Solar energy resource intro

7/31/2019 Solar energy resource intro

1/117


2/117

2

COURSE INFO

Code : MEC655

Course :

Contact Hrs: 3 (L) & 1 (PBL) / weeks

Course Status : SPECIAL TOPICS


3/117

3

Course Outcomes

Upon Completion of this course, students should beable to :

CO1 Compare energy efficiency and renewable energy approaches

to the reduction in the use of fossil fuel. [PO1, LO1]{C4}.

CO2 Analyse principles of renewable energy systems to propose

possible solutions for real-life energy management issues

[PO3, LO3, SS1]{C5}.

CO3 Relate energy utilization and its impact on the environment.[PO9, LO6, SS4] {A3}.

CO4 Review literature and compile information related to

sustainable energy technologies. [PO10, LO7, SS5]{P5}.


4/117

3. Sustainable Energy Technologies Assessment

1. Solar Energy Systems:

2. Bio-mass Energy Systems

3. Hydro Energy Systems

4. Wind Energy Systems:

5. Geo-thermal.

6. Hydrogen fuel.

7. Waste heat recovery /harvest

8. Nuclear Energy.


5/117

3.0 RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES

Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural

resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal

heat, biomass etc. which are renewable (naturally

replenished).

In 2010, only about 18% of global final energy consumption

came from renewables (Ref: ).

The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that nearly

50% of global electricity supplies will need to come from

renewable energy sources in order to halve carbon dioxideemissions by 2050 and minimise significant, irreversible

climate change impacts


6/117


7/117


8/117


9/117


10/117

Global Trend : Investment in RE Techs
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Re_investment_1995-2007.jpg


11/117

Source : WEO 2009 IEA

Global Fuel Mix for Electricity


12/117

Malaysia Fuel Mix for Electricity

Source : http://www.teeam.com/st_paper_15july09.pdf


13/117


http://www.tnb.com.my


14/117

Malaysian Energy Policies

The Energy Policy of Malaysia is determined by the Malaysian

Government, which address issues of energy production,

distribution, and consumption. The Department of Electricity

and Gas Supply acts as the regulator while other players in the

energy sector include energy supply and service companies,research and development institutions and consumers.

Government-linkedcompanies, Petronas and TNB are major

players in Malaysia's energy sector.

Governmental agencies that contribute to the policy are theMinistry of Energy, Green Technology and Water (KeTTHA),

Energy Commission (Suruhanjaya Tenaga)), and the Malaysia

Energy Centre (Pusat Tenaga Malaysia).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government-owned_corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Commission_of_Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Commission_of_Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government-owned_corporation


15/117

The Governing Bodies

1. Ministry of Energy, Communications and Multimedia(Kementerian Tenaga, Komunikasi dan Multimedia) < 2004

2. Ministry of Energy, Water and Communications (Kementerian Tenaga, Air dan Komunikasi Malaysia) (KTAK) MAC 2004

3. Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water -

Kementerian Tenaga, Teknologi Hijau dan Air Malaysia (KeTTHA). April2009



16/117


Among the documents that the policy is based on are the

1974 Petroleum Development Act, 1975 National Petroleum

Policy, 1980 National Depletion Policy, 1990 Electricity Supply

Act, 1993 Gas Supply Acts, 1994 Electricity Regulations, 1997

Gas Supply Regulation and the 2001 Energy Commission Actetc


17/117


18/117


19/117


20/117

Sustainable development of the energy sector is important in ensurin

competitiveness of the economyEfforts will be undertaken to manage

both depletable and renewable energy resources to cater for the

demand of the economy;

To supplement the conventional supply of energy, new sources such

as renewable energy will be encouraged.Of these, biomass resources

such as oil palm and wood waste as well as rice husks, will be used on a

wider basis mainly for electricity generation. Other potential sources

include palm diesel and hydrogen fuel.

OPP3 (2001-2010)Statements on ENERGY SECTOR (infrastructure)


21/117


22/117

National Renewable Energy Policy

On June 10, 2010, the government announced the National

Renewable Energy Policy and Action Plan with a goal of

increasing renewable energy from 1% to 5.5% of electricity

supply by 2015.


23/117

Parliament debated on the Renewable Energy Act and the Actfor a Feed-in Tariff Implementing Agency in October 2010with the expectation that the program passed into law andlaunched in 2011. (Dec 2011 Renewable energy, feedin

Tariff launched)

The legislation will establish the Sustainable EnergyDevelopment Authority (SEDA) which will manage the feed-intariff program.


24/117


25/117


26/117

Achievement

9MP targeted the production of 350MW of grid-connected electricityfrom renewable sources, translating into 1.8% of electricity mix.

However, only 53MW was achieved by the end of 2009, or 15% of thetargeted capacity, he said.

The 10th Malaysia Plan (10MP) re-emphasised the use of renewableenergy to meet Malaysias growing energy demands, in particular hydropower for electricity generation and blending of biofuels for transportsector.

Two of the steps taken by the Government to help boost development inrenewable energy sector is the plan to implement a feed-in tariff

programme later this year and the mandatory blending of biofuels fortransport sector in 2011.

Source: The Star, 27th August 2010


27/117



28/117

http://www.teeam.com/st_paper_15july09.pdf


29/117

MALAYSIA RE Programes < 2009



30/117


31/117

Initiativeshttp://www.kettha.gov.my

Centre for Education and Training In Renewable Energy andEnergy Effiency (CETREE)

This project is a continuation of the centre for education andtraining in renewable energy and energy efficiency (CETREE)project that was implemented by the Malaysian Governmentin collaboration with DANIDA under the Malaysia-Danishenvironmental cooperation programme that began in 2000.The purpose of the project is to increase the level ofknowledge and awareness on the role and use of energy

efficiency in education. Through this project the concept ofrenewable energy and energy efficiency could be absorbedinto curricular activities in schools and universities.
http://www.kettha.gov.my/http://www.kettha.gov.my/http://www.kettha.gov.my/


32/117

The Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy or SCORE is a

new development corridor in central Sarawak was launched

on 11 February 2008. It is one of the five regional

development corridors being developed throughout the

country.


33/117

Renewable Energy Resources &

Systems


34/117

3.1Solar Energy Systems

Solar radiations data; Solar energy collection and

conversion, Storage and utilization; Solar heating and

cooling; Solar power generation; Refrigeration and

Air-conditioning; Solar Energy system Economics

Solar EnergyThe Official Journal of the International Solar

Energy Society
http://nl.sitestat.com/elsevier/elsevier-com/s?ScienceDirect&ns_type=clickout&ns_url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/0038092X


35/117

Solar Radiation


36/117

SOLAR Radiation


37/117

37

The electromagnetic spectrum

The heat radiated by a body is comprised of a range offrequencies.

Thermal radiation is defined as the portion of thespectrum between: 10-7 and 10-4 m.

Visible light is the portion of the spectrum between:3.9x10-7 and 7.8x10-7 m.

Solar radiation is the portion of the spectrum between: 10-5

and 3x10-6

m.

Electromagnetic waves transport energy and travel at thespeed of light.

c0= 2.9979 x 108 m/s


38/117

38

Thermal radiation (10-7 to 10-4 m)

(3.9x10

-7

to 7.8x10

-7

m)

The electromagnetic spectrum

Solar radiation(10-5 to 3x10-6 m)


39/117


40/117


41/117

The Potentials of Solar Energy

Solar energy represents an abundant and unlimited resource, which

theoreticallycould supply all the worlds energy demand. The Earths' surface receives so much solar energy from the sun everyday,

that if this energy is harnessed for even just 60 seconds, it would be enough

to power the world's total energy requirements for a year

The Sun radiates energy at 3.91026 W, but energy received at the outer

atmosphere of Earth is 1368W/m2. This value varies in 1.7% due tochanges in the EarthSun distance

The maximum radiation is received during a sunny day, where 90% of the

extraterrestrial radiation become direct radiation while the rest are being

deflected as diffuse radiation, while conversely, on a cloudy day, nearly all

of the solar radiation is diffused Although solar energy is sufficient to meet the entire energy needs of the

world, currently it is not economical to do so because of the low

concentration of solar energy on earth ( W/m2) and the high capital cost of

harnessing it due to low conversion efficiency.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Solar_land_area.png


42/117
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Solar_land_area.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Solar_land_area.png


43/117


44/117

Typical Solar variation (temperate regions)


45/117

A tropical country such as Malaysia is generally hot all year around and

experiences its rainy season during the end of the year. With an average of

12 h of sunshine daily, the average solar energy received is between 1400

and 1900kWh/m2 annually.

Although Malaysia has high potential in solar electricity generation, the

present initiatives and efforts are lower than the countrys actual

potential.

Currently, the solar energy conversion status in Malaysia is 1 MW, and its

estimated potential can reach more than 6500 MW [14].


46/117

Solar Energy Technologies

Solar Energy Technologies are characterized by how Solar energy could be

harnessed, either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they

capture, convert and distribute solar energy.

Active solar technologies increase the supply of energy and are

considered supply side technologies, while passive solar technologies

reduce the need for alternate resources and are generally considereddemand side technologies

Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy


47/117

Active Solar Techniques

Active solar techniques include the use ofphotovoltaic (PV) panels , solar

thermal collectors and concentrating solar power to harness the energy.

Other than PV systems, Active solar energy systems collect, store and

distribute solar energy by use of mechanical devices such as pumps or

fans. When air or water is warmed by the sun, the active system circulates

the warmer air or water, replacing the medium in the collection devicewith cool water or air, which is then warmed and cycled through the

system again.


48/117

Passive Solar Techniques

Passive solar energy systems harness the sun's light and heat directly,

without employing devices to capture and convert it to electricity include

orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal

mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally

circulate air.

One example of passive solar energy is the placement of windows to allowoptimal amounts of sunlight into a room or building, both lighting and

heating the area without the need for an external energy source.

Passive solar energy can also be used, within a building, to create air

currents, which work with the ventilation system to cool as well as provide

heat.


49/117

3.1.1 Photovoltaics (PV)

Photovoltaics (PV) is a method of generating electrical power byconverting solar radiation into direct current electricity usingsemiconductors that exhibit the photovoltaic effect. Photovoltaic solarcells convert solar energy into electricity by using photons of light to knockelectrons into a higher state of energy.

A solar power cell consists of two layers of this treated silicon. The bottomlayer is positively charged (P-type) and the top layer is negatively charged(N-type).

The two layers form an electric field between them which only allows theelectrons to flow from the P-type silicon to the N-type silicon.

When the solar power cell is part of an external circuit, this will allow it to

generate solar electricity when light strikes the top silicon surface Materials presently used for photovoltaics include monocrystalline silicon,

polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, and copperindium selenide/sulfide.


50/117


51/117

..Photovoltaics (PV)

Photovoltaic power generation employs solar panels comprising a numberof cells containing a photovoltaic material

Photovoltaic systems are more versatile than other solar energy systems

and their popularity among solar power researchers and enthusiasts has

created a faster rate of advancement and development.

Photovoltaic solar energy systems are used in consumer, commercial and

industrial applications, which use the direct production of electricity to

power lights, cooling systems, ventilation and many other applications.

Due to the growing demand for renewable energy sources, the

manufacturing of solar cells and photovoltaic arrays has advanced

considerably in recent years.


52/117

Solar PV

PV cells are often grouped in theform of modules to produce

arrays which have the capability to

produce a significant power


53/117
http://smallcapworld.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/solar-farm.jpghttp://alternate-power.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/solar-genpanel.jpg


54/117

Types of Solar PV

Most solar panels can be classified as : monocrystalline, polycrystalline oramorphous based on the silicon structure that comprises the cell.

Different panels use different materials that display the photovoltaic

effect.

Each has different sensitivity to light and temperature and may have

different cell designs which affect the overall look

Solar panel efficiency is still only about 13-18% efficient in turning sunlight

into electricity.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Polycristalline-silicon-wafer_20060626_568.jpghttp://www.solars-china.com/solars/monocrystalline-solar-panel.pdf


55/117

Monocrystalline Solar Module

Polycrystalline silicon solar module

Thin Film Amorphous Solar Panels
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Polycristalline-silicon-wafer_20060626_568.jpghttp://www.solars-china.com/solars/monocrystalline-solar-panel.pdf


56/117


57/117


58/117


59/117

Monocrystalline PV panels

Made from a single silicon crystal.

The most efficient commercially viable panels producing the highest

wattage per square metre though more expensive, thanpolycrystalline types. Hence not necessarily the first choice forevery home

Very slow degradation, generally losing 0.25 - 0.5% per year

The lifespan of a monocrystalline cell is a minimum of 25 years andcan be upto 50, i.e. worthwhile investment for long term use.

The average size 180 W panel is about 160cm length, 80 cm inwidth, 3cm high, and weighs 15kg with its aluminum frame.

Extremely fragile,that means a rigid mounting is a must

Don't perform as well as other panels in shady conditions or at hightemperatures

costlier than polycrystalline options, but their longevity,performance, and efficiency mean that theyre a good buy over alonger period of time

P l t lli PV l


60/117

Polycrystalline PV panels

Similar to mono-crystalline panels, but the silicon used has a differentstructure which is easier to make and therefore cheaper to buy and installthan mono-crystalline panels.

perform a bit better in high temperatures.

Poly-crystallines are slightly less efficient, so more panels may be needed forthe same output.

Amorphous PV panels

Less expensive than the crystalline panels. If space is not an issue, than an

amorphous panel could be a great option. Perform better than crystalline panels in very hot temperatures and are alsoslightly more tolerant of partial shading.

The production process is more energy efficient than the other panel varietiesso the panels are generally cheaper to make and to purchase. Their lightweight makes them suitable for curved structures.

They have a lower energy generation efficiency, so the panel is typically nearlydouble the size than the other panel varieties

Thin film has improved shade and temperature tolerances over both monoand poly and has better embodied energy rates than both.


61/117

PV R&D..


62/117


63/117


64/117

Types of PV Solar Energy Systems

PV Stand-Alone (off-grid) Systems These are designed to operate independent of the electric utility grid, and

are generally designed and sized to supply certain DC and/or AC electrical

loads. Stand-alone off-grid systems can be applied to remote homes, lighting,

TV, computers, water pumps and greenhouse ventilation systems

The output of an off-grid system is entirely dependent upon the intensity ofthe sun. The more intense the sun exposure, the greater the output. The

electricity generated is used immediately, so the system must function on

direct current and variable power output

The simplest type of stand-alone system is a direct-coupled system, where

the DC output of a solar module or array is directly connected to a DC load. If a certain power output guarantee is required at any time of the day or

night, either some kind of storage device is necessary. Most off-grid systems

use batteries to store power during periods of low to no sunlight .


65/117

Stand Alone System:

Main Components


66/117


67/117
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/TicketParkingMeter.jpg


68/117

PV Stand Alone Systems

Stand-Alone Off-Grid PV Hybrid Systems
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/TicketParkingMeter.jpg


69/117

The systems may be powered by a solar array only or may be combined with another energy

supply such as wind turbine, propane or a diesel generator as an auxiliary power source in

what is called a solar-hybrid system (see hybrid systems). To meet the largest power requirements in an off-grid location, the PV system can be

configured with a small diesel generator. This means that the PV system no longer has to be

sized to cope with the worst sunlight conditions available during the year. Use of the diesel

generator for back-up power is minimized during the sunniest part of the year to reduce fuel

and maintenance costs.


70/117

PV G id C t d S t


71/117

PV Grid-Connected Systems

In grid-connected or grid-tied systems, solar energy is used during the day by

the system owner. At night, the user draws on the previously establishedelectricity grid.

An addition benefit of the grid-tied system is that the solar system does notneed to be sized to meet peak loadsoverages can be drawn from the grid.

Surplus energy generated during the day can be exported back to the grid.

Grid-connected systems must meet utility requirements. For example,

inverters must not emit noise that can interfere with equipment reception. Grid-connected systems can be applied to residential installations

PV Stand-Alone Grid-Tied Systems

Stand-alone grid-connected systems are the same as grid-connected systems,except with battery storage added to allow power to be generated even if theelectricity grid fails.

Stand-alone grid-tied systems can be applied to residential and businesssystems that require uninterrupted power

PV Grid-Connected System


72/117

A "Grid-tie" solar system is useful for homes that are already connected to

the utility grid. The advantage of this type of system is the price reductionof utility. The system has to be wired with an inverter that produces pure-

sine-wave AC electricity, which is necessary for connecting to the utility

grid.


73/117

BIPV (Building Intergrated PV)


74/117

PUSAT TENAGA MALAYSIA (PTM)

The PTM Green Energy Office (GEO) Building is the office for the PusatTenaga Malaysia (Malaysia Energy Centre.The GEO building is a pilot project to demonstrate the use of green buildingdesign and the integration of energy efficiency and renewable energy


75/117

PUSAT TENAGA MALAYSIA (PTM)

PV Solar Power Plant


76/117

PV Solar Power Plant Commercial solar panel efficiency is still only about 13-18% efficient in

turning sunlight into electricity. Therefor Photovoltaic power generation

plant employs large number of solar panels to generate sufficient power. Example : 11 MW solar power plant in Portugal

3 1 2 Solar Thermal Energy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SolarPowerPlantSerpa.jpg


77/117

3.1.2 Solar Thermal Energy

Solar thermal energy (STE) utilizes solar thermal collectors tocollect heat, which can then be transferred to air and water-

heating systems.

STE collectors are similar to photovoltaic collectors in

appearance, but operate by collecting and distributing heatthrough fluid-filled pipes to provide solar space heating and

solar water heating.


78/117

Solar Water Heating

3.1.3 Concentrating Solar Power (thermal solar)


79/117

g ( ) Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems utilize lenses, mirrors and

tracking systems to focus large amounts of sunlight into smaller areas. The

focused sunlight can then be used either as a direct source of heat, or to

boost the effectiveness of photovoltaic systems.


80/117


81/117

Thermal Solar Power Plant


82/117
http://www.greenpeace.org/international/ReSizes/OriginalWatermarked/Global/international/planet-2/image/2009/5/GP01QDJ.jpg


83/117

Concentrated solar power can also be stored long enough to produce

electricity at night, like the Andasol plant does in Spain.

i l
http://www.greenpeace.org/international/ReSizes/OriginalWatermarked/Global/international/planet-2/image/2009/5/GP01QDJ.jpg


84/117

3.1.4 Passive Polar Systems

Passive solar energy systems harness the sun's light and heatdirectly, without employing devices to capture and convert it

to electricity include orienting a building to the Sun.

Daylighting is simply designing a space to use as much natural

light as possible. This decreases energy consumption andcosts, and requires less heating and cooling from the building

A good daylighting design can save up to 75 %of the energy

used for electric lighting in a building.

Electric lights also generate significant heat in a building andby turning off or dimming the lights when not needed, 10 to

20 %of the energy used to cool a building can be saved ( -ve

for hot regions, +for cold regions)

l h


85/117

Day-lighting

KLIA d li hti


86/117

KLIA: day-lighting

P i S l H ti d i i t f b ildi d i i hi h th l


87/117

Passive Solar Heating design is an aspect of building design in which the solar

cycle is exploited in Winter to provide passive building heating for free. In

essence the heat of the Sun is 'captured' in Winter to provide building heat -

so known as designing for solar gain.

S l V til ti
http://www.ecowho.com/defn/s/Solar+Gain/54fb1http://www.ecowho.com/defn/s/Solar+Gain/54fb1


88/117

Solar Ventilation

3 1 5 S l li


89/117

3.1.5 Solar cooling

Solar cooling refers to any cooling system that uses solarpower. This can be done through passive solar, solar thermal

energy conversion and photovoltaic conversion.

Technologies available for solar-driven cooling include :

1) absorption systems .

2) desiccant cooling systems.

3) direct conversion cooling systems (PV)

Solar cooling


90/117

Solar cooling

3 1 6 Solar Systems Installation in Malaysia


91/117

3.1.6 Solar Systems Installation in Malaysiahttp://www.kettha.gov.my/en/content/solar-energy

Harnessing solar energy has been limited. The largest solar installations are solarwater heating systems in hotels, small food and beverage industries and uppermiddle class urban homes.

A third of the Government's total allocation of RM469 million for ruralelectrification programmes under the Seventh Malaysia Plan has been allocatedfor the provision of solar powered installations for rural and remote communities.

A 100 kWp Demonstration Photovoltaic Project was implemented under the

initiatives of the Ministry of Energy, Water and Communications, and the JapaneseGovernment, represented by NEDO in Marak Parak, Sabah. The project wascompleted in 1995. The project has given the necessary beginning for the effectiveand efficient transfer of technology in the field of PV power generation.

There is also a demonstration project 17,500 KWh per year 'Hybrid Solar PV -Diesel at Nature Education and Research Center (NERC) at Endau RompinNationalPark, Johor, Malaysia.

At the end of 2008, Malaysia had cumulative total installed and commissionedgrid-connected PV capacity of approximately 740 kWp and off-grid PV capacity of7-8 MWp. The off-grid PV applications serve mainly rural electrification and non-building structures and are almost fully funded by the Government of Malaysia

PUSAT TENAGA MALAYSIA (PTM) - BIPV**The


92/117

( ) ename has changed in 2011

The PTM Green Energy Office (GEO) / Zero Energy (ZEO) Building is theoffice for the Pusat Tenaga Malaysia (Malaysia Energy Centre.The GEO building is a pilot project to demonstrate the use of green buildingdesign and the integration of energy efficiency and renewable energy


93/117


94/117

Rural Electrification Projects
http://sarawaknews.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/p3150171-2.jpg


95/117
http://sarawaknews.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/p3150171-2.jpghttp://www.flickr.com/photos/wanhashim/4768690972/


96/117

Solar Farm in Kg. Kalabakan Sabah
http://img205.imageshack.us/img205/7396/bateri1.jpg


97/117

Rural Electrification Projects

MBIPV


98/117

MBIPV

Suria 1000 Programme. A national MBIPV programme SURIA 1000, targeting the

residential and commercial sector will establish the new BIPV market and will

provide direct opportunities to the public and industry to be involved in renewable

energy initiatives and environmental protection.

Suria 1000 Secretariat - MBIPV Project

Pusat Tenaga Malaysia

No. 2, Jalan 9/10, Persiaran Usahawan, Seksyen 9

43650 Bandar Baru Bangi

Selangor Darul EhsanEmail: suria1000(a)mbipv.net.my


99/117

http://www.mbipv.net.my/


100/117

The Suria 1000 programme allows houses and commercial buildings tobecome part of the countrys renewable energy initiative by producing

energy through solar power.


101/117

1. The MBPIV component that most benefit the public is Suria 1000. Here,

people can bid for PV system subsidies of up to 50%. This scheme has so

far given 30 house owners the rare opportunity of generating solar

power.

2. These developments will benefit from a 30% to 35% subsidy from the

Malaysian Building-Integrated Photovoltaic (MBIPV) project, which funds

PV systems for private dwellings, commercial buildings and housing

development, to promote solar energy. This scheme is implemented by

Pusat Tenaga Malaysia (PTM) and is partially sponsored by the United

Nations Development Programme/Global Environment Facility.

3. The MBIPV project also backed development of the Ministry of Energy,

Water and Communications Low Energy (LEO) Building and PTM Zero

Energy (ZEO) Building. Both structures have incorporated PV cells and

energy-conservation features.

4. Numerous workshops were also held to build up expertise in BIPV

technology, promote a local PV industry, and outline laws and policies

that will encoura e BIPV develo ment.

2008 Solar homes for Malaysia (The Star Tuesday July 8 2008 )


102/117

2008 Solar homes for Malaysia (The Star, Tuesday July 8, 2008 )

1. MBIPV funding support has led to a growing number of PV-equipped

buildings which serve as demonstration sites: the Sri Aman school inPetaling Jaya; shoplots in Damansara Uptown in Petaling Jaya; six

bungalow show units at Setia Eco Park in Shah Alam; Putrajaya Perdana

office in Putrajaya; a roof link bridge at Monash University in Bandar

Sunway, Selangor; and four bungalows at Precinct 16 in Putrajaya.

2. At Setia Eco Park in Shah Alam, Selangor, SP Setia is including PV systems in20 of the 39 bungalows, which are going for around RM1.58mil. The

5kilowatt peak (KWp) system cost over RM170,000 each and is expected to

generate RM150 worth of electricity every month.

3. In Precinct 16 of Putrajaya, developer Putrajana Perdana is offering PV

modules in 15 bungalows ranging in price from RM2.9mil to RM4mil. ThePV systems average around 5.4KWp each.

MBIPV Projects


103/117

MBIPV Projects

Location Sek. Men, Keb. St. John

Type Retrofitted School

Project By Green School CampaignCapacity 5.04 kWp

KANEKA GEA060 ( Thin Film). 60 Wp x 84 units

Start of Operation 22 December 2010


104/117

Location Private Bungalows, Bandar Eco Setia

Type Retrofitted Residential

Project By Suria For Developer

Capacity 10.29 kWp

Mitsubishi PV-AD 180MF5 (Polycrystalline)180Wp x 28Suntech STP 175S-24/Ac (Monocrsytalline)175Wp x 30

Fronius IG 60HV (2 units)

Start of

Operation

24 January 2011


105/117

Address:

Photovoltaic Monitoring Centre,

Research Innovations on Sustainable Energy,Institute Of Science, UiTM Malaysia,

Shah Alam, Selangor, MALAYSIA

http://pvmc.uitm.edu.my/pvmc2010/default.asp

3.1.7 Economics Assessment


106/117

The cost of home solar power systems have continued to change over the past decade due to

changing Government incentive schemes, technology advancements in panels manufacturing

and inverter efficiency, and suppliers in the market.

Cost considerations

The price of your solar PV system can be affected by variables including:

Government rebates and support schemes (these vary in each state)

Location

Number of panels

Orientation of panels

Type of panels

Type of inverter

System design and configuration

Shipping costs for equipment and parts Contractor installation costs

Removal of trees or other shading

Site preparation needs (for example, condition of roof or ground)

Structural engineering, architectural, and other professional services (for commercial systems)

Cost considerations


107/117

Cost considerations

It is also important to note that if you have a solar PV system installed,your electricity rates will change from an off peak tariff to a time-of-use

(TOU) tariff. This will particularly affect your dedicated off-peak loads, such

as hot water, space heating and air-conditioning.

You should check with your electricity retailer whether the benefits of the

time-of-use (TOU) tariff outweigh the benefits of staying on your off-peaktariff. This needs to be considered before your install your solar PV panels.

Government rebates such as Renewable Energy Certificates can be

deducted from these figures.

Example: Cost considerations


108/117

Example: Cost considerations

1 kW peak solar system generates around 1,600 kilowatt hours per year ina sunny climate and about 750 kilowatt hours per year in a cloudy climate.

A solar energy system can provide electricity 24 hours a day when thesolar electric modules are combined with batteries in one integratedenergy system.

Solar modules produce electricity even on cloudy days, usually around 10-

20% of the amount produced on sunny days. The typical components of a solar home system include the solar module,an inverter, a battery, a charge controller (sometimes known as aregulator), wiring, and support structure.

A typical silicon cell solar module will have a life in excess of 20 years

Monthly average residential consumption of electricity in Malaysia

is..kWh Monthly average residential electricity bill in the Malaysia is...

example


109/117

Your monthly usage 1500kWh

New Electricitytariff

Maximum kWh Your Consumption(kWh)

Amount (RM)

First 500 units (0-500): 28.6 500 500 143.00

Next 100 units (501-600): 37.8 100 100 37.80

Next 100 units (601-700): 38.7 100 100 38.70

Next 100 units (701-800): 39.7 100 100 39.70

Next 100 units (801-900): 41.7 100 100 41.70Every unit >900: 44.6 0 600 267.60

Total 568.50

PV System 5.25kWp produces 481.25 kWh

Total electricity usage from TNB 1018.75 kWhNew Electricity

tariffMaximum kWh Your Consumption

(kWh)Amount (RM)

First 500 units (0-500): 28.6 500 500 143.00Next 100 units (501-600): 37.8 100 100 37.80

Next 100 units (601-700): 38.7 100 100 38.70

Next 100 units (701-800): 39.7 100 100 39.70

Next 100 units (801-900): 41.7 100 100 41.70

Every unit >900: 44.6 0 119 52.96

Total 353.86

Calculations for Savings in Electricity bill per month for BIPV System Installed (Residential)

This is only valid for monthly consumption of more than 400 kWh per month

Savings in electricity per month (RM) 214.64

Cost estimation (example)


110/117

Cost estimation (example)

Some basic figures about the power resource from direct sunshine. On a cloudless midday it could equate to1000W/m. This needs to be corrected according to the angle of tilt between the surface and the sun. A majorcorrection being the latitude on earth from the equator. (So, for example, in London at 51 degrees north wouldbe about a 60% reduction to being on the equator. It would be further reduced by the season of the year andfurther still for cloud cover. On average the sun shines about 34% of daylight hours in London) The combinedeffect of these three factors is that the average raw power of sunshine per square metre of south facing roof inLondon is roughly 110W/m.

Some rough estimates of the potential power we could harness from the sun.

The two most common domestic solar power options are Solar Thermal and Solar Photovoltaic'

Solar Thermal utilizes the simplest technology by heating water directly.Let's say we have 10m of south facing solar thermal panels and these are 50% efficient in converting thesun's 110W/m into hot water.50% x 10 m x 110W/m which would deliver 13kWh per day

Solar Photovoltaic (PV) panels convert sunlight into electricity.Typical solar panels have an efficiency of about 10%, the more expensive ones could be higher than 20%efficient.An average south facing 20% efficient photovoltaic panel in England would be20% x 10m x 110W/m = 22W/m which would deliver 5KWh per day

http://www.articlesbase.com/diy-articles/soalr-energy-the-basics-2891189.html#ixzz1C7p64uvy

3.1.8 Solar Energy Systems Future
http://www.articlesbase.com/diy-articles/soalr-energy-the-basics-2891189.htmlhttp://www.articlesbase.com/diy-articles/soalr-energy-the-basics-2891189.htmlhttp://www.articlesbase.com/diy-articles/soalr-energy-the-basics-2891189.htmlhttp://www.articlesbase.com/diy-articles/soalr-energy-the-basics-2891189.htmlhttp://www.articlesbase.com/diy-articles/soalr-energy-the-basics-2891189.htmlhttp://www.articlesbase.com/diy-articles/soalr-energy-the-basics-2891189.htmlhttp://www.articlesbase.com/diy-articles/soalr-energy-the-basics-2891189.htmlhttp://www.articlesbase.com/diy-articles/soalr-energy-the-basics-2891189.htmlhttp://www.articlesbase.com/diy-articles/soalr-energy-the-basics-2891189.htmlhttp://www.articlesbase.com/diy-articles/soalr-energy-the-basics-2891189.htmlhttp://www.articlesbase.com/diy-articles/soalr-energy-the-basics-2891189.htmlhttp://www.articlesbase.com/diy-articles/soalr-energy-the-basics-2891189.html


111/117

Solar power technology is improving consistently over time, as people begin to

understand all of the benefits offered by this technology.

Advantage:

Solar energy is a completely renewable resource.

Solar energy system make absolutely no noise at all. There are no moving parts in

a solar cell.

Solar power is pollution-free during use. Production end-wastes and emissions are

manageable using existing pollution controls. End-of-use recycling technologies

are under development and policies are being produced that encourage recycling

from producers.

PV installations can operate for many years with little maintenance or intervention

after their initial set-up, so after the initial capital cost of building any solar power

plant, operating costs are extremely low compared to existing power technologies.

Solar cells tend to last a good long time with only an annual cleaning to worry

about.

Solar panels and solar lighting may seem quite expensive, but in the long run it is

saving quite a great deal of money.


112/117

Advantages Solar powered panels and products are typically extremely easy to install. Wires,cords and power sources are not needed at all, making this an easy prospect toemploy.

Solar electric generation is economically superior where grid connection or fueltransport is difficult, costly or impossible. Long-standing examples includesatellites, island communities, remote locations and ocean vessels.

When grid-connected, solar electric generation replaces some or all of the highest-cost electricity used during times of peak demand (in most climatic regions). Thiscan reduce grid loading, and can eliminate the need for local battery power toprovide for use in times of darkness. These features are enabled by net metering.Time-of-use net metering can be highly favorable, but requires newer electronicmetering, which may still be impractical for some users.

Grid-connected solar electricity can be used locally thus reducing

transmission/distribution losses experimental high efficiency solar cells already have efficiencies of over 40% in

case of concentrating photovoltaic cells and efficiencies are rapidly rising whilemass-production costs are rapidly falling.

Disadvantages


113/117

Photovoltaics are costly to install. While the modules are often

warranteed for upwards of 20 years, much of the investment in a home-

mounted system may be lost if the home-owner moves and the buyer putsless value on the system than the seller.

Solar electricity is not produced at night and is much reduced in cloudy

conditions. Therefore, a storage or complementary power system is

required.

Solar electricity production depends on the limited power density of thelocation's insolation. Average daily output of a flat plate collector at

latitude tilt in the tropic the is 37 kwh/mand on average lower in

Europe.

Solar cells produce DC which must be converted to AC (using a grid tie

inverter) when used in existing distribution grids. This incurs an energyloss of 412%.


114/117


115/117

http://www.mbipv.net.my/


116/117

Future development.....


117/117

p

Solar energy resource intro

Documents