Solution a homogeneous mixture of two or more components. The components of a solution are atoms, ions, or molecules, which makes them 10 -9 m or smaller.

Solution• a homogeneous mixture

of two or more components. The components of a solution are atoms, ions, or molecules, which makes them 10-9 m or smaller in diameter.

• Ex. Salt water

Suspensions• The particles in

suspensions are larger than those found in solutions. Components of a suspension can be evenly distributed by a mechanical means, like by shaking the contents, but the components will settle out.

• Ex: Oil and Water

Colloids• Particles intermediate size can be

mixed such that they remain evenly distributed without settling out. These particles range in size from 10-8 to 10-6 m in size.

• The mixture they form is called a colloidal dispersion.

• A colloidal dispersion consists of colloids in a dispersing medium.• Ex: Milk

Parts of a solution:

1. Solute: substance being dissolved (NaCl)

2. Solvent: dissolving medium (H

2O)

Solvation: the process of solvent particles surrounding solute particles to form a solution

“Like dissolves Like”This is the general rule to determine

whether solvation occurs.

“Like” refers to the solvent and solute being either polar or nonpolar.

Polarity of a molecule is a result of how the electrons are shared and arranged.

Water is a polar molecule.

“Universal solvent”

Telling Them Apart• You can tell suspensions from colloids

and solutions because the components of suspensions will eventually separate.

• Colloids can be distinguished from solutions using the Tyndall effect. – A beam of light passing through a true

solution, such as air, is not visible. – Light passing through a colloidal

dispersion will be reflected by the larger particles and the light beam will be visible. (Ex. smoky or foggy air)

When Substances Combine:

1.Soluble: a substance that dissolves in a solvent

2.Insoluble: a substance that does not dissolve in a solvent

3.Immiscible: two liquids that are immiscible, they separate after mixing (water & oil)

4.Miscible: two liquids that are soluble in each other.

Rate of SolvationFactors affecting the rate of solvation:

1. Agitation: stirring, shaking; allows particles to dissolve faster

2. Temperature: heat adds energy which allows particles to move faster and disassociate from each other faster.

3. Particle size: smaller particles increase surface area for the solvent to act on.

Affect of Temperature on Solubility

Solubility : maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent, 100g usually

Solubility Terminology:1.Saturated solution: contains the

maximum amount (g) of dissolved solute

2.Unsaturated solution: contains LESSLESS than the maximum amount (g) of dissolved solute

3.Supersaturated solution: contains MOREMORE that the maximum amount of dissolved solute.

What type of a solution is a solution that contains 70g PbNO

3 at

40ºC in 100g H

2O?

SATURATEDSATURATED

What type of a solution is a solution that contains 35g NaCl at 80ºC in 100g H

2O?

UNSATURATEDUNSATURATED

What type of a solution is a solution that contains 120g K

2NO

3

at 60ºC in 100g H

2O?

SUPER-SUPER-SATURATEDSATURATED

Factors Affecting Solubility:

1.Temperature: many substances are more soluble at high temperature. But, gases will dissolve better at colder temperatures.

Factors Affecting Solubility:

2. Pressure: Gases will dissolve best under pressure.

Henry’s Law: solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas above the liquid.

“The BENDS”Deep sea divers may experience a condition called

the "bends" if they do not readjust slowly to the lower pressure at the surface. As a result of

breathing compressed air and being subjected to high pressures caused by water depth, the amount

of nitrogen dissolved in blood and other tissues increases. If the diver returns to the surface too

rapidly, the nitrogen forms bubbles in the blood as it becomes less soluble due to a decrease in

pressure. The nitrogen bubbles can cause great pain and possibly death.

To alleviate this problem somewhat, artificial breathing mixtures of oxygen and helium are used. Helium is only one-fifth as soluble in blood as nitrogen. As a result, there is less dissolved gas to form bubbles.

Solution Concentrations

Concentration: the amount (g) of solute dissolved in a specific amount of solvent

1. Concentrated: large amount of solute for the amount of solute.

2. Dilute: small amount of solute for the amount of solution.

Methods of Determining Concentration of Solution:

Concentration RatiosConcentration

descriptionRatios

Percent by mass mass of solute

mass of solution x 100

Percent by volume volume of solute

volume of solution x 100

Molaritymoles of solute liter of solution

Using Percent to Describe Concentration

• Percent by mass usually describes solutions in which a solid is dissolved in a liquid.

• Represents the ratio of the solute’s mass to the solution’s mass expressed as a percent.

• The mass of solution equals the sum of the masses of the solute and solvent.

Using Percent to Describe Concentration

Calculating Percent by MassIn order to maintain a sodium chloride

concentration similar to ocean water, an aquarium must contain 3.6 g NaCl per 100g of water. What is the percent by mass of NaCl in the solution?

Find mass of the solution.Mass of solution = g solute + g solvent

= 3.6g + 100g= 103.6 g

Using Percent to Describe Concentration

Calculating Percent by MassIn order to maintain a sodium chloride concentration similar to

ocean water, an aquarium must contain 3.6 g NaCl per 100g of water. What is the percent by mass of NaCl in the solution?

Substitute values into equation Percent by mass = mass of solute

mass of solution x100

= 3.6g ÷ 103.6g x 100

=3.5%

Using Percent to Describe Concentration

Calculating Percent by Volume• describes solutions in which both the

solute and solvent are liquids• Volume of the solution is the sum of the

volumes of the solute and solventExample: 70% isopropyl alcohol means that

70 volumes of alcohol are dissolved in 100 volumes of water, thus 30 volumes of water are in every 100 volumes of the isopropyl alcohol solution.

Using Percent to Describe Concentration

Calculating Percent by VolumeWhat is the percent by volume of ethanol in a

solution that contains 35mL of ethanol dissolved in 155mL of water?

Volume of solution = vol. solute + vol. solvent = 35mL + 155mL =

190mL = 35mL x 100

190mL

=18.4%

Calculating Molarity• Molarity (M) is the number of moles of

solute dissolved per liter of solution.• Also known as molar concentration.• A liter of solution containing one mole

of solute is a 1M solution.• Formula:

Molarity(M) = moles of solute liters of solution

Calculating MolarityExample: A 100.5 mL intravenous (IV) solution

contains 5.10g of glucose (C6H12O6). What is the molarity of this solution? [molar mass of glucose is 180.16 g/mol]

Use molar mass to calculate the number of moles of C6H12O6. Round to 4 places after decimal.

5.10 g C6H12O6 1 mol C6H12O6

180.16 g C6H12O6

= .0283 mol C6H12O6

Calculating Molarity2. Convert mL to L. 100.5mL x 1L = 0.1005 L solution

1000mL3. Substitue the known values into the

equation.Molarity = moles solute

liters of solution

M = 0.0283 mol C6H12O6 = 0.282 mol/L soln.0.1005 L soln.

= 0.28M

Diluting Solutions

Often stock solutions must be diluted from one concentration to another. How is the volume of the stock solution to be diluted determined?

Rearrange the molarity equation and the number of moles solute does not change and we get the equation:

M1V1 = M2V2

Diluting does

Not add solute,Only

solvent.

Diluting Stock Solutions

What volume, in milliliters of 2.00M calcium chloride solution would you use to make 0.50 L of 0.30M calcium chloride solution?

Analyze the problem: what do you have and what are you looking for.

Given Unknown

M1 = 2.00M CaCl2 V1 = ? L

M2 = 0.300M

V2 = 0.50L

Diluting Stock Solutions

What volume, in milliliters of 2.00M calcium chloride solution would you use to make 0.50 L if 0.30M calcium chloride solution?

Solve for the Unknown: rearrange the equation to solve for the unknown

M1V1 = M2V2

V1 = M2 V2

M1

Diluting Stock SolutionsWhat volume, in milliliters of 2.00M

calcium chloride solution would you use to make 0.50 L if 0.30M calcium chloride solution?

Substitute known values and solve.

V1 = 0.50L x 0.300M2.00M

V1 = 0.075L x 1000mL ( the question asked for mL!!!)

1L

V1 = 75mL

Colligative Properties

Physical properties of a solution that are affected by the number of particles in the solution.

• Lowers vapor pressure: less gas escapes from the liquid because of the solute

Colligative Properties• Raises boiling point: it takes more

energy to overcome the attraction between the solute and solvent

• Lowers freezing point: solute disrupts the solvent particles from forming a solid

example: Antifreeze (ethylene glycol)