Solar-driven Gasification of Carbonaceous Feedstock

Solar Technology Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland

FFF Hybrid Conference on Solar Fuels and High Temperature Solar Applications Johannesburg, South Africa, August 20-21, 2014

Solar-driven Gasification of Carbonaceous Feedstock

Dr Anton Meier

2FFF Hybrid Conference on Solar Fuels and High Temperature Solar Applications, Johannesburg, South Africa, August 20-21, 2014

§ Introduction§ Solar gasification of petcoke – SYNPETØ500 kWth solar pilot plant

§ Solar gasification of coal, biomass, and C-waste materials – SOLSYNØ150 kWth solar pilot plant

Overview


Overview




DecarbonizationH2O/CO2-splitting

Solar Fuels (H2, syngas, liquid fuels)

SolarCracking

SolarGasification

SolarReforming

Solar High-TElectrolysis

SolarThermochemical

Cycle

Solar Electricity

+Electrolysis

ConcentratedSolar Energy

Fossil Fuels(NG, oil, coal)

Optional CO2/C Sequestration

H2O

Long-term goal Short/mid-term transition

CO2


Solar pilot plants demonstrated in the power range of 150-500 kWth

Solar steam reforming of Solar steam gasification of natural gas / methane carbonaceous feedstock

SOLGAS (200 kWth) SOLREF (400 kWth) SYNPET (500 kWth) SOLSYN (150 kWth)

Solar Thermochemical Fuel Production


DecarbonizationH2O/CO2-splitting

Solar Fuels (H2, syngas, liquid fuels)

SolarCracking

SolarGasification

SolarReforming

Solar High-TElectrolysis

SolarThermochemical

Cycle

Solar Electricity

+Electrolysis

ConcentratedSolar Energy

Fossil Fuels(NG, oil, coal)

Optional CO2/C Sequestration

H2O CO2

Short/mid-term transition


Solar Thermochemical Gasification

CoalSolar Gasification

Concentrated Solar Radiation

H2OCOH2

C-materials

Liquid Fuels

T > 1500 K

Syngas

Background§ Hybrid solar/fossil endothermic process:

Ø Fossil fuels as chemical source for syngas and H2

Ø Concentrated solar radiationas energy source of process heat

§ Solar-driven vis-à-vis autothermalgasification:Ø Higher energetic value of the syngas produced

Ø Higher syngas output per unit of feedstock

Ø Higher quality of the syngas produced

Ø Elimination of air-separation unit

§ Energy Environ. Sci. 4, 73-82, 2011.§ AIChE Journal 57, 3522-3533, 2011.



Coal

500 700 900 1100 1300 15000.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

Temperature

CO(g)

H2(g)

C

H2O(g)

CO2(g)

CH4(g)

2 2HC H O CO H∆+ → +

500 700 900 1100 1300 15000.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Temperature

CO(g)

CO2(g)

C

H2O(g)H2(g)

CH4(g)

( )2 2 2 2

H 308kJ

H 0C H O 0.78 C O CO H 0.78CO∆ =

∆ =+ + + → + +1442443

Solar-driven gasification vs. Autothermal gasification

Temperature (K) Temperature (K)

Equi

libriu

m c

ompo

sitio

n (m

ol)

Equi

libriu

m c

ompo

sitio

n (m

ol)



CoalSolar Gasification


H2OCOH2

C-materials

Liquid Fuels

T > 1500 K

Syngas

( )1 2 21 12x yxC H O y H O y H CO + − = + − +

Beech charcoal C1H0.47O0.055 @ 1 bar

700 900 1100 1300 15000

0.8

C

Temperature (K)

Equi

libriu

m c

ompo

sitio

n (m

ol)

0.7

H2O

CO

CO2

H2

CH4

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

=LHV

LHVsyngas

C-feedstock1.33

§ Energy Environ. Sci. 4, 73-82, 2011.§ AIChE Journal 57, 3522-3533, 2011.



Syngas for liquid fuels production

Solar Gasification


H2OCOH2

Coal

Liquid Fuels

T > 1500 K

Syngas



§ Energy 28, 441-456, 2003.

CO2Shift

Reactor

HH2O

COH

CO2H2

Separation H2 Fuel cell Work

Optional Sequestration

CC Work

Solar Gasification


H2OCOH2

T > 1500 K

Coal

Syngas for power production



§ Energy 28, 441-456, 2003.

CO2Shift

Reactor

HH2O

COH

CO2H2



CC Work

Solar Gasification


H2OCOH2

T > 1500 K

Coal


coalsolar LHVQOutputWork

+=η

η = 35 %E = 3.5 kWhe/kg

η = 46 %E = 6.1 kWhe/kg

SyngasFC

Rankine

Coal

H2

η = 51 %E = 6.6 kWhe/kg

CC

Solar Gasification



§ Energy 28, 441-456, 2003.

CO2Shift

Reactor

HH2O

COH

CO2H2



CC Work

Solar Gasification


H2OCOH2

T > 1500 K

Coal


0

200

400

600

800

1000 g CO2 / kWhe

Specific CO2 emissions

¢ Coal-gasification to syngas + 55%-η CC

¢ Coal-gasification to H2 + 60%-η fuel cell

¢ Coal-combustion + 35%-η Rankine cycle



§ Energy 28, 441-456, 2003.

CO2Shift

Reactor

HH2O

COH

CO2H2



CC Work

Solar Gasification


H2OCOH2

T > 1500 K

Coal

Syngas for power production Advantages:

§ Calorific value of feedstock is upgraded by solar power input

§ Gaseous products are not contaminated by combustion by-products

§ Discharge of pollutants to the environment is avoided


Solar Thermochemical Reactor ConceptsDirect heating Indirect heating


Solar Thermochemical Reactor Concepts

upper cavitylower cavity

packed bed


particle suspension

ConcentratedSolar

Radiation

cavity

Direct heating Indirect heating

convective heat transferconductive heat transfer

radiative heat transferchemical reaction


Overview




Solar Reactor Technology§ Vortex flow reactor:Ø 5 kWth prototype tested

at solar furnace, PSI

§ Petcoke slurry:Ø Treactor = 1200-1400°C

ØmC = 0.6-3.6 g/min

ØMean slurry stoichiometry (H2O:C) = 1.5

ØMean total stoichiometry (H2O:C) = 4.0

ØResidence time τ = 1.0-2.5 s

Ø XC = 87%

Ø ηthermal = 22%

Solar Vortex Reactor (SYNPET)

§ Energy & Fuels 22, 2043-2052, 2008. § Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 33, 679-684, 2008.

ceramic cavity

ConcentratedSolar

Radiation

quartz window

syngas(H2 + CO)

Petcoke + H2O slurry

H2O nozzle

vortex flow


Solar Reactor Modelingabsorption

§ Radiation emissionreflection/scattering

§ Convection§ Fluid flow§ Conduction§ Chemical kinetics

Solar Vortex Reactor (SYNPET)

§ Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 52, 385-395, 2009.

ceramic cavity

ConcentratedSolar

Radiation

quartz window

syngas(H2 + CO)

Petcoke + H2O slurry

H2O nozzle

vortex flow


500 kWth solar vortex reactor tested at PSA, Spain§ Industrial project SYNPET (2003-2012)

§ Material flows:Ømpetcoke = 30-50 kg/h

Ømwater = 60-100 kg/h

§ Syngas production:Ømsyngas = 100-180 Nm3/h

Solar Steam Gasification of Petcoke

Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 33, 5484-5492, 2008.PSA


Overview




Solar Reactor Technology§ Two-cavity batch reactor:Ø 5 kWth prototype tested

at solar simulator, PSI

Solar Two-Cavity Reactor (SOLSYN)

§ Fuel 89, 1133–1140, 2010.§ AIChE Journal 57, 3522-3533, 2011.

quartz window

upper cavity

lowercavity

ConcentratedSolar

Radiation

syngas(H2 + CO)

CPC

H2O nozzle

§ Beech charcoal:ØReacted mass:

measured: 0.29 kg ; simulated: 0.28 kg

Ø Thermal efficiency:measured: 29% ; simulated: 26%

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Run time (min)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Qso

lar (k

W)

Tupper cavity (model)Tlower cavity,top (model)Tlower cavity,bottom (model)Tupper cavityTlower cavity,topTlower cavity,bottom

Radiative power


Solar Gasification Pilot Plant (SOLSYN)150 kW

Platform with

pilot plant

Syngas pipe

Torch


Carbonaceous feedstock used

Solar Gasification Pilot Plant (SOLSYN)

§ Energy & Fuels 2013, 27, 4770−4776.


Proximate analyses of feedstock used


§ Energy & Fuels 2013, 27, 4770−4776.

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Beechcharcoal

Low rankcoal

Ind.sludge I

Ind.sludge II

Fluff I Fluff II Tire chips Driedsewagesludge

Bagasse

moisturevolatilesC fixash



§ Energy & Fuels 2013, 27, 4770−4776.

Typical solar experiment

Sugar cane bagasse


Syngas composition average over complete test

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Beech

charc

oal

Beech

charc

oal

Low rank c

oal

Low rank c

oal

Low rank c

oal

Ind. Sludge I

Ind. Sludge I

I Fluff I

Fluff II

Fluff II

DSS-MDSS-M

Bagas

se

Tire ch

ips

Tire ch

ips

Tire ch

ips

C3H6 (GC)C2H6 (GC)C2H4 (GC)CO2 (GC)CO (GC)CH4 (GC)H2 (GC)

Syngas composition averaged over entire tests




§ Energy & Fuels 2013, 27, 4770−4776.

syngas syngassolar-to-fuel

solar feedstock feedstock

m LHVQ m LHV

η⋅

=+ ⋅

syngas syngas

feedstock feedstock

m LHVU

m LHV⋅

=⋅

Performance indicators


150 kWth solar reactor tested at PSA, Spain§ Industrial project SOLSYN (2007-2012)

§ Steam gasification of carbonaceous feedstock:

§ Two-cavity batch reactor for “beam-down” optics:Ø Temperature range 1000-1200°C

Ø Variety of feedstock (coal, sludge, fluff, bagasse) converted to syngas for use in cement manufacturing

Ø Calorific value of solar-producedsyngas upgraded by 30%

Ø Thermal efficiency 30-50%


Ash x/2)Hy-(1 CO Oz)H-y-(1 Ash OzH OHC 222yx1 +++→+++

§ Energy & Fuels 2013, 27, 4770−4776.


Solar Gasification Industrial Plant

§ ASME J. Solar Energy Eng. 129, 190-196, 2007.

30 MWth Industrial Solar Plant Concept§ 1144 heliostats; Reflective area: 61,876 m2

§ Aim-point at 140 m height


Solar Gasification Industrial Plant

Artist’s view of 50 MWth solar gasification plant to produce syngas for use in cement kiln


Solar Power Plant

Gemasolar (Spain): 300 MWth, 20 MWe solar power plant with 15 hours molten salt storage


Contact

SolarPACES Operating Agent Task II (Solar Chemistry Research)§ Dr. Anton Meier

PAUL SCHERRER INSTITUT (PSI) Deputy Head, Solar Technology Laboratory WKPA/008 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland Phone: +41 56 310 27 88 Fax: +41 56 310 31 60 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.psi.ch/lst/

Further Information§ http://www.prec.ethz.ch/

§ http://www.solarpaces.org/

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.psi.ch/lst/

http://www.prec.ethz.ch/

http://www.solarpaces.org/

Solar-driven Gasification of Carbonaceous Feedstock

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