Presented by: Solar Canada 2015 Technical Transformation Breakout Stream Smart Inverters and System Benefits 11:30am-12:45pm, December 8 th , Room 204 Moderator: Andrew Swingler, Associate Professor, University of Prince Edward Island Speakers: Roland Bründlinger, Senior Engineer, Austrian Institute of Technology Tom Key, Technical Executive, Electric Power Research Institute Eric Tate, Product Manager – Grid Tie Inverters, Eaton
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Presented by:
Solar Canada 2015 Technical Transformation Breakout Stream
Smart Inverters and System Benefits11:30am-12:45pm, December 8th, Room 204
Moderator:
Andrew Swingler, Associate Professor, University of Prince Edward Island
Speakers:
Roland Bründlinger, Senior Engineer, Austrian Institute of Technology
Tom Key, Technical Executive, Electric Power Research Institute
Eric Tate, Product Manager – Grid Tie Inverters, Eaton
Advanced smart inverter and DER functions
Requirements in latest European Grid Codes
and future trends
Roland Bründlinger
IEA-PVPS Task 14
AIT Austrian Institute of Technology
Solar Canada 2015 Conference, December 7th – 8th, 2015
Metro Toronto Convention Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Contents
Overview of today’s Grid connection
requirements for DER in Europe
Advanced functional requirements for DER in
European codes
Summary & recommendations
33
Contents
Overview of today’s Grid connection
requirements for DER in Europe
Advanced functional requirements for DER in
European codes
Summary & recommendations
44
As of today there is still no formal EU wide directive on DER grid interconnection
Country specific grid codes, standards, guidelines, laws
Different legal and administrative levels
Fundamental differences between the countries
Issues for manufacturers and project developers
Specific product settings for each country/market
Complex and time consuming certification schemes
Increased costs and reduced competiveness
Critical issues for power system operation
Lack of coordination and compatibility
Risk of losing system security during wide-scale events due to undefined behaviour of DER (example 50.2 Hz issue)
Framework for DER interconnection in Europe
Country specific grid codes and standards
512/10/2015
Current requirements for advanced grid support in Europe
DER connected to MV distribution grids
612/10/2015
2008: DE
P/Q, P(f), remote
P, LVRT, FRR…2008: FR
P/Q, LVRT
>5MW2009/13: AT P/Q, P(f), LVRT...
2015: AT Q(U), extended Q,
P(U)
2011/13: IT
P/Q, P(f), Q(U),
remote P L/HVRT…
2010/14: ES
P/Q, P(f),
LVRT
>2/10MW
2007/13: DK
P/Q, P(f),
LVRT…
Current requirements for advanced grid support in Europe
DER connected to LV distribution grids
712/10/2015
2011/12: DE
P/Q, P(f), remote P,
…
2013: FR
Var. over-f trip
2013: AT P/Q, P(f),…
2015: AT Q(U),
extended Q, P(U)
2012: IT - P/Q, P(f),
Q(U), remote P, LVRT…
2014: IT – specific
requirements for ESS
2012/14: DK
P/Q, P(f), …
Selected European Country Requirements – LV Connection
Country Europe
(≤16 A)
Germany Italy Austria France Spain Europe
(≤16 A)
Europe
(>16 A)
Function 2007 2011 2012 2013 2013 11/14 2013 2014
P at low f No Yes (all) Yes (all) Yes No No Yes Yes
P(f) No Yes (all) Yes (all) Yes Yes* No Yes Yes
Q/cosφ No >3.68kVA >3 kVA >3.68kVA No No Yes Yes
Q(U) No No >6 kVA Yes* No No Yes Yes
P(U) No No Optional Yes* No No No Optional
Remote P No >100kW >3 kVA >100kW No No No Yes
Rem. trip No No Yes (all) No No No No Yes
LVRT No No >6 kVA No No No No Yes
HVRT No N/A No No No No No Yes
Reference EN 50438 2007
(superseded by
EN 50438
2013)
VDE AR N
4105: 2011
CEI 0-21:2014 *TOR D4:2015
(to be
published)
* ERDF-NOI-
RES_13E
Version 5 -
30/06/2013
RD 1699/2011
206007-1
IN:2013
EN 50438 2013 CLC/TS 50549-
1:2015
812/10/2015
Selected European Country Requirements – MV Connection
Country Germany Italy Austria France Spain Europe NC RfG
Function 2008 2012 2013 2013 2010 2014 2013
P at low f Yes Yes Yes >5MW No Yes Yes (ABCD)
P(f) Yes Yes Yes No >2/10MW Yes Yes (ABCD)
Q/cosφ Yes Yes Yes Yes >2/10MW Yes Yes (BCD)
Q(U) optional Yes Yes No No Yes Yes (BCD)
Remote P >100kW Yes >100kW No >2/10MW Yes Yes (BCD)
P(U) No Optional Yes* No No Optional No
Rem. trip optional Yes No No No Yes Yes (ABCD)
LVRT Yes Yes Yes >5MW >2MW Yes Yes (BCD)
HVRT No Yes No No No Yes No
Reference BDEW MV
Guideline (2008)
CEI 0-16:2014 *TOR D4:2015
(not yet
published)
Arrêté du 23 avril
2008
P.O.12.3:2006;
P.O.12.2:
RD1565:2010;
UNE 206007-2
IN:2014
CLC/TS 50549-2 Final Version
RfG 2013
910.12.2015
Contents
Overview of today’s Grid connection
requirements for DER in Europe
Advanced functional requirements for DER in
European codes
Summary & recommendations
1010
Advanced grid support features of DER
Requirements in European codes
• On demand, schedule or characteristics
• cos(phi) = f(P)
• cos(phi) = f(U) (optional)Voltage support
• Reduction of active power at over frequency
• Active power feed-in at under frequencyFrequency support
• Temporary limitation of active power output at congestion in the grid
• Controlled on demand by grid operatorGrid management
• LVRT (Low Voltage Ride Through)
• Contribution to short-circuit current
Dynamic grid support
Advanced grid support features of DER
Requirements in European codes
• On demand, schedule or characteristics
• cos(phi) = f(P)
• cos(phi) = f(U) (optional)Voltage support
• Reduction of active power at over frequency
• Active power feed-in at under frequencyFrequency support
• Temporary limitation of active power output at congestion in the grid
• Controlled on demand by grid operatorGrid management
• LVRT (Low Voltage Ride Through)
• Contribution to short-circuit current
Dynamic grid support
Advanced grid support features of DER
Reactive power capabilities
1310.12.2015
CLC/TS 50549-1:2015 Requirements for the connection of generators above 16 A per phase
Connection to LV grids
Advanced grid support features of DER
Reactive power: Operational requirements
Page 14
CL
C/T
S 5
05
49
-1:2
01
5
Re
qu
ire
me
nts
fo
r th
e c
on
ne
ctio
n o
f g
en
era
tors
ab
ove
16
A p
er
ph
ase
Co
nn
ectio
n to
LV
grid
s
Advanced grid support features of DER
Reactive power control modes
Autonomous reactive power control modes
Q / cos = constant
Q / cos = f(U)
Q / cos = f(P)
Q priority
Coordinated control (with communication)
cos = remote setpoint
Selection criteria
Characteristics of the electric grid (impedance, angle...)
Grid losses
Available control and communications infrastructure
Page 15
Advanced grid support features of DER
Reactive power control strategies: Q(U)
Page 16
Example characteristics for Q respectively cosφ control
mode according to CLC/TS 50549-1:2015 for
Connection to the LV distribution system
CL
C/T
S 5
05
49
-1:2
01
5
Re
qu
ire
me
nts
fo
r th
e c
on
ne
ctio
n o
f g
en
era
tors
ab
ove
16
A p
er
ph
ase
Co
nn
ectio
n to
LV
grid
s
Advanced grid support features of DER
Requirements in European codes
• On demand, schedule or characteristics
• cos(phi) = f(P)
• cos(phi) = f(U) (optional)Voltage support
• Reduction of active power at over frequency
• Active power feed-in at under frequencyFrequency support
• Temporary limitation of active power output at congestion in the grid
• Controlled on demand by grid operatorGrid management
• LVRT (Low Voltage Ride Through)
• Contribution to short-circuit current
Dynamic grid support
Advanced grid support features of DER
Active power control/frequency control: Standard functions
Reduction of active power at over-frequency (Limited Frequency Sensitive Mode Overfrequency)
Source: ENTSO-E RfG 2015
Parameter Range Default setting
Threshold
frequency f1
50,2 Hz to 52 Hz 50,2 Hz
Droop 2 % to 12 % 2,4%
Intentional delay 0 s to 2 s 0 s
CL
C/T
S 5
05
49
-1:2
01
5
Re
qu
ire
me
nts
fo
r th
e c
on
ne
ctio
n o
f g
en
era
tors
ab
ove
16
A p
er
ph
ase
Co
nn
ectio
n to
LV
grid
s
Advanced grid support features of DER
Additional requirements for frequency support
Behavior at under-frequency
Some national codes (e.g. DE, IT, AT…) already require
continued operation down to underfrequency limit (typ.
47.5 Hz)
EU Network Code RfG will provide extensive requirements for
all generator types
Operating ranges (Hz/time)
Rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) immunity
CLC/TS 50549-1/2 also specifies Rate Of Change Of
Frequency (ROCOF) immunity requirement
>2.5 Hz/s
1912/10/2015
So
urc
e: E
NT
SO
-E R
fG 2
01
5
Advanced grid support features of DER
Requirements in European codes
• On demand, schedule or characteristics
• cos(phi) = f(P)
• cos(phi) = f(U) (optional)Voltage support
• Reduction of active power at over frequency
• Active power feed-in at under frequency
Active power control
• Temporary limitation of active power output at congestion in the grid
• Controlled on demand by grid operatorGrid management
• LVRT (Low Voltage Ride Through)
• Contribution to short-circuit current
Dynamic grid support
Advanced grid support features of DER
Grid management
Possibility for DSO to send setpoint values to generators
Reduce the active power output or change the cos(phi).
Guarantee grid stability in case of emergency situations or congestion
~
=
DSO
Control Centre
Control signals
(e.g. Power Limitation)
Grid State
Distribution Grid
TSO
Control Centre
Transmission Grid
Demand for
power limitation
Advanced grid support features of DER
Requirements in European codes
• On demand, schedule or characteristics
• cos(phi) = f(P)
• cos(phi) = f(U) (optional)Voltage support
• Reduction of active power at over frequency
• Active power feed-in at under frequencyFrequency support
• Temporary limitation of active power output at congestion in the grid
• Controlled on demand by grid operatorGrid management
• LVRT (Low Voltage Ride Through)
• HVRT (High Voltage Ride Through)
• Contribution to short-circuit current
Dynamic grid support
Advanced grid support features of DER
Dynamic grid support: Low/High Voltage Ride Through
Requirement 1 (LV+MV): Remain connected to grid
Page 23
• CLC/TS 50549-1/2 HVRT requirements
• up to 120 % Un for 100 ms and
• up to 115 % Un for up to 1 s.
CL
C/T
S 5
05
49
-2:2
01
5
Re
qu
ire
me
nts
fo
r th
e c
on
ne
ctio
n o
f g
en
era
tors
ab
ove
16
A p
er
ph
ase
Co
nn
ectio
n to
MV
grid
s
Advanced grid support features of DER
Dynamic grid support: Low/High Voltage Ride Through
Requirement 2 (MV only): Provide reactive current
Page 24
CL
C/T
S 5
05
49
-2:2
01
5
Re
qu
ire
me
nts
fo
r th
e c
on
ne
ctio
n o
f g
en
era
tors
ab
ove
16
A p
er
ph
ase
Co
nn
ectio
n to
MV
grid
s
Specific requirements for ESS
• Similar as for non-ESS type DER
• During charging and discharging modeVoltage support
• Reduction of active power generation at over frequency
• Activate charging storage at over frequency
• Activate discharging storage at under frequencyFrequency support
• Temporary limitation of active power output at congestion in the grid
• Controlled on demand by grid operatorGrid management
• Similar as for non-ESS type DERDynamic grid
support
Specific requirements for ESS - Operational concepts
Example: Storage system connected together with load
Defined in German ESS guideline:
Operational concepts:
Storage may not be charged when
active power is flowing in the direction of
the generator/ storage unit/consumer
(Z1 P+ > 0)
Storage unit may not be discharged
when active power is flowing into the
grid (Z1 P- > 0)
Active power limitation
Based on measurements of meter Z1/S1
2612/10/2015
FN
N G
uid
elin
e C
on
ne
ctin
g a
nd
op
era
tin
g s
tora
ge
un
its in
low
vo
lta
ge
ne
two
rks. 2
01
4
Boundary of property
PV System
Local loads
Specific requirements for ESS – Extended control functions
Voltage support
Defined in Italian Grid Interconnection Standard (CEI 0-21 V1:2014-12):
2710.12.2015
„rectangular“ capability (for plants > 6 kVA)
„triangular“ capability (for plants <= 6 kVA)
CE
I 0
-21
V1
:20
14
Re
fere
nce
te
ch
nic
al ru
les fo
r th
e c
on
ne
ctio
n
of a
ctive
an
d p
assiv
e u
se
rs to
th
e L
V e
lectr
ica
l u
tilit
ies
charging mode
discharging mode
Specific requirements for ESS – Extended control functions
Frequency support
Defined in Italian Grid Interconnection Standard (CEI 0-21 V1:2014-12):
2810.12.2015
CE
I 0
-21
V1
:20
14
Re
fere
nce
te
ch
nic
al ru
les fo
r th
e c
on
ne
ctio
n
of a
ctive
an
d p
assiv
e u
se
rs to
th
e L
V e
lectr
ica
l u
tilit
ies
Active charging from
grid @ over frequency
Active discharging to
grid @ under frequency
Contents
Overview of today’s Grid connection
requirements for DER in Europe
Advanced functional requirements for DER in
European codes
Summary & recommendations
2929
Summary and recommendations from a
European Perspective 1/2
In Europe the role of DER – particularly PV and Wind has changed from a marginal technology to a
visible player in the electricity market
PV and grid parity further massive deployment in short and near term
In particular Germany and Italy act as show-case for high-penetration PV and provision of grid
support (voltage, frequency…) by decentralized PV and DER
Numerous countries already implemented advanced functionalities of DER in their national grid codes
and require DER to provide
Steady state and dynamic voltage support
• Q control…
Frequency control capabilities
• P control during frequency variations
On-demand response via remote control and communication
3012/10/2015
Summary and recommendations from a
European Perspective 2/2
Coordinated requirements needed for safe and reliable grid integration of high shares of DER
Harmonization of European national grid codes with upcoming Network Code RfG
Taking into account the technical capabilities of modern inverter based DER
Standardized procedures for DER certification and testing currently under development.
Providing access to these capabilities will be the key to improve system reliability and efficiency with
large share of DER
Appropriate grid codes and interconnection standards are the key to enable further deployment of