SOL Review American Foreign Policy & Diplomatic History.

SOL ReviewSOL ReviewAmerican Foreign American Foreign

Policy & Policy & Diplomatic HistoryDiplomatic History

What country helped the Americans win their independence from

England?

•France

What two nations signed What two nations signed the Treaty of Alliance in the Treaty of Alliance in

1778?1778?

•The United StatesThe United States

•FranceFrance

What American negotiated What American negotiated the Treaty of Alliance with the Treaty of Alliance with

FranceFrance in 1778? in 1778?

•Benjamin Benjamin FranklinFranklin

What official is the nation’s chief

diplomat?

•The President, assisted by the Secretary of State

What does the Secretary of State

do?•Handles foreign affairs for the President

Define Isolationism.

•The United States should stay out of world affairs.

What set precedent for Isolationism?

•Washington’s Farewell Address

What president What president bought the Louisiana bought the Louisiana

Territory?Territory?

•Thomas Thomas JeffersonJefferson

From what country did the From what country did the United States purchase the United States purchase the

Louisiana Territory?Louisiana Territory?

•FranceFrance

How did the Louisiana How did the Louisiana Territory affect the size of Territory affect the size of

the United States?the United States?

•Doubled itDoubled it

What war lasted from What war lasted from 1812 to 1815?1812 to 1815?

•The War of 1812The War of 1812

What two countries What two countries fought the War of 1812?fought the War of 1812?

•The United StatesThe United States

•Great BritainGreat Britain

What territory did the What territory did the United States claim after United States claim after

the War of 1812?the War of 1812?

•The Oregon The Oregon TerritoryTerritory

What territory did the What territory did the United States acquire in United States acquire in

1819?1819?

•FloridaFlorida

From what country did From what country did the United States the United States acquire Florida?acquire Florida?

•SpainSpain

What issue did the What issue did the Monroe Doctrine Monroe Doctrine

involve?involve?

•Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

What set forth the basic What set forth the basic principles of American foreign principles of American foreign policy from 1823 until the end policy from 1823 until the end

of the 19th century?of the 19th century?

•The Monroe The Monroe DoctrineDoctrine

What were the 4 What were the 4 points of the points of the

Monroe Doctrine?Monroe Doctrine?

• No more European colonies in the No more European colonies in the AmericasAmericas

• Countries in Western Hemisphere Countries in Western Hemisphere were republics; countries in Europe were republics; countries in Europe were monarchieswere monarchies

• If European countries threatened If European countries threatened any country in Americas, then they any country in Americas, then they threatened the United Statesthreatened the United States

• U.S. would stay out of European U.S. would stay out of European affairsaffairs

What was the What was the mostmost important important point of the Monroe Doctrine?point of the Monroe Doctrine?

• European countries European countries should stay out of the should stay out of the affairs of the Western affairs of the Western HemisphereHemisphere

What precedent did the What precedent did the Monroe Doctrine set for Monroe Doctrine set for American presidents ?American presidents ?

• American presidents would American presidents would consider it a threat to the United consider it a threat to the United States, if European countries States, if European countries meddled with countries in the meddled with countries in the Western HemisphereWestern Hemisphere

What precedent did the What precedent did the Monroe Doctrine set for Monroe Doctrine set for American presidents ?American presidents ?

• American presidents would American presidents would consider it a threat to the United consider it a threat to the United States, if European countries States, if European countries meddled with countries in the meddled with countries in the Western HemisphereWestern Hemisphere

What idea provided What idea provided political support for political support for

territorial expansion?territorial expansion?

•Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny

What was Manifest What was Manifest Destiny?Destiny?

• The belief that it was God’s The belief that it was God’s will for the United States to will for the United States to stretch from the Atlantic to the stretch from the Atlantic to the Pacific OceanPacific Ocean

What war lasted from What war lasted from 1846 to 1848?1846 to 1848?

•The Mexican WarThe Mexican War

What two countries fought What two countries fought in the Mexican War?in the Mexican War?

•The United StatesThe United States

•MexicoMexico

Who won the Who won the Mexican War?Mexican War?

•The United StatesThe United States

What was the What was the Mexican Cession?Mexican Cession?

• The territory the United The territory the United States got from Mexico at States got from Mexico at the end of the Mexican the end of the Mexican WarWar

What present-day What present-day states were part of states were part of

the Mexican the Mexican Cession?Cession?

• CaliforniaCalifornia

• NevadaNevada

• UtahUtah

• ArizonaArizona

• part of Coloradopart of Colorado

• part of New Mexicopart of New Mexico

Define Imperialism.

• One country gaining political or economic control over another country

What Pacific island chain What Pacific island chain did the U.S. annex (add) did the U.S. annex (add)

during the 1890s?during the 1890s?

•HawaiiHawaii

Who was the last native ruler of Hawaii?

•Queen Liluokalani

What was the Open Door Policy?

•All nations would have equal trading rights in China

Who won the Spanish-American War?

•The United States

What territory did the U.S. get in the Spanish-

American War?

•Philippines

•Puerto Rico

At the end of the Spanish-American War in what

country did the U.S. say it could intervene militarily?

•Cuba

Who was president when the Panama Canal was built?

•Theodore Roosevelt

What did the Panama Canal do?

• Provided a short-cut between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

What president was known for Dollar

Diplomacy?

•William Howard Taft

What was Dollar Diplomacy?

• U.S. business would invest U.S. business would invest in Latin Americain Latin America

• If necessary, U.S. would If necessary, U.S. would intervene militarily in intervene militarily in Latin AmericaLatin America

Name 2 examples of American economic

imperialism

•Open Door Policy

•Dollar Diplomacy

What was the basis of U.S. foreign policy

from President Washington until

World War I?

•Isolationism

When did World When did World War I occur?War I occur?

•1914-1918

Who were the Central Powers in World War I?

• Germany• Austria-Hungary• Ottoman Empire

Who were the Allies in World War I?

•Great Britain

•France

•Russia

What major nation What major nation joined the Allies and joined the Allies and

entered World War I in entered World War I in 1917?1917?

•The United StatesThe United States

Did the Central Powers Did the Central Powers or the Allies win World or the Allies win World

War I?War I?

•The Allies

Who developed the Fourteen Points?

•Woodrow Wilson

What were the 3 key ideas of the Fourteen Points?

• National self-determination

• Freedom of the seas

• League of Nations

What is national self-determination?

• The idea that each national group should be in charge of its own destiny

What was the League of Nations?

• An organization of nations started at the end of World War I to maintain peace

What treaty ended What treaty ended World War I?World War I?

•The Versailles The Versailles TreatyTreaty

What were the 4 key points What were the 4 key points of the Versailles Treaty?of the Versailles Treaty?

•National Self-determinationNational Self-determination

•Freedom of the SeasFreedom of the Seas

•the League of Nationsthe League of Nations

•the Mandate Systemthe Mandate System

What is internationalism?

•The opposite of isolationism

•Heavy involvement in foreign affairs

Except for a period in the 1920s and 1930s, what

has been the basis of U.S. foreign policy from World War I to the

Present?

•Internationalism

Who was president Who was president during World War II?during World War II?

• Franklin D. RooseveltFranklin D. Roosevelt

Identify the Lend-Identify the Lend-Lease Act.Lease Act.

• A law which allowed the President to sell, lease, or lend defense equipment to nations which the President considered vital to American security

• Allowed FDR to help the British against Germany

What event brought What event brought the U.S. into World the U.S. into World

War II?War II?

•Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor

What were the Axis What were the Axis nations during World nations during World

War II?War II?

• Germany

• Italy

• Japan

Who was the leader of Who was the leader of Germany during World Germany during World

War II?War II?

•Adolf Hitler

Who were the Allies in Who were the Allies in World War II?World War II?

• Great Britain

• the Soviet Union

• the United States

Who was the leader of Who was the leader of Great Britain during Great Britain during

World War II?World War II?

•Winston Churchill

Who was the leader of Who was the leader of the Soviet Union during the Soviet Union during

World War II?World War II?

•Joseph Stalin

What happened at the What happened at the Battle of Stalingrad?Battle of Stalingrad?

• Soviet army defeated the Germans

• Prevented the Germans from seizing the Soviet oil fields

• Turned the tide against the Germans on the eastern front

What happened at the What happened at the Normandy landings Normandy landings

(D-Day)?(D-Day)?• American and Allied troops

landed in France.

• Liberation of Western Europe had begun.

Who was the commander of Who was the commander of the Allied forces at the D-the Allied forces at the D-

Day invasion?Day invasion?

• Dwight D. Eisenhower

What was the turning What was the turning point of the war in the point of the war in the

Pacific?Pacific?

•The Battle of Midway

What was the Allied What was the Allied strategy in the Pacific?strategy in the Pacific?

•Island hopping

How did the United How did the United States end the war in the States end the war in the

Pacific?Pacific?

•Dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

What was the What was the Holocaust?Holocaust?

•Nazi Germany’s systematic murder of European Jews.

What were the What were the Nuremberg Trials?Nuremberg Trials?

• Trials of Nazi leaders for war crimes

How did the U.S. maintain How did the U.S. maintain an adequate supply of an adequate supply of

products for the war effort?products for the war effort?

• Rationing: each family received a monthly allowance of essential items (sugar, gasoline, meat)

How did the Roosevelt How did the Roosevelt administration finance administration finance

World War II?World War II?

•War bonds

•The federal income tax

What was the Selective What was the Selective Service Act?Service Act?

• 1940 law which established the first peacetime draft in American history

What was the Selective What was the Selective Service Act?Service Act?

• 1940 law which established the first peacetime draft in American history

What happened to most What happened to most Japanese-Americans during Japanese-Americans during

World War II?World War II?

• Relocated to internment camps, where they were required to stay until the end of the war

Who became Who became president when president when

FDR died?FDR died?

•Harry S. TrumanHarry S. Truman

What was the Cold War?

• The war of words between the United States and the Soviet Union between 1945 and 1991

What was the Truman Doctrine?

• U.S. would defend free peoples who were resisting attempted subjugation (control) by armed minorities or outside pressure groups

What was the Marshall Plan?

•U.S. economic aid program to European nations after World War II

What was containment?

• The American policy to limit communism to those areas where it already existed

What is communism?

• An economic system in which all property and means of production are owned by society as a whole (i.e., by the gov’t. in the name of the people)

Who was the Communist Chinese

leader?

•Mao Zedong

Who was the anti-communist Chinese

leader?

•Chiang Kai-shek

What is Taiwan?

• Anti-communist nation founded on the island of Formosa when Chiang fled China

Who were Julius and Ethel Rosenberg?

• A couple who worked on the U.S. atomic project

• They were convicted of espionage and executed

Who was Alger Hiss?

• A U.S. State Department official charged with giving secret documents to the Soviets

• Convicted of perjury

What was NATO?• A defensive military

alliance of U.S. and Western European countries

• An attack on one would be considered an attack on all

What was the Korean War?

• The 1950-1953 war caused when communist North Korea invaded anti-communist South Korea

What policy resulted What policy resulted in American in American

involvement in the involvement in the Korean War?Korean War?

•ContainmentContainment

What is the United Nations?

• An international organization to keep peace in the world

Who was Senator Joseph McCarthy?

• A Republican senator who accused many American officials of being communists

What was McCarthyism?

• Unfairly accusing others of disloyalty and subversion (overthrow of the government)

What was McCarthyism?

• Unfairly accusing others of disloyalty and subversion (overthrow of the government)

What was Massive Retaliation?

• President Eisenhower’s policy that the U.S. would use swift all-out military actions against any nation committing aggression (attack)

What federal agency coordinates the spy

activities of the United States government?

•Central Intelligence Agency or CIA

What was the Bay of Pigs?

• The CIA sponsored invasion of Cuba by Cuban exiles to overthrow Castro. It failed!

What was the Cuban Missile Crisis?

• Soviets placed nuclear missiles in Cuba

• U.S. blockaded Cuba

• Soviets removed the missiles

• What Cold War policy resulted in American involvement in Vietnam?

• Containment

• What European colonial power controlled Indochina after World War II? (Indochina included Vietnam.)

• France

• Who was the leader of the Vietnamese independence movement?

• Ho Chi Minh

• Why did the United States support France’s efforts after World War II to keep Indochina as a colony?

• Ho Chi Minh was a communist.

• What was the name of the South Vietnamese communists who tried to overthrow the South Vietnamese government? They were guerilla fighters.

• Vietcong

• What was the official name of the Vietcong?

• The National Liberation Front

• What president escalated (increased) American military involvement in the Vietnam War to 540,000 troops?

• Lyndon B. Johnson

• What did Nixon call his policy to turn over the war to the South Vietnamese army and simultaneously withdraw American troops?

• Vietnamization

• What country supplied the North Vietnamese Army?

• The Soviet Union

• What happened in Vietnam? In other words, how did the Vietnam War end?

• Communist North Vietnam took over South Vietnam and reunited the country under communist rule.

• What type of government did Vietnam have when it was reunified in 1975?

• Communist

In chronological In chronological order name the order name the

American presidents, American presidents, who served during who served during the Vietnam War.the Vietnam War.

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• TrumanTruman

• EisenhowerEisenhower

• KennedyKennedy

• JohnsonJohnson

• Nixon Nixon

• FordFord

• Who was President Nixon’s most important Secretary of State?

• Henry Kissinger

• With what country did President Nixon begin to establish formal diplomatic relations in 1972?

• Communist China

• Name the Soviet-American discussions to establish limits on the number of nuclear weapons.

• The SALT talks

• Name the first treaty to establish limits on the number of nuclear weapons held by the United States and the Soviet Union.

• The SALT Treaty

• What was the basis of President Reagan’s defense policy?

• A massive military buildup

• What was the effect of President Reagan’s military buildup on American relations with the Soviet Union?

• It increased tension between the United States and the Soviet Union.

• What action did President Reagan take in Western Europe during his first term?

• Reagan placed new nuclear missiles in Western Europe.

• Who became the leader of the Soviet Union in 1985? This leader was known for the policies of “Glasnost” and “Perestroika.”

• Mikhail Gorbachev

• What is the Russian word for openness?

•Glasnost

• Name Gorbachev’s policy of encouraging freedom of expression in the Soviet Union.

•Glasnost

• What Russian word referred to restructuring Soviet society?

•Perestroika

• What type of restructuring did Perestroika do?

• Economic restructuring

• What countries were Soviet satellites after World War II?

• The countries of Eastern Europe

• What does one call a nation that is formally independent, but dominated by another power?

• A satellite

• What was the name of the revolutionary labor movement in Poland during the 1980s?

• The Solidarity movement

What was the best What was the best known symbol of the known symbol of the

Cold War?Cold War?

•The Berlin WallThe Berlin Wall

• What happened to the Berlin Wall in 1989?

• It was torn down.

• What happened in Germany in 1990?

• East Germany and West Germany reunited under the democratic West German government.

• What happened to the Soviet Union in 1991?

• It fell apart or collapsed.

• What action did Gorbachev take on Christmas Day, 1991?

• He resigned and declared the Soviet Union had ended.

•In chronological In chronological order name the order name the leaders of the Soviet leaders of the Soviet Union during the Union during the Cold War.Cold War.

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• StalinStalin

• KrushchevKrushchev

• BrezhnevBrezhnev

• GorbachevGorbachev