Solar Cooling, Dehumidification and Air Conditioning Technion – Israel Institute of Technology 1 SOLAR-POWERED COOLING, DEHUMIDIFICATION AND AIR CONDITIONING Prof. Gershon Grossman Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technion, Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000, ISRAEL November 2010
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Solar Cooling, Dehumidification and Air Conditioning Technion – Israel Institute of Technology 1
SOLAR-POWERED COOLING, DEHUMIDIFICATION
AND AIR CONDITIONING
Prof. Gershon Grossman
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Technion, Israel Institute of Technology
Haifa 32000, ISRAEL
November 2010
Solar Cooling, Dehumidification and Air Conditioning Technion – Israel Institute of Technology 2
Demand for Air Conditioning
in the World is on the rise…
• Climate change and Global Warming
• Increased standard of living
• Demand for comfort • European countries with no A/C tradition: “12 participants
(national energy agencies, manufacturing experts, university
labs, electric utilities) from 8 countries including the EU
manufacturer’s association EUROVENT gathered to identify
suitable measures to transform the Central Air Conditioning
market in the direction of Energy Efficiency” (EU Report, 2003)
Solar Cooling, Dehumidification and Air Conditioning Technion – Israel Institute of Technology 3
Demand for A/C associated with
increased demand for primary energy…
• Solar Cooling can Alleviate the Problem
• Closed-cycle systems: Absorption,
Adsorption, Jet-cooling….
• Open-cycle systems: Liquid desiccant,
Solid sorption
Solar Cooling, Dehumidification and Air Conditioning Technion – Israel Institute of Technology 4
Solar Cooling System
Solar Cooling, Dehumidification and Air Conditioning Technion – Israel Institute of Technology 5
Solar Cooling/ Air Conditioning
TA TH
QH
QL QA1
QA2
TA TL
Heat
Engine
Heat
Pump
W
• Heat Pump driven by
Heat Engine
• Absorption/Adsorption
Heat Pump
Solar Cooling, Dehumidification and Air Conditioning Technion – Israel Institute of Technology 6
Chemical Heat Pump Principle
NH3
H2O
+NH3 NH3
H2O
+NH3
Tpure = Tsolution
Ppure > Psolution
Tpure < Tsolution
Ppure = Psolution
Tsolution-Tpure=Temperature Lift
Solar Cooling, Dehumidification and Air Conditioning Technion – Israel Institute of Technology 7
Absorption Heat Pump Principle
Desorber
Absorber
QM2
QH
Evaporator
Condenser
Comp
QL
QM1
W
Solar Cooling, Dehumidification and Air Conditioning Technion – Israel Institute of Technology 8
Single-Effect LiBr-H2O Absorption Chiller
Solar Cooling, Dehumidification and Air Conditioning Technion – Israel Institute of Technology 9
Prototype 50 TR (175 kW) Solar
Absorption Cooling System, Tadiran ASD
Solar Cooling, Dehumidification and Air Conditioning Technion – Israel Institute of Technology 10
Tadiran ASD Solar Cooling Project
Solar Cooling, Dehumidification and Air Conditioning Technion – Israel Institute of Technology 11
200 TR (700 kW) Solar Absorption Cooling
System at Tel-Hashomer Hospital, Israel
Solar Cooling, Dehumidification and Air Conditioning Technion – Israel Institute of Technology 12
Absorption Working Fluid Pairs
• NH3-H2O
• H2O-LiBr
• Other absorbents for NH3 and H2O
• Organic absorbents for CFC/HCFC
• Ternary mixtures
• Additives – anti-corrosion, enhanced heat transfer
Solar Cooling, Dehumidification and Air Conditioning Technion – Israel Institute of Technology 13
Absorption Systems –
first cooling machines in History
• Chemical Heat Pumps – as early as 18th century
• First continuously operating refrigerators – Edmond and
Ferdinand Carrè ~1860
• Gas-fired NH3-H2O domestic refrigerators up till ww2
• Large-scale H2O-LiBr chillers powered by waste heat and
solar
• Multi-effect gas-fired chillers for A/C ~1980’s and on
• Domestic NH3-H2O heat pump development
Solar Cooling, Dehumidification and Air Conditioning Technion – Israel Institute of Technology 14
Absorption Multi-Staging
• Staging required
to benefit from hi-
temp heat source
• Double-effect
chillers: Series
and parallel
connections
•Triple-effect
systems
•Cascading
Solar Cooling, Dehumidification and Air Conditioning Technion – Israel Institute of Technology 15
Multi-Staging allows improved performance
with high heat source temperatures
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
50 100 150 200 250
Heat Supply Temperature (oC)
CO
P
Carnot
1-effect
2-effect
3-effect
Chilled Water: 7.0oC
Cooling Water: 30.0oC
Solar Cooling, Dehumidification and Air Conditioning Technion – Israel Institute of Technology 16
Research Needs
• Advanced cycles
• Advanced fluids
• Heat and mass transfer in absorption/desorption
• System simulation
Solar Cooling, Dehumidification and Air Conditioning Technion – Israel Institute of Technology 17
ABSIM Modular Simulation Tool for Absorption and
other Thermal Systems
• User-oriented, modular and flexible
• Evaluate different cycle configurations and
working fluids
• Evaluate system performance in off-design
conditions
• Perform preliminary design optimization
• Check control strategies
Solar Cooling, Dehumidification and Air Conditioning Technion – Israel Institute of Technology 18
ABSIM - Program Structure
S OLVER 1. Condition set of equations 2. App ly constraints 3. Solve system of equations
MAIN PRO GRAM 1. Interp ret inp ut 2. Form variable vector 3. Link units and form equations martix 4. Normalize 5. Activate solver