Solenaceous Crops II • Root-knot nematode • Bacterial Spot • Blossom End Rot/Sun Scald Jan 26, 2009 **Not all images created by J. Bond**
Mar 27, 2015
Solenaceous Crops II
• Root-knot nematode
• Bacterial Spot
• Blossom End Rot/Sun Scald
Jan 26, 2009
**Not all images created by J. Bond**
Root Knot Nematode
• CROP: Tomato, Pepper, virtually all plants• PATHOGENS: • Meloidogyne incognita – Southern Root-knot
nematode• M. hapla - Northern Root-knot nematode• M. arenaria - Peanut Root-knot nematode
• DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide, IL
Pathogen Description
• Parasitic Roundworms
• Early juvenile and Male stages are vermiform
• Extreme Sexual Dimorphism
• Female nematode is pear-shaped with egg masses attached at maturity
Disease Symptoms
- above ground: plants are stunted with some yellowing and severely affected plants may wilt
- root system: galls are formed on primary and secondary roots; galls become large and are very obvious
Disease Symptoms
Disease Symptoms
Sedentary endoparasite
Males can be rare, reproduction by amphimixis and parthenogenesis
Life cycle is 3 weeks to several months depending on environment, 4-5 cycles per growing season
400 μm
Pathogen Description
Uses its stylet to pierce cell walls to excrete enzymes for infection and feeding
After feeding for a few days, females release eggs in gelatinous matrix
Pathogen Description
Southern Root Knot Nematode
Not detectedDetectedDetected on soybeanStill counting
Host Crops in IllinoisRow Crops
Corn, Soybean, Wheat, Oats, Barley, Sunflower, Canola, Buckwheat, Pasture Grasses
Vegetable Crops
Asparagus, Beans and Peas, Beet, Carrot, and Parsnip, Cole Crops (Broccoli, Cabbage, Collards, etc.), Cucurbit Crops (Cucumber, Melons, Pumpkin, Squash), Lettuce, Spinach, and Other Greens, Onions, Garlic, and Leeks, Potatoes, Sweet Corn, Sweet Potatoes, Tomatoes, Peppers, and Eggplant
Fruit Crops
Apples, Blueberries, Brambles (Blackberries and Raspberries), Grapes, Peaches, Strawberries
Virtually all ornamental plants
Conditions for Disease Development:
- the nematode has a wide host range; it can also survive as dormant eggs a few months.
- warm temperatures and light sandy soils are conducive for development.
Pathogen Life Cycle
FemaleEgg mass
Control Measures
Use resistant cultivars; some populations may overcome resistance.
Practice crop rotation.
Use of soil fumigants or soil nematicides are effective for control.
Germplasm Evaluation
Disease: Bacterial SpotCROP: Pepper, tomato, and many other crops
PATHOGEN: Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (strain specific)
DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide - IL
PATHOGEN DESCRIPTION: Gram-negative rod
DISEASE SYMPTOMSAffects leaves, fruit, and stems
On leaves lesions begin as small water-soaked spots that remain small and become necrotic with a chlorotic border. Lesions may be sunken on the upper surface and raised on the lower surface.
On fruit raised, dark colored lesions are wart-like in appearance
On stems and petioles lesions appear as elongated necrotic spots or streaks
Heavily infected leaves turn yellow and drop resulting in severe defoliation
Disease Symptoms
Disease Symptoms
Conditions for Disease Development
Bacterium is seedborne and can survive in infected crop debris
Many strains attack both tomato and pepper.
Disease is enhanced by overhead water, heavy dew formation, and high temperatures.
Control Measures
Use pathogen-free seed and disease-free transplants
Crop rotation
Resistant cultivars are becoming available, but may not be resistant to all strains
Copper and copper + maneb sprays reduce damage
Rain shelters may reduce disease severity during heavy rainfall periods
Physiological Disorders
BLOSSOM END ROT - Calcium deficiency and water imbalance
DISEASE SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS:
A water-soaked lesion develops on the fruit lobe near the blossom end. The lesion desiccates, turns tan or brown, and becomes leathery in appearance. Saprophytic fungi and soft rot bacteria may invade the lesions.
Symptoms and Signs
Disease Symptoms
Conditions for Disease Development
Soils with low calcium levels
Excessive or deficient soil moisture and high temperatures
Excessive nitrogen levels and root damage by cultivation enhance blossom end rot development
Control Measures
Application of limestone to low pH soils and gypsum (calcium sulfate) to high pH soils with low calcium levels.
Good water management and proper nitrogen applications
Avoid cultivation near the plant that causes root damage
Sunscald - Fruit exposure to direct sunlight
DISEASE SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS:Pod wall tissue looses turger and rapidly dehydrates forming a papery,
bleached lesion on the side exposed to the sun. Discoloration may occur later as secondary organisms invade.
CONDITIONS FOR DISEASE DEVELOPMENT:- bright sun and exposure of fruit due to limb breakage by wind,
cultivation, or harvest Mature green fruit are most susceptible.
CONTROL MEASURES:- care in harvesting and cultivation not to damage the plants.- selection of cultivars with good foliage coverage.
Disease Symptoms