Solid Waste Management_Atul Kulkarni

Sustainable Solid Sustainable Solid Waste ManagementWaste Management

What is Waste??....What is Waste??....Any material which is not needed by the owner, Any material which is not needed by the owner,

producer or processorproducer or processor

Classification Classification Domestic WasteDomestic WasteFactory WasteFactory WasteWaste from oil FactoryWaste from oil FactoryE-WasteE-WasteConstruction WasteConstruction WasteAgricultural WasteAgricultural WasteFood Processing WasteFood Processing WasteBio-Medical WasteBio-Medical WasteNuclear WasteNuclear Waste

Problem• The amount of waste generated per day per person

increases as urbanization increases• Open air burning of municipal waste which is practiced in

many parts of the country• It not only increases the CO2 and CO levels but also has a

health hazard to the sweepers and the waste-pickers• No Indian policy document examines waste as component

of a cycle of production-consumption-recovery• Have resulted in several health and environmental hazards

Effects of wastes if not managedEffects of wastes if not managed Affects our healthAffects our health Affects our socio-economic conditionsAffects our socio-economic conditions Affects our coastal and marine environmentAffects our coastal and marine environment Affects our climateAffects our climate Rise in global temperaturesRise in global temperatures Rise in sea levelsRise in sea levels

Sources of WastesSources of Wastes•Domestic Wastes – Eg) paper, plastic glass, ceramics, vegetable Domestic Wastes – Eg) paper, plastic glass, ceramics, vegetable wastewaste• Commercial Wastes – Eg) printer paper, meat remnantsCommercial Wastes – Eg) printer paper, meat remnants• Ashes – Eg) coal, wood and cokeAshes – Eg) coal, wood and coke - Open burning of wastes also generates ashes- Open burning of wastes also generates ashes•Animal Wastes – Eg) dung of animals, rejected feedAnimal Wastes – Eg) dung of animals, rejected feed• Biomedical Wastes – Eg) expired drugs, plastic syringes, surgical Biomedical Wastes – Eg) expired drugs, plastic syringes, surgical dressingsdressings•Construction Wastes – Eg) metal rods, bricks, cement, concrete, Construction Wastes – Eg) metal rods, bricks, cement, concrete, roofing materialsroofing materials - Digging activities Eg) telephone, electricity, drainage- Digging activities Eg) telephone, electricity, drainage• Industrial Solid Wastes – Eg) garment factory would dump Industrial Solid Wastes – Eg) garment factory would dump textiles of various kindstextiles of various kinds• Sewer – removed from sewerage – left on roadsideSewer – removed from sewerage – left on roadside

Sources of WastesSources of Wastes•Hazardous Wastes – potentially dangerousHazardous Wastes – potentially dangerous - react explosively with air or water - react explosively with air or water - change in the genetic structure of individuals- change in the genetic structure of individuals• E- Wastes – electronics disposed Eg) secondary computers, E- Wastes – electronics disposed Eg) secondary computers, electronics, mobile phones, television sets & refrigeratorelectronics, mobile phones, television sets & refrigerator• Nuclear Wastes – containing radioactive materialNuclear Wastes – containing radioactive material - product of nuclear fission- product of nuclear fission

The Opportunity

• Only 10-15 % of waste is handled and about more than 80% of the waste is not handled

• The role of the Government in SWM is changing- facilitator and allowed the private and NGOs

• Economic prospective of the SWM sector has gone overlooked

• Most the non-biodegradable waste such as plastics, paper, glass have a huge market potential

Our Approach/ Solution

• Be Responsible, Reduce, Reuse and Recycle• segregation of waste at source• Collaboration - Citizen Groups/ communities,• Municipal Corporations, NGOs• The NGOs/waste-picker associations would be

involved in providing employment and a better working condition to waste-pickers population

• Socially, Ecologically and Economically Sustainable• Decentralized Waste Handling Units

Our Approach

• 1) A large scale Bio Gas plant- highly efficient Biogas Plant (Researched and developed by BARC, Mumbai) to handle the entire wet waste (Biodegradable Waste). A 5 tonne plant will output about 400 Cu Metre of Biogas and 400Kg of manure every day. A large scale Bio Gas plant gives economies of scale.

• 2) A small scale Bio Gas plant which can be used to handle waste in small capacity.

Our Approach

• 3) A secondary segregation unit for handling the dry wastes (Non Biodegradable Wastes) which will be later sold to recycling units.

• 4) Based on need, a unit for converting of biogas into electricity

Business Models

• Model 1:– Set up Waste handling units for handling SWM

along with Municipal Corporations in a Public-Private-Partnership model.

• Model 2:– Set up Smaller Waste handling units in

Apartments, or cluster of apartments, Colleges, Schools, Campuses, Townships, and other privately owned colonies

Target market and total addressable market

• target market consists of houses (in the form of cluster of houses), institutions like residential schools and colleges, townships

• local informal market could also be formalized or the rag-pickers could be engaged with the help of NGO’s and a new platform for the recycled waste trading

Financial Viability /Highlights

Financial Viability /Highlights

Financial Viability /Highlights

Ecological Benefits

• Reduction of vehicular CO2 emissions, as decentralized units reduces everyday transportation of waste to dumping ground.

• Reuse the faeces, urine, grey water and rain water and help reduce environment damage

• Help in improve agricultural productivity and food security.• Reduce the Green House Gases – GHGs and mitigate Global

Warming • Use of Methane as cooking gas and saving LPG- If used

thermally it has the potential to reduce the usage of LPG/other natural fuels

• Reduction of environmentally harmful Urea as manure will be the replacement.

Social Benefits

• Better hygiene • Provides employment to large number of

economically weaker sections or unskilled laborers /rag pickers with better and hygienic working conditions.

• Brings in increased awareness and environment consciousness in the society

Public Health and Life Quality

• Waste will be handled in a hygienic and scientific manner, so no pollution is caused at any stage

• Garbage on the roads is tremendously reduced• Drains are no longer clogged with garbage – no

smell, no breeding site for malaria spreading mosquitoes, no meeting place for pigs and other stray animals

• Quality of life improves as the whole city looks clean and aesthetic.

Project Evaluation/Planning PhaseProject Evaluation/Planning PhaseStep One – Information collectionStep One – Information collection

In order to draw up a plan of action for community based SWM- Solid Waste In order to draw up a plan of action for community based SWM- Solid Waste Management, in an area, it is essential to know the exact number of houses, Management, in an area, it is essential to know the exact number of houses, institutions and commercial establishments to determine the types and institutions and commercial establishments to determine the types and amounts of waste generated in the area. For developing the SWM plan of the amounts of waste generated in the area. For developing the SWM plan of the GP/Block, the following information may be collected following rapid rural GP/Block, the following information may be collected following rapid rural survey of the communitysurvey of the community

• • No. of HouseholdsNo. of Households• • Total PopulationTotal Population• • Details about shops, marriage halls, market, commercial establishments, etcDetails about shops, marriage halls, market, commercial establishments, etc• • Community map of the areaCommunity map of the area• • Existing system and practice of waste managementExisting system and practice of waste management• • Quantum of solid and liquid waste generated per dayQuantum of solid and liquid waste generated per day• • Local body’s approach and future plans for SWMLocal body’s approach and future plans for SWM• • Details of vacant spaces available in the local bodyDetails of vacant spaces available in the local body• • Details and activities of CBOs, e.g. Women Self help Groups etc available in Details and activities of CBOs, e.g. Women Self help Groups etc available in the area.the area.

Project Evaluation/Planning PhaseProject Evaluation/Planning PhaseStep Two – Participatory planningStep Two – Participatory planning

• • The data collected is to be analyzed along with the The data collected is to be analyzed along with the representatives of the communityrepresentatives of the community• • The community should be informed about various The community should be informed about various technology options for SWM both at household technology options for SWM both at household as well as community level and accordingly technology as well as community level and accordingly technology options should be decidedoptions should be decided• • Based on the discussions with the community, SWM Based on the discussions with the community, SWM action plan should be prepared. action plan should be prepared.

Project Evaluation/Planning PhaseProject Evaluation/Planning PhaseStep Two – Preparation of ward level action Step Two – Preparation of ward level action

planplanWard action plan should broadly contain the following: Ward action plan should broadly contain the following:

• • Social mobilization and awareness generation:Social mobilization and awareness generation: It should focus on inter personal communication, It should focus on inter personal communication, focused group discussion, technology demonstration and exposure visits to successful sites focused group discussion, technology demonstration and exposure visits to successful sites • • Technology options:Technology options: Household and community level technological options with approximate cost Household and community level technological options with approximate cost estimates should be worked outestimates should be worked out• • Operation and maintenance:Operation and maintenance: Success of a technology depends upon proper O&M at the household Success of a technology depends upon proper O&M at the household and community level. This aspect should be discussed in detail during planning process and and community level. This aspect should be discussed in detail during planning process and incorporated in the action plan.incorporated in the action plan.

Steps for Effective Management of Solid WasteSteps for Effective Management of Solid WasteManagement of Household Level Solid WasteManagement of Household Level Solid Waste

As far as possible, solid waste should be managed at the household level so that zero or minimum community As far as possible, solid waste should be managed at the household level so that zero or minimum community waste is generated. This may involve the following steps:waste is generated. This may involve the following steps:

A) Sorting out or segregation at household level:A) Sorting out or segregation at household level:• • Household waste should be sorted out or segregated at the source i.e. at the household level Household waste should be sorted out or segregated at the source i.e. at the household level • • This is to be done by generating awareness to sort out waste at the household level by keeping bio degradable This is to be done by generating awareness to sort out waste at the household level by keeping bio degradable and non bio degradable waste in separate colour bins of 5 to 10 liters capacity each (e.g. green color bin for bio and non bio degradable waste in separate colour bins of 5 to 10 liters capacity each (e.g. green color bin for bio degradable waste and blue bin for non bio degradable waste)degradable waste and blue bin for non bio degradable waste)• • Reusable segregated non biodegradable waste may be reutilized at household level.Reusable segregated non biodegradable waste may be reutilized at household level.

B) Treatment/management of biodegradable household level waste: B) Treatment/management of biodegradable household level waste: Efforts should be made to treat the segregated bio degradable waste at the household level by adopting any one Efforts should be made to treat the segregated bio degradable waste at the household level by adopting any one of the following technologies and reuse the treated products:of the following technologies and reuse the treated products:• • Composting Composting • • Vermi compostingVermi composting• • Biogas plant. Biogas plant. The details of all the above technology options have been discussed separately. The details of all the above technology options have been discussed separately.

C) Treatment/management of household level non biodegradable waste: C) Treatment/management of household level non biodegradable waste: Some of the sorted out non bio degradable waste will be of recyclable type. Households may be encouragedSome of the sorted out non bio degradable waste will be of recyclable type. Households may be encouragedto keep such waste separately and sell to the rag pickers and keep the non-recyclable products for to keep such waste separately and sell to the rag pickers and keep the non-recyclable products for subsequent transportation for community level management. subsequent transportation for community level management.

Steps for Effective Management of Solid WasteSteps for Effective Management of Solid WasteManagement of Community Level Solid WasteManagement of Community Level Solid Waste

In those places where all the waste cannot be managed at household level, In those places where all the waste cannot be managed at household level, segregated and non-managed household waste need to be transported either to segregated and non-managed household waste need to be transported either to the community bins at the village level or to the treatment plant sites at the community bins at the village level or to the treatment plant sites at community level where household level bio degradable waste can be treated by community level where household level bio degradable waste can be treated by community treatment plant and recyclable and non bio degradable waste can community treatment plant and recyclable and non bio degradable waste can be sorted out and sold. Waste which cannot be composted, reused or recycled be sorted out and sold. Waste which cannot be composted, reused or recycled may be disposed at community level at the landfill sites following appropriate may be disposed at community level at the landfill sites following appropriate procedure:procedure:

Collection and transportation:Collection and transportation: For Collection and Transportation of solid waste For Collection and Transportation of solid waste in rural areas the following strategy may be followed:in rural areas the following strategy may be followed:• • Self Help Groups (SHGs) or group of unemployed youth in the village may be Self Help Groups (SHGs) or group of unemployed youth in the village may be identified for collection and transportation of household waste to community identified for collection and transportation of household waste to community storage/treatment site. Each member may be responsible for collection of storage/treatment site. Each member may be responsible for collection of waste for about 75-100 householdswaste for about 75-100 households• • SHG members may be given suitable number of carts or tricycles for collection SHG members may be given suitable number of carts or tricycles for collection and transportation of waste to community storage bins.and transportation of waste to community storage bins.