LAND USE PATTERN, TRIP GENERATION AND THE ROLE OF PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES: A CASE STUDY OF METROPOLITAN MASHHAD, IRAN 1 SOLT ANI, Ali and ZAMIRI, Mahsa and RAMEZANI, Vida Urban Planning Department, Facult y of Art & A rchitecture, Shiraz Univer sity , Iran [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]Abstract: The patterns of urban develop ment are correlated with the evolution of transportation systems. There is a complicated relationship between transportation, land use and urban form. Therefore, any change in one of these attributes will also result in changes in the other two assures. The ability to predict and display the three-way dynamics between the level of land supply, urban development and travel behavior would be helpful to decision-makers (CAO, 2004.). A large body of studies can be found that land use patterns significantly impact travel behavior of residents (Cervero and Gorham 1995, Handy 1993, Frank and Pivo 1994). However , the majority of the literature comes from developed countries especially from North America and Europe. It is less clear how such a connection stands within developing countries. This study using an ordinary least squares (OLS) regression on a sample community ofMashhad metropolitan, in Iran made an attempt to discover the relationship between land use and travel behavior. The results of modeling analysis show that consistent with perception, especial ly for those who work in this area, the proximity of shopping places to the trip-maker's residential location increases the likelihood of making home-based non-work trip frequently. In contrast, population density in the zone of origin has no significant effect. Key Words: Land use pattern, Trip generation, Mashhad Iran 1. IN TR ODUCTI ON "New Urbanism" emphasizes on making a human scale, walkable community with moderate to high residential densities and a mixed use core. New Urbanism is a reaction against "urban segregation", which is believed, is unsustainable, in longerterm. The envi ronment is damaged by compu lsor y dail y commute s, and new developi ng pr oj ects. Fr om a soci al vi ewpoint, sprawl segregate s peo pl e, and decreases social-cultural communications. The dependence on car threatens society health. From an economic aspect, urban management system need to spend more on establishing infrastructure and public services required for them such as sewer, water, police, fire, streets and roadways (Barton 2000). "New Urbanism" solutions include increasin g the popu lat ion dens ity wi thin built areas, increasing reliance on public transportation and other environment-friendly modes such as walking and bicycling instead of dependence on car (Katz 1994). There is an inc reasing number of studies in We stern nat ions has aimed at imp roving the knowl edge of the travel eff ects of land use patt erns. To hel p und er sta nd the p ote nti al f or l and use st rateg ies to af fect tr anspo rt syste m 1 1Research paper presented at The 1 stInternational Conference on Built Environment in DevelopingCountries (ICBEDC 2007), 1-2 Dece mbe r 2007 , Univer siti T eknolog i Mal aysi a, Pula u Pina ng, Malaysia 1 3 2 1, 2, 3
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Abstract: The patterns of urban development are correlated with the evolution of transportationsystems. There is a complicated relationship between transportation, land use and urban form.Therefore, any change in one of these attributes will also result in changes in the other twoassures. The ability to predict and display the three-way dynamics between the level of landsupply, urban development and travel behavior would be helpful to decision-makers (CAO,2004.). A large body of studies can be found that land use patterns significantly impact travelbehavior of residents (Cervero and Gorham 1995, Handy 1993, Frank and Pivo 1994).However, the majority of the literature comes from developed countries especially from NorthAmerica and Europe. It is less clear how such a connection stands within developing countries.
This study using an ordinary least squares (OLS) regression on a sample community of Mashhad metropolitan, in Iran made an attempt to discover the relationship between land useand travel behavior. The results of modeling analysis show that consistent with perception,especially for those who work in this area, the proximity of shopping places to the trip-maker'sresidential location increases the likelihood of making home-based non-work trip frequently. Incontrast, population density in the zone of origin has no significant effect.
Key Words: Land use pattern, Trip generation, Mashhad Iran
1. INTRODUCTION"New Urbanism" emphasizes on making a human scale, walkable community with
moderate to high residential densities and a mixed use core. New Urbanism is a
reaction against "urban segregation", which is believed, is unsustainable, in longer
term. The environment is damaged by compulsory daily commutes, and new
developing projects. From a social viewpoint, sprawl segregates people, and
decreases social-cultural communications. The dependence on car threatens society
health. From an economic aspect, urban management system need to spend more on
establishing infrastructure and public services required for them such as sewer, water,
police, fire, streets and roadways (Barton 2000). "New Urbanism" solutions include
increasing the population density within built areas, increasing reliance on public
transportation and other environment-friendly modes such as walking and bicycling
instead of dependence on car (Katz 1994).
There is an increasing number of studies in Western nations has aimed at
improving the knowledge of the travel effects of land use patterns. To help
understand the potential for land use strategies to affect transport system
11Research paper presented at The 1 st International Conference on Built Environment in Developing Countries (ICBEDC 2007), 1-2 December 2007, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Pulau Pinang,Malaysia
performance in a developing country city, the project presented here, used
conventional methods to an inventory collected data from the North-east of Iran,
Mashhad Metropolitan area. The research is a primary step towards conducting an
empirical research in the developing countries. The findings could help offer analytical
direction on the potential to influence travel through changes in built environment in a
specific developing country city. It would be also useful for establishing groundwork for
future investigating in that city and other similar cities in the developing countries.
2. BACKGROUND STUDIES
The body of academic literature on the influence of urban form on travel behavior has
expanded considerably over the past 15 years. Previous studies have related several
types of land-use factors at the neighborhoods level to travel behavior (Cervero and
Kockelman, 1997; Schwanen, 2003):• Density: typically the number of inhabitants/households or dwellings per
hectare are used.• Land-use mixing: the proximity of different types of land use to each other.• Design: the physical amenities of buildings and streets and the physical layout of
streets, including the provision of sidewalks and parking places.• Proximity to transportation infrastructure: access to public transit (bus, rail) and
highways.
Understanding how the densities, settlement patterns, land-use compositions, and
urban designs of cities and neighborhoods influence travel patterns is of vital
importance to urban and transport planners and decision makers. Since 1990s,
American scholars have made some efforts to testing the impacts of land-use patterns
and the physical elements of urban form on travel characteristics. For detailed reviews
of such studies, the reader can refer to Crane (2000); stead and Marshall (2001) and
Handy (1996). Briefly, results from the most disaggregated studies suggest thateffects on trip generation rates depend mainly on household socioeconomic
characteristics and that travel demand is inelastic with respect to accessibility (Ewing
and Cervero 2001). Likewise, one common finding that comes from these studies is
that the built environment has a greater impact on trip lengths than on trip
frequencies. Nonetheless, some studies have also shown that urban environments
with higher densities, a mix of land uses, and grid-style street configurations are
associated with higher frequencies of walking/cycling and other nonwork-based trips
(Handy 1993; Friedman et al. 1994; Cervero and Gorham 1995). Studies focusing onmode choice have found that this decision depends as much on built environment
attributes as on socioeconomic characteristics. The association effects of built
variable Regression FormulaEmployment status -Number of unit in each storey +Proximity to education centre +Household type +Floor area (square meter) -
personal income +Proximity to local Park -Number of employed adults +Block area (ha) +
Because the number of storey variable had linear correlation with household type
and floor area variable, eliminated from final model. Because the governmental
employees are working a long time of day, their trip generation limits to the work
travel and more time other purpose for travel eliminated from the daily travel; for
this reason, this group of people generated a few trip. Therefore the relationship
between trip generation and employment status is negative and by increasing the
time of work, trip generation decrease. The result of the regression show that the
proximity to educational centre increases the trip generation. The main reason is
that the proximity to educational centre results in chauffeuring the children to
school by parents; then increased trip generation. So the relationship between the
trip generation and proximity to educational centre is positive. The other variable
that has a positive relationship with the trip generation is the number of unit in each
storey. An increase in this variable leads to an increase in population density which
is in turn makes fewer trips happened. The higher the personal income, the greater
the car ownership and the likelihood of driving a car lead to increase the trip
generation.
Proximity to the local park and trip generation has a negative relationship in this
case study. The reason for this might be the low quality of local park in the study
area.
5. CONCLUSION AND DIRECTIONS FOR FURTHER INVESTIGATION
The results of modeling analysis show that consistent with perception, especially
for those who work in this area, the proximity of shopping places to the trip-maker's
residential location increases the likelihood of making home-based non-work trip
frequently. In contrast, population density in the zone of origin has no significant
effect.
This study showed that proximity to main activities is a basic point but importantone in the design of cities. For achieving a sustainable travel agenda, one way is to