carboxyl-Modified Solution Vinyl Resins.Particularly, avoid lead-containing pigments (redlead, chrome yellow, chrome orange), zinc dustor zinc oxide, strontium-containing pigments,and calcium carbonate. Do not even use smallamounts of these basic materials in pigmentblends. With minor proportions of basicpigments, viscosity aberrations may not bepredictable; some batches may have a normalviscosity and others will gel. Table 8 lists pigments typically used with UCAR™

Carboxyl-Modified Solution Vinyl Resins.


Table 7–Typical Pigments for UCAR™ Vinyl Copolymer and Hydroxyl-Modified Solution Vinyl Resins

Parts perPigment 100 Parts Resin

RedPigment Scarlet —†

Permanent Red 2B (Non-Resinated Calcium, Barium, or Strontium Lakes of 2-B Acid —BON Reds —Pyrazolone Reds —Indanthrene Reds —Quinacridone Reds —Perylene Scarlet —Pyranthrone Scarlet —Perylene Vermillion —Iron Oxide, Synthetic Types 55 to 100

YellowNickel-Titanium Yellow —Indanthrene Types —Benzidines —Nickel Azo Types —Flavanthrone —Anthrapyrimidine —Pyratex Yellows —Iron Oxide, Synthetic Types 55 to 100

OrangeVat Orange —Dianisidine Orange —Benzidine Orange —Anthanthrone —

GreenPhthalocyanine Green 15 to 25

† — indicates that the minimum level of pigment to prevent ultraviolet light degradation has not been established.

Parts perPigment 100 Parts Resin

MaroonThioindigo Types —Alizarine Types —BON Types —Perylene Maroon —

BrownIron Oxide, Synthetic Types 55 to 100

BlackCarbon Black 5 to 7Furnace Black 5 to 7Lampblack 5 to 7Iron Oxide, Synthetic Types 55 to 100

WhiteAntimony Oxide —Titanium Dioxide 75 to 125Zinc Oxide —

VioletCarbazole —Carbozole Dioxane —

MetallicAluminum Pastes (65%)Leafing or Non-Leafing 60 to 85

BluePhthalocyanine Blue —


Table 8–Typical Pigments for UCAR™

Carboxyl-Modified Solution Vinyl Resins

Parts perPigment 100 Parts ResinAluminum Powder 35 to 50Titanium Dioxide 75 to 125Phthalocyanine Green

(Non-Resinated) 15 to 30Phthalocyanine Blue

(Non-Resinated) 15 to 30Carbon Black 7Iron Blue Chalks badlyIron Oxide Yellow, Synthetica 60 to 125Iron Oxide Red, Synthetica 60 to 125Iron Oxide Black, Synthetica 60 to 125Iron Oxide Brown, Synthetica 60 to 125Ultramarine Blue Chalks and fadesZinc Phosphate 75Talc Use as fillerClay or extenderBarytes pigments

If water is present in a pigmented coating containing a carboxyl-modified vinyl, the water molecule may form a bridge between the polymer’s carboxyl group and the pigment surface. Silica and alumina hydrate are prone to bridging or hydrogen bonding. Since mostchloride-process TiO2 pigments have silica, zincoxide, or alumina treatments, they can develophydrogen bonding. Hydrogen bonding manifestsitself as viscosity instability. The viscosity mayincrease slowly over a period of several monthsor it may increase rapidly in a few days orweeks. If the water content reaches two percentbased on the weight of carboxyl-modified vinyl,the paint may even gel.

Commercial-grade materials typically limit watercontent adequately and should introduce no serious viscosity instability. If water doescontaminate the formulation, it may come fromthe solvents or be introduced through poor storage practices.

Organic acids, mineral acids, and certain acid-esters will reverse bridging from excessivemoisture. Organic acids (such as citric, maleic, ormalonic) or mineral acids (such as phosphoric)are all effective at concentrations of one-fourthto one percent, based on the weight of the carboxyl-modified vinyl resin.

To restore a gelled paint to fluidity, first preparea solution of the acid or acid-ester in acetone orother compatible solvent. Then, slowly add thesolution to the gelled paint with agitation. Acidtreatment of the coating may, however, affect adhesion and reduce gloss.

(a) Natural oxides are not satisfactory. Synthetic oxides are satisfactory in either air-dried or baked coatings.


Modification with Other Polymers

A small amount of acid or acid-ester can alsoprevent or minimize viscosity excursions duringpaint manufacture. As with the restoration ofgelled paints, this treatment may also affectadhesion and reduce gloss.

The best way to control viscosity aberrations fromwater content is to prevent water from enteringthe formulation.

Pigments can be easily dispersed into vinyl coatings with conventional equipment, such as a pebble mill, sand grinder, and high-speed stirrers.To prevent iron contamination, do not use steelball mills for pigment dispersion. The most common technique is to dissolve the vinyl resinin the appropriate solvents. The vinyl solution is

then blended with the plasticizers, stabilizers,grinding aid, and pigments. For higher glosscoatings, predisperse the pigment in plasticizer,thinner, and grinding aid before adding to thevinyl resin solution.

Where maximum gloss is desired, add pigmentsin either vinyl pigment chip or vinyl pigmentpaste form. For faster dispersion, incorporatewetting agents in the formulation. Soya lecithinor Nuosperse 657 (Creanova, Inc.) have beenextensively tested and are effective wettingagents, when used in concentrations of one tofive percent, based on pigment weight. Othersuppliers such as Byk Chemie offer additives useful for pigment dispersion.

Compatibility

The vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate copolymers arecompatible with each other and with mostacrylic resins. They have, however, a low orderof compatibility with most other resin types.UCAR™ Carboxyl-Modified Solution VinylResins will improve the general adhesioncharacteristics of other UCAR™ Solution VinylResins. They will also improve air-dry adhesionof many acrylic coatings. UCAR™ Hydroxyl-Modified Solution Vinyl Resins (notably VAGF,VAGC, VAGH, VAGD, VROH) are compatiblewith a broad range of other film formers, such asalkyds, melamines, ureas, epoxies, and urethane prepolymers. Table 9 lists typical modifiers andshows their relative compatibility with UCAR™

Hydroxyl-Modified Solution Vinyl Resins.

Reactive (Crosslinking) Systems

UCAR™ Hydroxyl-Modified Solution VinylResins can be cured with amino resins or isocyanate prepolymers to increase film hardnessand resistance to solvents, chemicals, and moisture. Vinyl wood sealers cured with ureaformaldehyde resins and acid catalysts curerapidly at ambient temperature or short,low-temperature bake cycles. Vinyl coatings for metal containers cured with phenolic ormelamine resins require higher baketemperatures, but the resulting coatings haveexcellent resistance to water immersion,pasteurization, and steam sterilization.Hydroxyl-modified resins cured with urethaneprepolymers cure at ambient temperature or lowbakes. Films can range from hard to elastomericdepending on the choice of urethane prepolymer.


Table 9–Compatibilitya of UCAR™ Hydroxyl-Modified SolutionVinyl Resins with Other Resins

Vinyl/Modifier Ratiob

VAGH VAGD VROHModifier Resin 4:1 1:4 4:1 1:4 4:1 1:4

Alkyds (non-drying)c

Beckosol 12-021, coconut, short oil, PA content - 47% C C C C C C

Alkyds (drying)c

Beckosol 11-035, soya, medium oil, PA content - 35% C I C I H IBeckosol 12-005, soya, short oil, PA content - 42% C C C C C CBeckosol 11-070,

linseed/soya, medium oil, PA content - 31% C I C I H IBeckosol 12-054,

tall oil fatty acids, short oil, PA content - 41% C C C C C C

Urea-Formaldehyde Resinsd

Beetle 55 (methylated resin) I I I I I IBeetle 60 (methylated resin) I I I I I IBeetle 65 (methylated resin) I I I I I IBeetle 80 (butylated resin) C C C C C C

Hexamethoxymethylmelamined

Cymel 303 C C C C C C

Melamine-Formaldehyde Resinsd

Cymel 350 C C C C C CCymel 370 (methylated resin) C C C C C CCymel 225-10 (rapid-cure resin) H I H I H I

Urethane Prepolymerse

Mondur CB-60, aromatic polyisocyanate C C C C C CDesmondur N-75, aliphatic polyisocyanate C C C C C CMondur HC, polyisocyanate copolymer C C C C C C

Key:

C = Compatible (a) 5-mil (125 microns) wet drawdowns on glass; coatings dried 20 min at 140°F (60°C) prior to ratingH = Haze in film, but coating uniform (b) Solids basisI = Incompatible (c) Supplier: ReichholdPA = Phthalic Anhydride (d) Supplier: Cytec Industries

(e) Supplier: Bayer


Adhesion

Where Not to Use Vinyl Coatings

For good adhesion, surfaces must be free of rust, grease, oil, dirt, and other contamination.Common techniques for cleaning surfaces includesolvent wash, vapor degreasing, chemical treatment, and brush cleaning. For maximumadhesion, use a phosphate treatment or a vinylbutyral wash primer before applying the vinylcoating. Where vinyl butyral primers are used,the next coat must be based predominantly onhydroxyl-modified resins (VAGF, VAGC, VAGH,or VAGD).

Maximum adhesion of vinyl coatings is usually obtained at bake temperatures highenough to drive out traces of residual solvents.Over porous surfaces, such as concrete and cloth,mechanical adhesion should be sufficient for

good performance; baking is not generally needed. Baking finishes can be cured with heatedair, infrared radiation, or by heating the metalsurface on which the coating is applied. Controltemperature carefully to avoid overbaking thecoating. Maintain proper ventilation and uniform temperature distribution.

UCAR™ Hydroxyl-Modified Solution VinylResins adhere well to many types of finishes andare quite useful in applications where coatingsbased on the unmodified vinyl resins will notadhere. UCAR™ Carboxyl-Modified SolutionVinyl Resins adhere to clean metal and to air-dryor baked topcoats or primers. Table 10 comparesthe air-dry adhesion of coatings based on thethree basic types of UCAR™ Solution VinylResins.

Vinyl coatings should not be used in applicationswhere the continuous service temperatureexceeds 140ºF (60ºC).

No specific recommendations can be made for applications where the service temperature of thecoating exceeds 140ºF (60ºC) intermittently orrepeatedly.

The recommendations for the use of heat stabilizers in UCAR™ Solution Vinyl Resins,given elsewhere in this booklet, are specific to a single-bake operation. The formulator is cautioned not to directly apply informationabout heat stabilizers to applications where service temperature exceeds 140ºF (60ºC) intermittently. Heat stabilizers that are effectiveat high bakes—in excess of 350ºF (176ºC)—mayhave an adverse effect on coating adhesion ifused at lower service temperatures.


Table 10–Air-Dry Adhesion of Coatings Based on UCAR™ Solution Vinyl Resins

Substrate VYHH VAGH VMCHAcrylic and Methacrylic Ester Resins Excellent Excellent ExcellentAlkyd Resin Poor Excellent FairCloth Poor Good Fair to ExcellentConcrete (somewhat dependent on type) Good Good ExcellentGlass Poor Fair FairMetal (clean and smooth) Poor Poor ExcellentMetal, Phosphatized Poor Fair ExcellentNitrocellulose Poor Poor FairOleoresinous (varies widely) Poor Fair to Excellent PoorPaper Poor Good GoodPhenolic Resins Poor Good FairPlaster (somewhat dependent on type) Good Good ExcellentRubber, Chlorinated Fair Fair FairShellac Poor Good PoorUrea Resins Poor Good FairVinyl Butyral Resin Poor Excellent FairVinyl Chloride Resins Excellent Excellent ExcellentWood Poor Fair Fair


Product Stewardship

The Dow Chemical Company has a fundamentalconcern for all who make, distribute, and use itsproducts, and for the environment in which welive. This concern is the basis of our ProductStewardship philosophy by which we assess thehealth and environmental information on ourproducts and then take appropriate steps to protect employee and public health and the environment. Our Product Stewardship programrests with every individual involved with Dowproducts from the initial concept and research tothe manufacture, sale, distribution, and disposalof each product.

When considering the use of any Dow productsin a particular application, you should reviewour latest Material Safety Data Sheets and ensurethat the use you intend can be accomplished safely. For Material Safety Data Sheets and otherproduct safety information, contact Dow at thenumbers of the back cover of this brochure.Before handling any other products mentioned inthe text, you should obtain available productsafety information and take necessary steps toensure safety of use.

35

®Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company Form No. 322-00051-1206 AMS

NOTICE: No freedom from any patent owned by Seller or others is to be inferred. Because use conditions and applicable laws may differ from one location to another and may change with time, Customer is responsible for determining whether products and the information in this document are appropriate for Customer’s use and for ensuring that Customer’s workplace and disposal practices are in compliance with applicable laws and other governmental enactments. Seller assumes no obligation or liability for the information in this document. NO WARRANTIES ARE GIVEN; ALL IMPLIEDWARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE EXPRESSLY EXCLUDED.

Published December 2006.

The Dow Chemical Company

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