Solid, toxic and hazardous waste 21. objectives Identify the major components of waste stream Identify the major components of waste stream Explain the.

Solid, toxic and hazardous wasteSolid, toxic and hazardous waste

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objectivesobjectives Identify the major components of waste stream Identify the major components of waste stream Explain the difference between dumps, sanitary Explain the difference between dumps, sanitary

landfill, modern secure landfills landfill, modern secure landfills Understand what hazardous and toxic waste are Understand what hazardous and toxic waste are

and how we dispose of themand how we dispose of them Outline some ways we can destroy or Outline some ways we can destroy or

permanently store hazardous waste.permanently store hazardous waste. Evaluate the options for hazardous wastes Evaluate the options for hazardous wastes

management.management.

Questions to answerQuestions to answer What are solid waste and hazardous waste. What is the What are solid waste and hazardous waste. What is the

difference between them? difference between them? Describe the difference between an open dump, sanitary Describe the difference between an open dump, sanitary

landfill, and a modern secure hazardous waste disposal landfill, and a modern secure hazardous waste disposal site.site.

Describe some concern about waste incineration .Describe some concern about waste incineration . Describe some ways that we can reduce the waste Describe some ways that we can reduce the waste

stream to avoid the disposal problem.stream to avoid the disposal problem. What are brownfields?What are brownfields? Why are landfill sites becoming limited.Why are landfill sites becoming limited. What is composting?What is composting? List some benefits and draw backs of recycling wastes.List some benefits and draw backs of recycling wastes.

SOLID WASTESOLID WASTE Solid waste is generally made up of objects or particles Solid waste is generally made up of objects or particles

that accumulate on the site where they are produced. that accumulate on the site where they are produced. Solid waste includes domestic, commercial, industrial, Solid waste includes domestic, commercial, industrial, agriculture, and mining waste. Solid waste are primarily agriculture, and mining waste. Solid waste are primarily non toxic.non toxic.

HAZARDOUS AND TOXIC WASTEHAZARDOUS AND TOXIC WASTE

Hazardous and toxic waste are injurious to both human Hazardous and toxic waste are injurious to both human health and environmental quality so it must be recycled health and environmental quality so it must be recycled or detoxified. Hazardous and toxic waste are fatal to or detoxified. Hazardous and toxic waste are fatal to humans and animals, humans and animals, carcinogeniccarcinogenic, , mutagenicmutagenic or or teratogenicteratogenic, , ignitableignitable , ,corrosivecorrosive and and explosive.explosive.

WASTE STREAM AND ITS WASTE STREAM AND ITS COMPONENTCOMPONENT

The waste stream is a term that describe the The waste stream is a term that describe the steady flow of varied waste. It is the final resting steady flow of varied waste. It is the final resting place of place of toxic toxic and and non toxicnon toxic wastes. Waste wastes. Waste stream is the combination of organic material, stream is the combination of organic material, food waste, junked car, worn out furniture, news food waste, junked car, worn out furniture, news paper, magazines, metal, glass, plastic food and paper, magazines, metal, glass, plastic food and beverage container, wood, concrete, bricks, beverage container, wood, concrete, bricks, spray paint can, pesticides, batteries, cleaning spray paint can, pesticides, batteries, cleaning solvent, smoke detector, pcbs and plastic that solvent, smoke detector, pcbs and plastic that produce dioxins. Waste stream is the source of produce dioxins. Waste stream is the source of valuable resource but due to improper disposal valuable resource but due to improper disposal methods valuable things are mixed and crushed methods valuable things are mixed and crushed with the toxic material.with the toxic material.

WASTE DISPOSAL METHODSWASTE DISPOSAL METHODS

OPEN DUMPSOPEN DUMPS

It release the hazardous and toxic It release the hazardous and toxic material in to the air and water. material in to the air and water. Most developed countries forbid Most developed countries forbid the open dumping but illegal the open dumping but illegal dumping is still a problem. It is a dumping is still a problem. It is a dominant method of waste dominant method of waste disposal in the developing disposal in the developing countries.countries.

OCEAN DUMPINGOCEAN DUMPING

It is a chronic problem It is a chronic problem and it is nearly and it is nearly uncontrollable.uncontrollable.

LANDFILLSLANDFILLS

Historically it was a convenient and Historically it was a convenient and inexpensive waste disposal method but inexpensive waste disposal method but now a days it become less convenient and now a days it become less convenient and more expensive method. Rising land more expensive method. Rising land prices , shipping costs as well as prices , shipping costs as well as increasingly demanding landfill increasingly demanding landfill construction and maintenance construction and maintenance requirements are making this a more requirements are making this a more expensive method. expensive method.

SANITARY LANDFILLSSANITARY LANDFILLS

In the sanitary landfill In the sanitary landfill waste disposal is waste disposal is regulated and controlled regulated and controlled and refuse is covered and refuse is covered with a layer of dirt .An with a layer of dirt .An impermeable clay or impermeable clay or plastic lining underlies to plastic lining underlies to prevent the seepage of prevent the seepage of toxic material in to the toxic material in to the ground water.ground water.

SECURE LANDFILLSSECURE LANDFILLS

The first line of defense in The first line of defense in the secure land fills is the the secure land fills is the compacted clay layer in compacted clay layer in the bottom which is the bottom which is impermeable to the impermeable to the ground water and safely ground water and safely contain the waste. A layer contain the waste. A layer of gravel is spread over of gravel is spread over the clay liner and the clay liner and perforated drains pipes perforated drains pipes are laid in a grid to collect are laid in a grid to collect any seepage that escape.any seepage that escape.

EXPORTING WASTEEXPORTING WASTE

Industrialized nations in the world export Industrialized nations in the world export the hazardous and toxic waste to the less the hazardous and toxic waste to the less develop countries . Although the develop countries . Although the industrialized nation agreed to stop industrialized nation agreed to stop shipping hazardous and toxic waste to the shipping hazardous and toxic waste to the less develop country but the practice still less develop country but the practice still continued .continued .

INCINERATIONINCINERATION

It is a type of waste disposal method in It is a type of waste disposal method in which hazardous and toxic waste is burnt which hazardous and toxic waste is burnt this technology is also known as energy this technology is also known as energy recovery or conversion of waste into recovery or conversion of waste into energy the steam generated in incineration energy the steam generated in incineration process is converted into electrical energy.process is converted into electrical energy.

Types of incineratorTypes of incinerator

Refuse derived fuelRefuse derived fuel : : In In this process refuse is this process refuse is sorted and burnable and sorted and burnable and unburnable material are unburnable material are separated from each separated from each other before combustion.other before combustion.

Mass burnMass burn : In this : In this process each and every process each and every thing is burnt present in thing is burnt present in the waste stream.the waste stream.

CONCERN ABOUT CONCERN ABOUT INCINERATION PROCESSINCINERATION PROCESS

The incinerator ash contain high level of The incinerator ash contain high level of dioxin, lead ,cadmium and other toxic dioxin, lead ,cadmium and other toxic material which is threat for environmental material which is threat for environmental contamination. Incineration process contamination. Incineration process produces energy but also causes pollution. produces energy but also causes pollution.

Shrinking the waste streamShrinking the waste stream

RECYCLINGRECYCLING

It is the It is the re processingre processing of discarded of discarded materials into the new useful products materials into the new useful products in some recycling process reuse the in some recycling process reuse the material for the same purpose but material for the same purpose but some recycling process turn old some recycling process turn old material into entirely new productsmaterial into entirely new products . .

Benefits of recyclingBenefits of recycling

It save money, energy, raw material and land It save money, energy, raw material and land space while also reducing pollution . It space while also reducing pollution . It encourage the individual awareness and encourage the individual awareness and responsibility for the refuse produce it also responsibility for the refuse produce it also reduces the volume of waste stream and litter. it reduces the volume of waste stream and litter. it also reduces our demand for raw resources . also reduces our demand for raw resources .

Drawbacks of recyclingDrawbacks of recycling Contamination is the problem associated with Contamination is the problem associated with

the recycling . A principle obstacle to the the recycling . A principle obstacle to the recycling is weak or unstable markets for recycling is weak or unstable markets for recycled plastic, paper, and other materials .recycled plastic, paper, and other materials .

COMPOSTINGCOMPOSTING

It is a large scale It is a large scale recycling which allow recycling which allow aerobic decomposition of aerobic decomposition of the organic debris and the organic debris and converted into a nutrient converted into a nutrient rich soil amendment . rich soil amendment . Compost is a useful Compost is a useful material but its market material but its market value is low.value is low.

DEMANUFACTURINGDEMANUFACTURING

It is an additional strategy to reduce the It is an additional strategy to reduce the waste stream.It is necessary for the waste stream.It is necessary for the appliancesappliances and electronic waste such and electronic waste such as TV sets , computers, refrigerators, as TV sets , computers, refrigerators, air conditioners, cell phones, printers. air conditioners, cell phones, printers. Demanufacturing is a key to reducing Demanufacturing is a key to reducing the environmental cost of electronic the environmental cost of electronic waste and appliances .waste and appliances .

ReusingReusing

Reusing is more efficient than recycling Reusing is more efficient than recycling and it is the reuse of materials in their and it is the reuse of materials in their present form it also save the cost and present form it also save the cost and energy of remaking the reusable energy of remaking the reusable refillable bottle is the most efficient refillable bottle is the most efficient beverage container we have . This is beverage container we have . This is better for the environment than better for the environment than remelting and more profitable for the remelting and more profitable for the local community.local community.

superfundsuperfund

It is a revolving fund to finance the cleanup of some of our worst It is a revolving fund to finance the cleanup of some of our worst

hazardous waste sites . The superfund was established by the hazardous waste sites . The superfund was established by the comprehensive environmental response , compensation , and liability comprehensive environmental response , compensation , and liability act (CERCLA) of 1980act (CERCLA) of 1980 . Many sites on the superfund's national priority . Many sites on the superfund's national priority list are abandoned factories or dumps without this fund , sites would list are abandoned factories or dumps without this fund , sites would languish for years or decades while the courts decided who was languish for years or decades while the courts decided who was responsible to pay for the cleanup . This fund was financed by taxes responsible to pay for the cleanup . This fund was financed by taxes on producers of toxic and hazardous waste . Industries opposed this on producers of toxic and hazardous waste . Industries opposed this tax because the current manufacturers are not responsible for the tax because the current manufacturers are not responsible for the original contamination . In 1995 the congress agreed to lead the tax original contamination . In 1995 the congress agreed to lead the tax

expireexpire . .

BrownfieldBrownfield

It is the large area of contaminated properties that have been It is the large area of contaminated properties that have been abandoned or not being used up to their potential because of abandoned or not being used up to their potential because of suspected pollution . For years no one was interested in suspected pollution . For years no one was interested in redeveloping the brownfields because of liability risk . It present both redeveloping the brownfields because of liability risk . It present both liability and opportunity. Who would buy a property knowing that liability and opportunity. Who would buy a property knowing that they might be forced to spend years in litigation and negotiation and they might be forced to spend years in litigation and negotiation and be forced to pay millions of dollars for the pollution they did not be forced to pay millions of dollars for the pollution they did not create . Even if a site has been cleaned to the current standard create . Even if a site has been cleaned to the current standard there is worry that the additional pollution might be found in the there is worry that the additional pollution might be found in the future . Some experts recommended that the best solution is to future . Some experts recommended that the best solution is to simply cover the surface with clean soil and enclosed the property simply cover the surface with clean soil and enclosed the property with fence to keep the people out . The reusing contaminated with fence to keep the people out . The reusing contaminated properties can play a significant role in rebuilding old cities and properties can play a significant role in rebuilding old cities and creating jobs and preventing the needless destruction of open space creating jobs and preventing the needless destruction of open space ..

Processing of hazardous wasteProcessing of hazardous waste

Hazardous waste must be processed . We can reduce the waste Hazardous waste must be processed . We can reduce the waste

generation in our home by choosing less toxic materials. buy only generation in our home by choosing less toxic materials. buy only those things which we need. those things which we need.

PRODUCE LESS WASTEPRODUCE LESS WASTE

The safest and least expensive way to avoid the hazardous waste The safest and least expensive way to avoid the hazardous waste problem is to avoid creating the waste in the first place . problem is to avoid creating the waste in the first place . Manufacturing process can be modified to reduce or eliminate the Manufacturing process can be modified to reduce or eliminate the waste production . Recycling and reusing also eliminate the pollution waste production . Recycling and reusing also eliminate the pollution and hazardous waste . Many waste products of one process or and hazardous waste . Many waste products of one process or industry are valuable commodity in another. industry are valuable commodity in another.

CONVERT TO LESS HAZARDOUS CONVERT TO LESS HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES SUBSTANCES

There are several process available to convert the hazardous There are several process available to convert the hazardous substances to less toxic substances Physical treatment isolate the substances to less toxic substances Physical treatment isolate the substance. charcoal absorb toxin. Distillation separate the substance. charcoal absorb toxin. Distillation separate the hazardous component from the aqueous solution . Precipitation and hazardous component from the aqueous solution . Precipitation and immobilization in ceramics , glass , or cement isolate toxin from the immobilization in ceramics , glass , or cement isolate toxin from the environment so that they become essentially non hazardous . One environment so that they become essentially non hazardous . One of the few ways to dispose of metal and radioactive material is to of the few ways to dispose of metal and radioactive material is to fuse them in silica at high temperature to make a stable and fuse them in silica at high temperature to make a stable and permeable glass that is suitable for long term storage . Incineration permeable glass that is suitable for long term storage . Incineration is a quick way to dispose of many kinds of hazardous waste . is a quick way to dispose of many kinds of hazardous waste . Chemical processing transform the material into non toxic form . Chemical processing transform the material into non toxic form . Chemical processing include neutralization , removal of metal or Chemical processing include neutralization , removal of metal or halogen and oxidation . Biological processing include halogen and oxidation . Biological processing include bioremediationbioremediation , , phytoremediationphytoremediation and and biodegradationbiodegradation etc. etc.

Store permanentlyStore permanently

There are various materials that can not be destroyed completely . We There are various materials that can not be destroyed completely . We have to store them properly . There are various methods to store the have to store them properly . There are various methods to store the waste material .waste material .

Retrievable storageRetrievable storage

Retrievable storage mean placing the waste storage container in a Retrievable storage mean placing the waste storage container in a secure building, salt mine, or bed rock cavern where they can be secure building, salt mine, or bed rock cavern where they can be

inspected periodically and retrievedinspected periodically and retrieved . .

Toxic substances in our homeToxic substances in our home Bug spray Bug spray Weed killers Weed killers Insect poison Insect poison Mercury thermometers Mercury thermometers Nickel cadmium batteries Nickel cadmium batteries Paints with lead or mercury Paints with lead or mercury Hair spray Hair spray Gasoline fuel oil and brake fluid Gasoline fuel oil and brake fluid Furniture polish Furniture polish Metal cleaner Metal cleaner Paint thinner Paint thinner Glue with solvent Glue with solvent Nail polish remover Nail polish remover Fertilizers Fertilizers Glass cleaner Glass cleaner

Alternatives to hazardous house Alternatives to hazardous house hold chemicalshold chemicals

Chrome cleaner use vinegar Chrome cleaner use vinegar Copper cleaner lemon juice Copper cleaner lemon juice Furniture polish rub in oliveFurniture polish rub in oliveCeramic tile cleaner baking soda Ceramic tile cleaner baking soda Pest control soap and water Pest control soap and water

solutionsolution

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