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Slide 1
Slide 2
SOL Review What do you remember? Biology. The study of
life.
Slide 3
8 Characteristics of Life C Cell Structure and Function R
Reproduction O Organization G Grow and Development H Homeostasis E
Energy R Response to Stimuli E Evolution (Adaptation) Or
GO-CHEERR
Slide 4
The Scientific Method
Slide 5
Are there any safety rules?
Slide 6
Scientific Method Terms Independent Variable: The variable
which is used as the basis for estimating or predicting the outcome
of an experiment (what is changed). Example: Time Dependent
Variable: The variable which is estimated or predicted (what is
measured). Example: Rate of Growth
Slide 7
Control: Standard for comparison for testing the results of an
experiment. The group that is not exposed to the variable.
Variable: The condition that is being tested. *Only one variable
can be tested in an experiment. Constants: Factors that you do not
change in the experiment
Slide 8
Independent Variable: X axis Dependent Variable Y axis Day 1 2
3 4 5 6 7 8 876543876543 Growth in cm. Plant Growth
Slide 9
A biology class wanted to develop a research project to predict
the effects of a new highway on wildflower species found in the
Piedmont region of Virginia. The class could best conduct such a
study by sampling flowers found in the highway construction area F
one year before highway construction begins G both before and after
highway construction is completed _ H immediately after highway
construction is finished J during the time highway construction is
taking place Question #1
Slide 10
Two plant species found in a dry region of the western United
States exhibit vastly different abilities to survive. Species A has
very slow stem growth and few leaves but is very abundant. Species
B has rapid stem growth and many leaves but is very rare. Which
hypothesis is most likely supported by this information? F Leaf
shape may give species B an advantage over species A. G Flower size
and color may give species B an advantage over species A. H Reduced
root growth may give species A an advantage over species B. J
Reduced stem growth may give species A an advantage over species B.
_ Question #2
Slide 11
Question #3 What is the first step of a scientific
investigation? F. formulate a hypothesis G. gather and analyze data
H. identify a question J. Design an experiment
Slide 12
Microscopes Light Microscope Advantages: View live organisms
Inexpensive Can be taken into field Disadvantages: Low
magnification Low resolution Electron Microscope Advantages: High
Magnification High Resolution Disadvantages: Expensive Can not be
taken into field Organisms are killed in preparation process
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
Question #4 A microscope with a 4x objective lens and a 10x
ocular lens produces a total magnification of A. 14x B. 40x C. 400x
D. 4000x
Slide 16
Question #5 The clarity of an image produced by a microscope is
called: A. magnification B. resolution C. micrograph D.
amplification
Slide 17
THE CELL THEORY (ABCs) ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE FROM CELLS
(Schleiden/Schwann) CELLS ARE THE BASIC UNIT OF STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION IN LIVING THINGS. (Schleiden/Schwann) ALL CELLS COME FROM
PRE-EXISTING CELLS. (Virchow) *Robert Hooke coined the term
cell
Slide 18
The Cell Cycle
Slide 19
Result or Product of Mitosis? TWO new daughter CELLS IDENTICAL
to the parent (Asexual reproduction) The cells will grow until they
are forced to divide Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
DNA Double helix Contains the nitrogenous bases Adenine,
Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine Consist of a sugar/phosphate
backbone with nitrogen bases pairing up to form the rungs of the
ladder. A=T G=C
Slide 24
DNA.. The Race for the Double Helix The Blue Print for life.
Franklin and Wilkins: Worked together in determining that DNA was a
double helix. Watson and Crick: Made a model of the structure of
DNA that worked (1953).
Slide 25
DNA and RNA DNA Double stranded Found in the nucleus Contains
T,A,G,C Contains the sugar DeoxyriboseRNA Single stranded Found in
and out of the nucleus Contains U,A,G,C Contains the sugar
ribose
Slide 26
Slide 27
Nucleotides Building block (monomer) of nucleic acids. Consists
of a sugar, phosphate, and a base.
Slide 28
Replication The process of making a copy of DNA. Occurs in the
nucleus. Is semi-conservative. Required so a cell can divide and
each new cell will have a copy of the DNA.
Slide 29
REPLICATION Original Strand With the help of Enzymes Helicase:
Unwinds/unzips DNA Polymerase: makes complementary strands
Slide 30
Slide 31
Transcription Copying the code for a gene from DNA. This
process occurs in the nucleus. The code is delivered to the
ribosome by RNA.
Slide 32
After transcription occurs, DNA rewinds to its pre-transcribed
state.
Slide 33
The 3 RNAs tRNA: Transfer RNA: Brings the amino acid to the
ribsome. Matches up its anti- codon to the codon on mRNA. mRNA:
Messenger RNA: Brings the codon to the ribosome. (Brings the
message from DNA to the ribosome) rRNA: ribosomal RNA: Along with
protein, it is a component of ribosomes. (made in the
nucleolus)
Slide 34
rRNA + protein = Ribosome
Slide 35
Question #7 If the codon A-A-A is found on mRNA, what
anti-codon on tRNA that will match up to it? A. T-T-T B. U-U-U C.
G-G-G D. C-C-C
Slide 36
Question #8 Which base sequence of a DNA molecule produces a
codon on an mRNA molecule that will allow the amino acid valine to
be incorporated into a protein? A. G-G-TB. G-A-T C. C-G-AD. C-A-A
Amino Acid mRNA Code LeucineC-C-A ArginineC-G-A PhenylalanineU-U-U
ValineG-U-U LysineA-A-A
Slide 37
DNA Technology Gel electrophoresis: -Forensics PCR: Polymerase
Chain Reaction Recombinant DNA: Insulin, growth hormone : Pest
resistance in plants Human Genome: A complete map of the human DNA
sequence. Detect, treat, and prevent many genetic diseases
Slide 38
PCR Gel electrophoresis electrophoresis Human Genome
Slide 39
Question #9 Recombinant DNA is presently used in the
biotechnology industry to : A. increase fertilization B. treat
infectious diseases C. treat genetic disorders D. decrease
agricultural yields
Slide 40
Cloning The production of genetically identical cells and/or
organisms.
Slide 41
Mendel and Genetics Mendel is considered to be the father of
genetics. Mendels laws of heredity are based on his mathematical
analysis of observations of patterns of inheritance. Simple genetic
recombinations are governed by the laws of probability.
Slide 42
Slide 43
Genotype: The alleles present in an organism. Phenotype: The
physical characteristics present. (This is due to the alleles
present) due to the alleles present)
Slide 44
Punnett Squares Dominant alleles: Capital letter Recessive
alleles: Lower case letter Example : Red is dominant to white. R =
red r = white G = green g = white
Slide 45
Question #10 The gene for tallness (T) is dominant over the
gene for shortness (t) In pea plants. A homozygous dominant pea
plant is crossed with a Heterozygous pea plant, and 200 seeds are
produced. Approximately How many of these seeds can be expected to
produce plants that are homozygous dominant? A. 0 B. 50 C. 100 D.
200
Slide 46
ALAlaLal ALAALLAALlAaLLAaLl AlAALlAallAaLlAall
aLAaLLAaLlaaLLaaLl AlAaLlAallaaLlaall Question #11 In holly trees,
red fruit (A) are dominant to white fruit (a), and spiny leaves (L)
are dominant to smooth leaves (l). According to this Punnett
square, how many of the new holly trees from this cross could have
white fruit and smooth leaves? A. NoneB. 1 out of 16 C. 9 out of
16D. all
Slide 47
Characteristics of Water Water has a high specific heat. It
takes a lot of energy to change the temperature of water. Water
absorbs heat when it evaporates. In the solid form, ice floats,
preventing lakes and oceans from freezing solid. Water is the
universal solvent. It can carry nutrients into and around cells,
and carry wastes away. Cohesion/Adhesion
Slide 48
Diffusion The movement of molecules from high concentration to
low concentration. Diffusion occurs in cells when substances which
are dissolved in water move from an area of higher to lower
concentration. No energy is needed for diffusion to occur.
Slide 49
Osmosis The movement of water molecules through a
semi-permeable membrane. A special type of diffusion. Movement
occurs from an area of higher water concentration to an area of
lesser water concentration. High Low
Slide 50
Hypertonic: Water concentration is greater inside the cell.
(solute concentration is higher outside the cell) concentration is
higher outside the cell) Hypotonic: Water concentration is greater
outside the cell. (solute concentration is higher inside the cell)
concentration is higher inside the cell) Isotonic: Water
concentration is the same inside and outside of the cell. (solute
concentration is equal inside and outside of the cell).
Slide 51
Question #12 Which property of water allows many land-dwelling
organisms to Maintain body temperature by eliminating excess heat?
A. Waters ability to evaporate. B. Waters movement by capillary
action. C. Waters capacity to dissolve substances. D. Waters
formation of ions in solution.
Slide 52
Question #13 If lakes were to freeze solid during the winter,
the organisms in the lake would die. Which of these characteristics
of water helps prevent permanent freezing of lakes? A. Water
freezes at 0 degrees Celsius. B. Ice floats when it freezes. C.
Water becomes a solid as it freezes. D. Ice loses heat when it
melts.
Slide 53
Macromolecules Formed from the union of many monomers. The main
components of a living cell are: Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen,
oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur. (CHNOPS) Carbon can bond with other
carbon atoms and form chains or rings of larger complex molecules.
There are four basic organic compound groups: Carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Lipids Insoluble in water. Fats, waxes, oils, steroids,
phospholipids 2X the energy of carbohydrates Monomer: glycerol + 3
fatty acids phosphate group + 2 fatty acids Energy storage,
protection, insulation
Slide 56
Proteins Built from the 20 amino acid monomers. Enzymes,
hormones, transport (hemoglobin), defense (antibodies), structure
(hair, nails, muscle) Polymers made by linking amino acids with
peptide bonds through dehydration synthesis (water removal).
Slide 57
Protein Structure Primary : the sequence of amino acids
Secondary: Pleating and spiraling due to hydrogen bonds Tertiary:
Folding due to disulfide bridges Hydrophobic/Hydorphilic regions *
Quaternary: 2 or more polypeptides joined together.
Slide 58
Primary: sequence of amino acids. Secondary Tertiary
Quaternary
Slide 59
Enzymes Lower the rate of reactions by lowering the activation
energy. Serve as catalyst. Speed up reactions:Are not changed in
the reaction. Attach to the substrate at the active site. All
enzymes have a characteristic 3-D shape.
Slide 60
Denaturation The loss of a proteins 3-D structure, causing it
to lose its ability to function (especially enzymes). Can be caused
by temperature changes or pH changes. Remember chicken liver
lab??
Slide 61
Question #14 Pepsin is found in the human stomach and breaks
down proteins to smaller peptides. What is pepsin? a. A mineral b.
An enzyme c. A carbohydrate d. A vitamin
Slide 62
Photosynthesis Light energy is converted to chemical energy.
Light is the initial energy source in most communities.
Photosynthetic cells trap energy from sunlight with chlorophyll,
and use the energy, carbon dioxide and water to produce energy-rich
organic molecules and oxygen.
Slide 63
Sunlight energy Ecosystem Photosynthesis (in chloroplasts)
Glucose Oxygen Cellular respiration (in mitochondria) Water for
cellular work Heat energy Energy Cycle
Slide 64
Chloroplast
Slide 65
Photosynthesis and respiration are complementary processes for
cycling carbon dioxide and oxygen in the atmosphere.
Slide 66
Diagram of Cellular Respiration Occurs in Cytoplasm Occurs in
Matrix Occurs across Cristae Cytoplasm
Slide 67
Parts of the Leaf
Slide 68
Respiration Cells release the chemical energy stored in the
products of photosynthesis. This energy is transported within the
cell. ATP is created and used to power the cells activities.
Slide 69
Mitochondria
Slide 70
Prokaryotic Cells Eubacteria and Archaebacteria.
Archaebaacteria can survive in primitive conditions. (ex: high
heat, no oxygen) Prokaryotic cells have no true nucleus, no
membrane bound organelles, and their DNA is circular.
Slide 71
Eukaryotic Cells Have membrane bound organelles. Larger
ribosomes than prokaryotic cells. Have membrane bound
organelles.
Slide 72
Eukaryotic Cell
Slide 73
Prokaryotic Cell
Slide 74
Cellular Organelles Nucleus: Contains DNA, site where RNA is
made. Ribosomes: Site of protein synthesis. Mitochondria: Site of
cell respiration. Chloroplast: Site of photosynthesis. Endoplasmic
Reticulum: Transports material through the cell. Golgi : Packages
products for export. Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes. Cell
membrane: Controls what enters and leaves the cell. Cell Wall:
Provides support.
Slide 75
Mechanisms of Evolution (Charles Darwin) 1809-1882 FATHER of
the Evolutionary Theory ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY NATURAL
SELECTION, 1859 Today, his concept is the unifying theory in
Biology
Slide 76
Charles Darwin (Trip Around the World) Darwin, 21, chosen as a
NATURALIST aboard the HMS Beagle He compared the ANATOMY of the
biological specimens he collected Over the next 25 years, his
concepts evolved
Slide 77
The Struggle for Existence Darwin believed there was a STRUGGLE
for existence Rationale: The Earth is not covered with ALL the
various offspring of every species Why do you suppose this is the
case? COMPETITION
Slide 78
Who will survive Began with PIGEONS h e raised as a boy for
desirable variations (color, speed, etc.) ARTIFICIAL SELECTION This
Chihuahua mix and Great Dane show the wide range of dog breed sizes
created using artificial selection.ChihuahuamixGreat Dane
Artificial Selection
Slide 79
Darwins Explanation of Natural Selection Darwin concluded
evolution occurs by NATURAL SELECTION! A mechanism for CHANGE in
populations Occurs when organisms with FAVORABLE VARIATIONS for a
particular environment Survive, reproduce, and pass these
variations on to the next generation
Slide 80
Forms of Structural Adaptations Structural adaptations occur
over a LONG period of time MIMICRY provides protection for an
organism by COPYING the appearance of another species CAMOUFLAGE
enables an organism to BLEND in with its surroundings
Slide 81
Todays Definition Evolution: Heredity changes in a group of
living organisms over very LONG periods time Thousands upon
thousands of years
What is Ecology? The study of the INTERACTIONS of organisms
with one another and with their environment Biosphere = Living
GLOBE - part of the earth where LIFE exists SPECIES = INTERBREED
freely with one another under natural conditions
Slide 84
Population So what is a population??? A population consists of
all the individuals of the SAME SPECIES that live together in the
same PLACE at the same TIME Place = habitat Time = assumed now
unless otherwise stated Tadpoles in a pond
Slide 85
Habitat versus Niche Struggle for food, water, space, sunlight
and other essentials for life HABITAT: Place where a particular
population of a species lives (ADDRESS) NICHE: T he JOB the
organism performs in an ecosystem A niche is often described in
terms of how the organism affects ENERGY flow within the ecosystem
Normally only one species per niche
Slide 86
What is an Ecosystem? ALL the factors both living and nonliving
(biotic and abiotic) that affect how organisms live All the SPECIES
(populations) living in an ecosystem What is a Community?
Slide 87
Factors Limiting Population Growth (Density-Dependent)
Availability of RESOURCES (food, shelter, etc) Predators Disease
Wastes Space Stress
Slide 88
Density Independent Limiting Factors Density influenced by
UNPREDICTABLE events (abiotic) Occur if there is a population is
LARGE OR SMALL Regardless of density or size Examples Significant
weather events Fire Volcano eruptions Other natural disasters
Slide 89
The population size that an environment can sustain is called
the CARRYING CAPACITY (K) A B D E C Said another way, carrying
capacity is the size of population during the STEADY STATE portion
of a logistic curve Carrying Capacity (K) S-Shaped, Logistics
Curve
Slide 90
In the graph below, what is the population of deer at the
carrying capacity of the environment? A10 B30 C50 D70 SOL
Practice
Slide 91
K-strategist follow which type of survivorship curve?
K-strategist r-strategist
Slide 92
Symbiosis TWO or more species live together in a close, long
term ASSOCIATION 3 kinds: 1. Parasitism 2. Mutualism 3.
Commensalism Sea anemone & hermit crab
Slide 93
SOL Question A symbiotic relationship in which one organism
benefits while the other is neither harmed nor helped is known as-
Aantagonism Bcommensalism Cmutualism Dparasitism
Slide 94
Succession
Slide 95
SOL PRACTICE Each drawing represents different stages in
community succession within the state of Virginia. Put them in
order from first to last: Which biome is depicted? A. B. C. D.
Slide 96
Biogeochemical Cycles Cycling of MATERIALS between the
environment and organisms (between living and nonliving reservoirs
and back again) Chemical and biological PROCESSES
Slide 97
Biomes A major biological community that occurs over a LARGE
area with a SIMILAR climate Climate the PREVAILING weather
conditions in any given area is a key factor in determining where a
BIOME occurs What two things determine climate? TEMPERATURE and
WATER
Slide 98
Human Impact Human activities such as reducing the amount of
forest cover, increasing the amount and variety of chemicals
released into the atmosphere, and intensive farming have changed
the Earths land, oceans, and atmosphere.
Slide 99
Decreasing Temp. Decreasing Moisture Cold Hot WetDry
Slide 100
99 Carolus Linnaeus Called the FATHER OF TAXONOMYCalled the
FATHER OF TAXONOMY Developed the modern system of naming known as
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATUREDeveloped the modern system of naming known as
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE TWO-WORD name (Genus & species)TWO-WORD
name (Genus & species)
Slide 101
100 Classification Groups TAXON (taxa-plural) is a category
into which related organisms are placedTAXON (taxa-plural) is a
category into which related organisms are placed There is a
HIERARCHY of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specificThere is a
HIERARCHY of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific Domain,
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, speciesDomain,
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species
Slide 102
101 Domain Kingdom Phylum (Division used for plants) Class
Order Family Genus Species Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups BROADEST
TAXON
103 Dichotomous Keying Used to identify organismsUsed to
identify organisms Characteristics given in PAIRSCharacteristics
given in PAIRS Read BOTH CHARACTERISTICS and either go to another
set of characteristics OR identify the organismRead BOTH
CHARACTERISTICS and either go to another set of characteristics OR
identify the organism
Slide 105
104 Cladistics CLADISTICS is a system of taxonomy that
reconstructs phylogenies by inferring relationships based on
SIMILARITIES Used to determine the SEQUENCE in which different
groups of organisms evolved Focuses on a set of UNIQUE
CHARACTERISTICS found in a particular group -- DERIVED TRAITS
Slide 106
105 Cladogram Diagram showing how organisms are related based
on SHARED, DERIVED CHARACTERISTICS (traits) such as feathers, hair,
or scalesDiagram showing how organisms are related based on SHARED,
DERIVED CHARACTERISTICS (traits) such as feathers, hair, or
scales
Slide 107
106 Multicellularity More than the biomass is composed of
SINGLE-celled organisms Small: surface-area-to volume ratio problem
True multicellular organisms have found success as permanently
ASSOCIATED and COORDINATED Allows cells to specialize into
different functions DIFFERENTIATION is the process where cells
become SPECIALIZED in FORM and FUNCTION
Slide 108
107 Most plants & animals have specialized cells organized
into TISSUES -- Distinct types of cells with a COMMON STRUCTURE and
FUNCTION. Example muscle tissue ORGANS -- DIFFERENT TISSUES
ORGANIZED into a specialized structure to perform a specific
function. Ex. Heart ORGAN SYSTEMS -- group of organs that carry out
MAJOR BODY functions (11). EX. circulatory system (heart, blood,
& blood vessels) Complex Multicellularity
Slide 109
CharacteristicsEubacteriaArchaebacteriaProtistaFungiPlantaeAnimalia
Cell Type (Prokaryote/Eukaryote) PpEEEukaryote Nucleus
(Absent/Present) absent yesPPresentpresent Cell Wall (Y/N)
Yesyesmostyes none Cell Wall Composition (Type of Carbohydrate)
pepticlogylcanNo pepticlogylcan Cellulosechitincellulosen/a Body
Type (Uni- or Multi-cellular) uni Uni/ multiMost
bothMuliticellularmulticelluar Nutrition (Auto or Heterotroph) both
Auto/ heteroAborptive heteroautoIngestive heterotroph Habitat
(Land/Water/Air) allLand and water Extremophiles waterlandLand
water all 3 Example(s) (Common names) Staphylococcus Streptococcus
E. coli Methenogens Heliophiles Thermoacidphiles Euglena Paramecium
amoebas mushroom, yeast, bread mold apple tree rose tulip Humans
Dolphins Platypus The Six Kingdoms Summary