Solid Waste Management

Solid Waste Management

Thought of the Day

Cleanliness is Half of Faith…

Hazrat Muhammad (P.B.U.H)

Solid Waste Management 2

Waste

• Non-liquid, non-soluble materials rangingfrom municipal garbage to industrial wastesthat contain complex and sometimeshazardous substances.

• Solid wastes also include sewage sludge,agricultural refuse, demolition wastes, andmining residues.

• Technically, solid waste also refers to liquidsand gases in containers


Flow of Materials and Waste in Industrial Society


Sources

• Residential • Commercial • Institutional• Industrial (non process

wastes)• Municipal Solid Waste

(Construction and Demolition)

• Municipal Services (excluding treatment facilities)

• Treatment Facilities• Industrial• Agricultural


Functional Elements of SWM System

• Waste generation

• Waste handling and separation, storage, and processing at the source

• Collection

• Transfer and transport

• Separation, processing, and transformation of solid waste

• Disposal


INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT

• Source Reduction

• Recycling and Composting

• Combustion (Waste-to-Energy)

• Landfills


Management Options IWM

(a) Interactive (b) hierarchical


IMPLEMENTING INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES


TYPICAL COSTS FOR MAJOR WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTIONS


TYPICAL COSTS FOR MAJOR WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTIONS


Capital Costs

• Collection• Materials Recovery Facilities

(MRFs)• Composting• Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF)

Facilities• Landfilling• Operation And

Maintenance (O&M) Costs• Collection O&M Costs• MRF O&M Costs• Composting O&M Costs


Regulations

• Floodplains

• Endangered Species

• Surface Water

• Groundwater

• Disease Vectors

• Air

• Safety


Planning

1. Geologic, hydrologic, and climatic circumstances, and the protection of ground and surface waters2. Collection, storage, processing, and disposal methods3. Methods for closing dumps4. Transportation5. Profile of industries6. Waste composition and quantity7. Political, economic, organizational, financial, and management issues8. Regulatory powers9. Types of waste management systems10. Markets for recovered materials and energy


Materials Generated in Municipal Solid Waste


Materials Generated in Municipal Solid Waste

1960-2005



Recovery for Recycling and Composting

• Materials Recovery

• Durable Goods Recovery

• Nondurable Goods Recovery

• Containers and Packaging Recovery


Management of Municipal Solid Waste1960-2005


Source Reduction Terms

• Waste

• Source reduction (also known as waste prevention) or reuse of materials

• Waste reduction and minimization

• Reuse and refurbishing

• Light weighting packaging

• Source expansion (opposite)

• Functional product groupings


EFFECTS OF SOURCE REDUCTION

Economic

• Reduced pollution from trucks and disposal

• Less resource depletion from excess packaging not generated

• Economic development of area’s reuse and repair industries

• Reduced need for landfill capacity


EFFECTS OF SOURCE REDUCTION

Environmental• Choice of and extraction of raw materials• Transport and processing of those materials• Manufacture of products from those materials• Use of those products• Fate at end of life (life-cycle assessment)

Waste Composition• As consumption changes, quantity and

composition of solid waste generated changes


Light Weighting

• The process of reducing the amount of aparticular material per unit of product isknown as light weighting


State Involvement

• Assistance• Bans and Restrictions• Deposit and Refund Systems• Exchange, Donation, and Sale• Taxes• Reuse/Repair Industries• Consumer and Student Education• Unit Pricing for Waste Reduction - Can systems, Bag

systems, Weight-based systems• Waste Audits and Source Reduction Plans• Yard Waste Programs


DEVELOPING A SOURCE REDUCTION PLAN- Four Steps

1. Establish an overall source reduction goal that is separate from the recycling goal with specification of:

• The baseline year

• Target year

• Type of reduction to be measured (from the current total waste generation levels, from current per capita generation levels, or from the projected increase)


DEVELOPING A SOURCE REDUCTION PLAN-Four Steps

2. Determine separate goals desired for:

• Generating sectors (residential, commercial, and institutional)

• Materials (paper, glass, plastics, organics, etc.)

• Products (Styrofoam cups, glass bottles, tires, cardboard boxes, newspapers, etc.)



3. Select unit of measurement:

• Weight

• Volume

• Weight and volume (preferable, if possible)



4. Selected measurement methodology:

• Waste audits

• Sampling (including weighing-in places such as transfer stations)

• Surveys

• Purchases (tracking sales)


Consumer Strategies for Source Reduction

• Avoid unnecessary packaging• Adopt practices that reduce waste toxicity• Consider reusable products• Maintain and repair durable products• Reuse bags, containers and other items• Borrow, rent, or share items• Sell or donate goods instead of throwing them

out• Compost yard trimmings and food scraps


Construction and Demolition

• 136 million tons

• 2.8 lb per person per day to landfills

• Deconstruction Efforts

• Careful dismantling of structures before or instead of demolition to maximize the recovery of materials


Special Events

Whole Earth Festival at the University of California• Use of biodegradable utensils and can liners• Separate collection of compost• Promotion of foods that do not require utensils• Serving foods such as pizza with a napkin instead of a plate• Educational booths to inform people about composting• Use of durable items (plates, utensile, etc.)• Reward program for food vendors utilizing innovative waste

prevention programs• Not allowing the use of materials that would require

disposal


Toxicity Reduction


TOXICITY-PRODUCT MANAGEMENT POLICY

• Life-Cycle Analysis

• Product Bans

• Packaging Policies

• Product Labeling

• Targeted Product Procurement

• Extended Producer Responsibility

• Product Substitutes

PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT POLICY

• Clean Production

• Design for the Environment

• Toxics Use Reduction

• Integrated Pest Management


COLLECTION OF SOLID WASTE

1. The logistics of solid waste management

2. The types of waste collection services

3. The types of collection systems, equipment, and personnel requirements

4. The collection routes

5. The management of collection systems

6. The collection system economics


Collection Vehicles for Collection of Source Separated Waste


Layout of Collection Routes

The four general steps involved in establishing collection routes include:1. Preparation of location maps

showing pertinent data andinformation concerning thewaste generation sources

2. Data analysis and, asrequired, preparation ofinformation summary tables

3. Preliminary layout of routes4. Evaluation of the preliminary

routes and the developmentof balanced routes bysuccessive trials

a) Route layout with overlapb) Route layout without overlap


Recycling Materials

The materials to be recycled can include:

• paper (newspaper, cardboard, mixed paper, etc.)

• glass (amber, green, and/or flint)

• Cans (aluminum, ferrous, bimetal)

• Plastics (PET, HDPE, PS, PVC, PP, LDPE, etc.)


RECOVERY OF RECYCLABLE MATERIALSFROM SOLID WASTE

There are three main methods that can be used to recover recyclable materials from MSW:

1. Collection of source-separated recyclable materials by either the generator or the collector, with and without subsequent processing

2. Commingled recyclables collection with processing at centralized materials recovery facilities (MRFs)

3. Mixed MSW collection with processing for recovery of the recyclable materials from the waste stream at mixed-waste processing or front-end processing facilities


Technical Considerations in the Planning and Design of MRFs

The technical planning and design of MRFs involves three basic steps:

1. Feasibility analysis

2. Preliminary design

3. Final design


Feasibility Analysis

• Functions of the MRF

• Conceptual design

• Siting

• Economics

• Ownership and operation

• Procurement


Preliminary Design

• Process flow diagrams• Prediction of materials recovery rates• Development of materials mass balances and

loading rates for the unit operations (conveyors, screens, shredders, etc.), which make up the MRF

• Selection of processing equipment• Facility layout and design• Staffing needs• Environmental issues• Health and safety issues


Final Design

• Preparation of final plans and specifications that will be used for construction

• Preparation of environmental documents

• Preparation of detailed cost estimates

• Preparation of the procurement documents


Materials Flow Diagram for Source Separated Recyclables


Material Flow in MRF for Source-Separated Materials


EQUIPMENT FOR PROCESSINGOF RECYCLABLES

• Manual sorting facilities• Equipment and facilities

for materials transport• Equipment for size

reduction• Equipment for

component separation• Equipment for

densification• Weighing facilities• Movable equipment• Storage facilities


Environmental Impacts

• Groundwater Contamination

• Dust Emissions

• Noise

• Vector Impacts

• Odor Emissions

• Vehicular Emissions


Hazardous Waste Categories

• Ignitability includes liquids with a flash point, at standard temperature and pressure, less than 140°F

• Corrosivity includes aqueous wastes with a pH at or below 2.0 (acids) or at or above 12.5 (bases)

• Reactivity includes unstable chemicals, violentreactions with water, formation of explosive mixtureswhen mixed with water, etc

• Toxicity includes poisons and other toxic substancesthat pose a threat to human health, domestic livestock,pets, or wildlife through ingestion, inhalation, orabsorption


PROBLEMS OF HAZARDOUS PRODUCTS

• Health Risks

• Fire Risks

• Toxic Loading

• HW in Wastewater


SPECIAL WASTES

• Batteries

• Used Oil

• Scrap Tires

• Construction and Demolition Debris

• Computer and other electronic solid waste


Scrap Tires Materials

• Synthetic rubber• Natural rubber• Sulfur and sulfur compounds• Silica• Phenolic resin• Oil

(aromatic, naphthenic, paraffinic, etc.)

• Fabric (polyester, nylon, etc.)• Petroleum waxes• Pigments (zinc oxide, titanium

dioxide, etc.)• Carbon black• Fatty acids• Inert materials• Steel wire


Cleanup After Disasters


COMPOSTING OF MUNICIPALSOLID WASTES

• Composting is the biological decomposition ofthe biodegradable organic fraction of MSWunder controlled conditions to a statesufficiently stable for nuisance-free storageand handling and for safe use in landapplications


Typical Process Flow Diagram for Composting


Biology of Composting

Organisms actively involved in composting can be classified into six broad groups:

1. Bacteria

2. Actinomycetes

3. Fungi

4. Protozoa

5. Worms

6. some larvae


Classification

Aerobic vs. Anaerobic

• aerobic decomposition

• invalidating anaerobic composting

Mesophylic vs. Thermophylic

• Mesophilic is the temperature range fromabout 5 to 45°C.Thermophilic is thetemperature range from about 45 to 75°C


Compost Phases

Lag Phase. The lag phase begins assoon as composting conditions areestablished. It is a period ofadaptation of the microbescharacteristically present in thewaste.

Active Phase. The transition from lagphase to active phase is marked byan exponential increase in microbialnumbers and a correspondingintensification of microbial activity.Unless countermeasures aretaken, the temperature may peak at70°C or higher


Compost Phases

• Maturation or Curing Phase. In the maturation phase, the proportion of material that is resistant steadily rises and microbial proliferation correspondingly declines. Temperature begins an inexorable decline, which persists until ambient temperature is reached.


Environmental Factors and Parameters

• Nutrients and Substrate

• Chemical Elements

• Availability of Nutrients

• Carbon-to-Nitrogen Ratio

• Particle Size

• Oxygen (COD, BOD)


Moisture Content

Maximum• permissible maximum• optimum contentInterstitial Volume (porosity)1. the size of individual particles2. the configuration of the

particles3. the extent to which individual

particles maintain their respective configuration

MinimumpH LevelTemperatureMesophylic vs. ThermophylicComposting


Performance Parameters

1. oxygen uptake

2. temperature

3. moisture content

4. pH

5. odor

6. color

7. destruction of volatile matter

8. stability


Compost Systems

1. windrow

• turned type

• forced aeration

• static pile

2. in-vessel

• horizontal drum

• vertical silo

• open tank

Aeration Mechanisms


Waste to Energy Combustion

Incineration Technologies• The volume and weight of the

waste are reduced• Waste reduction is immediate• Waste can be incinerated on-

site• Air discharges can be

effectively controlled• Incineration requires a

relatively small disposal area• using heat-recovery

techniques, cost of operation reduced

Disadvantages• The capital cost is high• Skilled operators are required• Not all materials are

incinerable• Supplemental fuel is required

to initiate


Types of Solid Waste Incinerators

1. Open burning

2. Single-chamber incinerators

3. Open-pit incinerators

4. Multiple-chamber incinerators

5. Controlled air incinerators

6. Central-station disposal

7. Rotary kiln incinerators


Landfilling

• Landfilling is the term used to describe the process by which solid waste and solid waste residuals are placed in a landfill

• Waste dumps oruncontrolled land disposal sites

• Secure landfills for Hazardous Waste


a) After geo-membrane liner has been installed

b) After two lifts of solid waste

c) Landfill with final cover

Layout of Landfill Site


Phases in Generation of Landfill Gases


Gas Production in Landfills


Leachate

A liquid produced as water percolates through wastes, collecting contaminants


Composition of Leachate

Waste Busters Lahore


Waste Busters Lahore


Transfer Station/Disposal Site


For a Cleaner Tomorrow


Thank You


Solid Waste Management

Documents

compostingcombustion

waste prevention

waste composition

solid wastes

management issues8

recovered materials

municipal garbage

industrial wastes