Solar Energy

A PRESENTAION ON :

SOLAR ENERGY AND ITS

APPLICATIONS

Solar energy

The sun is a source of enormous energy

which is at a distance of about 150 x 106

km from earth.

The energy from the sun in form of radiation

is called solar energy.

It is estimated that with 0.1 % of 75,000

trillion kWH of solar energy that reaches

the earth, the planet’s requirements can be

easily fulfilled.

1. Solar water heater

Solar water heaters use the sun's heat to provide hot water for a

home or building.

A typical 100 LPD (litre per day) system is sufficient to provide

approximately 100 litres of hot water at an average temperature of

65°C every day on all sunny days.

A typical direct solar thermal system consists of collector, pipes

and an insulated tank.

There are two types of collectors used in a solar hot water service:

1. flat plate collectors

2. evacuated tubes

Flat Plate Collector system

Evacuated Vacuum Tube system

ol or glass wool. The insulating material prevents heat losses due to conduction and convection. Within the wooden box is placed a light fitting metallic box, whose inner surface is painted black, as black surface are good absorbers a heat energy. On the tde of the box is attached a plane mirror with help of clamp. The plane mirror can be adjusted at an angle is that the solar energy could be reflected into the box. In order to cook food in the solar cooker the metallic utensils are used and their extern

and it is turned towards the sun, so that solar radiation enters it directly. The angle of solar reflector is also adjusted so that more of the solar radiations gets reflected into it. Within half an hour the temperature within the solar cooker rises t2. Solar Cooker

1.A solar cooker consists of a rectangular wooden box which is lined from inside with some

insulation material, such as thermocol or glass wool. The insulating material prevents heat

losses due to conduction and convection.

1.Within the wooden box is placed a light fitting metallic box, whose inner surface is painted

black, as black surface are good absorbers a heat energy.

1.Solar ponds are large-scale energy collectors with integral heat

storage for supplying thermal energy.

2.The solar pond works on a very simple principle. It is well known

that water or air is heated they become lighter and rise upward e.g.

a hot air balloon. Similarly, in an ordinary pond, the sun’s rays heat

the water and the heated water from within the pond rises and

reaches the top but loses the heat into the atmosphere.

3. Solar pond

5. A solar pond has three zones. The top zone is the surface zone, or UCZ (Upper

Convective Zone), which is at atmospheric temperature and has little salt content.

6. The bottom zone is very hot, 70°– 85° C, and is very salty. It is this zone that

collects and stores solar energy in the form of heat, and is, therefore, known as the

storage zone or LCZ (Lower Convective Zone).

7. Separating these two zones is the important gradient zone or NCZ (Non-Convective

Zone). Here the salt content increases as depth increases, thereby creating a salinity or

density gradient.

8. This gradient zone acts as a transparent insulator permitting sunlight to reach the

bottom zone but also entrapping it there. The trapped (solar) energy is then withdrawn

from the pond in the form of hot brine from the storage zone.

9. Though solar ponds can be constructed anywhere, it is economical to construct them

at places where there is low cost salt and bittern, good supply of sea water or water for

filling and flushing, high solar radiation, and availability of land at low cost. Coastal

areas in Tam

The first solar pond in India (6000 m²) was built at Bhuj. The project was sanctioned

under the National Solar Pond Programme by the Ministry of Non-Conventional

Energy Sources in 1987 and completed in 1993. The solar pond successfully

demonstrated the expediency of the technology by supplying 80,000 litres of hot water

daily to the plant.

Solar pond

I.A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell (PV), is an electrical device that converts the

energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect.

I.It works on the principle of photoelectric effect- when light falls on certain metals

like silicon, the electron gets excited and escape from metal, which are then collected

by another metal and passed through wires in a stream; the electron flow thus

constitutes the electric current.

I.Photovoltaic (PV) cells are made of semiconducting materials such as silicon. There

are two basic types of semiconductor material, called positive (or P type) and

negative (or N type).

4. (i) Solar electricity-photovoltaic

Photovoltaic cell

6. Solar refrigerator

1.Solar refrigerators can be classified into two types: Solar refrigerators that use

batteries and ones that don’t.

2.A solar fridge that uses batteries uses a combination of solar panels and lead batteries.

The batteries serve as back up overnight and on sunless days. These fridges have many

disadvantages. These are expensive; the batteries are heavy and deteriorate quickly in

hot climates.

3.Solar power fridges that don’t require batteries can be made from basic household

materials. These are modern and better suited to developing countries. Although these

fridges are technically solar powered, they don’t use solar panels for power. They rely

on conduction, convection and evaporation and operates at an even 6°Celsius.

World Scenario of Solar energy

As of January 2015, the largest solar power plants in the world are:

For PV, the 550 MW Desert Sunlight Solar Farm and 550 MW Topaz Solar Farm, both

located in southern California.

For CSP (solar thermal), the 377 MW Ivanpah Solar Power Facility, located in

California's Mojave Desert.

Other large solar thermal power stations include the 35 (MW) solar energy generating

systems power installation in the USA, Solnova solar Power Station (Spain,

150 MW), Andasol solar power station (Spain, 150 MW) and the first part of Shams solar

power station (United Arab Emirates, 100 MW).

Other large PV farms include the 320 MW Longyangxia Dam Solar Park in China, the

224 MW Charnka Solar Park and the 166 MW Solapark Meuro in Germany.

UNESCO REPORT

1.India is densely populated and has high solar insolation, an ideal combination for

using solar power in India.

2.In the solar energy sector, some large projects have been proposed, and a 35, 000 km2

area of the Thar Desert has been set aside for solar power projects, sufficient to

generate 700 to 2,100 GW.

3.In July 2009, India unveiled a US$19 billion plan to produce 20 GW of solar power

by 2020. Under the plan, the use of solar-powered equipment and applications would be

made compulsory in all government buildings, as well as hospitals and hotels.

4.In January 2015, the Indian government significantly expanded its solar plans,

targeting US$100 billion of investment and 100 GW of solar capacity by 2022.

5.In India 10,000 domestic and 5,000 industrial solar water heating systems have been

developed.

Indian Scenario of Solar energy

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