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SOIL SUITABILITY EVALUATION FOR MAIZE PRODUCTION IN KENYA A Report by National Accelerated Agricultural Inputs Access Programme (NAAIAP) in collaboration with Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) Department of Kenya Soil Survey, February 2014
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Page 1: SOIL SUITABILITY EVALUATION FOR MAIZE PRODUCTION ...

SOIL SUITABILITY EVALUATION FOR

MAIZE PRODUCTION IN KENYA

A Report by National Accelerated Agricultural Inputs Access Programme (NAAIAP) in collaboration with Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI)

Department of Kenya Soil Survey, February 2014

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National Accelerated Agricultural Inputs Access Program (NAAIAP)P. O. Box 30028, 00100NAIROBI.6th Floor, Hill Plaza Email: [email protected]

© 2014

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Table of ContentsFORWARD ....................................................................................................................... viPREFACE ........................................................................................................................ viiACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................................. viii

1.0 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 11.1 Background Information ................................................................................................................. 1

2.0 SOIL TYPES IN KENYA ............................................................................................ 42.1 The Major Soil Types in Kenya ............................................................................................... 42.2 Characteristics of the Major Soil Types .............................................................................. 5

3.0 SOIL FERTILITY EVALUATION .......................................................................... 113.1 Soil Sample Analysis for Fertility Evaluation ................................................................. 11

4.0 SOIL FERTILITY RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................... 124.1 Kwale County .............................................................................................................................. 124.2 Kilifi County ................................................................................................................................. 164.3 Tana River County ..................................................................................................................... 234.4 Lamu County ............................................................................................................................... 264.5 Taita Taveta County .................................................................................................................. 294.6 Garissa County ........................................................................................................................... 354.7 Wajir County ............................................................................................................................... 384.8 Mandera County ........................................................................................................................ 414.9 Marsabit County ........................................................................................................................ 444.10 Isiolo County ............................................................................................................................ 454.11 Meru County ............................................................................................................................. 474.12 Tharaka Nithi County ............................................................................................................ 554.13 Embu County ............................................................................................................................ 584.14 Kitui County .............................................................................................................................. 644.15 Machakos County .................................................................................................................. 684.16 Makueni County ...................................................................................................................... 744.17 Nyandarua County ................................................................................................................. 814.18 Nyeri County ............................................................................................................................. 844.19 Kirinyaga County ................................................................................................................... 924.20 Muranga County ..................................................................................................................... 954.20.3 Kangema Sub County ........................................................................................................ 984.21 Kiambu County ..................................................................................................................... 1024.22 Turkana County .................................................................................................................... 1054.23 West Pokot County .............................................................................................................. 1104.24 Samburu County .................................................................................................................. 112

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Table of Contents4.25 Elgeyo/Marakwet County ................................................................................................ 1154.26 Nandi County ......................................................................................................................... 1204.27 Baringo County ..................................................................................................................... 1254.28 Nakuru County ...................................................................................................................... 1324.29 Narok County ......................................................................................................................... 1344.30 Kajiado County ...................................................................................................................... 1384.31 Kericho County ..................................................................................................................... 1414.32 Bomet County ........................................................................................................................ 1454.33 Kakamega County ................................................................................................................ 1484.34 Vihiga County ........................................................................................................................ 1574.35 Bungoma County ................................................................................................................. 1634.36 Busia County .......................................................................................................................... 1694.37 Siaya County .......................................................................................................................... 1754.38 Kisumu County ..................................................................................................................... 1814.39 Homa Bay County ................................................................................................................ 1864.40 Migori County ....................................................................................................................... 1914.41 Kisii County ............................................................................................................................ 1974.42 Nyamira County .................................................................................................................... 204

5.0 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................... 217

ANNEX 1. DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR SOIL TYPES FOR COUNTIES .................................... 218

ANNEX 2. SUMMARIZED FERTILIZER RECOMMENDATIONS PER SUB COUNTY ....... 283

ANNEX 3. LIST OF SAMPLED FARMERS ................................................................................. 290

ANNEX 4. LIST OF TRAINED AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION STAFF .................................. 447

1. Nyanza And Western Regions ......................................................................................................... 448 2. Rift Valley Region ................................................................................................................................... 4493. Central And Upper Eastern Regions .............................................................................................. 4504. Lower Eastern And Coast Regions .................................................................................................. 4515. Rift Valley (RFI&RLP) ........................................................................................................................... 4526. Central, Rift Valley And Western Regions (January 2014) .................................................. 453

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A strong agricultural sector provides a sound foundation for a prosperous country. From this recognition, the goal of the government is expressed in Kenya Vision 2030; that is ‘a viable and vibrant agricultural sector that is commercially oriented’ and can compete at international level with more advanced world economies. Agriculture is the backbone of our country and provides livelihood, employment and generates income for the population. The sector is among the key drivers envisaged to deliver the 10% annual economic growth stipulated in the Economic Pillar of Vision 2030.

The sector, however, faces a number of challenges which include reduced productivity, high cost of farm inputs, inefficient utilization of inputs, poor adoption of mechanization, impacts of climate change and lack of access to agricultural credit. In tandem with the Vision of the Agricultural Sector Development Strategy (ASDS); “A food secure and prosperous Nation”, NAAIAP program was formulated in the Ministry to empower resource poor smallholder farmers engaged in maize production through provision of farm inputs grants to support their normal livelihood activities. The program promotes sustainable public private sector partnerships through subsidized credit aimed at ensuring that smallholder farmers and businesses along the maize value chain access farm inputs.

The country’s fertilizer market is fully liberalized with the bulk of fertilizers imported and distributed by the private sector. However, since 2008, the government through the fertilizer subsidy program has procured 494,000 metric tonnes of fertilizer in support of the agricultural sector. A vibrant network of over 5,000 agrodealers situated in major towns and market centres in the country has developed, providing employment opportunities and contributing towards food security for the nation.

Maize is the staple food in Kenya with an estimated annual production ranging from 37-40 million bags against a national requirement of 42 million bags (as per the Economic Survey 2013, Kenya National Bureau of Statistics). However, yields per hectare continue to decline due to continuous farming. This calls for better soil management practices through soil investigations that provide farmers with soil amendment and management solutions that not only increases crop productivity but also conserves the environment. Other important food crops and their estimated production include beans (7.3 million bags), rice (2.5 million bags (50kg)), potatoes (5.6 metric tonnes), wheat (1.8 million bags), sorghum (1.9 million bags), and millet (1 million bags).

This report on soil suitability evaluation is a useful tool to guide farmers, farmer groups, extension providers, dealers in fertilizers and other stakeholders on the types and levels of fertilizer application for different areas in the country. The long term goal is to encourage farmers to test their soils before applying inorganic fertilizers.

I take this opportunity to thank the staff in my ministry, KARI and the Development partners, particularly European Union and World Bank for their collaboration which has culminated in the production of this Soil Suitability Evaluation Report.

Felix Koskei CABINET SECRETARYMINISTRY OF AGICULTURE LIVESTOCK & FISHERIES

FORWARD

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PREFACEThe National Agricultural Accelerated Input Access program (NAAIAP) is a pro poor program in the State Department of Agriculture that offers support to resource poor farmers through fertilizer subsidy and an Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme. The primary objective of NAAIAP is to improve the availability of farm inputs to vulnerable households by offering start-up inputs grants in the form of seeds and fertilizers for one acre of maize. The targeted subsidy is intended to uplift beneficiaries out of the vicious cycle of poverty and enable them to participate in commercial agriculture through their own resource mobilization initiatives and the credit guarantee scheme.

The program started in 2007/08 financial year and targeted to reach 2.5 million resource poor farmers who own less than 1 hectare of land country wide. It was envisaged that the increase in yield and production would meet the household food security needs and generate surplus income to enable re-investment in agriculture which would in turn contribute to the national food security.

To ensure sustainability, affordable financial services are incorporated in the program through the Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme (ACGS). The scheme targets farmers already involved in commercial agriculture but are constrained by lack of basic inputs. It entails provision of affordable loans from competitively procured financial institutions that government has provided with a credit guarantee fund to cushion participating banks at 10% against loss from loan default.

To maximize on inputs use, soil sampling and analysis was incorporated in the program to provide information on the nutrient status of soils to enable farmers apply the right types and quantities of fertilizers to minimize problems of land degradation through build up of soil acidity as a result of blanket fertilizer recommendations. 9,600 soil samples from 4,800 farms spread in 164 sub counties have been analyzed.

This report provides recommendations on the most appropriate fertilizer formulation or blend for maize. However, the farm specific results may be interpreted for other crops. A data base for soils in the sampled sub counties has been compiled and this report will be uploaded on the ministry’s website www.kilimo.go.ke. The report is an invaluable resource for use by farmers, agricultural extension providers and stakeholders as a tool for appropriate fertilizer use. The Ministry will continue to advocate for more soil testing to cover as many farms, crops and regions as possible.

Mrs Sicily Kariuki, MBSPRINCIPAL SECRETARYSTATE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The contribution of the following persons towards the completion of the soil investigation exercise in the NAAIAP program areas is gratefully appreciated.

Mrs Sicily K. Kariuki (MBS), Principal Secretary in the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, State Department of Agriculture (SDA), and The Director Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI), Dr Ephraim A. Mukisira for providing an enabling environment to the respective officers that ensured the success of the soil sampling and analysis and overseeing the exercise to completion. The European Union, through the World Bank, is sincerely appreciated for financing the exercise through the project Enhancing Agricultural Productivity Project (EAPP). The Task Team Leader, World Bank Dr. Andrew Karanja deserves special mention for his facilitative role in the whole process which culminated in the soil sampling and analysis exercise.

The Director Agribusiness Directorate (Mr. H. M. Mwangi (MBS)), who provided valuable guidance during planning and execution of the exercise. Dr Patrick Gicheru, Centre Director National Agricultural Laboratories (NARL) is sincerely acknowledged for coordinating and facilitating field and laboratory activities. KARI/Kenya Soil Survey staff members who participated in the exercise and report writing (G.N. Gachini, P.M. Maingi, A. Chek, C.R.K. Njoroge, P.N. Macharia, N. Mukiira and F. Wandera) are acknowledged. The special taskforce comprising of Agriculture Secretary, Ann Onyango (MBS), Rose Mwangi, Mary Githaiga, Dixon Korir, Rymer Sikobe, Simon Gakunyi, Peter Githuku, Monica Omoro, Francis Wekesa, Mary Karanja, Lumumba Kokeyo, Josephine Mogere, Dr. Peter Macharia and Benard Wanjohi are acknowledged for spearheading the launch of soil test results and writing of this report.

The NAAIAP Secretariat – Rose Mwangi, National Program Coordinator NAAIAP, Rymer Sikobe, Churchill Amatha, Zaweria Thuku, Esther Musyoka, Jacob Mutua, Charles Lusweti and Dixon Korir; in conjunction with support staff, Mary Mokogi, Christine Njeru, Florence Akinyi, Angela Njue, John Magondu, John Somoni and Alex Juma are acknowledged for working tirelessly to ensure that field staff were trained and field and laboratory work was done; and for ensuring that soil test results and recommednadtions report was written and disseminated. In particular, Dixon Korir is acknowledged for the liaison role he played between MoALF and KARI and for organizing the logistics for the exercise.

We acknowledge NARL laboratory staff who worked tirelessly to ensure soil analysis was completed on time. The Divisional Extension Staff who participated in soil sampling exercise are acknowledged for the rapid collection and delivery of the samples to NARL. The Principals of three ATCs (Mabanga, Taita, Kaimosi) and Manager of Caritas, Nyeri are acknowledged for availing training facilities. Last but not least we most sincerely acknowledge the farmers who provided us access to their farms to sample the soils for their cooperation and enthusiasm that made the exercise possible.

To all who contributed in one way or another towards this exercise, we thank you most sincerely for ensuring this report is produced in time for the launch of the soil test results.

Anne A. Onyango, MBSAg AGRICULTURE SECRETARYSTATE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background Information

Vision 2030’s Economic Pillar envisages the agricultural sector among the six key growth drivers of the Kenyan economy. This calls for an agricultural sector that is ‘viable, vibrant and commercially oriented so as to compete at the international level’ with more advanced world economies. However, the productivity levels of many crop enterprises is below potential while the yield trends and value for the last few years have either remained constant or are on the decline. To achieve sustainable agricultural production, there is need to enhance the yields per unit of land while at the same time conserving the soil resources. This is more so because of the increasing pressure on the land due to rising population and hence the need to utilize soils better than they have been utilized in the past.

The National Accelerated Agricultural Input Access Program (NAAIAP) is a pro-poor, food security and poverty alleviation government initiative that is aligned with Vision 2030 and other government policy documents. NAAIAP provides targeted agricultural inputs subsidy to smallholder resource poor farmers. The program has been operating for the last 7 years and has reached beneficiaries in 164 Sub Counties, formerly known as Districts. The core objective of NAAIAP is to improve farm inputs access and affordability for small-scale farmers to enhance food security at household level and generate incomes from sales of surplus produce. The subsidized inputs kits are intended to promote adoption of new technologies. In addition, targeted beneficiaries are supported with extension services and linked to other service providers with the objective of increasing agricultural productivity.

However, this noble effort faces challenges due to limited information on crop nutrients requirements, characteristics of soils and high level of variation in soil properties that are experienced across many sub counties where the program operates. This lack of information has made it difficult for program officers and field staff to offer professional advice on Sub County specific soil nutrient requirements. To maintain soil fertility, soil investigations are the farmers’ best guide for any soil amendments and efficient use of fertilizers. A soil investigation is the first step in identification of soil related constraints with a goal to achieving higher yields, maximum profit while utilizing the best soil fertility management practices.

To mitigate these challenges, NAAIAP undertook to carry out soil sampling, analysis and interpretation of 9,600 samples spread over 164 sub counties. The exercise was funded through the Enhancing Agricultural Productivity Project (EAPP) financed by European Union through World Bank. The following were the objectives of the exercise:

1. Identification of key soil fertility constraints to improving crop yield within the project areas and the development of a long term soil fertility improvement strategy.

2. Provide diagnostic information on soil characteristics to guide fertilizer application and management decisions.

3. Identify cause and effect relationships needed for primary intervention and conditioning of affected areas.

4. Provide recommendations of most appropriate fertilizer formulation/blend for the cropping systems and soil fertility combinations.

5. Provide a scientifically sound baseline for monitoring changes and impacts.6. Provide recommendations on liming rates as soil acidity is a major crop yield limiting factor in many

Kenyan soils.

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1.2 Importance of Soil Sampling and Analysis Kenya has 25 major soil groups based on soil properties which are as a result of the interaction between climate, topography, parent material, organisms and time. Soil is the most valuable and widespread natural resource which supports agricultural based livelihoods. However, there is a general decline in land productivity due to declining soil fertility arising from the following factors.

1. Continuous mining of soil nutrients by crops without adequate replenishment;2. Inappropriate farming practices such as lack of crop rotation, cultivation down the slope, etc;3. Soil compaction due to mechanization;4. Land degradation due to erosion of fertile top soils;5. Continuous use of acidifying fertilizers by farmers;6. Inadequate knowledge on crop requirements and soil characteristics; 7. Inadequate use of farm inputs; 8. Blanket fertilizer recommendations; among others.

On the other hand, many rural smallholder farmers and some field extension agents (government and private sector) are not aware of the opportunities available to enhance agricultural production through soil investigations, carried out by sampling and laboratory testing of the soils. Extension agents also require training to enable them disseminate information and monitor impact indicators after research interventions.

1.3 Methodology of Soil Sampling and Analysis ExerciseThe Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) was contracted to carry out soil sampling, analysis, interpretation of the results and make recommendations for maize production 4,800 smallholder farms in the country. These farms are located in 164 sub counties where the project has been implemented. The following were the terms of reference (TORs).

1. To provide guidance on the selection of representative farmers/soils within the sub counties based on soil types, cropping systems, etc.

2. To carry out soil sampling and/or training the ministry’s field staff to collect soil samples. 3. To provide GPS referencing of all sample locations.4. To collect samples to a central location for analysis using a uniform protocol for all districts.5. To conduct laboratory analysis for major and micro elements, pH, and organic matter content.6. To interpret the laboratory data and provide recommendations.7. To develop a training and dissemination programme for staff in NAAIAP and Farm Inputs Sub-

division.8. To develop a data base for possible up loading to the Kilimo website.

1.3.1 Training of Trainers (ToT) on Soil Sampling and Delivery ProtocolsFor efficiency and uniformity in conducting soil sampling and consistency of the results and recommendations, field extension staff of MOALF in NAAIAP operational sub counties were trained on soil sampling and collection of samples. The Kenya Soil Survey of the National Agricultural Research Laboratories (NARL) conducted six Training of Trainers (TOT) seminars for the divisional extension staff. The extension staff who participated came from 161 sub counties out of the expected 164 sub counties.

Three trainings were held at Mabanga (Bungoma) Agricultural Training Centre (ATC), one session each at Taita (Ngerenyi) and Kaimosi ATCs, and one session at Caritas, Nyeri. After the training, it was expected that the ToTs would train other field staff in their respective sub counties to enable them collect soil samples in the shortest time possible before the March/April 2012 and March/April 2014 long rains commenced. The following topics were covered.

1. Introduction to soil testing2. Soil types common in the county3. Global farms selection

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4. Selection of sampling units at farm level5. Factors considered when sampling soils6. Composite soil sampling7. Soil sampling patterns and procedures8. Collection of representative composite soil samples9. Labelling and geo-referencing sampling points using global positioning system (GPS)10. Soil sampling in greenhouses11. Sampling plant materials

During training, participants were cautioned against collection of samples from sites near the roadside, fence, old farmstead, trash lines or where trash was burnt recently. This is because such areas were likely to contain elevated levels of essential elements and may not be representative of a crop growing field.

To back-up classroom theory, practical soil sampling demonstrations were done in the farms at the three training venues. The participants were also taken through the process of data interpretation and fertilizer recommendations based on the laboratory analytical data in relation to critical soil nutrient levels (Mehlich et al., 1962; Muriuki and Qureshi, 2001).

1.3.2 Collection of composite soil samplesDuring collection of representative composite soil samples, the following factors were considered: soil type, drainage condition, topsoil colour, topography, crop appearance (performance), hot spots (e.g. saline areas), management practices (fertilizer and manure application), rockiness, different cropping patterns, soil moisture status and cultural practices. In every farm, areas with similar characteristics were delineated as sampling units (Muriuki and Qureshi, 2001; Gachene and Kimura, 2003). Two composite soil samples were then collected in the two biggest sampling units following the zigzag method based on stratified random sampling for routine soil fertility evaluation as shown in Figure 2.

1, 2, 3 - Sampling points in the fieldFigure 1:A diagrammatic representation of the zigzag sample collection method

In every selected sampling unit, six to ten sub-samples were collected at 0-30 cm depth and thoroughly mixed on a gunny bag or plastic sheet of paper to form a composite sample. About ¼ to ½ Kg of the composite soil sample was scooped, placed in a polythene bag, tied and labelled for ease of identification and then put in a gunny bag or carton. Two composite soil samples were collected from each farm based on the farm variability and other factors. Thus sixty composite soil samples were collected from each sub county soil analysis, interpretation and fertilizer recommendations. Samples were collected in March 2012 and January 2014.

X1 X7 X13 X2 X6 X8 X12 X14

X3 X5 X9 X11 X15

X4 X10 X16

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Figure 1 shows the major soil types in Kenya. The description of the soil types is shown in Table 1. The soils description has been done according to Sombroek et al. (1982) while soil classification is according to FAO (2006). Additional soil characteristics may be found in any Farm Management Handbook of Kenya series e.g. Jaetzold et al. (2009).

Figure 2: Major soils in Kenya

2.0 SOIL TYPES IN KENYA

2.1 The Major Soil Types in Kenya

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2.2 Characteristics of the Major Soil Types The following characteristics of the major soil types have been described according to Muchena et al. (1982) and FAO (2006). Additional soil characteristics may be found in any Farm Management Handbook of Kenya series e.g. Jaetzold et al. (2009). The major soil types of the counties where soil sampling was done is shown as annex 1.

ACRISOLS (Very acid soils)These are soils with an ABC sequence of horizons, of which the A-horizon (topsoil) is relatively low in organic matter and/or is acid. The B-horizon (subsoil) is characterized by illuviation of silicate clay minerals (argillic horizon). Usually the horizon has an angular blocky structure, in which clay skins are present on at least some of the ped faces and in the fine pores. The illuviation usually shows a distinct increase of texture over a relatively short distance. Acrisols are strongly weathered soils with a low pH (very acid) and a base saturation of less than 50%. Chemically they are poor. Their cation exchange capacity (CEC) is usually greater than 16me/100g clay. The moist consistence is normally friable to firm and the structural stability is moderate. Some Acrisols contain large amounts of indurated plinthite.

Preservation of the surface soil with its all-important organic matter and preventing erosion are preconditions for farming on Acrisols. Acidity-tolerant cash crops such as pineapples, cashew and tea can be grown with some success.

ANDOSOLS (Volcanic soils)These are soils that are formed from recent volcanic material. They are soils with a thick, loose, granular, dark grey to black A-horizon over a yellowish brown or brownish C horizon. These soils may be coarse or fine textured but has usually high silt content. They are very porous, have a low bulk density (less than 0.85g/cm3), high organic matter content and a high water storage capacity. The clay is characterized by the dominance of allophane (amorphous hydrated alluminium silicates of varying composition). Although differences in parent material may influence the fertility of the Andosols, they have in general a high natural fertility and good physical characteristics. However, phosphate fixation and problems with micronutrients do occur.

The strong phosphate fixation of Andosols (caused by active Al abd Fe) is a problem. Ameliorative measures to reduce this effect include application of lime, silica, organic material and phosphate fertilizer.

ARENOSOLS (Sandy soils)Arenosols are weakly developed soils with an ABC sequence of horizons. They are characterized by a sandy texture with less than 15% clay. These soils commonly occur on quartz-rich crystalline or sedimentary rocks or unconsolidated sediments derived from them. The topsoil is low in organic matter content. The soils have a very low cation exchange capacity and a low moisture storage capacity. The natural fertility of these soils is in general very low. All Arenosols have common characteristics such as coarse texture, accounting for their generally high permeability and low water and nutrient storage capacity. On the other hand, Arenosols offer ease of cultivation, rooting and harvesting of root and tuber crops.

CALCISOLS (Calcium rich soils)These soils have substantial secondary accumulation of lime. They are common in highly calcareous parent materials and widespread in arid and semi-arid environments. Vast areas of natural Calcisols are under shrub, grasses and herbs and are used for extensive grazing. Drought-tolerant crops (e.g. sunflower) can be grown under rain-fed conditions. Some vegetables have been grown successfully on irrigated Calcisols when fertilized with nitrogen, phosphorus and trace elements (iron and zinc). Furrow irrigation is superior to basin irrigation on slaking Calcisols because it reduces surface crusting/cracking and seedling mortality.

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CAMBISOLS (Young soils) These are “young” and little weathered soils. They have an ABC sequence of horizons, the B-horizon being “Cambic”. The B-horizon is an altered horizon which shows already a soil structure with significant amounts of weatherable primary minerals. Cambisols have a relatively high natural fertility. They have in general a CEC of more than 24 me/100g clay. The texture of these soils is variable but usually finer than sandy loam. Cambisols generally make good agricultural land and are used intensively.

CHERNOZEMS (Dark coloured soils rich in organic matter)These are soils with dark coloured topsoil that is relatively rich in organic matter and is non-acid. The subsoil (B-horizon) is usually dark brown and has an accumulation of free carbonates, increasing with depth. The topsoil has a granular structure while the subsoil has a blocky structure. These soils are little weathered and have a high natural fertility. In general they have a CEC of more than 24 me/100 g clay. The texture is usually clay. The preservation of the favorable soil structure through timely cultivation and careful irrigation at low watering rates prevents ablation and erosion.

FERRALSOLS (Highly weathered soils)These are mineral soils with an “Oxic” B-horizon from which weathering has removed or altered a large part of the silica. The result of the weathering is the concentration of clay-sized minerals consisting of sesquioxides (Fe + Al oxides) mixed with varying amounts of silicate clays having a 1:1 lattice (e.g. kaolinite). These soils are strongly weathered, strongly leached and have an indistinct soil horizon differentiation. The oxic B-horizon has more than 15% clay-sized particles (texture of sandy loam or finer). The colour of the oxic horizon is widely variable: from dark red to brown. They are very friable, highly porous and permeable. The structure is weakly coherent massive to subangular blocky and is characteristically stable (high flocculation index).

These soils have very low cation exchange capacities (CEC less than 16 me/100g clay) and low base saturation. Weatherable minerals like feldspars, mica and ferromagnesian minerals are nearly absent. Chemically these soils are poor. The natural fertility of many of these soils is restricted to the A-horizon and related to the organic matter content.

Maintaining soil fertility by manuring, mulching and/or adequate (i.e. long enough) fallow periods or agroforestry practices, and prevention of surface soil erosion are important management requirements. Further, fertilizer selection and the mode and timing of fertilizer application determines to a greater extent the success of agriculture on Ferralsols.

FLUVISOLS (Alluvial soils)These are young soils that have developed on alluvium of recent origin. They do not include soils developed from old alluvial deposits that now reflect the influence of climate and vegetation. They have no horizon differentiation due to soil forming processes but they show stratification due to sedimentary deposition. They have an organic matter content that decreases irregularly with depth and they receive fresh sedimentary material at regular intervals. The fertility of these soils varies widely, depending on their texture and on the nutrient content of soils and rocks in the watershed from which the alluvial deposits originate. However, in general most of the Fluvisols are well supplied with plant nutrients. Paddy rice cultivation is widespread on tropical Fluvisols with satisfactory irrigation and drainage. Many dry land crops are grown on Fluvisols as well, normally with some form of water control.

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GLEYSOLS (Poorly drained soils)These are poorly drained mineral soils which are periodically waterlogged. Periodic or permanent saturation by groundwater is reflected by greyish colours or prominent mottling. These soils have B-horizons that are weakly developed (cambic rather than argillic). They have no clear textural differentiation. The fertility of these soils is widely variable. Some of these soils have high contents of organic matter in the topsoil and therefore are relatively fertile, whereas others are very acid. The main obstacle to utilization of Gleysols is the necessity to install a drainage system to lower the groundwater table. Liming of drained Gleysols that are high in organic matter and/or of low pH value creates a better habitat for micro- and meso-organisms and enhances the rate of decomposition of soil organic matter and the supply of nutrients.

GREYZEMS (Soils rich in organic matter having a grey colour)These are soils with an ABC sequence of horizons, of which the A horizon is dark coloured and relatively rich in organic matter. The B-horizon usually has a prismatic or angular blocky structure showing bleached coatings on the ped surfaces. The texture ranges from friable clay loam in the topsoil to very firm, cracking clay in the subsoil. They have a moderate to high natural fertility.

HISTOSOLS (Bog and Marsh soils)These are poorly drained soils with thick topsoil that contains a high percentage of fresh or partly decomposed organic matter. The topsoil (Histic horizon) is at least 40 cm thick and is dark coloured (sometimes black). The physical and chemical characteristics of these soils are strongly determined by the environment and the type of plants that accumulated to give rise to the organic matter content. It is desirable to protect and conserve fragile peat lands because of their intrinsic value, especially their common function as sponges in regulating stream flow and unique species of animal(s). Their prospects for sustained agricultural use are meager.

LEPTOSOLS (Soils with hard rock at very shallow depth)These are shallow soils with an AR sequence of horizons. The topsoil is not rich in organic matter and there is no B-horizon of any kind. These soils have continuous coherent and hard rock (R-horizon) within 10 cm of the surface. Most of the Lithosols are found in hilly and mountainous areas on slopes with excessive and often erosive run-off. The fertility of these soils is widely variable, depending on the parent material. Erosion is the greatest threat to Leptosol soils, particularly on sloping populated lands. Steep slopes with shallow and stony soils can be transformed into cultivated land through terracing, the removal of stones by hand and their use as terrace fronts.

LITHOSOLS- LEPTOSOLS (Soils with hard rock at very shallow depth)These are shallow soils with an AR sequence of horizons. The topsoil is not rich in organic matter and there is no B-horizon of any kind. These soils have continuous coherent and hard rock (R-horizon) within 10 cm of the surface. Most of the Lithosols are found in hilly and mountainous areas on slopes with excessive and often erosive run-off. The fertility of these soils is widely variable, depending on the parent material. Erosion is the greatest threat to Leptosol soils, particularly on sloping populated lands. Steep slopes with shallow and stony soils can be transformed into cultivated land through terracing, the removal of stones by hand and their use as terrace fronts.

LIXISOLS (Highly weathered and poor soils)They comprise soils that have higher clay content in the subsoil than in the topsoil as a result of clay migration. They have a high base saturation and low activity clays at certain depths. Preservation of surface soil with its all important organic matter is of utmost importance. Tillage and erosion control measures such as terracing, contour ploughing, mulching and use of cover crops help to conserve the soil. Growing of perennial crops is preferred to annual crops, particularly on sloping land. Rotation of annual crops with improved pasture is recommended in order to maintain or improve the content of soil organic matter.

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LUVISOLS (Soils with illuvial accumulation of clay)These are soils with an ABC sequence of horizons, of which the A-horizon is relatively low in organic matter. Luvisols have similar morphological characteristics as the Acrisols. They are separated from each other solely on the base saturation of the lower part of the B-horizon. The Luvisols have a base saturation of more than 50% whereas the Acrisols have a base saturation of less than 50%.

Luvisols are moderately to strongly weathered soils. Due to their relatively high base saturation and the presence of weatherable primary minerals, they have a moderate natural fertility. They have a tendency to form a strong sealing on the surface which may cause a strong run-off of water leading to severe erosion. Most Luvisols are fertile soils and are suitable for a wide range of agricultural uses. Luvisols on steep slopes require erosion control measures.

NITISOLS (Deep, red friable clays)Nitisols accommodate those soils that are more than 150 cm deep, show evidence of clay movement and have conspicuous shiny ped surfaces throughout the subsoil (B-horizon). They have a clay texture and show gradual to diffuse soil horizon boundaries. The colour is often dark red, dusky red or dark reddish brown. These soils show a very gentle clay illuviation resulting in a gentle clay bulge over a traject of at least 150 cm. They usually have topsoil with a moderate to strong sub-angular blocky structure underlain by subsoil with a moderate angular blocky structure. The soils are friable or vey friable and are porous throughout. They have marked structure stability. The chemical properties of these soils vary widely. The organic matter content, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and percentage base saturation range from low to high. The soils are known to have a high degree of phosphorus sorption.

Nitisols are among the most productive soils of the humid tropics. The deep and porous solum and the stable soil structure of Nitisols permit deep rooting and make these soils quite resistant to erosion. High P sorption calls for application of P fertilizers, usually provided as slow-release, low-grade phosphate rock (several tones per acre, in maintenance, doses every few years) in combination with smaller applications of better soluble phosphate for short term response by the crop.

PHAEOZEMS (Dark coloured soils rich organic matter)These are soils with dark coloured topsoil (mollic A-horizon) that is relatively high in organic matter and is non-acid. The base saturation of the topsoil is over 50%. These soils usually have an ABC sequence of horizons. The subsoil (B-horizon) usually has a well developed blocky structure with a high porosity. These soils have a high natural fertility due to the high organic matter content and an abundant supply of mineral nutrients. Their CEC is usually over 24 me/100g clay. Phaeozems are porous, fertile soils and make excellent farmland. Wind and water erosion are serious hazards if they are left uncontrolled.

PLANOSOLS (Vlei soils)These are imperfectly drained soils with a pronounced and abrupt transition between relatively light textured topsoil, part of which is whitish (“albic or E-horizon”) and a heavy textured, compact and hard B-horizon. They have a very slow vertical and horizontal drainage and are therefore often waterlogged. The natural fertility varies widely, depending on texture and organic matter content of the topsoil. Natural Planosols areas support sparse grass vegetation, often with scattered shrubs and trees that have shallow root systems and can cope with temporary water-logging. Vast areas of Planosols are used for extensive grazing.

RANKERS (Shallow, acid soils rich in organic matter)Rankers are shallow soils with an ACR or AR sequence of horizons, on siliceous parent material. They are acid and rich in organic matter. They are usually associated with steep slopes. The texture and natural fertility vary widely, both depending on parent material and degree of weathering.

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RENDZINAS (Shallow soils over limestone, rich in organic matter)These soils are developed form calcareous material. Calcium carbonate (CaCo3) usually occurs throughout the soil profile. They have an AC sequence of horizons. The A-horizon is dark coloured, rich in organic matter and is not more than 50 cm thick. Its thickness and organic matter content is greater than that of Lithosols and Regosols developed from calcareous material. The A-horizon contains or overlies calcareous material, with a calcium carbonate equivalent of more than 40%. The soils have a high base saturation and are relatively fertile.

REGOSOLS (Weakly developed soils of loose material)These are shallow soils with an AC sequence of horizons. The topsoil is low in organic matter and there is no B-horizon of any kind. Directly below the A-horizon is a weathering rock material that is unconsolidated (C-horizon). Very often, these soils are stony and rocky. Their natural fertility varies widely, depending on the parent material. Many Regosols are used for extensive grazing. Others are planted with small grain variety crops and fruit trees. Regosols in mountainous regions are delicate and best left under forest.

SOLONETZ (Alkali soils)These are soils with an ABC sequence of horizons characterized by the presence of a natric B-horizon. A high level of sodium on the exchange complex causes the clay to disperse and to move from the A to the B-horizon. Usually a characteristic columnar structure develops. Upon wetting, this natric B-horizon becomes virtually impermeable. The soils have a pH between 8.5 and 10. Their natural fertility is low to moderate, due to relatively low organic matter content in the topsoil. The deeper subsoils are often saline.

Most reclamation attempts start with incorporation of gypsum or exceptionally calcium chloride in the soil. Traditional reclamation strategies begin with planting of a sodium-resistant crop, e.g. Rhodes grass, to gradually improve the permeability of the soil. Once a functioning pore system is in place, Na ions are carefully leached from the soil with good-quality (Ca-rich) water.

SOLONCHAKS (Strongly saline soils)These soils contain a lot of soluble salts that are harmful to the growth of agricultural crops, mainly because of the high osmotic pressure of the soil solution, which reduces the availability of water. Soils that have an electrical conductivity of the saturation extract (ECe) greater than 15 mmhos/cm are considered to be Solonchaks.

Solonchaks usually occur in association with saline-alkali soils. Saline-alkali soils are characterized by an electrical conductivity of the saturation extract of more than 4 mmhos/cm (saline) combined with an exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) of more than 15 (alkali). Their pH may vary widely, but usually is between 8.0 and 8.5. The clay disperses easily upon wetting. Solonchaks are used for extensive grazing of sheep, goats, camels and cattle, or are left as idle land.

VERTISOLS (Dark coloured, strongly cracking clay soils)These soils are popularly known as “Black cotton soils”. The texture is clay throughout (more than 35% clay) and the clay minerals are of the montmorillonite type. This is reflected in great plasticity and stickiness of the soils when they are wet and a pronounced hardness when dry. They are usually imperfectly drained or poorly drained.

A sticking feature of these soils is their capacity to expand and contract with changes in moisture content. During the dry season, they shrink markedly and large cracks develop sometimes up to a depth of 1 metre. As a result of these soil movements, slickensides (large, shiny, grooved ped surfaces) develop in the subsoil and gilgai micro-relief (small mounds) is formed at the surface. The natural fertility of these soils is moderate. Physical properties are adverse: low infiltration rate, low permeability and difficult tillage.

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These soils have considerable agricultural potential, but adapted management is a precondition for sustained production. Their physical soil characteristics and, notably, their difficult water management is a cause of tillage problems. Building and other structures on Vertisols are at risk, and engineers have to take special precautions to avoid damage. Cotton is known to perform well on Vertisols, allegedly because cotton has a vertical root system that is not damaged severely by cracking of the soil. Tree crops are generally less successful because tree roots find it difficult to establish themselves in the subsoil and are damaged as the soil shrinks and swells.

XEROSOLS (Soils with an aridic soil moisture regime)These are soils developed under dry climatic conditions. They have a weak A-horizon which is low in organic matter. The drainage condition of these soils ranges from well drained to poorly drained. Most of these soils are calcareous and have textures ranging from loamy sand to clay. In many places, these soils are saline and/or sodic.

2.3 Optimal Conditions for Maize GrowthMaize can be grown on a wide range of soils but performs best on well-drained, well aerated and deep soils containing adequate organic matter content and well supplied with available nutrients (Landon, 1991). High yields of maize results in heavy drain on soil nutrients and therefore requires regular replenishment with soil nutrients to replace nutrients taken up after every harvest. To sustain yields at a certain level, nutrients out of soil must always be almost equal to nutrients applied within a growing period taking into consideration nutrient losses through harvested materials, leaching, volatilization, and erosion. For optimum production, factors such as soil moisture, temperature, pests and diseases, weed control, and soil chemical and physical conditions must be taken into consideration.

Maize crop grows generally well in soils with a pH range of 5.0 to 8.0 with an optimum pH range for growth at 5.5 to 7.0. The pH outside this range usually makes certain elements more or less available, so toxicity or deficiency develops and growth rates of the crops is reduced. It is very important to maintain the pH as close to the optimum range as possible because below a soil pH of 5.0, alluminium and manganese toxicities may occur and deficiencies of P, Mg and Ca become common. At pH above 8.0, deficiencies of Fe, Mn, Zn and P tend to occur. For example if pH is lower than 6.0, P starts forming insoluble compounds with iron (Fe) and aluminum (Al) and if pH is higher than 7.5, P starts forming insoluble compounds with calcium (Ca) making it unavailable to the plants (Biswas and Mukherjee, 1992).

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3.0 SOIL FERTILITY EVALUATION

3.1 Soil Sample Analysis for Fertility EvaluationThe samples delivered at NARL were analysed for available macro and micro nutrients following the methods of Hinga et al. (1980). The nutrient elements analysed included N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, total nitrogen and exchangeable acidity where the pH of the soil was ≤ 5.5. The total organic carbon (C) was determined as described by Anderson and Ingram, 1993. Other analysis conducted was on soil pH and available trace elements.

The analytical data was compared with the critical nutrient levels of maize to come up with a recommendation for maize production in the sub counties. Farm specific results and fertilizer recommendations are provided in a CD.

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4.0 SOIL FERTILITY RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS4.1 Kwale County4.1.1 Kinango Sub CountyIn Kinango Sub county, the soil pH ranges from moderately acid (5.50) to moderately alkaline (7.80) (Refer to Table 4.1.1). All the 60 farms sampled have their soil pH within the maize growing range (5.0-8.0) and therefore suitable for the growth of maize. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content and maintain the pH of the soil within this range. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range and prevent further rising of pH acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium phosphate (DAP), Monoammonium phosphate, Ammonium sulphate, urea, etc should be applied in farms with pH greater than 6.5. Farms with pH ≤ 6.5 neutral fertilizers such as triple super phosphate (TSP), single super phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K 17:17:17, 15:15:15, 23:23:0, 20:20:0, calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and mavuno should be preferred for application.

In the Sub county, the soil organic matter content ranges from (0.43% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to (2.11% TOC) as shown in Table 4.1.1. 100% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this Sub County. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.1.1 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 98%, phosphorus with 87%, calcium 50% and potassium with 32% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium and potassium are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.1.1 Soil fertility status of Kinango Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate level

% of 60 samples (30 farms)

pH 5.50 7.80 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 0 0Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.43 2.11 ≥ 2.7 60 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.05 0.21 ≥ 0.2 59 98Available P (ppm) 1 80 ≥ 30.0 52 87Potassium (me%) 0.10 1.22 ≥ 0.24 19 32Calcium (me%) 0.7 4.7 ≥ 2.0 30 50Magnesium (me%) 1.07 7.93 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me%) 0.04 0.34 ≥ 0.11 12 20Copper ppm 0.09 1.82 ≥ 1.0 2 3Iron ppm 4.46 61.5 ≥ 10.0 12 20Zinc ppm 0.53 17.3 ≥ 5.0 1 2

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As regards manganese, and iron they are inadequately supplied in the soil in some of the farms. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient zinc is low in 2 % of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing zinc micro element like zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing this element may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Kinango Sub County, non-acidifying and acidifying fertilizers are recommended for application because most of the farms have their pH above 6.0. Non acidifying fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K such as 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and mavuno are recommended for areas with pH below 6.5 and fertilizers such as DAP, urea, ammonium sulphate (AS) in areas with pH above 6.5. This Sub County has nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium and potassium inadequately supplied by the soil. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County general fertilizer recommendationsManure: 8 t/haPlanting: 200 kg/ha DAPTop dressing: 200 kg/ha CAN in 2 splits application

4.1.2 Kwale Sub CountyIn Kwale Sub county, the soil pH ranges from moderately acid (5.35) to moderately alkaline (7.80) (Refer to Table 4.1.2). All the 60 farms sampled have their soil pH within the maize growing range (5.0-8.0) and therefore suitable for the growth of maize. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content and maintain the pH of the soil within this range. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range and prevent further rising of pH acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium phosphate (DAP), Monoammonium phosphate, Ammonium sulphate, urea, etc should be applied in farms with pH greater than 6.5. Farms with pH ≤ 6.5 neutral fertilizers such as triple super phosphate (TSP), single super phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K 17:17:17, 15:15:15, 23:23:0, 20:20:0, calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and mavuno should be preferred for application.

In the sub county, the soil organic matter content ranges from (0.16% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to (2.77% TOC) as shown in Table 4.1.2, 98% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this Sub County. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

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Table 4.1.2 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 93%, phosphorus with 70%, potassium with 62% and calcium with 60% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil

Table 4.1.2: Soil fertility status of Kwale Sub County.

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate level

% of 60 samples (30 farms)

pH 5.35 7.80 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 2 3Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.16 2.77 ≥ 2.7 59 98Total Nitrogen (%) 0.02 0.28 ≥ 0.2 56 93Available P (ppm) 1 177 ≥ 30.0 42 70Potassium (me%) 0.04 2.63 ≥ 0.24 37 62Calcium (me%) 0.3 10.7 ≥ 2.0 36 60Magnesium (me%) 0.22 9.80 ≥ 1.0 11 18Manganese (me%) 0.11 0.57 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.07 7.06 ≥ 1.0 47 78Iron ppm 2.40 52.6 ≥ 10.0 24 40Zinc ppm 0.13 8.04 ≥ 5.0 57 95

As regards Magnesium, copper, iron and zinc they are inadequately supplied in the soil in some of the farms. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient zinc and copper are low in 95% and 78% of the farms respectively. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing zinc micro element like zinc sulphate and copper element like copper sulphate at 5-10 kg/h may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Kwale Sub county, non-acidifying and acidifying fertilizers are recommended for application because most of the farms have their pH above 6.0. Non acidifying fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K such as 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and Mavuno are recommended for areas with pH below 6.5 and fertilizers such as DAP, urea, ammonium sulphate (AS) in areas with pH above 6.5. This Sub County has nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium inadequately supplied by the soil. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

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Sub County general fertilizer recommendationsManure: 8 t/haPlanting: 200 kg/ha N: P: K 23:23:0Top dressing: 125kg/ha CAN

4.1.3 Msambweni Sub CountyIn Msambweni Sub County, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.70) to moderately alkaline (7.79) (Refer to Table 4.1.3). 95% of all the farms sampled have their soil pH within the maize growing range (5.0-8.0) and therefore suitable for the growth of maize. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content and maintain the pH of the soil within this range. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range and prevent further rising of pH acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium phosphate (DAP), Monoammonium phosphate, Ammonium sulphate, urea, etc should be applied in farms with pH greater than 6.5. Farms with pH ≤ 6.5 neutral fertilizers such as triple super phosphate (TSP), single super phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K 17:17:17, 15:15:15, 23:23:0, 20:20:0, calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and mavuno should be preferred for application.

In the Sub county, the soil organic matter content ranges from (0.36% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to (4.73% TOC) as shown in Table 4.1.3. 90% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this Sub County. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.1.3 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 77%, phosphorus with 82%, potassium with 33% and calcium with 30% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil

Table 4.1.3: Soil fertility status of Msambweni Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate

level

% of 60 samples

pH 4.70 7.79 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 3 5Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.36 4.73 ≥ 2.7 54 90Total Nitrogen (%) 0.04 0.48 ≥ 0.2 46 77Available P (ppm) 1 153 ≥ 30.0 49 82Potassium (me %) 0.08 1.23 ≥ 0.24 20 33Calcium (me %) 1.0 4.7 ≥ 2.0 18 30Magnesium (me %) 0.59 10.2 ≥ 1.0 4 7Manganese (me %) 0.05 0.93 ≥ 0.11 3 5Copper ppm 0.01 7.15 ≥ 1.0 56 93Iron ppm 2.86 309 ≥ 10.0 40 67Zinc ppm 0.48 21.6 ≥ 5.0 55 92

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As regards, copper, iron and zinc they are inadequately supplied in the soil in most of the farms. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient copper, iron and zinc are low in 93 %, 67 and 92 % of the farms respectively. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Sulphate salts containing copper, iron and zinc micro elements at 5-10 kg/h may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Msambweni Sub county, non-acidifying and acidifying fertilizers are recommended for application because most of the farms have their pH above 6.0. Non acidifying fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K such as 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and Mavuno are recommended for areas with pH below 6.5 and fertilizers such as DAP, urea, ammonium sulphate (AS) in areas with pH above 6.5. This Sub County has nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium inadequately supplied by the soil. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County general fertilizer recommendationsManure: 6 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N: P: K 23:23:0Top dressing: 125kg/ha CAN

4.2 Kilifi County 4.2.1 Ganze Sub CountyIn Ganze Sub county, the soil pH ranges from extremely acid (4.22) to slightly alkaline (7.09) (Refer to Table 4.2.1). Of the 30 farms sampled, 11 farms (37%) have their soil pH below 5.5 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. Five farms have their pH below the most critical pH of 5.0 for growth of maize. Where pH is below the most critical pH, it should be raised with application of manures or compost annually and avoidance of application of acidic fertilizers. However, to prevent further reduction in pH, application of acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate, etc should be avoided in farms with pH < 5.5

In the Sub county, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (0.12% Total Organic Carbon (TOC) to moderate (1.99% TOC) as shown in Table 4.2.1. All farms have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.2.1 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (100% of farms), phosphorus (43% of farms), potassium (50% of farms) and calcium (62% of farms) which are below adequate levels. Also magnesium (28% of farms) is below adequate level in few farms. Where macro nutrients are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

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Table 4.2.1: Soil fertility status of Ganze Sub County.

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below

adequate levels

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)

pH 4.22 7.09 ≥ 5.5 22 (< 5.5) 37Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.12 1.99 ≥ 2.7 60 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.04 0.19 ≥ 0.2 60 100Available P (ppm) 5 123 ≥ 30.0 26 43Potassium (me %) 0.08 1.29 ≥ 0.24 30 50Calcium (me %) 0.9 6.9 ≥ 2.0 37 62Magnesium (me %) 0.11 7.13 ≥ 1.0 17 28Manganese (me %) 0.02 0.89 ≥ 0.11 16 27Copper ppm 0.14 3.75 ≥ 1.0 48 80Iron ppm 4.06 34.1 ≥ 10.0 28 47Zinc ppm 0.52 73.1 ≥ 5.0 49 82

As regards to manganese and iron, they are deficient in some farms. Zinc is low in 82% and copper is low in 80% of farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Ganze Sub county, non acidic and acidic fertilizers are recommended for application. 63% of farms in the Sub County have pH between 6.5 and 7.09. Fertilizers such as N: P: K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate, Diammonium phosphate (DAP), etc. are recommended for application in this Sub County. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizers with zinc micro-nutrient which is low in majority of soils.

Sub County general fertilizer recommendationsManure: 8 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing: 125kg/ha CAN

4.2.2 Kaloleni Sub CountyIn Kaloleni Sub county, the soil pH ranges from moderately acid (5.5) to moderately alkaline (7.65) (Refer to Table 4.2.2). Of the 21 farms sampled, only 1 farm has its soil pH above 7.0 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. No farms have their pH lower the most critical pH of 5.0 for growth of maize. Where pH is above the optimum pH of 7.0, acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium Sulphate, should be used.

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18 Enhancing Soil Fertility for Greater Productivity

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content is low and ranges from 0.3% Total Organic Carbon (TOC) to 1.12% TOC as shown in Table 4.2.2. All farms have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.2.2 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (100% of farms), phosphorus (80% of farms), potassium (73% of farms) and calcium (60% of farms) which are below adequate levels. Also magnesium (27% of farms) is below adequate level in few farms. Where macro nutrients are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.2.2: Soil fertility status of Kaloleni Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below

adequate levels

% of 30 samples

(21 farms)

pH 5.50 7.65 ≥ 5.5 < 5.5 0Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.30 1.12 ≥ 2.7 30 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.03 0.11 ≥ 0.2 30 100Available P (ppm) 7 96 ≥ 30.0 24 80Potassium (me %) 0.10 0.51 ≥ 0.24 22 73Calcium (me %) 1.3 5.1 ≥ 2.0 18 60Magnesium (me %) 0.26 6.13 ≥ 1.0 8 27Manganese (me %) 0.12 0.66 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.71 1.63 ≥ 1.0 21 70Iron ppm 5.72 58.4 ≥ 10.0 7 23Zinc ppm 0.62 30.6 ≥ 5.0 29 97

As regards to manganese, it is adequately supplied in the soil. However, the micro nutrients such as copper, iron and zinc are deficient in majority of farms. Zinc is low in 97% of farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Kaloleni Sub county, non acidic and acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because some of the soils in the Sub County have pH below 6.5 with only 1 farm with pH above 7.0. Fertilizers such as N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate, etc. are recommended for application in this Sub County. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizers with zinc micro-nutrient which is low in majority of soils.

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Sub County general fertilizer recommendationsManure: 7 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 17:17:17Top dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

4.2.3 Kilifi Sub CountyIn Kilifi Sub County, the soil pH ranges from moderately acid (5.52) to moderately alkaline (7.8) (Refer to Table 4.2.3). Of the 29 farms sampled, only 7 farms (24%) have their soil pH above 7.0 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. No farms have their pH above the most critical pH of 8.0 for growth of maize. Where pH is above the optimum pH of 7.0, acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium Sulphate, etc. should be used

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (0.2% Total Organic Carbon (TOC) to moderate (1.81% TOC) as shown in Table 4.2.3. All farms have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.2.3 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (100% of farms), phosphorus (93% of farms) and potassium (74% of farms) which are below adequate levels. Also calcium (11% of farms) is below adequate level in few farms. Where macro nutrients are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.2.3: Soil fertility status of Kilifi Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below

adequate levels

% of 57 samples

(29 farms)pH 5.52 7.80 ≥ 5.5 0 (< 5.5) 0Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.20 1.81 ≥ 2.7 57 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.03 0.18 ≥ 0.2 57 100Available P (ppm) 1 92 ≥ 30.0 53 93Potassium (me %) 0.06 0.50 ≥ 0.24 42 74Calcium (me %) 1.1 5.9 ≥ 2.0 6 11Magnesium (me %) 1.03 8.39 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me %) 0.11 0.57 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.26 5.88 ≥ 1.0 30 53Iron ppm 2.82 42.5 ≥ 10.0 37 65Zinc ppm 0.84 31.4 ≥ 5.0 47 83

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20 Enhancing Soil Fertility for Greater Productivity

As regards to manganese, it is adequately supplied in the soil. However, the micro nutrients such as copper, iron and zinc are deficient in majority of farms. Zinc is low in 83% of farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Kilifii Sub County, non acidic and acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because some of the soils in the Sub County have pH below 6.5 with only 7 farms with pH above 7.0. Fertilizers such as N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate, Diammonium phosphate (DAP), etc. are recommended for application in this Sub County. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizers with zinc micro-nutrient which is low in majority of soils.

Sub County general fertilizer recommendationsManure: 8 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N: P: K 17:17:17Top dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

4.2.4 Malindi Sub CountyIn Malindi Sub county, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.93) to moderately alkaline (7.76). Of the 30 farms sampled, only 4 farms (13 %) have their soil pH below 5.5 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. One farm have soil pH below the most critical pH of 5.0 for growth of maize. Where pH is below the most critical pH, it should be raised with application of manures or compost annually and avoidance of application of acidic fertilizers. However, to prevent further reduction in pH, application of acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate, etc should be avoided in farms with pH < 5.5. In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (0.29% Total Organic Carbon (TOC) to moderate (1.77% TOC) as shown in Table 4.2.4. All farms have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.2.4 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (100% of farms), phosphorus (88% of farms), potassium (48% of farms), calcium (80% of farms) and magnesium (63% of farms) which are below adequate levels. Where macro nutrients are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

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Table4.2.4: Soil fertility status of Malindi Sub County.

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below

adequate levels

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)pH 4.93 7.76 ≥ 5.5 8 (< 5.5) 13Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.29 1.77 ≥ 2.7 60 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.03 0.18 ≥ 0.2 60 100Available P (ppm) 0.1 193 ≥ 30.0 53 88Potassium (me %) 0.06 0.81 ≥ 0.24 29 48Calcium (me %) 0.5 8.5 ≥ 2.0 48 80Magnesium (me %) 0.04 5.04 ≥ 1.0 38 63Manganese (me %) 0.01 0.60 ≥ 0.11 12 20Copper ppm 0.20 5.40 ≥ 1.0 49 82Iron ppm 2.24 126 ≥ 10.0 43 72Zinc ppm 0.24 6.74 ≥ 5.0 52 87

As regards to manganese, copper, iron and zinc they are deficient in majority of farms. Zinc is low in 87% and copper is low in 82% of farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Malindi Sub County, non acidic and acidic fertilizers are recommended for application. 87% of farms in the Sub County have pH above 6.5 where 14 farms have soils with pH above 7.0. Fertilizers such as N: P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate, Diammonium phosphate (DAP), etc. are recommended for application in this Sub County. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizers with zinc micro-nutrient which is low in majority of soils.

Sub County general fertilizer recommendationsManure: 8 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N: P: K 23:23:0Top dressing: 125kg/ha CAN

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22 Enhancing Soil Fertility for Greater Productivity

4.2.5 Rabai Sub CountyIn Rabai Sub County, the soil pH ranges from moderately acid (5.5) to slightly acid (6.92) (Refer to Table 4.2.5). All sampled farms have their soil pH within an optimum range of 5.5 to 7.0 and, therefore, suitable for maize growth. The optimum soil pH range should be maintained with application of manures or compost annually and avoidance of acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (0.42% Total Organic Carbon (TOC) to moderate (2.24% TOC) as shown in Table 4.2.5. All farms have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.2.5 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (93% of farms), phosphorus (80% of farms) and potassium (50% of farms) which are below adequate levels. Also calcium (23% of farms) is below adequate level in few farms. Where macro nutrients are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.2.5: Soil fertility status of Rabai Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate

levels

% of 60 samples

(17 farms)

pH 5.50 6.92 ≥ 5.5 < 5.5 0Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.42 2.24 ≥ 2.7 30 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.05 0.22 ≥ 0.2 28 93Available P (ppm) 5 60 ≥ 30.0 24 80Potassium (me %) 0.06 0.57 ≥ 0.24 15 50Calcium (me %) 1.1 7.3 ≥ 2.0 7 23Magnesium (me %) 1.22 8.13 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me %) 0.14 0.41 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.58 5.68 ≥ 1.0 9 30Iron ppm 14.3 93.0 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 0.46 13.9 ≥ 5.0 29 97

As regards to manganese and iron, they are sufficiently supplied. Copper is deficient in 30% of farms. Zinc is low in 97% of farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of Sub County leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain

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23Udongo Wenye Rotuba kwa Kuimarisha Uzalishaji

the essential nutrients.

In Rabai Sub County, non acidic fertilizers are recommended for application. All farms in the Sub County have their soil pH within an optimum range of 5.5 to 7.0. Fertilizers such as N: P: K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate, etc. are recommended for application in this Sub County. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizers with zinc micro-nutrient which is low in majority of soils.

Sub County general fertilizer recommendationsManure: 7 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 17:17:17Top dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

4.3 Tana River County4.3.1 Tana North Sub CountyIn Tana North Sub County, the soil pH ranges from slightly acid (6.74) to strongly alkaline (8.65) (Refer to Table 4.3.1). 60% of the farms sampled have their pH between pH 5 – 8 and therefore within the suitable range for the growth of maize and should be maintained within this range. However, 40% of the farms have their pH above 8.0 and outside the suitable range for maize growth. Acidic fertilizers are recommended to bring the pH down to the maize growing range. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range neutral fertilizers such as single diammonium phosphate (DAP), ammonium sulphate (AS), Mono-ammonium phosphate, Urea e.t.c are desirable to be applied in all farms. The lowering of pH from alkaline to neutral will make the fixed P more available to the plants.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from (0.07% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to (1.90% TOC) as shown in Table 4.3.1. 100% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities and aeration in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this Sub County. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.3.1 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 100% and phosphorus with 100% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen and phosphorus are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

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24 Enhancing Soil Fertility for Greater Productivity

Table 4.3.1: Soil fertility status of Tana North Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below

adequate level

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)

pH 6.74 8.65 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 0 0Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.07 1.90 ≥ 2.7 60 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.01 0.19 ≥ 0.2 60 100Available P (ppm) 0.2 11.3 ≥ 30.0 60 100Potassium (me %) 0.28 1.96 ≥ 0.24 0 0Calcium (me %) 2.3 20.6 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me %) 2.40 8.13 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me %) 0.01 0.33 ≥ 0.11 28 47Copper ppm 0.93 5.19 ≥ 1.0 1 2Iron ppm 1.80 114 ≥ 10.0 10 17Zinc ppm 0.34 4.00 ≥ 5.0 60 100

As regards potassium, calcium, magnesium, copper and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil in most of the fields. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient manganese is low in 47 % and zinc is low in 100 % of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing manganese and zinc micro elements like manganese sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing this element may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements and fixed P which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Tana North Sub County acidic fertilizers are recommended for application in all the farms with because their pH is 6.1 and above. Acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), Mono-ammonium Phosphate, and urea and ammonium sulphate (AS) should be applied in all farms. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient manganese and zinc which are low in some of the farms. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County general fertilizer recommendationsManure: 8 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha DAPTop dressing: 100 kg/ha urea

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4.3.2 Tana River Sub County In Tana River Sub County, the soil pH ranges from slightly acid (6.06) to strongly alkaline (8.61) (Refer to Table 4.3.2). 73% of the farms sampled have their pH between pH 5 – 8 and therefore within the suitable range for the growth of maize and should be maintained within this range. However, 27 % of the farms have their pH above 8.0 and outside the suitable range for maize growth. Acidic fertilizers are recommended to bring the pH down to the maize growing range. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range neutral fertilizers such as single diammonium phosphate (DAP), ammonium sulphate (AS), Mono-ammonium phosphate, Urea e.t.c are desirable to be applied in all farms.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from (0.28 % Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to (2.73 % TOC) as shown in Table 4.3.2. 98 % of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities and aeration in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this Sub County. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.3.2 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 75% and phosphorus with 98% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen and phosphorus are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.3.2: Soil fertility status of Tana River Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical)

level

Samples with below

adequate level

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)

pH 6.06 8.61 ≥ 5.5 (>8.0) 16 27Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.28 2.73 ≥ 2.7 59 98Total Nitrogen (%) 0.03 0.26 ≥ 0.2 45 75Available P (ppm) 1 33 ≥ 30.0 59 98Potassium (me %) 0.27 1.39 ≥ 0.24 0 0Calcium (me %) 2.1 27.9 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me %) 1.87 7.49 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me %) 0.05 0.86 ≥ 0.11 1 2Copper ppm 0.51 8.47 ≥ 1.0 5 8Iron ppm 10.2 334 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 0.71 8.59 ≥ 5.0 48 80

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26 Enhancing Soil Fertility for Greater Productivity

As regards potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, copper and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil in most of the fields. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient zinc is low in 80 % of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing zinc micro element like zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing this element may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Tana River Sub County acidic fertilizers are recommended for application in all the farms with because their pH is 6.1 and above. Acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), Mono-ammonium Phosphate, urea and ammonium sulphate (AS) should be applied in all farms. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient zinc which is low in some of the farms. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County general fertilizer recommendationsManure: 7 t/haPlanting: 150 kg/ha DAPTop dressing: 200 kg/ha CAN

4.4 Lamu County4.4.1 Lamu West Sub County In Lamu West Sub County, the soil pH ranges from slightly acid (6.02) to neutral (7.11) (Refer to Table 4.4.1). All the farms sampled have their soil pH within the maize growing range (5.0-8.0) and therefore suitable for the growth of maize. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content and maintain the pH of the soil within this range. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range and prevent further pH changes neutral fertilizers are encouraged for application. However, acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium phosphate (DAP), Monoammonium phosphate, Ammonium sulphate, urea, etc can be applied in all farms with close monitoring of pH changes through soil testing. Neutral fertilizers such as triplesuper phosphate (TSP), single super phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N: P: K 17:17:17, 15:15:15, 23:23:0, 20:20:0, calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and mavuno can also be applied.

In the sub county, the soil organic matter content ranges from (0.13% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to (1.24% TOC) as shown in Table 4.4.1. 100% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this sub county. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

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Table 4.4.1 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 100 %, phosphorus with 52 %, potassium with 22 %, and calcium 67 % of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium and potassium are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil

Table 4.4.1: Soil fertility status of Lamu West Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target(critical) level

Samples with below

adequate level

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)pH 6.02 7.11 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 0 0Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.13 1.24 ≥ 2.7 60 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.02 0.12 ≥ 0.2 60 100Available P (ppm) 2 162 ≥ 30.0 31 52Potassium (me%) 0.12 1.13 ≥ 0.24 13 22Calcium (me%) 1.0 3.9 ≥ 2.0 40 67Magnesium (me%) 0.45 4.73 ≥ 1.0 10 17Manganese (me%) 0.15 0.53 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.26 4.94 ≥ 1.0 33 55Iron ppm 6.77 89.4 ≥ 10.0 8 13Zinc ppm 0.58 13.2 ≥ 5.0 55 92

As regards magnesium, copper, iron and zinc they are inadequately supplied in the soil in some of the farms. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient zinc is low in 92 % of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing copper, iron and zinc micro elements like zinc sulphate, copper sulphate or iron sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Lamu West Sub County, non-acidifying and acidifying fertilizers are recommended for application because most of the farms have their pH above 6.0. Non acidifying fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K such as 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and Mavuno are recommended for areas with pH below 6.5 and fertilizers such as DAP, urea, ammonium sulphate (AS) in areas with pH above 6.5. This sub county has nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium and potassium inadequately supplied by the soil. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

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28 Enhancing Soil Fertility for Greater Productivity

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 8 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing: 125kg/ha CAN

4.4.2 Lamu East Sub County The soil pH ranges from slightly acid (6.22) to moderately alkaline (8.26) (Refer to Table 4.4.2). All the farms sampled have their soil pH within the maize growing range (5.0-8.0) and therefore suitable for the growth of maize. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content and maintain the pH of the soil within this range. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range and prevent further rising of pH acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium phosphate (DAP), Monoammonium phosphate, Ammonium sulphate, urea, etc should be applied in all farms. Neutral fertilizers such as triplesuper phosphate (TSP), single super phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N: P: K 17:17:17, 15:15:15, 23:23:0, 20:20:0, calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and mavuno can also be applied.

In the sub county, the soil organic matter content ranges from (0.25 % Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to (1.14 % TOC) as shown in Table 4.4.2, 100 % of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this sub county. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.4.2 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 98 %, phosphorus with 87 %, calcium 50 % and potassium with 32 % of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium and potassium are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.4.2: Soil fertility status of Lamu East Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical)

level

Samples with below adequate

level

% of 26 samples

pH 6.22 8.26 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 0 0Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.25 1.14 ≥ 2.7 26 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.03 0.12 ≥ 0.2 26 100Available P (ppm) 0.4 93 ≥ 30.0 21 81Potassium (me%) 0.14 0.72 ≥ 0.24 7 27Calcium (me%) 0.3 2.1 ≥ 2.0 25 96Magnesium (me%) 1.14 4.12 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me%) 0.09 0.63 ≥ 0.11 1 4Copper ppm 0.34 1.10 ≥ 1.0 24 92Iron ppm 3.73 44.9 ≥ 10.0 16 62Zinc ppm 0.37 9.55 ≥ 5.0 24 92

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29Udongo Wenye Rotuba kwa Kuimarisha Uzalishaji

As regards copper, iron and zinc they are inadequately supplied in the soil in some of the farms. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient zinc is low in 92 % of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing copper iron and zinc micro elements like zinc sulphate, copper sulphate or iron sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Lamu East Sub County, non-acidifying and acidifying fertilizers are recommended for application because most of the farms have their pH above 6.0. Non acidifying fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K such as 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and Mavuno are recommended for areas with pH below 6.5 and fertilizers such as DAP, urea, ammonium sulphate (AS) in areas with pH above 6.5. This sub county has nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium and potassium inadequately supplied by the soil. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 8 t/haPlanting: 200 kg/ha DAPTop dressing: 200 kg/ha CAN

4.5 Taita Taveta County4.5.1 Mwatate Sub County In Mwatate Sub County, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.68) to moderately alkaline (8.2) (Refer to Table 4.5.1). Of the 30 farms sampled, 6 farms (18%) have their soil pH below 5.5 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. Only three farms have strongly acid pH below the most critical pH of 5.0 for growth of maize. 12 farms have their soil pH above 7.0 with one farm with its pH above the most critical pH of 8.0 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. Where pH is below the most critical pH of 5.0, it should be raised with application of manures or compost annually and avoidance of application of acidic fertilizers. However, to prevent further reduction in pH, application of acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate, etc should be avoided in farms with pH < 5.5. Where pH is above the optimum pH of 7.0, acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium Sulphate, etc. should be used.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (0.47% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to adequate (4.1% TOC) as shown in Table 4.5.1. 93% of farms have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

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30 Enhancing Soil Fertility for Greater Productivity

Table 4.5.1 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (87% of farms), phosphorus (78% of farms) and calcium (25% of farms) which are below adequate level. Also potassium (17% of farms) and magnesium (15% of farms) are below adequate level in few farms. Where macro nutrients are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.5.1: Soil fertility status of Mwatate Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate

levels

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)

pH 4.68 8.19 ≥ 5.5 11 (< 5.5) 18Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.47 4.11 ≥ 2.7 56 93Total Nitrogen (%) 0.05 0.41 ≥ 0.2 52 87Available P (ppm) 0.5 270 ≥ 30.0 47 78Potassium (me %) 0.08 1.83 ≥ 0.24 10 17Calcium (me %) 0.7 7.9 ≥ 2.0 15 25Magnesium (me %) 0.56 6.00 ≥ 1.0 9 15Manganese (me %) 0.01 0.35 ≥ 0.11 18 30Copper ppm 0.28 4.17 ≥ 1.0 17 28Iron ppm 3.48 117 ≥ 10.0 20 33Zinc ppm 0.58 18.9 ≥ 5.0 49 82

As regards micro nutrients manganese, copper and iron, they are insufficiently supplied in some soils. Zinc is low in majority of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Mwatate Sub County, non acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because some of the soils in the Sub County have pH below 6.5 with 12 farms that have soil pH above 7.0. Fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate, 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate and Mavuno are the most suitable in the Sub County. However, in the farms with pH above 7.0, acidic fertilizers such as Diammonium phosphate (DAP), ammonium sulphate (AS) and urea may also be applied. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizers with zinc micro-nutrient which is low in majority of soils.

Sub County general fertilizer recommendationsManure: 8 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing: 125kg/ha CAN

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31Udongo Wenye Rotuba kwa Kuimarisha Uzalishaji

4.5.2 Taita Sub County In Taita Sub County, the soil pH ranges from extremely acid (4.18) to moderately alkaline (7.74) (Refer to Table 4.5.2). Of the 30 farms sampled, 10 farms (32%) have their soil pH below 5.5 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. Only five farms have strongly acid pH below the most critical pH of 5.0 for growth of maize and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. 8 farms have their soil pH above 7.0. Where pH is below the most critical pH, it should be raised with application of manures or compost annually and avoidance of application of acidic fertilizers. However, to prevent further reduction in pH, application of acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate, etc should be avoided in farms with pH < 5.5. Where pH is above the optimum pH of 7.0, acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium Sulphate, etc. should be used.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (0.2% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to adequate (3.97% TOC) as shown in Table 4.5.2. 90% of farms have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.5.2 shows the most limiting nutrient is nitrogen (68% of farms), which is below adequate level. Also phosphorus (13% of farms), potassium (17% of farms), calcium (7% of farma) and magnesium (8% of farms) are below adequate level in few farms. Where macro nutrients are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.5.2: Soil fertility status of Taita Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate

levels

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)

pH 4.18 7.74 ≥ 5.5 19 (< 5.5) 32Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.21 3.97 ≥ 2.7 54 90Total Nitrogen (%) 0.02 0.39 ≥ 0.2 41 68Available P (ppm) 6.0 248 ≥ 30.0 8 13Potassium (me %) 0.06 1.29 ≥ 0.24 10 17Calcium (me %) 0.2 7.9 ≥ 2.0 4 7Magnesium (me %) 0.03 4.09 ≥ 1.0 5 8Manganese (me %) 0.01 0.54 ≥ 0.11 17 28Copper ppm 0.21 5.70 ≥ 1.0 8 13Iron ppm 6.31 133 ≥ 10.0 3 5Zinc ppm 0.96 14.4 ≥ 5.0 44 73

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32 Enhancing Soil Fertility for Greater Productivity

As regards micro nutrients manganese, copper and iron, they are insufficiently supplied in some soils. Zinc is low in majority of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Taita Sub County,non acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because some of the soils in the Sub County have pH below 6.5 with 5 farms that have soil below the most critical pH of 5.0. Fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate, 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate and Mavuno are the most suitable in the Sub County. However, in the farms with pH above 7.0, acidic fertilizers such as Diammonium phosphate (DAP), ammonium sulphate (AS) and urea may also be applied. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizers with zinc micro-nutrient which is low in majority of soils.

Sub County general fertilizer recommendationsManure: 7 t/haPlanting: 150 kg/ha CANTop dressing: 125kg/ha CAN

4.5.3 Taveta Sub County In Taveta Sub County, the soil pH ranges from slightly alkaline (7.14) to strongly alkaline (8.8) (Refer to Table 4.5.3). Of the 30 farms sampled, 15 farms (50 %) have their soil pH above the most critical pH of 8.0 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. To reduce alkaline soil pH, application of acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate, etc should be used (Refer to Appendix 1 for specific farm results).

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (0.5% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to adequate (3.46% TOC) as shown in Table 4.5.3. 93% of farms have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.5.3 shows the most limiting nutrients is nitrogen (90% of farms) and phosphorus (92% of farms) which are below adequate level. Also potassium is below adequate level in one farm. Where macro nutrients are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil. As regards calcium and magnesium, they are adequately supplied in the soil.

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33Udongo Wenye Rotuba kwa Kuimarisha Uzalishaji

Table 4.5.3: Soil fertility status of Taveta Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical)

level

Samples with below adequate

levels

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)

pH 7.14 8.81 ≥ 5.5 0 (< 5.5) 0Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.53 3.46 ≥ 2.7 56 93Total Nitrogen (%) 0.05 0.34 ≥ 0.2 54 90Available P (ppm) 0.7 40 ≥ 30.0 55 92Potassium (me %) 0.18 2.92 ≥ 0.24 1 2Calcium (me %) 2.3 39.9 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me %) 2.07 8.87 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me %) 0.02 0.48 ≥ 0.11 30 50Copper ppm 0.16 6.36 ≥ 1.0 19 32Iron ppm 0.66 336 ≥ 10.0 15 25Zinc ppm 0.47 7.32 ≥ 5.0 55 92

As regards micro nutrients manganese, copper and iron, they are insufficiently supplied in some soils. Zinc is low in majority of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Taveta Sub County, acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because all soils in the Sub County are alkaline with pH above optimum pH of 7.0. Fertilizers such as diammonium phosphate (DAP), ammonium sulphate (AS) and urea are the most suitable in the Sub County. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizers with zinc micro-nutrient which is low in majority of soils.

Sub County general fertilizer recommendationsManure: 7 t/haPlanting: 200 kg/ha DAPTop dressing: 125kg/ha Ammonium Sulphate (AS)

4.5.4 Voi Sub County In Voi Sub County, the soil pH ranges from moderately acid (5.2) to moderately alkaline (8.1) (Refer to Table 4.5.4). Of the 30 farms sampled, only 1 farm has its soil pH below 5.5 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. 17 farms have their soil pH above 7.0 with one farm with its pH above the most critical pH of 8.0 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. Where pH is below the most critical pH of 5.0, it should be raised with application of manures or compost annually and avoidance of application of acidic fertilizers. However, to prevent further reduction in pH, application of acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate, etc should be avoided in farms with pH < 5.5. Where pH is above the optimum pH of 7.0, acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium Sulphate, etc. should be used.

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34 Enhancing Soil Fertility for Greater Productivity

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (0.34% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to moderate (2.4% TOC) as shown in Table 4.5.4. All farms have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.5.4 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (100% of farms) and phosphorus (52% of farms) which are below adequate level. Also calcium (8% of farms) is below adequate level in few farms. Where macro nutrients are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil. As regards potassium and magnesium, they are adequately supplied in the soil.

Table 4.5.4: Soil fertility status of Voi Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critica_l)

level

Samples with below adequate

levels

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)

pH 5.18 8.13 ≥ 5.5 1 (< 5.5) 2Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.34 2.43 ≥ 2.7 60 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.04 0.18 ≥ 0.2 60 100Available P (ppm) 1.1 132 ≥ 30.0 31 52Potassium (me %) 0.27 1.50 ≥ 0.24 0 0Calcium (me %) 1.5 7.7 ≥ 2.0 5 8Magnesium (me %) 0.76 6.81 ≥ 1.0 1 2Manganese (me %) 0.12 0.73 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 1.00 11.4 ≥ 1.0 0 0Iron ppm 6.14 229 ≥ 10.0 8 13Zinc ppm 1.16 6.07 ≥ 5.0 55 92

As regards manganese and copper, they are adequately supplied in the soil. Iron is insufficiently supplied in some soils. Zinc is low in majority of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Voi Sub County, acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because majority of the soils in the Sub County are alkaline with pH above optimum pH of 7.0. Fertilizers such as diammonium phosphate (DAP), ammonium sulphate (AS) and urea are the most suitable in the Sub County. However, in five farms with pH below 6.5, non acidic fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate, 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17 and Calcium ammonium nitrate may be applied. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizers with zinc micro-nutrient which is low in majority of soils.

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35Udongo Wenye Rotuba kwa Kuimarisha Uzalishaji

Sub County general fertilizer recommendationsManure: 7 t/haPlanting: 200 kg/ha DAPTop dressing: 200 kg/ha CAN

4.6 Garissa County4.6.1 Garissa Sub County In Garissa Sub County, the soil pH ranges from slightly alkaline (7.31) to strongly alkaline (8.54) (Refer to Table 4.6.1). All the 60 farms sampled have their pH above 7.0. 23% of the fields have their pH above 8.0 and therefore not suitable for the growth of maize. To bring the pH to within the suitable range, very acidic fertilizers such as ammonium sulphate, urea, diammonium and monoammonium phosphates must be used. All the other fields (77%) have their pH within the maize growing range (5.0-8.0) and therefore suitable for the growth of maize. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range and prevent further pH raise to alkalinity, acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium phosphate (DAP), Monoammonium phosphate, Ammonium sulphate, urea etc should be applied in all farms.

In the sub county, the soil organic matter content ranges from (0.41% Total Organic Carbon (TOC) to (1.81% TOC) as shown in Table 4.6.1. 100% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities and aeration in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this Sub County. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.6.1 show the most limiting nutrient is nitrogen with 100% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen is low, fertilizers containing this nutrient should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.6.1: Soil fertility status of Garissa Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate level

% of 60 farms

pH 7.31 8.54 ≥ 5.5 (> 8.0) 14 23Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.41 1.81 ≥ 2.7 60 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.04 0.18 ≥ 0.2 60 100Available P (ppm) 1 41 ≥ 30.0 3 5Potassium (me%) 0.08 1.59 ≥ 0.24 4 7Calcium (me %) 2.2 12.9 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me%) 3.74 9.17 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me%) 0.11 0.60 ≥ 0.10 0 0Copper ppm 0.85 5.91 ≥ 1.0 1 2Iron ppm 79.9 302 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 2.18 10 ≥ 5.0 48 80

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36 Enhancing Soil Fertility for Greater Productivity

As regards phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron manganese and copper they are adequately supplied in the soil in most of the fields. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient zinc is low in 80% of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing zinc micro element like zinc sulphate 5-10kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing this element may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Garissa Sub County, acidifying fertilizers are recommended for application because some farms have their pH above (23%) the suitable range of 5.0 – 8.0. Acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), Monoammonium Phosphate, urea and ammonium sulphate (AS) are recommended for this sub county. The sub county also requires application of fertilizers with micro-nutrient zinc which is low in most of the farms. This sub county has nitrogen inadequately supplied by the soil. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 8 t/haPlanting: 125 kg/ha CANTop dressing: 200 kg/ha CAN

4.6.2 Ijara Sub CountyIn Ijara Sub County, the soil pH ranges from moderately acid (4.42) to moderately alkaline (8.75) (Refer to Table 4.6.2). Of the 60 farms sampled, 8% of the farms have their soil pH below 5.0 and 5% of the fields have their pH above 8.0. All the other fields (87%) have their pH within the maize growing range (5.0-8.0) and therefore suitable for the growth of maize. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content and raise the pH of the soil where the pH is below 5.0. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range and prevent further pH raise to alkalinity, acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium phosphate (DAP), Monoammonium phosphate, Ammonium sulphate, urea etc should be applied in farms with pH greater than 6.5 (29 farms). Farms with pH ≤ 6.5 neutral fertilizers such as triple super phosphate (TSP), single super phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K 17:17:17, 15:15:15, 23:23:0, 20:20:0, calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and Mavuno should be preferred for application.

In the sub county, the soil organic matter content ranges from (0.30% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to (1.87% TOC) as shown in Table 4.6.2. 100% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this sub county. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

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Table 4.6.2 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 100%, phosphorus with 43% and potassium with 30% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.6.2: Soil fertility status of Ijara Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate

level

% of 60 farms

pH 4.42 8.75 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 18 30Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.30 1.87 ≥ 2.7 60 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.04 0.18 ≥ 0.2 60 100Available P (ppm) 1 129 ≥ 30.0 26 43Potassium (me%) 0.04 1.13 ≥ 0.24 18 30Calcium (me%) 0.6 35.0 ≥ 2.0 23 30Magnesium (me%) 0.09 8.23 ≥ 1.0 11 18Manganese (me%) 0 1.02 ≥ 0.10 2 3Copper ppm 0.25 6.08 ≥ 1.0 28 47Iron ppm 3.27 228 ≥ 10.0 3 5Zinc ppm 0.53 5.25 ≥ 5.0 57 95

As regards calcium, magnesium, zinc and copper they are inadequately supplied in the soil in some of the farms. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient zinc is low in 95% of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing zinc micro element like zinc sulphate 5-10kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing this element may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Ijara Sub County, non acidifying and acidifying fertilizers are recommended for application because some farms have their pH below 5.0 and others above 8.0. Non acidifying fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K such as 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and Mavuno are recommended for areas with pH below 8.0 and fertilizers such as DAP, urea, ammonium sulphate (AS) in areas with pH above 8.0. The sub county also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient zinc which is low in most of the farms. This sub county has nitrogen inadequately supplied by the soil. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

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38 Enhancing Soil Fertility for Greater Productivity

Table 4.7.1: Soil fertility status of Wajir East Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical)

level

Samples with below

adequate level

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)pH 6.82 8.68 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 0 0Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.16 1.16 ≥ 2.7 60 100

Total Nitrogen (%) 0.02 0.11 ≥ 0.2 60 100Available P (ppm) 1.00 13.0 ≥ 30.0 60 100Potassium (me %) 0.04 0.91 ≥ 0.24 31 52Calcium (me %) 2.0 9.90 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me %) 1.16 8.99 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me %) 0.01 0.47 ≥ 0.11 32 53Copper ppm 0.10 2.31 ≥ 1.0 52 87Iron ppm 0.86 61.7 ≥ 10.0 52 87Zinc ppm 0.62 2.59 ≥ 5.0 60 100

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 8 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

4.7 Wajir County4.7.1 Wajir East Sub-CountyIn Wajir East Sub County, the soil pH ranges from slightly acid (6.82) to strongly alkaline (8.68) (Refer to Table 4.7.1). 35% of the farms sampled have their pH between pH 5 – 8 and therefore within the suitable range for the growth of maize and should be maintained within this range. 65 % of the farms have their pH greater than 8.0 and therefore unsuitable for the growth of maize. To reduce the pH, acidic fertilizers should be applied in all the farms. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range acidic fertilizers such as single diammonium phosphate (DAP), mono-ammonium phosphate, ammonium sulphate (SA), urea e.t.c are desirable to be applied in farms always.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from (0.16% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to (1.16 % TOC) as shown in Table 4.7.1. 100 % of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities and aeration in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this Sub County. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.7.1 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 100%, phosphorus with 100% and potassium with 52% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

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As regards calcium and magnesium they are adequately supplied in the soil in most of the fields. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrients manganese is low in 53%, copper is low in 87%, iron is low in 87% and zinc is low in 100% of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing manganese, copper, iron and zinc micro elements like manganese sulphate, copper sulphate, iron sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Wajir Sub County acidic fertilizers are recommended for application in all farms. Acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), Mono-ammonium Phosphate, urea and ammonium sulphate (AS) should be applied in farms with pH greater than 6.50. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrients manganese, copper, iron and zinc which are low in majority of the farms. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County general fertilizer recommendationsManure: 8 t/haPlanting: 200 kg/ha DAPTop dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

4.7.2 Wajir West Sub-CountyIn Wajir West Sub County, the soil pH ranges from slightly acid (6.78) to moderately alkaline (8.44) (Refer to Table 4.7.2). 62% of the farms sampled have their pH between pH 5 – 8 and therefore within the suitable range for the growth of maize and should be maintained within this range. 38% of the farms have their pH greater than 8.0 and therefore unsuitable for the growth of maize. To reduce the pH, acidic fertilizers should be applied in all the farms. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range acidic fertilizers such as single diammonium phosphate (DAP), mono-ammonium phosphate, ammonium sulphate (SA), urea e.t.c are desirable to be applied in farms always.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from (0.21% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to (1.53% TOC) as shown in Table 4.7.2. 100% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities and aeration in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this Sub County. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

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40 Enhancing Soil Fertility for Greater Productivity

Table 4.7.2 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 100%, phosphorus with 97%, potassium with 31% and calcium with 22% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.7.2: Soil fertility status of Wajir West Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical)

level

Samples with below

adequate level

% of 58 samples

(30 farms)

pH 6.78 8.44 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 0 0Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.21 1.53 ≥ 2.7 58 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.03 0.15 ≥ 0.2 58 100Available P (ppm) 0.10 57 ≥ 30.0 56 97Potassium (me%) 0.08 1.95 ≥ 0.24 18 31Calcium (me%) 0.80 7.90 ≥ 2.0 12 22Magnesium (me%) 1.20 12.7 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me%) 0.08 0.43 ≥ 0.11 2 3Copper ppm 0.36 2.73 ≥ 1.0 28 48Iron ppm 7.26 131 ≥ 10.0 1 2Zinc ppm 0.61 8.82 ≥ 5.0 54 93

As regards magnesium, manganese and iron they are adequately supplied in the soil in most of the fields. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrients copper is low in 48% and zinc is low in 93% of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing copper and zinc micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Wajir West Sub County acidic fertilizers are recommended for application in all farms. Acidifying fertilizers such as Di-ammonium Phosphate (DAP), Mono- ammonium Phosphate, urea and ammonium sulphate (AS) should be applied in farms with pH greater than 6.50. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrients copper and zinc which are low in majority of the farms. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County general fertilizer recommendationsManure: 8 t/haPlanting: 200 kg/ha DAP Top dressing: 200 kg/ha CAN

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4.8 Mandera County4.8.1 Mandera East Sub County In Mandera East Sub County, the soil pH ranges from slightly alkaline (7.39) to moderately alkaline (8.29) (Refer to Table 4.8.1). All the 60 farms sampled have their pH below between pH 5 – 8 and therefore within the suitable range for the growth of maize. However, this pH is at the marginal pH levels very acidic fertilizers such as ammonium sulphate, urea, diammonium and monoammonium phosphates must be used to gradually bring the pH to the desirable range. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range and prevent further pH raise to alkalinity, acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium phosphate (DAP), Monoammonium phosphate, Ammonium sulphate, urea etc should be applied in all farms.

In the sub county, the soil organic matter content ranges from (0.16% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to (1.75% TOC) as shown in Table 4.8.1. 100% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities and aeration in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this Sub County. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.8.1 show the most limiting nutrient is nitrogen with 100% and phosphorus 100% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen and phosphorus are low, fertilizers containing this nutrient should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.8.1: Soil fertility status of Mandera East Sub County Soil Parameter Min Max Target

(critical ) level

Samples with below adequate level

% of 60 samples (30 farms)

pH 7.39 8.29 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 0 0Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.16 1.75 ≥ 2.7 60 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.02 0.17 ≥ 0.2 60 100Available P (ppm) 0.30 14.7 ≥ 30.0 60 100Potassium (me%) 0.32 1.65 ≥ 0.24 0 0Calcium (me%) 2.4 19.1 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me%) 2.01 7.25 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me%) 0.02 1.15 ≥ 0.11 36 60Copper ppm 0.11 1.25 ≥ 1.0 55 92Iron ppm 2.20 36.6 ≥ 10.0 33 55Zinc ppm 0.33 2.91 ≥ 5.0 60 100

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42 Enhancing Soil Fertility for Greater Productivity

As regards potassium, calcium and magnesium they are adequately supplied in the soil in most of the fields. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient manganese is low in 60%, copper in 92%, iron is low in 55% and zinc is low in 100% of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing manganese, copper, iron and zinc micro elements like manganese sulphate, copper sulphate, iron sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Mandera East Sub County, acidifying fertilizers are recommended for application because all the farms have their pH above 7.0. Acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), Monoammonium Phosphate, urea and ammonium suphate (AS) are recommended for this sub county. The sub county also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient manganese, copper, iron and zinc which are low in most of the farms. This sub county has nitrogen and phosphorus inadequately supplied by the soil. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 8 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha DAPTop dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

4.8.2 Banisa Sub CountyIn Banisa Sub County, the soil pH ranges from slightly acid (6.51) to strongly alkaline (8.66) (Refer to Table 4.8.2). Only 20 farms sampled have their pH below 8.0. 67% of the fields have their pH above 8.0 and therefore not suitable for the growth of maize. To bring the pH to within the suitable range, very acidic fertilizers such as ammonium sulphate, urea, di-ammonium and mono-ammonium phosphates must be used. 23% of the fields have their pH within the maize growing range (5.0-8.0) and therefore suitable for the growth of maize. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range and prevent further pH raise to alkalinity, acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium phosphate (DAP), Mono-ammonium phosphate, Ammonium sulphate, urea etc should be applied in all farms.

In the sub county, the soil organic matter content ranges from (0.50% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to (1.42% TOC) as shown in Table 4.8.2. 100% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities and aeration in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this Sub County.

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43Udongo Wenye Rotuba kwa Kuimarisha Uzalishaji

This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.8.2 show the most limiting nutrient is nitrogen with 100% and phosphorus 98% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen and phosphorus are low, fertilizers containing this nutrient should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil

Table4.8.2: Soil fertility status of Banisa Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical)

level

Samples with below adequate

level

% of 60 samples (fields)

pH 6.51 8.66 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 0 0Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.50 1.42 ≥ 2.7 60 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.05 0.14 ≥ 0.2 60 100Available P (ppm) 1 245 ≥ 30.0 59 98Potassium (me %) 0.27 1.83 ≥ 0.24 0 0Calcium (me %) 2.0 5.5 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me %) 2.56 10.8 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me %) 0.03 0.84 ≥ 0.11 13 22Copper ppm 0.40 9.07 ≥ 1.0 12 20Iron ppm 1.84 37.2 ≥ 10.0 41 68Zinc ppm 0.50 10.9 ≥ 5.0 58 97

As regards potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese and copper they are adequately supplied in the soil in most of the fields. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient iron is low in 68 % and zinc is low in 80 % of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing iron and zinc micro elements like iron sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing this element may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Banisa Sub County, acidifying fertilizers are recommended for application because majority (67%) of the farms has their pH above the suitable range of 5.0–8.0. Acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), Monoammonium Phosphate, urea and ammonium suphate (AS) are recommended for this sub county. The sub county also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient iron and zinc which are low in most of the farms. This sub county has nitrogen and phosphorus inadequately supplied by the soil. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

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44 Enhancing Soil Fertility for Greater Productivity

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 8 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha DAP Top dressing: 200 kg/ha CAN

4.9 Marsabit County 4.9.1 Marsabit Sub CountyIn Marsabit Sub County, the soil pH ranges from moderately acid (5.42) to slightly alkaline (7.25) (Refer to Table 4.9.1). All the 60 farms sampled have their pH below between pH 5 – 8 and therefore within the suitable range for the growth of maize and should be maintained within this range. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range neutral fertilizers such calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), Mavuno, compound fertilizers N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0 e.t.c are desirable to be applied in all farms.

In the sub county, the soil organic matter content ranges from (0.79% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to (2.27% TOC) as shown in Table 4.9.1. 100% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities and aeration in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this sub county. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.9.1 show the most limiting nutrient is nitrogen with 85% and phosphorus with 40% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen and phosphorus are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.9.1: Soil fertility status of Marsabit Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical )

level

Samples with below adequate

level

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)

pH 5.42 7.25 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 1 2Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.79 2.27 ≥ 2.7 60 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.08 0.22 ≥ 0.2 51 85Available P (ppm) 1 197 ≥ 30.0 24 40Potassium (me%) 0.26 2.59 ≥ 0.24 0 0Calcium (me%) 1.3 11.9 ≥ 2.0 4 7Magnesium (me%) 4.92 9.82 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me%) 0.35 1.05 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 1.55 6.25 ≥ 1.0 0 0Iron ppm 8.63 163 ≥ 10.0 2 3Zinc ppm 0.88 9.70 ≥ 5.0 58 97

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45Udongo Wenye Rotuba kwa Kuimarisha Uzalishaji

As regards potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, copper and iron they are adequately supplied in the soil in most of the fields. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient zinc is low in 97 % of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing zinc micro element like zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Marsabit Sub County, neutral fertilizers are recommended for application because all the farms have their pH between 5 and 7.0. Acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), Monoammonium Phosphate, urea and ammonium sulphate (AS) should be avoided. The sub county also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient zinc which is low most of the farms. This sub county has nitrogen and phosphorus inadequately supplied by the soil. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 7 t/haPlanting: 200 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing: 125kg/ha CAN

4.10 Isiolo County4.10.1 Isiolo Sub County The soil pH ranges from slightly acid (5.90) to moderately alkaline (8.70) (Refer to Table 4.10.1). Most of the farms sampled (40) have their soil pH within the growing range (5.0-8.0) and therefore suitable for the growth of maize. However, 20 farms have their pH above 8.0 and therefore outside the maize growing range. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range and reduce alkalinity, acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium phosphate (DAP), Monoammonium phosphate, Ammonium sulphate, urea etc should be applied in all farms.

In the sub county, the soil organic matter content ranges from 0.99% Total Organic Carbon (TOC) to 2.16% TOC as shown in Table 4.10.1. 100% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this Sub County. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.10.1 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium with 87%, 75% and 23% of the farms with below adequate levels respectively. Where nitrogen phosphorus and potassium are low, fertilizers containing these nutrient should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

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46 Enhancing Soil Fertility for Greater Productivity

Table 4.10.1: Soil fertility status of Isiolo Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical)

level

Samples with below adequate

level

% of 60 farms

pH 5.90 8.70 ≥ 8.0 (> 8.0) 20 33Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.99 2.16 ≥ 2.7 60 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.10 0.22 ≥ 0.2 52 87Available P (ppm) 0.8 45.3 ≥ 30.0 45 75Potassium (me%) 0.06 1.95 ≥ 0.24 14 23Calcium (me%) 2.2 35.8 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me%) 5.20 9.48 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me%) 0.01 0.90 ≥ 0.10 36 60Copper ppm 0.15 6.26 ≥ 1.0 46 77Iron ppm 0.97 28.4 ≥ 10.0 41 68Zinc ppm 0.27 6.0 ≥ 5.0 58 97

As regards calcium and magnesium they are adequately supplied in the soil in all farms. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient manganese in 60 % of the farms, copper in 77 % of the farms and zinc in 92 % of the farms are low. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of Sub County leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing zinc, manganese, copper and iron micro elements like zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing this element may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Isiolo Sub County, acidifying and non acidifying fertilizers are recommended for application because majority of the farms have their above 5.90. Fertilizers such as DAP, urea and ammonium sulphate (AS) are recommended. The sub county also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient zinc which is low in almost all the farms. This sub county has nitrogen and phosphorus inadequately supplied by the soil. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 6t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha DAPTop dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

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47Udongo Wenye Rotuba kwa Kuimarisha Uzalishaji

4.11 Meru County 4.11.1 Igembe North Sub County The soil pH ranges from moderately acid (5.8) to slightly acid (6.85) (Refer to Table 4.11.1). Of the 30 farms sampled, all farms have optimum soil pH range for maize growth at 5.5 to 7.0 and, therefore, very suitable for maize growth In the sub county, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (1.0% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to adequate (4.3% TOC) as shown in Table 4.11.1. 62% of farms have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.11.1 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (28% of farms) and phosphorus (13% of farms) which are below adequate level. Where macro nutrients are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.As regards potassium, calcium and magnesium, they are adequately supplied in the soil.

Table 4.11.1:Soil fertility status of Igembe North Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical)

level

Samples with below adequate

levels

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)

pH 5.79 6.85 ≥ 5.5 0 (< 5.5) 0Total Organic Carbon (%) 1.02 4.29 ≥ 2.7 37 62Total Nitrogen (%) 0.10 0.43 ≥ 0.2 17 28Available P (ppm) 20 172 ≥ 30.0 8 13Potassium (me %) 0.24 3.90 ≥ 0.24 0 0Calcium (me %) 2.3 12.3 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me %) 1.65 8.56 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me %) 0.01 0.79 ≥ 0.11 11 18Copper ppm 1.35 8.51 ≥ 1.0 0 0Iron ppm 25.5 153 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 2.37 54.2 ≥ 5.0 14 23

As regards copper and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil. Zinc is low in 23% of farms. Also manganese is below adequate level in few farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

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48 Enhancing Soil Fertility for Greater Productivity

In Igembe North Sub County, non acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because most of the soils in the Sub County have pH below 6.5 with 23 farms with pH between 5.5 and 6.5. Fertilizers such as Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (CAN), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), N: P: K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, etc. are recommended for application in this Sub County. The sub county also requires application of fertilizers with zinc micro-nutrient which is low in 23% of soils.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 5 t/haPlanting: 100 kg/ha CANTop dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

4.11.2 Igembe South Sub CountyIn Igembe South, the soil pH ranges from extremely acid (4.3) to near neutral (7.0) (Refer to Table 4.11.2). Of the 30 farms sampled, 9 farms (28%) have their soil pH below 5.5 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. Seven farms have their pH below the most critical pH of 5.0 for growth of maize. Where pH is below the most critical pH, it should be raised with application of manures or compost annually and avoidance of application of acidic fertilizers. However, to prevent further reduction in pH, application of acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate, etc should be avoided in farms with pH < 5.5.

In the sub county, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (1.0% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to adequate (4.6% TOC) as shown in Table 4.11.2. 67% of farms have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.11.2 shows the most limiting nutrients are phosphorus (53% of farms) and nitrogen (28% of farms) which are below adequate level. Also potassium (7% of farms), calcium (13% of farms) and magnesium (10% of farms) are below adequate level in few farms. Where macro nutrients are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.11.2: Soil fertility status of Igembe South Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical)

level

Samples with below adequate

levels

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)pH 4.31 6.99 ≥ 5.5 17 (< 5.5) 28Total Organic Carbon (%) 1.02 4.59 ≥ 2.7 40 67Total Nitrogen (%) 0.10 0.46 ≥ 0.2 17 28Available P (ppm) 6 250 ≥ 30.0 32 53Potassium (me %) 0.06 1.97 ≥ 0.24 4 7Calcium (me %) 0.1 6.9 ≥ 2.0 8 13Magnesium (me %) 0.02 8.31 ≥ 1.0 6 10Manganese (me %) 0.01 0.64 ≥ 0.11 22 37Copper ppm 0.50 6.53 ≥ 1.0 6 10Iron ppm 10.1 115 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 1.49 25.0 ≥ 5.0 30 50

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49Udongo Wenye Rotuba kwa Kuimarisha Uzalishaji

As regards iron, it is adequately supplied in the soil. However, the micro nutrients such as manganese is low in 37% of farms, copper is low in 10% of farms and zinc is low in 50% of farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Igembe South Sub County, non acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because most of the soils in the sub county have pH below 6.5 with only 4 farms with pH above 6.5. Fertilizers such as Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (CAN), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, etc. are recommended for application in this Sub County. The sub county also requires application of fertilizers with zinc micro-nutrient which is low in 50% of soils.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 6 t/haPlanting: 200 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

4.11.3 Imenti North Sub CountyIn Imenti North Sub County, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.97) to slightly alkaline (7.1) (Refer to Table 4.11.3). Of the 30 farms sampled, 7 farms (22 %) have their soil pH below 5.5 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. One farm has its pH below the most critical pH of 5.0 for growth of maize. Where pH is below the most critical pH, it should be raised with application of manures or compost annually and avoidance of application of acidic fertilizers. However, to prevent further reduction in pH, application of acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate, etc should be avoided in farms with pH < 5.5.

In the sub county, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (1.0% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to adequate (2.7% TOC) as shown in Table 4.11.3, 97% of farms have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.11.3 shows the most limiting nutrient is nitrogen (60% of farms) which is below adequate level. Also phosphorus (15% of farms), potassium (22% of farms) and calcium (20% of farms) are below adequate level in few farms. Where macro nutrients are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil. As regards magnesium, it is adequately supplied in the soil.

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50 Enhancing Soil Fertility for Greater Productivity

Table4.11.3: Soil fertility status of Imenti North Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical)

level

Samples with below adequate

levels

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)pH 4.97 7.08 ≥ 5.5 13 (< 5.5) 22Total Organic Carbon (%) 1.02 2.68 ≥ 2.7 58 97Total Nitrogen (%) 0.11 0.32 ≥ 0.2 36 60Available P (ppm) 7.6 269 ≥ 30.0 9 15Potassium (me %) 0.14 1.49 ≥ 0.24 13 22Calcium (me %) 1.0 5.3 ≥ 2.0 12 20Magnesium (me %) 1.04 7.15 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me %) 0.12 7.54 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 2.26 49.2 ≥ 1.0 0 0Iron ppm 12.4 102 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 3.24 77.0 ≥ 5.0 7 12

As regards manganese, copper and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil. Zinc is low in 12% of farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Imenti North Sub County, non acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because most of the soils in the Sub County have pH below 6.5 with only 2 farms with pH above 6.5. Fertilizers such as Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (CAN), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), and N: P: K 23:23:0, 20:20:0 are recommended for application in this Sub County. The sub county also requires application of fertilizers with zinc micro-nutrient which is low in 12% of soils.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 6 t/haPlanting: 200 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing: 150 kg/ha CAN

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51Udongo Wenye Rotuba kwa Kuimarisha Uzalishaji

4.11.4 Imenti South Sub CountyThe soil pH ranges from moderately acid (5.0) to slightly acid (6.7) (Refer to Table 4.11.4). Of the 30 farms sampled, 17 farms (55%) have their soil pH below 5.5 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. No farms have their pH below the most critical pH of 5.0 for growth of maize. To prevent further reduction in pH, application of acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate, etc should be avoided in farms with pH < 5.5.

In the sub county, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (1.0% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to adequate (2.9% TOC) as shown in Table 4.11.4, 98% of farms have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.11.4 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (85% of farms) and phosphorus (75% of farms) which are below adequate level. Also potassium and magnesium are below adequate level in one farm. Where macro nutrients are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil .As regards calcium, it is adequately supplied in the soil.

Table 4.11.4: Soil fertility status of Imenti South Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical)

level

Samples with below adequate

levels

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)pH 5.00 6.72 ≥ 5.5 33 (< 5.5) 55Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.99 2.86 ≥ 2.7 59 98Total Nitrogen (%) 0.10 0.29 ≥ 0.2 51 85Available P (ppm) 7 247 ≥ 30.0 44 73Potassium (me %) 0.18 1.06 ≥ 0.24 1 2Calcium (me %) 2.1 7.1 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me %) 0.87 8.24 ≥ 1.0 1 2Manganese (me %) 0.20 0.93 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.44 17.8 ≥ 1.0 4 7Iron ppm 12.2 83.2 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 4.51 43.8 ≥ 5.0 3 5

As regards manganese and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil. Copper and zinc are low in few farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies

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52 Enhancing Soil Fertility for Greater Productivity

can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Imenti South Sub County, non acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because most of the soils in the Sub County have pH below 6.5 with only 3 farms with pH above 6.5. Fertilizers such as Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (CAN), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, etc. are recommended for application in this sub county.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 7 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing: 125kg/ha CAN

4.11.5 Tigania East Sub County In Tigania East Sub County, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.5) to moderately alkaline (7.7) (Refer to Table 4.11.5). Of the 30 farms sampled, 8 farms (27%) have their soil pH below 5.5 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. Three farms have their pH below the most critical pH of 5.0 for growth of maize. Where pH is below the most critical pH, it should be raised with application of manures or compost annually and avoidance of application of acidic fertilizers. However, to prevent further reduction in pH, application of acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate, etc should be avoided in farms with pH < 5.5.

In the sub county, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (0.5% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to moderate (2.6% TOC) as shown in Table 4.11.5. All farms have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.11.5 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (72% of farms) and phosphorus (20% of farms) which are below adequate level. Also calcium (7% of farms), potassium (3% of farms) and magnesium (2% of farms) are below adequate level in few farms. Where macro nutrients are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.11.5: Soil fertility status of Tigania East Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical)

level

Samples with below adequate

levels

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)pH 4.50 7.74 ≥ 5.5 16 (< 5.5) 27Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.49 2.59 ≥ 2.7 60 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.06 0.25 ≥ 0.2 43 72Available P (ppm) 1 210 ≥ 30.0 12 20Potassium (me %) 0.22 2.87 ≥ 0.24 2 3Calcium (me %) 0.7 14.1 ≥ 2.0 4 7Magnesium (me %) 0.08 8.50 ≥ 1.0 1 2Manganese (me %) 0.12 1.05 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.08 10.9 ≥ 1.0 1 2Iron ppm 10.7 255 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 1.05 47.6 ≥ 5.0 31 52

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53Udongo Wenye Rotuba kwa Kuimarisha Uzalishaji

As regards manganese, copper and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil. Zinc is low in 52% of farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Tigania East, non acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because most of the soils in the Sub County have pH below 6.5 with only 5 farms with pH above 6.5. Only two farms have soil with pH above 7.0. Fertilizers such as Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (CAN), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, etc. are recommended for application in this sub county. The sub county also requires application of fertilizers with zinc micro-nutrient which is low in 52% of soils

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 6 t/haPlanting: 125 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing: 150 kg/ha CAN

4.11.6 Tigania West Sub CountyIn Tigania West, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.74) to near neutral (6.95) (Refer to Table 4.11.6). Of the 30 farms sampled, 8 farms (27 %) have their soil pH below 5.5 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. Two farms have their pH below the most critical pH of 5.0 for growth of maize. Where pH is below the most critical pH, it should be raised with application of manures or compost annually and avoidance of application of acidic fertilizers. However, to prevent further reduction in pH, application of acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate, etc should be avoided in farms with pH < 5.5. In the sub county, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (0.6% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to adequate (2.75% TOC) as shown in Table4.11.6. 98% of farms have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.11.6 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (85% of farms) and phosphorus (33% of farms) which are below adequate level. Also calcium is below adequate level in few farms. Where macro nutrients are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil .As regards potassium and magnesium, they are adequately supplied in the soil.

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54 Enhancing Soil Fertility for Greater Productivity

Table 4.11.6: Soil fertility status of Tigania West Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical)

level

Samples with below adequate

levels

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)pH 4.74 6.95 ≥ 5.5 16 (< 5.5) 27Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.63 2.75 ≥ 2.7 59 98Total Nitrogen (%) 0.06 0.27 ≥ 0.2 51 85Available P (ppm) 4 255 ≥ 30.0 20 33Potassium (me %) 0.24 2.19 ≥ 0.24 0 0Calcium (me %) 1.6 7.5 ≥ 2.0 4 7Magnesium (me %) 2.07 7.97 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me %) 0.11 1.07 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 1.44 10.8 ≥ 1.0 0 0Iron ppm 10.0 251 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 1.01 46.8 ≥ 5.0 27 45

As regards manganese, copper and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil. Zinc is low in 45% of farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Tigania West Sub County, non acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because most of the soils in the Sub County have pH below 6.5 with only 1 farm with pH above 6.5. Fertilizers such as Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (CAN), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, etc. are recommended for application in this sub county. The sub county also requires application of fertilizers with zinc micro-nutrient which is low in 45% of soils

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 8 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing: 125kg/ha CAN

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55Udongo Wenye Rotuba kwa Kuimarisha Uzalishaji

4.12 Tharaka Nithi County 4.12.1 Maara Sub CountyIn Maara Sub County, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.47) to slightly acid (6.38) (Refer to Table 4.12.1). 72% of the farms sampled have their pH between pH 5 – 8 and therefore within the suitable range for the growth of maize and should be maintained within this range. However, 28% of the farms have their pH below the suitable range and therefore requires liming to raise the pH to the suitable range. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range neutral fertilizers such as single super phosphate (SSP), triple superphosphate (TSP), calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), Mavuno, compound fertilizers N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0 e.t.c are desirable to be applied in all farms.

In the sub county, the soil organic matter content ranges from (0.89% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to (2.51% TOC) as shown in Table 4.12.1. 100% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities and aeration in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this Sub County. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.12.1 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 77%, phosphorus with 18% and calcium 43% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.12.1: Soil fertility status of Maara Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate level

% of 60 samples (30 farms)

pH 4.47 6.38 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 37 62Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.89 2.51 ≥ 2.7 60 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.09 0.25 ≥ 0.2 46 77Available P (ppm) 19 122 ≥ 30.0 11 18Potassium (me%) 0.14 1.50 ≥ 0.24 6 10Calcium (me%) 0.9 4.3 ≥ 2.0 26 43Magnesium (me%) 0.21 5.56 ≥ 1.0 8 13Manganese (me%) 0.22 1.11 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.25 15.0 ≥ 1.0 22 37Iron ppm 14.6 63.6 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 1.63 42.5 ≥ 5.0 14 23

As regards potassium, magnesium, manganese and iron they are adequately supplied in the soil in most of the fields. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient copper is low in 37 % and zinc is low in 23 % of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and

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56 Enhancing Soil Fertility for Greater Productivity

may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing copper and zinc micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Maara Sub County, neutral fertilizers are recommended for application because all the farms have their pH below 7.0. Acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), Monoammonium Phosphate, urea and ammonium suphate (AS) should be avoided. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient copper and zinc which is low in a few farms and lime to raise the pH and improve calcium and magnesium content in the soil. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 6 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha CANTop dressing: 125kg/ha CAN

4.12.2 Meru South Sub CountyIn Meru South Sub County, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.41) to neutral (7.16) (Refer to Table 4.12.2). 87% of the farms sampled have their pH between pH 5 – 8 and therefore within the suitable range for the growth of maize and should be maintained within this range. However, 13 % of the farms have their pH below the suitable range and therefore requires liming to raise the pH to the suitable range. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range neutral fertilizers such as single super phosphate (SSP), triple superphosphate (TSP), calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), Mavuno, compound fertilizers N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0 e.t.c are desirable to be applied in all farms.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from (0.59% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to (2.59%TOC) as shown in Table 4.12.2. 100% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities and aeration in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this Sub County. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.12.2 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 65% and phosphorus with 52% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen and phosphorus are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

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Table 4.12.2: Soil fertility status of Meru South Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate

level

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)pH 4.41 7.16 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 25 42Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.59 2.59 ≥ 2.7 60 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.06 0.26 ≥ 0.2 39 65Available P (ppm) 2 214 ≥ 30.0 31 52Potassium (me%) 0.16 1.73 ≥ 0.24 4 7Calcium (me%) 2.0 8.1 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me%) 0.20 5.16 ≥ 1.0 4 7Manganese (me%) 0.15 0.91 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.1 10.5 ≥ 1.0 20 33Iron ppm 10.9 63.3 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 1.76 54.2 ≥ 5.0 16 27

As regards potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese and iron they are adequately supplied in the soil in most of the fields. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient copper is low in 33 % and zinc is low in 27 % of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_ maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing copper and zinc micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Meru South Sub County neutral fertilizers are recommended for application because all the farms have their pH at 7.0 or below. Acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), Monoammonium Phosphate, urea and ammonium suphate (AS) should be avoided. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient copper and zinc which is low in a few farms and lime to raise the pH and improve calcium and magnesium content in the soil. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County general fertilizer recommendationsManure: 6 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha CANTop dressing: 125kg/ha CAN

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58 Enhancing Soil Fertility for Greater Productivity

4.13 Embu County4.13.1 Embu North Sub CountyIn Embu North, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.79) to slightly alkaline (6.71) (Refer to Table 4.13.1). Of the 60 farms sampled, 45% of the farms have their soil pH below 5.5. There is only 2 fields with its pH outside the maize growing range (5.0-8.0). Majority of the farms (97%) have their pH within the satisfactory pH range (5-8) and therefore suitable for the growth of maize. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to improve and maintain the organic matter content and raise the pH of the soil. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range and prevent further pH raise, non acidifying fertilizers such as triple super phosphate (TSP), single super phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K 17:17:17, 15:15:15, 23:23:0, 20:20:0, calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and mavuno should be preferred for application.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (0.83% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to adequate (3.67 % TOC) as shown in Table 4.13.1. 78% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this Sub County. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.13.1 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 23%, phosphorus with 65%, and potassium with 15 % of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.13.1:Soil fertility status of Embu North Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical)

level

Samples with below adequate

level

% of 60 farms

pH 4.79 6.71 ≥ 5.5 27 (< 5.5) 45Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.83 3.67 ≥ 2.7 47 78Total Nitrogen (%) 0.09 0.35 ≥ 0.2 14 23Available P (ppm) 6.0 137 ≥ 30.0 39 65Potassium (me%) 0.14 1.24 ≥ 0.24 9 15Calcium (me%) 2.0 5.3 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me%) 0.21 5.34 ≥ 1.0 12 20Manganese (me%) 0.01 0.62 ≥ 0.11 7 12Copper ppm 0.98 17.9 ≥ 1.0 1 2Iron ppm 17.8 302 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 3.39 50 ≥ 5.0 6 10

As regards calcium, manganese and copper they are adequately supplied in the soil in majority of the farms. To improve on magnesium and calcium there should be regular applications of dolomite lime. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient zinc is low in 10 % of the farms. According to the International

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Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing zinc micro element like zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing this element may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Embu North, non acidifying fertilizers are recommended for application because all the farms have their soil pH between 4.62 and 6.16. Fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N: P: K such as 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and mavuno are recommended. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient zinc which is low in some farms. This Sub County has the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium plant nutrients inadequately supplied by the soil while the pH is tending towards the acid side. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 6 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

4.13.2 Embu West Sub CountyIn Embu West, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.62) to slightly alkaline (6.16) (Refer to Table 4.13.2). Of the 60 farms sampled, 28% of the farms have their soil pH below 5.5. There are only 3 fields with its pH outside the maize growing range (5.0-8.0). Majority of the farms (95%) have their pH within the satisfactory pH range (5-8) and therefore suitable for the growth of maize. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content and raise the pH of the soil. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range and prevent further pH raise, non acidifying fertilizers such as triple super phosphate (TSP), single super phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K 17:17:17, 15:15:15, 23:23:0, 20:20:0, calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and mavuno should be preferred for application.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (0.78% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to adequate (2.36% TOC) as shown in Table 4.13.2. 100% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this Sub County. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.13.2 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 72%, phosphorus with 88%, and potassium with 8 % of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

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60 Enhancing Soil Fertility for Greater Productivity

Table 4.13.2: Soil fertility status of Embu West Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate

level

% of 60 farms

pH 4.62 6.16 ≥ 5.5 17 (< 5.5) 28Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.78 2.36 ≥ 2.7 60 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.08 0.24 ≥ 0.2 43 72Available P (ppm) 2.0 72 ≥ 30.0 53 88Potassium (me %) 0.12 1.12 ≥ 0.24 5 8Calcium (me%) 5.5 15.0 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me%) 0.34 8.49 ≥ 1.0 1 2Manganese (me %) 0.11 0.58 ≥ 0.10 0 0Copper ppm 0.48 7.56 ≥ 1.0 4 7Iron ppm 6.20 7.43 ≥ 10.0 21 35Zinc ppm 1.86 43.7 ≥ 5.0 8 13

As regards calcium, magnesium, manganese and copper they are adequately supplied in the soil in majority of the farms. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient zinc is low in 13 % and iron in 35 % of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing zinc and copper micro element like zinc and iron sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Embu West, non acidifying fertilizers are recommended for application because all the farms have their soil pH between 4.62 and 6.16. Fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K such as 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and mavuno are recommended. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient zinc and iron which are low in some farms. This Sub County has the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium plant nutrients inadequately supplied by the soil while the pH is tending towards the acid side. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 5 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N: P: K 23:23:0Top dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

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61Udongo Wenye Rotuba kwa Kuimarisha Uzalishaji

4.13.3 Mbeere South Sub CountyThe soil pH ranges from moderately acid (5.10) to moderately alkaline (7.74) (Refer to Table 4.13.3). Of the 60 farms sampled, 8% of the farms have their soil pH below 5.5. All fields have their pH within the maize growing range (5.0-8.0) and therefore suitable for the growth of maize. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content and the pH of the soil. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range and prevent further pH raise to alkalinity, acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium phosphate (DAP), Monoammonium phosphate, Ammonium sulphate, urea etc should be applied in farms with pH greater than 6.5 (19 farms). Farms with pH ≤ 6.5 neutral fertilizers such as triple super phosphate (TSP), single super phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K 17:17:17, 15:15:15, 23:23:0, 20:20:0, calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and mavuno should be preferred for application.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from (0.47% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to (1.88% TOC) as shown in Table 4.13.3. 100% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this Sub County. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.13.3 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 100%, phosphorus with 63% and potassium with 33% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen and phosphorus and potassium are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.13.3: Soil fertility status of Mbeere South Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate level

% of 60 farms

pH 5.10 7.74 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 5 8Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.47 1.88 ≥ 2.7 60 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.05 0.19 ≥ 0.2 60 100Available P (ppm) 1 237 ≥ 30.0 38 63Potassium (me %) 0.06 1.21 ≥ 0.24 20 33Calcium (me %) 0.40 3.1 ≥ 2.0 25 42Magnesium (me %) 0.04 8.92 ≥ 1.0 8 13Manganese (me %) 0.06 0.86 ≥ 0.10 2 3Copper ppm 0.12 5.61 ≥ 1.0 23 38Iron ppm 5.25 80.1 ≥ 10.0 14 23Zinc ppm 0.53 6.42 ≥ 5.0 59 98

As regards calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron and copper they are inadequately supplied in the soil in some of the farms. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient zinc is low in 98 % of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

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62 Enhancing Soil Fertility for Greater Productivity

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing zinc micro element like zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing this element may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Mbeere South, non acidifying fertilizers are recommended for application because all the farms have their soil pH below 7.74. Fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N: P: K such as 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and mavuno are recommended. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient zinc which is low in most of the farms. This Sub County has nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium plant nutrients inadequately supplied by the soil while the pH is tending towards the acid side. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 7 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N: P: K 23:23:0Top dressing: 150kg/ha CAN

4.13.4 Mbeere North Sub CountyIn Mbeere North Sub County, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.71) to slightly acid (6.58) (Refer to Table 4.13.4). Of the 60 farms sampled, 2% of the farms have their soil pH below 5.0. There is only 1 field with its pH outside the maize growing range (5.0-8.0). Majority of the farms (98%) have their pH within the satisfactory pH range (5-8) and therefore suitable for the growth of maize. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content and raise the pH of the soil. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range and prevent further pH raise, non acidifying fertilizers such as triple super phosphate (TSP), single super phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K 17:17:17, 15:15:15, 23:23:0, 20:20:0, calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and mavuno should be preferred for application.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from (0.48% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to (2.07% TOC) as shown in Table 4.13.4. 100% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this Sub County. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.13.4 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 98% and phosphorus with 68% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen and phosphorus are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil

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Table 4.13.4: Soil fertility status of Mbeere North Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate level

% of 60 farms

pH 4.71 6.58 ≥ 5.5 1 (< 5.5) 2Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.48 2.07 ≥ 2.7 60 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.05 0.20 ≥ 0.2 59 98Available P (ppm) 3 98 ≥ 30.0 41 68Potassium (me%) 0.14 1.25 ≥ 0.24 3 5Calcium (me%) 1.4 3.7 ≥ 2.0 6 10Magnesium (me%) 1.22 7.66 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me%) 0.13 0.86 ≥ 0.10 0 0Copper ppm 0.88 3.45 ≥ 1.0 3 5Iron ppm 6.42 47.0 ≥ 10.0 5 8Zinc ppm 0.80 15.2 ≥ 5.0 55 92

As regards calcium, potassium, magnesium, manganese, iron and copper they are adequately supplied in the soil in majority of the farms. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient zinc is low in 92% of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing zinc micro element like zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing this element may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Mbeere North Sub County,non acidifying fertilizers are recommended for application because all the farms have their soil pH below 7.0. Fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K such as 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and mavuno are recommended. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient zinc which is low in most of the farms. This Sub County has nitrogen and phosphorus plant nutrients inadequately supplied by the soil while the pH is tending towards the acid side. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County general fertilizer recommendationsManure: 7 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing: 125kg/ha CAN

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64 Enhancing Soil Fertility for Greater Productivity

4.14 Kitui County4.14.1 Kitui Sub CountyIn Kitui West Sub County, the soil pH ranges from moderately acid (5.67) to moderately alkaline (8.27) (Refer to Table 4.14.1). Of the 30 farms sampled, 9 farms have their soil pH above 7.0 with two farms with their pH above the most critical pH of 8.0 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. Where pH is above the optimum pH of 7.0, acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium Sulphate, etc. should be used.

In the Sub County the soil organic matter content ranges from low (0.48% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to moderate (1.4% TOC) as shown in Table 4.14.1. All farms have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.14.1 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (100% of farms) and phosphorus (40% of farms) which are below adequate level. Where macro nutrients are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil. As regards potassium, calcium and magnesium, they are adequately supplied in the soil.

Table 4.14.1: Soil fertility status of Kitui West Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical)

level

Samples with below adequate

levels

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)pH 5.67 8.27 ≥ 5.5 0 (< 5.5) 0Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.48 1.40 ≥ 2.7 60 100

Total Nitrogen (%) 0.05 0.18 ≥ 0.2 60 100Available P (ppm) 1 322 ≥ 30.0 24 40Potassium (me %) 0.24 1.31 ≥ 0.24 0 0Calcium (me %) 2.3 10.9 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me %) 1.00 6.98 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me %) 0.04 0.79 ≥ 0.11 2 3Copper ppm 1.26 8.82 ≥ 1.0 0 0Iron ppm 10.9 167 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 0.19 25.7 ≥ 5.0 53 88

As regards iron, copper and manganese, they are adequately supplied in the soil. Zinc is low in 88% of farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may

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render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Kitui West Sub County, non acidic and acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because some of the soils in the Sub County have pH below 6.5 with 9 farms that have soil pH above 7.0. Fertilizers such as N: P: K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, Calcium ammonium nitrate, Diammonium phosphate (DAP), urea, etc. are recommended for application in this Sub County. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizers with zinc micro-nutrient which is low in majority of soils.

Sub County general fertilizer recommendationsManure: 8 t/haPlanting: 200 kg/ha N: P: K 23:23:0Top dressing: 200 kg/ha CAN

4.14.2 Kyuso Sub CountyIn Kyuso Sub County, the soil pH ranges from slightly acid (6.1) to moderately alkaline (8.34) (Refer to Table 4.14.2). Of the 30 farms sampled, 14 farms have their soil pH above 7.0 with two farms with their pH above the most critical pH of 8.0 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. Where pH is above the optimum pH of 7.0, acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium Sulphate, etc. should be used.

In the Sub County the soil organic matter content is low as shown in Table 4.14.2. All farms have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.14.2 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (100% of farms) and phosphorus (62% of farms) which are below adequate level. Where macro nutrients are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.As regards potassium, calcium and magnesium, they are adequately supplied in the soil.

Table 4.14.2: Soil fertility status of Kyuso Sub County.

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical)

level

Samples with below adequate

levels

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)pH 6.09 8.34 ≥ 5.5 0 (< 5.5) 0Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.05 1.26 ≥ 2.7 60 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.01 0.13 ≥ 0.2 60 100Available P (ppm) 0.1 233 ≥ 30.0 37 62Potassium (me %) 0.24 1.43 ≥ 0.24 0 0Calcium (me %) 2.0 7.5 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me %) 1.83 6.09 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me %) 0.10 0.60 ≥ 0.11 1 2Copper ppm 1.10 5.12 ≥ 1.0 0 0Iron ppm 11.1 122 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 0.85 978 ≥ 5.0 54 90

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66 Enhancing Soil Fertility for Greater Productivity

As regards iron, copper and manganese, they are adequately supplied in the soil. Zinc is low in 90% of farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Kyuso Sub County, non acidic and acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because some of the soils in the Sub County have pH below 6.5 with 14 farms that have soil pH above 7.0. Fertilizers such as Calcium ammonium nitrate, Diammonium phosphate (DAP), etc. are recommended for application in this Sub County. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizers with zinc micro-nutrient which is low in majority of soils.

Sub County general fertilizer recommendationsManure: 8 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha DAPTop dressing: 125kg/ha CAN

4.14.3 Mwingi Central Sub CountyIn Mwingi Central Sub County, the soil pH ranges from moderately acid (5.84) to moderately alkaline (8.34) (Refer to Table 4.14.3). Of the 30 farms sampled, 9 farms have their soil pH above 7.0 with two farms with their pH above the most critical pH of 8.0 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. Where pH is above the optimum pH of 7.0, acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium Sulphate, etc. should be used.

In the Sub County the soil organic matter content is low as shown in Table 4.14.3. All farms have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.14.3 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (97% of farms) and phosphorus (70% of farms) which are below adequate level. Also calcium (38% of farms) and potassium (10% of farms) are below adequate level in few farms. Where macro nutrients are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil. As regards magnesium, it is adequately supplied in the soil.

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Table 4.14.3:Soil fertility status of Mwingi Central Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical)

level

Samples with below adequate

levels

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)pH 5.84 8.34 ≥ 5.5 0 (< 5.5) 0Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.37 2.11 ≥ 2.7 60 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.04 0.21 ≥ 0.2 58 97Available P (ppm) 0.7 128 ≥ 30.0 42 70Potassium (me %) 0.12 1.67 ≥ 0.24 6 10Calcium (me %) 1.2 7.3 ≥ 2.0 23 38Magnesium (me %) 1.45 7.48 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me %) 0.09 0.58 ≥ 0.11 1 2Copper ppm 1.23 7.61 ≥ 1.0 0 0Iron ppm 3.8 43.2 ≥ 10.0 4 7Zinc ppm 0.87 15.5 ≥ 5.0 58 97

As regards copper, it is adequately supplied in the soil. Zinc is low in 97% of farms. Also manganese and iron are below adequate level in few farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Mwingi Central Sub County, non acidic and acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because some of the soils in the Sub County have pH below 6.5 with 9 farms that have soil pH above 7.0. Fertilizers such as Calcium ammonium nitrate, Diammonium phosphate (DAP), etc. are recommended for application in this Sub County. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizers with zinc micro-nutrient which is low in majority of soils.

Sub County general fertilizer recommendationsManure: 8 t/haPlanting: 200 kg/ha DAP Top dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

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68 Enhancing Soil Fertility for Greater Productivity

4.15 Machakos County4.15.1 Machakos Sub County In Machakos Sub County, the soil pH ranges from moderately acid (5.26) to moderately alkaline (7.77) (Refer to Table 4.15.1). All the 60 farms sampled have their soil pH within the suitable maize growing pH range (5 – 8). It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content and the current pH range of the soil. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range and prevent further pH raise, non acidifying fertilizers such as triple super phosphate (TSP), single super phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K 17:17:17, 15:15:15, 23:23:0, 20:20:0, calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and mavuno should be preferred for application. In areas with pH above 6.5 acidic fertilizers such as diammonium phosphate (DAP), monoammonium phosphate, urea e.t.c may be preferred.

In the sub county, the soil organic matter content ranges from 0.47% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to 2.16% TOC as shown in Table 4.15.1. 100% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this sub county. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.15.1 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 97% and phosphorus with 40% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen and phosphorus are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.15.1: Soil fertility status of Machakos Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate level

% of 60 samples (30 farms)

pH 5.26 7.77 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 1 2Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.47 2.16 ≥ 2.7 60 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.05 0.21 ≥ 0.2 58 97Available P (ppm) 2 150 ≥ 30.0 24 40Potassium (me%) 0.23 1.19 ≥ 0.24 1 2Calcium (me%) 1.4 7.5 ≥ 2.0 4 7Magnesium (me%) 0.15 11.8 ≥ 1.0 2 3Manganese (me%) 0.13 0.70 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.21 6.49 ≥ 1.0 15 25Iron ppm 4.00 17.9 ≥ 10.0 49 82Zinc ppm 0.84 12.6 ≥ 5.0 12 20

As regards potassium, calcium, magnesium and manganese they are adequately supplied in the soil in majority of the farms. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient copper is low in 25 %, iron is low in 82 % and zinc is low in 20 % of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of

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distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing iron, copper and zinc micro elements like iron sulphate, copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing this element may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Machakos Sub County, non acidifying fertilizers are recommended for application because all the farms have their soil pH between 5.26 and 7.77. Fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K such as 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and mavuno are recommended. The sub county also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient copper, iron and zinc which are low in majority of the farms. This sub county has the nitrogen and phosphorus plant nutrients inadequately supplied by the soil while the pH is tending towards the acidic side. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 8 t/haPlanting: 200 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0 Top dressing: 200 kg/ha CAN

4.15.2 Kangundo Sub County In Kangundo Sub County, the soil pH ranges from moderately acid (5.02) to slightly alkaline (7.31) (Refer to Table 4.15.2). All the 60 farms sampled have their soil pH within the suitable maize growing pH range (5 – 8). It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content and the current pH range of the soil. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range and prevent further pH raise, non acidifying fertilizers such as triple super phosphate (TSP), single super phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K 17:17:17, 15:15:15, 23:23:0, 20:20:0, calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and mavuno should be preferred for application.

In the sub county, the soil organic matter content ranges from 0.60% Total Organic Carbon (TOC) to 1.76% TOC as shown in Table 4.15.2. 100% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this Sub County. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.15.2 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 100%, phosphorus with 77%, potassium with 30% and calcium with 67% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil

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70 Enhancing Soil Fertility for Greater Productivity

Table 4.15.2: Soil fertility status of Kangundo Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical )

level

Samples with below adequate

level

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)

pH 5.02 7.31 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 4 7Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.60 1.76 ≥ 2.7 60 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.05 0.18 ≥ 0.2 60 100Available P (ppm) 1 78 ≥ 30.0 46 77Potassium (me%) 0.07 0.81 ≥ 0.24 18 30Calcium (me%) 0.7 3.9 ≥ 2.0 40 67Magnesium (me%) 0.39 4.65 ≥ 1.0 5 8Manganese (me%) 0.01 0.50 ≥ 0.11 2 3Copper ppm 2.60 8.59 ≥ 1.0 0 0Iron ppm 9.0 146 ≥ 10.0 1 2Zinc ppm 0.76 18.6 ≥ 5.0 41 68

As regards magnesium, manganese, iron and copper they are adequately supplied in the soil in majority of the farms. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient zinc is low in 68 % of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org /crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing zinc micro element like zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Kangundo Sub County, non acidifying fertilizers are recommended for application because all the farms have their soil pH between 5.02 and 7.31. Fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K such as 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and mavuno are recommended. The sub county also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient zinc which is low in majority of the farms. This sub county has the nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium and potassium plant nutrients inadequately supplied by the soil while the pH is tending towards the acidic side. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 8 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 17:17:17 Top dressing: 200 kg/ha CAN

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4.15.3 Kathiani Sub CountyThe soil pH ranges from moderately acid (5.19) to moderately alkaline (7.62) (Refer to Table 4.15.3). All the 60 farms sampled have their soil pH within the suitable maize growing pH range (5 – 8). It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content and the current pH range of the soil. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range and prevent further pH raise, non acidifying fertilizers such as triple super phosphate (TSP), single super phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K 17:17:17, 15:15:15, 23:23:0, 20:20:0, calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and mavuno should be preferred for application.

In the sub county, the soil organic matter content ranges from 0.49% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to 1.98% TOC as shown in Table 4.15.3. 100% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this sub county. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.15.3 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 100%, phosphorus with 82% and potassium with 80% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.15.3: Soil fertility status of Kathiani Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical)

level

Samples with below adequate

level

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)pH 5.19 7.62 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 2 3Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.49 1.98 ≥ 2.7 60 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.05 0.18 ≥ 0.2 60 100Available P (ppm) 2 240 ≥ 30.0 49 82Potassium (me%) 0.04 0.77 ≥ 0.24 48 80Calcium (me%) 0.8 3.7 ≥ 2.0 10 17Magnesium (me%) 0.58 7.67 ≥ 1.0 1 2Manganese (me%) 0.10 0.49 ≥ 0.11 1 2Copper ppm 1.36 93.9 ≥ 1.0 0 0Iron ppm 10.0 67.8 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 0.92 63.8 ≥ 5.0 54 90

As regards calcium, magnesium, manganese, iron and copper they are adequately supplied in the soil in majority of the farms. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient zinc is low in 90 % of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

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72 Enhancing Soil Fertility for Greater Productivity

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing zinc micro element like zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing this element may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Kathiani Sub County, non acidifying fertilizers are recommended for application because all the farms have their soil pH between 5.19 and 7.62. Fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K such as 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and mavuno are recommended. The sub county also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient zinc which is low in majority of the farms. This sub county has the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium plant nutrients inadequately supplied by the soil while the pH is tending towards the acidic side. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 8 t/haPlanting: 200 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing: 200 kg/ha CAN

4.15.4 Mwala Sub CountyIn Mwala Sub County, the soil pH ranges from moderately acid (5.0) to moderately alkaline (7.45) (Refer to Table 4.15.4). All the 60 farms sampled have their soil pH within the suitable maize growing pH range (5 – 8). It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content and the current pH range of the soil. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range and prevent further pH raise, non acidifying fertilizers such as triple super phosphate (TSP), single super phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K 17:17:17, 15:15:15, 23:23:0, 20:20:0, calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and Mavuno should be preferred for application. In areas with pH above 6.5 acidic fertilizers such as diammonium phosphate (DAP), monoammonium phosphate, urea e.t.c may be preferred.

In the sub county, the soil organic matter content ranges from 0.35% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to 1.53% TOC as shown in Table 4.15.4. 100% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this sub county. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.15.4 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 100%, phosphorus with 63%, and calcium with 70% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

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Table 4.15.4: Soil fertility status of Mwala Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical )

level

Samples with below adequate

level

% of 60 samples

pH 4.97 7.45 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 12 20Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.35 1.53 ≥ 2.7 60 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.04 0.15 ≥ 0.2 60 100Available P (ppm) 0.8 127 ≥ 30.0 38 63Potassium (me%) 0.19 1.29 ≥ 0.24 7 12Calcium (me%) 0.7 8.9 ≥ 2.0 42 70Magnesium (me %) 0.71 7.25 ≥ 1.0 2 3Manganese (me %) 0.07 0.30 ≥ 0.11 8 13Copper ppm 0.47 5.05 ≥ 1.0 13 22Iron ppm 4.92 42.9 ≥ 10.0 19 32Zinc ppm 0.50 28.0 ≥ 5.0 54 90

As regards potassium, magnesium, manganese and copper they are adequately supplied in the soil in majority of the farms. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient iron is low in 32 % and zinc is low in 90 % of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing copper and zinc micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing this element may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Mwala Sub County, non acidifying fertilizers are recommended for application because all the farms have their soil pH between 5.0 and 7.45. Fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K such as 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and mavuno are recommended . The sub county also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient iron and zinc which are low in majority of the farms. This sub county has the nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium plant nutrients inadequately supplied by the soil while the pH is tending towards the acidic side. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 8 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0 Top dressing: 150 kg/ha CAN

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74 Enhancing Soil Fertility for Greater Productivity

4.16 Makueni County4.16.1 Kilungu Sub County The soil pH ranges from extremely acid (4.05) to slightly acid (6.8) (Refer to Table 4.16.1). Of the 30 farms sampled, 17 farms (58%) have their soil pH below 5.5 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. Only seven farms have their pH below the most critical pH of 5.0 for growth of maize. Where pH is below the most critical pH, it should be raised with application of manures or compost annually and avoidance of application of acidic fertilizers. However, to prevent further reduction in pH, application of acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate, etc should be avoided in farms with pH < 5.5. In the sub county, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (0.36% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to moderate (2.26% TOC) as shown in Table 4.16.1. All farms have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.16.1 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (98% of farms) and phosphorus (67% of farms) which are below adequate levels. Also magnesium (7% of farms) is below adequate level in few farms. Where macro nutrients are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil. As regards potassium and calcium, they are adequately supplied in the soil.

Table 4.16.1: Soil fertility status of Kilungu Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical)

level

Samples with below adequate

levels

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)

pH 4.05 6.81 ≥ 5.5 35 (< 5.5) 58Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.36 2.26 ≥ 2.7 60 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.04 0.22 ≥ 0.2 59 98Available P (ppm) 6 113 ≥ 30.0 40 67Potassium (me %) 0.24 1.19 ≥ 0.24 0 0Calcium (me %) 8.3 12.1 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me %) 0.13 6.81 ≥ 1.0 4 7Manganese (me %) 0.08 0.77 ≥ 0.11 5 8Copper ppm 0.79 9.39 ≥ 1.0 3 5Iron ppm 12.2 202 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 1.19 21.3 ≥ 5.0 46 77

As regards iron, it is adequately supplied in the soil. However, the micro nutrients such as manganese and copper are low in few farms. Zinc is low in 77% of farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org /crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be

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75Udongo Wenye Rotuba kwa Kuimarisha Uzalishaji

applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Kilungu Sub County, non acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because most of the soils in the Sub County have pH below 6.5 with 11 farms with pH between 5.5 and 6.5. Fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), and N: P: K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate, Mavuno, etc. are recommended for application in this Sub County. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizers with zinc micro-nutrient which is low in majority of soils.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 8 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing: 200 kg/ha CAN

4.16.2 Mbooni West Sub CountyIn Mbooni West Sub County, the soil pH ranges from extremely acid (3.78) to near neutral (6.9) (Refer to Table 4.16.2). Of the 30 farms sampled, 18 farms (60 %) have their soil pH below 5.5 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. Twelve farms have their pH below the most critical pH of 5.0 for growth of maize. Where pH is below the most critical pH, it should be raised with application of manures or compost annually and avoidance of application of acidic fertilizers. However, to prevent further reduction in pH, application of acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate, etc should be avoided in farms with pH < 5.5.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (0.79% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to adequate (3.5% TOC) as shown in Table 4.16.2. 97% of farms have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.16.2 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (83% of farms) and magnesium (35% of farms) which are below adequate levels. Also phosphorus (22% of farms) and potassium (20% of farms) are below adequate level in few farms. Where macro nutrients are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil (Refer to Appendix 1 for farms results). As regards calcium, it is adequately supplied in the soil.

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Table 4.16.2: Soil fertility status of Mbooni West Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate

levels

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)pH 3.78 6.92 ≥ 5.5 36 (< 5.5) 60Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.79 3.50 ≥ 2.7 58 97Total Nitrogen (%) 0.08 0.34 ≥ 0.2 50 83Available P (ppm) 16 248 ≥ 30.0 13 22Potassium (me %) 0.06 1.79 ≥ 0.24 12 20Calcium (me %) 4.9 7.9 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me %) 0.05 6.69 ≥ 1.0 21 35Manganese (me %) 0.05 1.41 ≥ 0.11 3 5Copper ppm 1.43 9.36 ≥ 1.0 0 0Iron ppm 7.43 188 ≥ 10.0 7 12Zinc ppm 0.67 25.2 ≥ 5.0 53 88

As regards copper, it is adequately supplied in the soil. However, the micro nutrients such as manganese and iron are low in few farms. Zinc is low in 88% of farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/ crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Mbooni West Sub County, non acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because most of the soils in the Sub County have pH below 6.5 with 10 farms with pH between 5.5 and 6.5. Fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate, Mavuno, etc. are recommended for application in this Sub County. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizers with zinc micro-nutrient which is low in majority of soils.

Sub county general fertilizer recommendationsManure: 7 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing: 125kg/ha CAN

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4.16.3 Makueni Sub CountyThe soil pH ranges from moderately acid (5.1) to slightly alkaline (7.2) (Refer to Table 4.16.3). Of the 30 farms sampled, only 4 farms (12 %) have their soil pH below 5.5 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. Where pH is below the most critical pH, it should be raised with application of manures or compost annually and avoidance of application of acidic fertilizers. However, to prevent further reduction in pH, application of acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate, etc should be avoided in farms with pH < 5.5.

In the sub county, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (0.43% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to moderate (1.87% TOC) as shown in Table 4.16.3. All farms have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.16.3 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (98% of farms) and phosphorus (73% of farms) which are below adequate levels. Also potassium (20% of farms), calcium (32% of farms) and magnesium (7% of farms) are below adequate level in few farms. Where macro nutrients are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.16.3: Soil fertility status of Makueni Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical)

level

Samples with below adequate

levels

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)pH 5.12 7.19 ≥ 5.5 7 (< 5.5) 12Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.43 1.87 ≥ 2.7 60 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.05 0.20 ≥ 0.2 59 98Available P (ppm) 1 65 ≥ 30.0 44 73Potassium (me %) 0.14 1.83 ≥ 0.24 12 20Calcium (me %) 1.5 4.1 ≥ 2.0 19 32Magnesium (me %) 0.25 7.31 ≥ 1.0 4 7Manganese (me %) 0.12 0.92 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.29 10.1 ≥ 1.0 10 17Iron ppm 7.76 61.7 ≥ 10.0 2 3Zinc ppm 0.71 9.03 ≥ 5.0 56 93

As regards manganese, it is adequately supplied in the soil. However, the micro nutrients such as iron and copper are low in few farms. Zinc is low in 93% of farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies

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can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Makueni sub county, non acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because most of the soils in the Sub County have pH below 6.5 with 15 farms with pH between 5.5 and 6.5. Only two farms have soil with pH above 7.0. Fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate, Diammonium phosphate (DAP), etc. are recommended for application in this sub county. The sub county also requires application of fertilizers with zinc micro-nutrient which is low in majority of soils.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 8 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing: 125kg/ha CAN

4.16.4 Mukaa Sub County The soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.9) to slightly alkaline (7.1) (Refer to Table 4.16.4). Of the 30 farms sampled, only 5 farms (15 %) have their soil pH below 5.5 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. Where pH is below the most critical pH, it should be raised with application of manures or compost annually and avoidance of application of acidic fertilizers. However, to prevent further reduction in pH, application of acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate, etc should be avoided in farms with pH < 5.5.

In the sub county, the soil organic matter content is low as shown in Table 4.16.4. All farms have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.16.4 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (100% of farms) and phosphorus (32% of farms) which are below adequate levels. Also calcium (13% of farms) is below adequate level in few farms. Where macro nutrients are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.As regards potassium and magnesium, they are adequately supplied in the soil.

Table 4.16.4:Soil fertility status of Mukaa Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate levels

% of 60 samples (30 farms)

pH 4.87 7.09 ≥ 5.5 9 (< 5.5) 15Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.24 1.19 ≥ 2.7 60 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.03 0.12 ≥ 0.2 60 100Available P (ppm) 7 142 ≥ 30.0 19 32Potassium (me %) 0.28 1.15 ≥ 0.24 0 0Calcium (me %) 1.2 5.1 ≥ 2.0 8 13Magnesium (me %) 1.09 4.72 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me %) 0.12 1.42 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.77 5.41 ≥ 1.0 5 8Iron ppm 5.76 78.3 ≥ 10.0 12 20Zinc ppm 0.38 10.9 ≥ 5.0 56 93

As regards manganese, it is adequately supplied in the soil. However, the micro nutrients such as iron and

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copper are low in few farms. Zinc is low in 93% of farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Mukaa Sub County, non acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because most of the soils in the Sub County have pH below 6.5 with 22 farms with pH between 5.5 and 6.5. Only one farm has soil with pH above 7.0. Fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate, etc. are recommended for application in this sub county. The sub county also requires application of fertilizers with zinc micro-nutrient which is low in majority of soils.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 8 t/haPlanting: 200 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing: 125kg/ha CAN

4.16.5 Nzaui Sub CountyIn Nzaui Sub County, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.7) to slightly acid (6.8) (Refer to Table 4.16.5). Of the 30 farms sampled, only 4 farms (13 %) have their soil pH below 5.5 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. Where pH is below the most critical pH, it should be raised with application of manures or compost annually and avoidance of application of acidic fertilizers. However, to prevent further reduction in pH, application of acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate, etc should be avoided in farms with pH < 5.5.

In the sub county, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (0.35% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to moderate (1.74% TOC) as shown in Table 4.16.4. All farms have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.16.4 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (98% of farms), phosphorus (47% of farms), potassium (43% of farms) and calcium (87% of farms) which are below adequate levels. Also magnesium (7% of farms) is below adequate level in few farms. Where macro nutrients are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil

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80 Enhancing Soil Fertility for Greater Productivity

Table 4.16.5: Soil fertility status of Nzaui Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical)

level

Samples with below adequate

levels

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)pH 4.68 6.77 ≥ 5.5 8 (< 5.5) 13Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.35 1.74 ≥ 2.7 60 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.04 0.21 ≥ 0.2 59 98Available P (ppm) 9 153 ≥ 30.0 28 47Potassium (me %) 0.06 0.99 ≥ 0.24 26 43Calcium (me %) 0.4 3.7 ≥ 2.0 52 87Magnesium (me %) 0.31 5.61 ≥ 1.0 4 7Manganese (me %) 0.17 0.92 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.84 8.41 ≥ 1.0 3 5Iron ppm 14.8 96.3 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 0.76 6.17 ≥ 5.0 59 98

As regards manganese and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil. However, the micro nutrient such as copper is low in few farms. Zinc is low in 98% of farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/ crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Nzaui Sub County, non acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because most of the soils in the Sub County have pH below 6.5 with 23 farms with pH between 5.5 and 6.5. Fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate, etc. are recommended for application in this sub county. The sub county also requires application of fertilizers with zinc micro-nutrient which is low in majority of soils.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 8 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 17:17:17Top dressing: 150 kg/ha CAN

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4.17 Nyandarua County4.17.1 Kipipiri Sub CountyIn Kipipiri Sub County, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.87) to slightly acid (6.43) (Refer to Table 4.17.1). 93% of the farms sampled have their pH between pH 5 – 8 and therefore within the suitable range for the growth of maize and should be maintained within this range. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range neutral fertilizers such as single super phosphate (SSP), triple superphosphate (TSP), calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), Mavuno, compound fertilizers N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0 e.t.c are desirable to be applied in all farms.

In the Subcounty, the soil organic matter content ranges from (1.42% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to (4.69% TOC) as shown in Table 4.17.1. 65% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities and aeration in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this Sub County. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.17.1 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 20%, phosphorus with 28% and calcium with 27% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.17.1: Soil fertility status of Kipipiri Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical)

level

Samples with below adequate

level

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)

pH 4.87 6.43 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 15 25Total Organic Carbon (%) 1.42 4.69 ≥ 2.7 39 65Total Nitrogen (%) 0.14 0.46 ≥ 0.2 12 20Available P (ppm) 6 244 ≥ 30.0 17 28Potassium (me%) 0.06 2.31 ≥ 0.24 4 7Calcium (me%) 0.6 5.9 ≥ 2.0 16 27Magnesium (me%) 3.03 12.1 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me%) 0.12 1.00 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.38 15.7 ≥ 1.0 42 70Iron ppm 24.0 217 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 1.23 30.9 ≥ 5.0 34 57

As regards potassium, magnesium, manganese and iron they are adequately supplied in the soil in most of the fields. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient copper is low in 70 %, and zinc in 57 % of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

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It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing copper and zinc micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing this element may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Kipipiri Sub County neutral fertilizers are recommended for application because all the farms have their pH below 7.0. Acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), Mono-ammonium Phosphate, urea and ammonium sulphate (AS) should be avoided. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrients copper and zinc which are low in majority of the farms especially in wheat growing areas. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub Couty general fertilizer recommendationsManure: 5 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing: 125kg/ha CAN

4.17.2 Nyandarua North Sub County In Nyandarua North Sub County, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.79) to neutral (7.02) (Refer to Table 4.17.2). 97% of the farms sampled have their pH between pH 5 – 8 and therefore within the suitable range for the growth of maize and should be maintained within this range. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range neutral fertilizers such as single super phosphate (SSP), triple superphosphate (TSP), calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), Mavuno, compound fertilizers N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0 e.t.c are desirable to be applied in all farms.

In the Sub county, the soil organic matter content ranges from (1.59% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to (4.02% TOC) as shown in Table 4.17.2. 67% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities and aeration in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this Sub County. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.17.2 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 13% and phosphorus with 57% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen and phosphorus are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

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Table 4.17.2: Soil fertility status of Nyandarua North Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical)

level

Samples with below adequate

level

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)pH 4.79 7.02 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 16 27Total Organic Carbon (%) 1.59 4.02 ≥ 2.7 40 67Total Nitrogen (%) 0.16 0.40 ≥ 0.2 8 13Available P (ppm) 12 110 ≥ 30.0 34 57Potassium (me%) 0.19 2.47 ≥ 0.24 2 3Calcium (me%) 1.5 9.3 ≥ 2.0 3 5Magnesium (me%) 2.26 7.66 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me%) 0.14 1.12 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.05 4.89 ≥ 1.0 2 3Iron ppm 28.8 145 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 2.22 48.0 ≥ 5.0 17 28

As regards potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, copper and iron they are adequately supplied in the soil in most of the fields. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient zinc is low in 28 % of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing zinc micro element like zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing this element may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Nyandarua North Sub County neutral fertilizers are recommended for application because all the farms have their pH at 7.0 or below. Acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), Mono-ammonium Phosphate, urea and ammonium sulphate (AS) should be avoided. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient zinc which is low in some of the farms. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County general fertilizer recommendationsManure: 5 t/haPlanting: 200 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

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84 Enhancing Soil Fertility for Greater Productivity

4.18 Nyeri County4.18.1 Kieni East Sub CountyIn Kieni East Sub County, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.86) to moderately alkaline (7.5) (Refer to Table 4.18.1). Of the 30 farms sampled, 6 farms (18 %) have their soil pH below 5.5 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. Only one farm has strongly acid pH below the most critical pH of 5.0 for growth of maize. Where pH is below the most critical pH, it should be raised with application of manures or compost annually and avoidance of application of acidic fertilizers. However, to prevent further reduction in pH, application of acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate, etc should be avoided in farms with pH < 5.5.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (1.2% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to adequate (4.2% TOC) as shown in Table 4.18.1. 73% of farms have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.18.1 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (37% of farms) and phosphorus (47% of farms) which are below adequate level. Where macro nutrients are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil. As regards potassium, calcium and magnesium, these nutrients are adequately supplied in the soil.

Table 4.18.1: Soil fertility status of Kieni East Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical)

level

Samples with below adequate

levels

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)pH 4.86 7.51 ≥ 5.5 11 (< 5.5) 18Total Organic Carbon (%) 1.22 4.18 ≥ 2.7 44 73Total Nitrogen (%) 0.12 0.41 ≥ 0.2 22 37Available P (ppm) 0.2 164 ≥ 30.0 28 47Potassium (me %) 0.27 2.31 ≥ 0.24 0 0Calcium (me %) 3.3 25.1 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me %) 2.64 6.82 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me %) 0.12 0.92 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.14 2.93 ≥ 1.0 52 87Iron ppm 14.5 139 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 0.56 13.5 ≥ 5.0 6 10

As regards manganese and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil. Micro nutrient copper is low in 87% of the farms while zinc is low in 10% of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize; Landon, 1991).

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85Udongo Wenye Rotuba kwa Kuimarisha Uzalishaji

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Kieni East Sub County, non acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because most of the soils in the Sub County have pH below 6.5 with only 4 farms with pH above 7.0. Fertilizers such as Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (CAN), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, etc. are recommended for application in this Sub County. However, in the farms with pH above 7.0, acidic fertilizers such as Diammonium phosphate (DAP), ammonium sulphate (AS) and urea may also be applied. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizers with zinc and copper micro-nutrients which are low in majority of soils.

Sub County general fertilizer recommendationsManure: 5 t/haPlanting: 200 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing: 125kg/ha CAN

4.18.2 Kieni West Sub CountyIn Kieni West Sub County, the soil pH ranges from moderately acid (5.2) to moderately alkaline (8.1) (Refer to Table 4.18.2). Of the 30 farms sampled, only 3 farms (5 %) have their soil pH below 5.5 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. Only one farm has moderately alkaline pH above the most critical pH of 8.0 for growth of maize. Where pH is above the most critical pH, it should be reduced with an application of acidic fertilizers. However, to prevent further reduction in pH, application of acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate, etc should be avoided in farms with pH < 5.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from moderate (1.33% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to adequate (3.56% TOC) as shown in Table 4.18.2. 78% farms have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.18.2 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (32% of farms) and phosphorus (22% of farms) which are below adequate level. Where macro nutrients are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil. As regards potassium, calcium and magnesium, these nutrients are adequately supplied in the soil.

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Table 4.18.2: Soil fertility status of Kieni West Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical)

level

Samples with below adequate

levels

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)pH 5.19 8.09 ≥ 5.5 3 (< 5.5) 5Total Organic Carbon (%) 1.33 3.56 ≥ 2.7 47 78Total Nitrogen (%) 0.13 0.36 ≥ 0.2 19 32Available P (ppm) 2 276 ≥ 30.0 13 22Potassium (me %) 0.35 2.96 ≥ 0.24 0 0Calcium (me %) 8.3 19.5 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me %) 1.31 7.56 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me %) 0.02 1.08 ≥ 0.11 3 5Copper ppm 0.38 1.57 ≥ 1.0 53 88Iron ppm 11.5 115 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 1.42 25.9 ≥ 5.0 44 73

As regards manganese and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil. Micro nutrient copper is low in 88% of the farms while zinc is low in 73% of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Kieni West Sub County, non acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because most of the soils in the Sub County have pH below 6.5 with only 6 farms with pH above 7.0. Fertilizers such as Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (CAN), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, etc. are recommended for application in this Sub County. However, in the farms with pH above 7.0, acidic fertilizers such as Diammonium phosphate (DAP), ammonium sulphate (AS) and urea may also be applied. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizers with zinc and copper micro-nutrients which are low in majority of soils.

Sub County general fertilizer recommendationsManure: 5 t/haPlanting: 150 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing: 125kg/ha CAN

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4.18.3 Mathira East Sub County In Mathira East Sub County, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.64) to slightly acid (6.4) (Refer to Table 4.18.3). Of the 30 farms sampled, 17 farms (55 %) have their soil pH below 5.5 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. Eight farms have strongly acid pH below the most critical pH of 5.0 for growth of maize. Where pH is below the most critical pH, it should be raised with application of manures or compost annually and avoidance of application of acidic fertilizers. However, to prevent further reduction in pH, application of acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate, etc should be avoided in farms with pH < 5.5.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content is moderate as shown in Table 4.18.3. All farms have Total Organic Carbon (TOC) below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.18.3 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (30% of farms), phosphorus (68% of farms), potassium (37% of farms) and calcium (55% of farms) which are below adequate level. Also magnesium (13% of farms) is below adequate level in few farms. Where macro nutrients are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.18.3: Soil fertility status of Mathira East Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical)

level

Samples with below adequate

levels

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)pH 4.64 6.42 ≥ 5.5 33 (< 5.5) 55Total Organic Carbon (%) 1.52 2.64 ≥ 2.7 60 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.15 0.26 ≥ 0.2 18 30Available P (ppm) 7 91 ≥ 30.0 41 68Potassium (me %) 0.08 1.09 ≥ 0.24 22 37Calcium (me %) 0.7 5.9 ≥ 2.0 33 55Magnesium (me %) 0.28 6.08 ≥ 1.0 8 13Manganese (me %) 0.11 1.09 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 1.41 72.2 ≥ 1.0 0 0Iron ppm 15.2 139 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 2.22 42.0 ≥ 5.0 9 15

As regards manganese, copper and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil. Micro nutrient zinc is low in 15% of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

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In Mathira East Sub County, non acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because all soils in the Sub County have pH below 6.5 with 8 farms with pH below the most critical pH of 5.0. Fertilizers such as Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (CAN), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, etc. are recommended for application in this Sub County. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizers with zinc micro-nutrient which is low in 15% of soils.

Sub County general fertilizer recommendationsManure: 5 t/haPlanting: 200 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing: 125kg/ha CAN

4.18.4 Mathira West Sub County In Mathira West Sub County, the soil pH ranges from extremely acid (4.4) to slightly acid (6.4) (Refer to Table 4.18.4). Of the 30 farms sampled, 11 farms (37%) have their soil pH below 5.5 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. Eight farms have strongly acid pH below the most critical pH of 5.0 for growth of maize. Where pH is below the most critical pH, it should be raised with application of manures or compost annually and avoidance of application of acidic fertilizers. However, to prevent further reduction in pH, application of acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate, etc should be avoided in farms with pH < 5.5.

In the Sub Counmty, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (1.3% Total Organic Carbon (TOC) to adequate (3.14% TOC) as shown in Table 4.18.4. 88% of the farms have TOC below adequate levels and therefore low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.18.4 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (35% of farms), phosphorus (65% of farms) and calcium (15% of farms) which are below adequate level. Also potassium (8% of farms) and magnesium (7% of farms) are below adequate level in few farms. Where macro nutrients are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.18.4: Soil fertility status of Mathira West Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical)

level

Samples with below adequate

levels

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)pH 4.38 6.43 ≥ 5.5 22 (< 5.5) 37Total Organic Carbon (%) 1.31 3.14 ≥ 2.7 53 88Total Nitrogen (%) 0.13 0.31 ≥ 0.2 21 35Available P (ppm) 7 151 ≥ 30.0 39 65Potassium (me %) 0.08 2.27 ≥ 0.24 5 8Calcium (me %) 1.1 6.9 ≥ 2.0 9 15Magnesium (me %) 0.33 7.60 ≥ 1.0 4 7Manganese (me %) 0.17 1.60 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.41 37.2 ≥ 1.0 17 28Iron ppm 14.7 113 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 3.31 99.5 ≥ 5.0 6 10

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As regards manganese and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil. However, the micro nutrient copper is low in 28% of the farms while zinc is low in 10% of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops /resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Mathira West Sub County, non acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because all soils in the Sub County have pH below 6.5 with 8 farms with pH below the most critical pH of 5.0. Fertilizers such as Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (CAN), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, etc. are recommended for application in this Sub County. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizers with zinc and copper micro-nutrients which are low in some soils.

Sub County general fertilizer recommendationsManure: 5 t/haPlanting: 200 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing: 125kg/ha CAN

4.18.5 Mukurweini Sub County In Mukurweini Sub County, the soil pH ranges from extremely acid (4.4) to slightly acid (6.56) (Refer to Table 4.18.5). Of the 30 farms sampled, 25 farms (83%) have their soil pH below 5.5 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. Nineteen farms have strongly acid pH below the most critical pH of 5.0 for growth of maize. Where pH is below the most critical pH, it should be raised with application of manures or compost annually and avoidance of application of acidic fertilizers. However, to prevent further reduction in pH, application of acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate, etc should be avoided in farms with pH < 5.5.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (1.05% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to moderate (2.45% TOC) as shown in Table 4.18.5. All farms have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.18.5 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (87% of farms), phosphorus (75% of farms), potassium (40% of farms) and calcium (65% of farms) which are below adequate level. Where macro nutrients are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil. As regards magnesium, it is adequately supplied in the soil.

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Table 4.18.5: Soil fertility status of Mukurweini Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical)

level

Samples with below adequate

levels

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)pH 4.42 6.56 ≥ 5.5 50 (< 5.5) 83Total Organic Carbon (%) 1.05 2.45 ≥ 2.7 60 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.11 0.25 ≥ 0.2 52 87Available P (ppm) 8 182 ≥ 30.0 45 75Potassium (me %) 0.06 1.23 ≥ 0.24 24 40Calcium (me %) 0.7 5.5 ≥ 2.0 39 65Magnesium (me %) 1.02 6.70 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me %) 0.32 1.52 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 2.97 21.0 ≥ 1.0 0 0Iron ppm 26.3 87.6 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 1.58 17.8 ≥ 5.0 30 50

As regards manganese, copper and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil. Micro nutrient zinc is low in 50% of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Mukurweini Sub County, non acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because majority of soils in the Sub County have pH below 6.5 with 19 farms with pH below the most critical pH of 5.0. Fertilizers such as Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (CAN), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, etc. are recommended for application in this Sub County. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizers with zinc micro-nutrient which is low in 50% of soils.

Sub County general fertilizer recommendationsManure: 6 t/haPlanting: 200 kg/ha N:P:K 17:17:17Top dressing: 200 kg/ha CAN

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4.18.6 Nyeri South Sub County In Nyeri South Sub County, the soil pH ranges from extremely acid (4.1) to slightly acid (6.67) (Refer to Table 4.18.6). Of the 30 farms sampled, 16 farms (52 %) have their soil pH below 5.5 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. Twelve farms have strongly acid pH below the most critical pH of 5.0 for growth of maize. Where pH is below the most critical pH, it should be raised with application of manures or compost annually and avoidance of application of acidic fertilizers. However, to prevent further reduction in pH, application of acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate, etc should be avoided in farms with pH < 5.5.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (1.0% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to adequate (3.8% TOC) as shown in Table 4.18.6. Only 7% of farms have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.18.6 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (53% of farms), phosphorus (80% of farms) and calcium (28% of farms) which are below adequate level. Also potassium (8% of farms) and magnesium (12% of farms) are below adequate level in few farms. Where macro nutrients are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.18.6: Soil fertility status of Nyeri South Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical)

level

Samples with below adequate

levels

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)

pH 4.08 6.67 ≥ 5.5 31 (< 5.5) 52Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.98 3.82 ≥ 2.7 4 7Total Nitrogen (%) 0.10 0.38 ≥ 0.2 32 53Available P (ppm) 5 222 ≥ 30.0 48 80Potassium (me %) 0.10 2.07 ≥ 0.24 5 8Calcium (me %) 0.6 17.1 ≥ 2.0 17 28Magnesium (me %) 0.03 8.41 ≥ 1.0 7 12Manganese (me %) 0.03 1.36 ≥ 0.11 4 7Copper ppm 2.95 322 ≥ 1.0 0 0Iron ppm 12.5 143 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 3.10 127 ≥ 5.0 3 5

As regards copper and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil. However, the micro nutrient manganese is low in 7% of the farms while zinc is low in 5% of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops /resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may

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render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Nyeri South Sub County, non acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because majority of soils in the Sub County have pH below 6.5 with 12 farms with pH below the most critical pH of 5.0. Fertilizers such as Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (CAN), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, etc. are recommended for application in this Sub County.

Sub County general fertilizer recommendationsManure: 6 t/haPlanting: 200 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing: 200 kg/ha CAN

4.19 Kirinyaga County4.19.1 Kirinyaga East Sub County In Kirinyaga East Sub County, the soil pH ranges from extremely acid (4.26) to slightly acid (6.19) (Refer to Table 4.19.1). Of the 30 farms sampled, 20 farms (68 %) have their soil pH below 5.5 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. Five farms have their pH below the most critical pH of 5.0 for growth of maize. Where pH is below the most critical pH, it should be raised with application of manures or compost annually and avoidance of application of acidic fertilizers. However, to prevent further reduction in pH, application of acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate, etc should be avoided in farms with pH < 5.5.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (0.7% Total Organic Carbon (TOC) to adequate (3.44% TOC) as shown in Table 4.19.1. 97% of farms have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.19.1 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (70% of farms), phosphorus (53% of farms) and magnesium (67% of farms) which are below adequate levels. Also potassium (22% of farms) and calcium (33% of farms) are below adequate level in few farms. Where macro nutrients are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.19.1: Soil fertility status of Kirinyaga East Sub County Soil Parameter Min Max Target

(critical) levelSamples with below

adequate levels% of 60 samples

(30 farms)pH 4.26 6.19 ≥ 5.5 41 (< 5.5) 68Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.70 3.44 ≥ 2.7 58 97Total Nitrogen (%) 0.07 0.34 ≥ 0.2 42 70Available P (ppm) 4 132 ≥ 30.0 32 53Potassium (me %) 0.04 1.07 ≥ 0.24 13 22Calcium (me %) 1.0 7.5 ≥ 2.0 20 33Magnesium (me %) 0.08 6.99 ≥ 1.0 4 67Manganese (me %) 0.50 1.45 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.31 38.6 ≥ 1.0 13 22Iron ppm 11.8 241 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 1.76 24.4 ≥ 5.0 14 23

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As regards to manganese and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil. However, the micro nutrient such as copper is low in 22% of farms and zinc is low in 23% of farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/ resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Kirinyaga East Sub County, non acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because most of the soils in the Sub County have pH below 6.5 with only 10 farms with pH between 5.5 and 6.5. Fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate, Mavuno, etc are recommended for application in this Sub County. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizers with zinc micro-nutrient which is low in majority of soils.

Sub County general fertilizer recommendationsManure: 6 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing: 125kg/ha CAN

4.19.2 Kirinyaga South Sub CountyIn Kirinyaga South Sub County, the soil pH ranges from extremely acid (4.16) to slightly alkaline (7.14) (Refer to Table 4.19.2). Of the 30 farms sampled, 14 farms (47 %) have their soil pH below 5.5 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. Only two farms have their pH below the most critical pH of 5.0 for growth of maize. Where pH is below the most critical pH, it should be raised with application of manures or compost annually and avoidance of application of acidic fertilizers. However, to prevent further reduction in pH, application of acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate, etc should be avoided in farms with pH < 5.5.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (0.56% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to adequate (3.82% TOC) as shown in Table 4.19.2. 90% of farms have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.19.2 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (68% of farms), phosphorus (37% of farms) which are below adequate levels. Also potassium (20% of farms), calcium (20% of farms) and magnesium (2% of farms) are below adequate level in few farms. Where macro nutrients are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

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Table 4.19.2: Soil fertility status of Kirinyaga South Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate levels

% of 60 samples (30 farms)

pH 4.16 7.14 ≥ 5.5 28 (< 5.5) 47Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.56 3.82 ≥ 2.7 54 90Total Nitrogen (%) 0.06 0.34 ≥ 0.2 41 68Available P (ppm) 2 177 ≥ 30.0 22 37Potassium (me %) 0.10 2.31 ≥ 0.24 11 18Calcium (me %) 0.8 9.9 ≥ 2.0 12 20Magnesium (me %) 0.81 8.02 ≥ 1.0 1 2Manganese (me %) 0.09 0.99 ≥ 0.11 1 2Copper ppm 0.08 8.18 ≥ 1.0 22 37Iron ppm 7.26 145 ≥ 10.0 1 2Zinc ppm 1.04 11.5 ≥ 5.0 53 88

As regards manganese and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil. However, the micro nutrient such as copper is low in 37% of farms and zinc is low in 88% of farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/ resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Kirinyaga South Sub County, non acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because almost half of the soils in the Sub County have pH below 6.5 with 16 farms with pH between 5.5 and 7.1. Fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate, Mavuno, etc are recommended for application in this Sub County. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizers with zinc micro-nutrient which is low in majority of soils.

Sub County general fertilizer recommendationsManure: 6 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing: 125kg/ha CAN

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4.20 Muranga County4.20.1 Gatanga Sub CountyIn Gatanga Sub County, the soil pH ranges from extremely acid (4.31) to slightly acid (6.90) (Refer to Table 4.20.1). 68% of all the farms sampled have their pH between pH 5 – 8 and therefore within the suitable range for the growth of maize and should be maintained within this range. 32% of farms have their pH below 5.0 and therefore in the unsuitable range for maize growth. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range neutral fertilizers such as single super phosphate (SSP), triple superphosphate (TSP), calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), Mavuno, compound fertilizers N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0 e.t.c are desirable to be applied in all farms.

In the Sub county, the soil organic matter content ranges from (1.26% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to (4.40% TOC) as shown in Table 4.20.1. 89% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities and aeration in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this Sub County. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.20.1 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 57%, phosphorus with 53% and calcium with 22% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen and phosphorus are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.20.1: Soil fertility status of Gatanga Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical)

level

Samples with below adequate

level

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)

pH 4.31 6.90 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 39 65Total Organic Carbon (%) 1.26 4.40 ≥ 2.7 48 80Total Nitrogen (%) 0.13 0.45 ≥ 0.2 34 57Available P (ppm) 10 215 ≥ 30.0 32 53Potassium (me%) 0.22 3.92 ≥ 0.24 2 3Calcium (me%) 0.6 14.9 ≥ 2.0 13 22Magnesium (me%) 0.02 7.22 ≥ 1.0 11 18Manganese (me%) 0.30 1.75 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.40 175 ≥ 1.0 11 18Iron ppm 26.2 160 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 2.56 34.4 ≥ 5.0 9 15

As regards potassium, magnesium, manganese, copper and iron they are adequately supplied in the soil in most of the fields. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient zinc is low in 15 % of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

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It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing zinc micro element like zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing this element may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Gatanga Sub county neutral fertilizers are recommended for application because most of the farms have their pH below 6.90. Acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), Monoammonium Phosphate, urea and ammonium suphate (AS) should be avoided. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient zinc which is low in a few farms. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub county general fertilizer recommendationsManure: 6 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing: 125kg/ha CAN

4.20.2 Kandara Sub County In Kandara Sub county, the soil pH ranges from extremely acid (4.36) to slightly acid (6.82) (Refer to Table 4.20.2). 72% of all the farms sampled have their pH between pH 5 – 8 and therefore within the suitable range for the growth of maize and should be maintained within this range. 28% of farms have their pH below 5.0 and therefore in the unsuitable range for maize growth. To raise the pH lime should be applied. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range neutral fertilizers such as single super phosphate (SSP), triple superphosphate (TSP), calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), Mavuno, compound fertilizers N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0 e.t.c are desirable to be applied in all farm.s

In the Sub county, the soil organic matter content ranges from (1.02% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to (2.80% TOC) as shown in Table 4.20.2. 98% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities and aeration in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this Sub County. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.20.2 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 93% and phosphorus with 28% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen and phosphorus are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

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Table 4.20.2: Soil fertility status of Kandara Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical)

level

Samples with below adequate

level

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)

pH 4.36 6.82 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 28 47Total Organic Carbon (%) 1.02 2.80 ≥ 2.7 59 98Total Nitrogen (%) 0.10 0.27 ≥ 0.2 56 93Available P (ppm) 17 200 ≥ 30.0 17 28Potassium (me%) 0.24 2.79 ≥ 0.24 0 0Calcium (me%) 1.3 7.9 ≥ 2.0 9 15Magnesium (me%) 0.55 6.45 ≥ 1.0 1 2Manganese (me%) 0.15 1.08 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 1.78 130 ≥ 1.0 0 0Iron ppm 14.7 78.9 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 2.15 45.9 ≥ 5.0 8 13

As regards potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, copper and iron they are adequately supplied in the soil in most of the fields. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient zinc is low in 13% of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing zinc micro element like zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing this element may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Kandara Sub county neutral fertilizers are recommended for application because most of the farms have their pH below 6.82. Acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), Monoammonium Phosphate, urea and ammonium suphate (AS) should be avoided. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient zinc which is low in a few farms. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub county general fertilizer recommendationsManure: 6 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing: 150 kg/ha CAN

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4.20.3 Kangema Sub CountyIn Kangema Sub County, the soil pH ranges from extremely acid (3.90) to moderately acid (5.82) (Refer to Table 4.20.3). 38% of all the farms sampled have their pH between pH 5 – 8 and therefore within the suitable range for the growth of maize and should be maintained within this range. However, majority of the farms 62 % have their pH below 5.0 and therefore in the unsuitable range for maize growth. To raise the pH lime should be applied regularly. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range neutral fertilizers such as single super phosphate (SSP), triple superphosphate (TSP), calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), Mavuno, compound fertilizers N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0 e.t.c are desirable to be applied in all farms.

In the Sub county, the soil organic matter content ranges from (1.02% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to (4.21% TOC) as shown in Table 2.20.3. 55 % of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities and aeration in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this Sub County. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.20.3 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 28%, phosphorus with 15%, potassium 22% and calcium 72% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.20.3: Soil fertility status of Kangema Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical )

level

Samples with below adequate

level

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)

pH 3.90 5.82 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 54 90Total Organic Carbon (%)

1.02 4.21 ≥ 2.7 3355

Total Nitrogen (%) 0.10 0.42 ≥ 0.2 17 28Available P (ppm) 11 177 ≥ 30.0 9 15Potassium (me%) 0.06 1.75 ≥ 0.24 13 22Calcium (me%) 0.5 5.9 ≥ 2.0 43 72Magnesium (me%) 0.01 5.35 ≥ 1.0 16 27Manganese (me%) 0.02 0.78 ≥ 0.11 10 17Copper ppm 0.31 96.1 ≥ 1.0 6 10Iron ppm 24.1 175 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 1.90 38.4 ≥ 5.0 28 47

As regards magnesium, manganese, copper and iron they are adequately supplied in the soil in most of the fields. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient zinc is low in 47 % of the farms. According to

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the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/ resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing zinc micro element like zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing this element may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Kangema Sub county neutral fertilizers are recommended for application because most of the farms have their pH below 5.82. Acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), Monoammonium Phosphate, urea and ammonium suphate (AS) should be avoided. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient zinc which is low in a few farms and lime to raise the pH and improve calcium and magnesium content in the soil. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County general fertilizer recommendationsManure: 5 t/haLime: 1,000 kg/ha Planting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing: 150 kg/ha CAN

4.20.4 Kigumo Sub CountyIn Kigumo Sub County, the soil pH ranges from extremely acid (4.40) to slightly acid (6.55) (Refer to Table 4.20.4). 68% of all the farms sampled have their pH between pH 5 – 8 and therefore within the suitable range for the growth of maize and should be maintained within this range. 32% of farms have their pH below 5.0 and therefore in the unsuitable range for maize growth. To raise the pH lime should be applied. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range neutral fertilizers such as single super phosphate (SSP), triple superphosphate (TSP), calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), Mavuno, compound fertilizers N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0 e.t.c are desirable to be applied in all farms.

In the district, the soil organic matter content ranges from (0.96% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to (4.90 % TOC) as shown in Table 4.20.4. 83% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities and aeration in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this district. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.20.4 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 70%, phosphorus with 12%, potassium with 22% and calcium with 73% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

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Table 4.20.4: Soil fertility status of Kigumo Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical)

level

Samples with below adequate

level

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)pH 4.40 6.55 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 43 72Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.96 4.90 ≥ 2.7 50 83Total Nitrogen (%) 0.10 0.50 ≥ 0.2 42 70Available P (ppm) 27 110 ≥ 30.0 7 12Potassium (me%) 0.08 1.49 ≥ 0.24 13 22Calcium (me%) 1.1 5.7 ≥ 2.0 44 73Magnesium (me%) 0.21 8.45 ≥ 1.0 7 12Manganese (me%) 0.06 0.75 ≥ 0.11 3 5Copper ppm 0.60 37.2 ≥ 1.0 5 8Iron ppm 25.7 275 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 1.73 18.9 ≥ 5.0 24 40

As regards, magnesium, manganese, copper and iron they are adequately supplied in the soil in most of the fields. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient zinc is low in 40 % of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/ resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing zinc micro element like zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing this element may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Kigumo Sub County neutral fertilizers are recommended for application because most of the farms have their pH below 6.55. Acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), Mono-ammonium Phosphate, urea and ammonium sulphate (AS) should be avoided. The sub county also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient zinc which is low in a few farms. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 6 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing: 150 kg/ha CAN

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4.20.5 Murang’a South Sub CountyIn Murang’a South Sub county, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.74) to slightly acid (6.38) (Refer to Table 4.20.5). Most of the farms sampled (90%) have their pH between pH 5 – 8 and therefore within the suitable range for the growth of maize and should be maintained within this range. However, lime should be applied to those farms with their pH below 5.0 to render them suitable for maize growth. To raise the pH lime should be applied regularly. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range neutral fertilizers such as single super phosphate (SSP), triple superphosphate (TSP), calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), Mavuno, compound fertilizers N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0 e.t.c are desirable to be applied in all farms.

In the Sub county, the soil organic matter content ranges from (0.92% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to (2.75% TOC) as shown in Table 4.20.5. 98% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities and aeration in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this Sub County. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.20.5 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 77%, phosphorus with 67%, potassium 10% and calcium 18 % of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.20.5: Soil fertility status of Murang’a South Sub county

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with be-low adequate level

% of 60 samples

pH 4.74 6.38 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 27 45Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.92 2.75 ≥ 2.7 59 98Total Nitrogen (%) 0.10 0.27 ≥ 0.2 46 77Available P (ppm) 5 161 ≥ 30.0 40 67Potassium (me%) 0.08 2.31 ≥ 0.24 6 10Calcium (me%) 0.9 9.9 ≥ 2.0 11 18Magnesium (me%) 1.25 8.34 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me%) 0.10 0.88 ≥ 0.11 1 2Copper ppm 0.81 46.1 ≥ 1.0 3 5Iron ppm 18.9 116 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 1.11 21.1 ≥ 5.0 36 60

As regards magnesium, manganese, copper and iron they are adequately supplied in the soil in most of the fields. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient zinc is low in 60 % of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/ resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

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It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing zinc micro element like zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing this element may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Murang’a South Sub county neutral fertilizers are recommended for application because most of the farms have their pH below 6.38. Acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), Monoammonium Phosphate, urea and ammonium suphate (AS) should be avoided. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient zinc which is low in a few farms and lime to raise the pH and improve calcium and magnesium content in the soil. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 6 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing: 150 kg/ha CAN 4.21 Kiambu County4.21.1 Githunguri Sub CountyIn Githunguri Sub County, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.4) to slightly acid (6.0) (Refer to Table 4.21.1. Of the 30 farms sampled, 20 farms (68%) have their soil pH below 5.5 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. Ten farms have their pH below the most critical pH of 5.0 for growth of maize. Where pH is below the most critical pH, it should be raised with application of manures or compost annually and avoidance of application of acidic fertilizers. However, to prevent further reduction in pH, application of acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate, etc should be avoided in farms with pH < 5.5.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from moderate (1.46% Total Organic Carbon (TOC) to adequate (3.26% TOC) as shown in Table 4.21.1. 87% of farms have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.21.1 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (43% of farms), phosphorus (38% of farms) and magnesium (67% of farms) which are below adequate levels. Also potassium (10% of farms) and calcium (15% of farms) are below adequate level in few farms. Where macro nutrients are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

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Table 4.21.1: Soil fertility status of Githunguri Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate levels

% of 60 samples (30 farms)

pH 4.40 6.01 ≥ 5.5 41 (< 5.5) 68Total Organic Carbon (%) 1.46 3.26 ≥ 2.7 52 87Total Nitrogen (%) 0.15 0.32 ≥ 0.2 26 43Available P (ppm) 1 183 ≥ 30.0 23 38Potassium (me %) 0.10 2.51 ≥ 0.24 6 10Calcium (me %) 1.3 9.9 ≥ 2.0 9 15Magnesium (me %) 0.09 6.42 ≥ 1.0 4 67Manganese (me %) 0.19 170 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.50 13.3 ≥ 1.0 8 13Iron ppm 16.4 192 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 2.21 34.4 ≥ 5.0 13 22

As regards to manganese and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil. However, the micro nutrient such as copper is low in 13% of farms and zinc is low in 22% of farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/ resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Githunguri Sub County, non acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because most of the soils in the Sub County have pH below 6.5 with only 10 farms with pH between 5.5 and 6.5. Fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate, Mavuno, etc are recommended for application in this Sub County. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizers with zinc micro-nutrient which is low in majority of soils.

Sub County general fertilizer recommendationsManure: 6 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing: 125kg/ha CAN

4.21.2 Thika East Sub CountyIn Thika East Sub County, the soil pH ranges from moderately acid (5.0) to moderately alkaline (7.54) (Refer to Table 4.21.2). All of the farms sampled have their pH between pH 5 – 8 and therefore within the suitable range for the growth of maize and should be maintained within this range. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic

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colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range neutral fertilizers such as single super phosphate (SSP), triple superphosphate (TSP), calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), Mavuno, compound fertilizers N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0 e.t.c are desirable to be applied in all farms.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from (0.42% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to (2.05% TOC) as shown in Table 4.21.2. 100% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities and aeration in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this Sub County. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.21.2 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 98%, phosphorus with 72%, potassium 27% and calcium 88% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.21.2: Soil fertility status of Thika East Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical)

level

Samples with below adequate

level

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)

pH 4.96 7.54 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 4 7Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.42 2.05 ≥ 2.7 60 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.05 0.20 ≥ 0.2 59 98Available P (ppm) 1 149 ≥ 30.0 43 72Potassium (me%) 0.12 0.79 ≥ 0.24 16 27Calcium (me%) 0.3 3.9 ≥ 2.0 53 88Magnesium (me%) 0.07 8.16 ≥ 1.0 5 8Manganese (me%) 0.05 0.42 ≥ 0.11 7 12Copper ppm 0.57 3.84 ≥ 1.0 8 13Iron ppm 11.0 50.1 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 1.09 8.77 ≥ 5.0 56 93

As regards magnesium, manganese, copper and iron they are adequately supplied in the soil in most of the fields. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient zinc is low in 93 % of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/ resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing zinc micro element like zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing this element may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements

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which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Thika East Sub County neutral fertilizers are recommended for application because most of the farms have their pH below 7.0. Acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), Mono-ammonium Phosphate, urea and ammonium sulphate (AS) should be avoided. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient zinc which is low in a few farms and lime to raise the pH and improve calcium and magnesium content in the soil. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 6 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing: 125kg/ha CAN

4.22 Turkana County4.22.1 Loima Sub County In Loima Sub County, the soil pH ranges from moderately alkaline (7.51) to strongly alkaline (8.67) (Refer to Table 4.22.1). 60% of the farms sampled have their pH between pH 5 – 8 and therefore within the suitable range for the growth of maize and should be maintained within this range. However, 40 % of the farms have their pH above 8.0 and therefore unsuitable for satisfactory growth of maize. To reduce the pH acidic fertilizers should be applied always. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range acidic fertilizers such as single diammonium phosphate (DAP), mono-ammonium phosphate, ammonium sulphate (SA), urea e.t.c are desirable to be applied in all farms.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from (0.21% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to (1.26% TOC) as shown in Table 4.22.1. 100% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities and aeration in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this Sub County. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.22.1 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 100% and phosphorus with 100% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen and phosphorus are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

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Table 4.22.1: Soil fertility status of Loima Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical)

level

Samples with below adequate

level

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)pH 7.51 8.67 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 0 0Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.21 1.26 ≥ 2.7 60 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.03 0.13 ≥ 0.2 60 100Available P (ppm) 0.3 24 ≥ 30.0 60 100Potassium (me%) 0.29 1.97 ≥ 0.24 0 0Calcium (me%) 6.5 39.4 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me%) 2.77 11.1 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me%) 0.01 0.37 ≥ 0.11 21 35Copper ppm 0.24 3.85 ≥ 1.0 8 13Iron ppm 0.03 133 ≥ 10.0 14 23Zinc ppm 0.11 3.82 ≥ 5.0 60 100

As regards potassium, magnesium, copper and iron they are adequately supplied in the soil in most of the fields. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient manganese is low in 35 % and zinc is low in 100 % of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing manganese and zinc micro elements like manganese sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Loima Sub County acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because all the farms have their pH at between 7.51 and 8.67. Acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), Monoammonium Phosphate, urea and ammonium suphate (AS) should be applied always. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient manganese and zinc which are low in majority of the farms. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 8 t/ha Planting: 300 kg/ha DAPTop dressing: 65 kg/ha urea

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4.22.2 Turkana East Sub County In Turkana East Sub County, the soil pH ranges from slightly alkaline (7.22) to strongly alkaline (8.88) (Refer to Table 4.22.2). 30% of the farms sampled have their pH between pH 5 – 8 and therefore within the suitable range for the growth of maize and should be maintained within this range. However, 70% of the farms have their pH above 8.0 and therefore unsuitable for satisfactory growth of maize. To reduce the pH, acidic fertilizers should be applied always. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range acidic fertilizers such as single diammonium phosphate (DAP), mono-ammonium phosphate, ammonium sulphate (SA), urea e.t.c are desirable to be applied in all farms.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from (0.23% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to (0.9 % TOC) as shown in Table 4.22.2. 100% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities and aeration in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this Sub County. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.22.2 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 100% and phosphorus with 100% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen and phosphorus are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.22.2: Soil fertility status of Turkana East Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate level

% of 60 samples (30 farms)

pH 7.22 8.88 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 0 0Total Organic Carbon (%)

0.23 0.95 ≥ 2.7 60 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.03 0.10 ≥ 0.2 60 100Available P (ppm) 1.4 10.5 ≥ 30.0 60 100Potassium (me%) 0.31 1.67 ≥ 0.24 0 0Calcium (me%) 6.9 21.9 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me%) 1.12 5.66 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me%) 0.12 0.87 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.57 2.53 ≥ 1.0 9 15Iron ppm 28.4 96.4 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 0.55 17.0 ≥ 5.0 59 98

As regards potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, copper and iron they are adequately supplied in the soil in most of the fields. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient zinc is low in 98 % of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

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108 Enhancing Soil Fertility for Greater Productivity

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing zinc micro element like zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing this element may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Turkana East Sub County acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because all the farms have their pH at between 7.22 and 8.88. Acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), Monoammonium Phosphate, urea and ammonium suphate (AS) should be applied always. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient zinc which is low in majority of the farms. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County general fertilizer recommendationsManure: 8 t/haPlanting: 200 kg/ha DAPTop dressing: 65 kg/ha urea

4.22.3 Turkana South Sub CountyIn Turkana South Sub County, the soil pH ranges from slightly acid (6.65) to strongly alkaline (8.74) (Refer to Table 4.22.3). 80% of the farms sampled have their pH between pH 5 – 8 and therefore within the suitable range for the growth of maize and should be maintained within this range. However, 20% of the farms have their pH above 8.0 and therefore unsuitable for satisfactory growth of maize. To reduce the pH, acidic fertilizers should be applied always. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range acidic fertilizers such as single diammonium phosphate (DAP), mono-ammonium phosphate, ammonium sulphate (SA), urea e.t.c are desirable to be applied in all farms.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from (0.25% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to (1.69% TOC) as shown in Table 4.22.3. 100% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities and aeration in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this Sub County. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.22.3 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 100% and phosphorus with 93% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen and phosphorus are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

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Table 4.22.3: Soil fertility status of Turkana South Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical)

level

Samples with below adequate

level

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)pH 6.65 8.74 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 0 0Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.25 1.69 ≥ 2.7 60 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.05 0.17 ≥ 0.2 60 100Available P (ppm) 3 192 ≥ 30.0 56 93Potassium (me%) 0.6 2.15 ≥ 0.24 0 0Calcium (me%) 6.1 30.2 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me%) 0.42 8.87 ≥ 1.0 1 2Manganese (me%) 0.20 0.78 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.98 4.7 ≥ 1.0 1 2Iron ppm 23.1 193 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 0.79 5.7 ≥ 5.0 59 98

As regards potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, copper and iron they are adequately supplied in the soil in most of the fields. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient zinc is low in 98 % of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing zinc micro element like zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing this element may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Turkana South Sub County acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because all the farms have their pH at between 6.65 and 8.74. Acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), Mono-ammonium Phosphate, urea and ammonium sulphate (AS) should be applied always. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient zinc which is low in majority of the farms. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 8 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha DAPTop dressing: 65 kg/ha urea

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110 Enhancing Soil Fertility for Greater Productivity

4.23 West Pokot County4.23.1 North Pokot Sub CountyIn North Pokot Sub County, the soil pH ranges from moderately acid (5.54) to moderately alkaline (8.5) (Refer to Table 4.23.1). Of the 30 farms sampled, 13 farms have their soil pH above 7.0 with three farms that have their pH above the most critical pH of 8.0 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. Where pH is above the optimum pH of 7.0, acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium Sulphate, etc. should be used (Refer to Appendix 1 for specific farm results).

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (0.24% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to adequate (4.4% TOC) as shown in Table 4.23.1. 98% of farms have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Tablev 4.23.1 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (90% of farms), phosphorus (60% of farms) and potassium (32% of farms) which are below adequate level. Where macro nutrients are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil. As regards calcium and magnesium, they are adequately supplied in the soil.

Table 4.23.1: Soil fertility status of North Pokot Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical)

level

Samples with below adequate

levels

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)pH 5.54 8.50 ≥ 5.5 0 (< 5.5) 0Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.24 4.41 ≥ 2.7 59 98Total Nitrogen (%) 0.02 0.43 ≥ 0.2 54 90Available P (ppm) 0.4 301 ≥ 30.0 36 60Potassium (me %) 0.08 1.45 ≥ 0.24 19 32Calcium (me %) 3.5 58.5 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me %) 1.19 9.90 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me %) 0.05 0.87 ≥ 0.11 5 8Copper ppm 0.73 19.6 ≥ 1.0 5 8Iron ppm 9.08 139 ≥ 10.0 2 3Zinc ppm 0.64 16.3 ≥ 5.0 59 98

As regards iron, copper and manganese, they are inadequately supplied in the soil of few farms. Zinc is low in 98% of farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

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In North Pokot Sub County, acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because the majority of the soils in the Sub County have pH above 6.5 with 13 farms that have soil pH above optimum pH of 7.0. Fertilizers such as diammonium phosphate (DAP), ammonium sulphate (AS) and urea are the most suitable in the Sub County. However, non acidic fertilizers such as Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), N:P:K 17:17:17, 23:23:0, etc. may also be applied in the farms with pH below 6.5. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizers with zinc micro-nutrient which is low in majority of soils.

Sub Caounty General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 8 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha DAPTop dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

4.23.2 WEST POKOT SUB-COUNTYIn West Pokot Sub County, the soil pH ranges from extremely acid (4.12) to slightly acid (6.4) (Refer to Table 4.23.2). Of the 30 farms sampled, 20 farms (67%) have their soil pH below 5.5 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. Ten farms have their pH below the most critical pH of 5.0 for growth of maize. Where pH is below the most critical pH, it should be raised with application of manures or compost annually and avoidance of application of acidic fertilizers. However, to prevent further reduction in pH, application of acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate, etc should be avoided in farms with pH < 5.5.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (0.5% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to adequate (3.45% TOC) as shown in Table 4.23.2. 97% of farms have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.23.2 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (88% of farms), phosphorus (95% of farms) and potassium (47% of farms) which are below adequate level. Where macro nutrients are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil. As regards calcium and magnesium, they are adequately supplied in the soil.

Table 4.23.2: Soil fertility status of West Pokot Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical)

level

Samples with below adequate

levels

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)pH 4.12 6.40 ≥ 5.5 40 (< 5.5) 67Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.50 3.45 ≥ 2.7 58 97Total Nitrogen (%) 0.05 0.32 ≥ 0.2 53 88Available P (ppm) 1.00 108 ≥ 30.0 57 95Potassium (me %) 0.02 0.99 ≥ 0.24 28 47Calcium (me %) 2.00 20.7 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me %) 0.04 5.66 ≥ 1.0 3 5Manganese (me %) 0.25 1.13 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.27 8.45 ≥ 1.0 18 30Iron ppm 7.02 126 ≥ 10.0 13 22Zinc ppm 0.56 12.6 ≥ 5.0 57 95

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As regards manganese, it is adequately supplied in the soil. However, the micro nutrient copper is low in 30% of the farms while iron is low in 22% of the farms. Zinc is low in majority of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In West Pokot Sub County, non acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because all soils in the Sub County have pH below 6.5 with 10 farms that have soil pH below the most critical pH of 5.0. Fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate, Mavuno, etc are recommended for application in this Sub County. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizers with zinc micro-nutrient which is low in majority of soils.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 8 t/haPlanting: 300 kg/ha N:P:K 17:17:17Top dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

4.24 Samburu County4.24.1 Samburu Central Sub CountyIn Samburu Central Sub County, the soil pH ranges from moderately acid (5.0) to moderately alkaline (7.59) (Refer to Table 4.24.1). 100% of the farms sampled have their pH between pH 5 – 8 and therefore within the suitable range for the growth of maize and should be maintained within this range. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range neutral fertilizers such as single super phosphate (SSP), triple superphosphate (TSP), calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), Mavuno, compound fertilizers N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0 e.t.c are desirable to be applied in all farms.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from (0.44% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to (3.25% TOC) as shown in Table 4.24.1. 92% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities and aeration in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this Sub County. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.24.1 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 55% and phosphorus with 72% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen and phosphorus are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

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Table 4.24.1: Soil fertility status of Samburu Central Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical )

level

Samples with below adequate

level

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)pH 5.00 7.59 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 2 3Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.44 3.25 ≥ 2.7 55 92Total Nitrogen (%) 0.05 0.33 ≥ 0.2 33 55Available P (ppm) 1 128 ≥ 30.0 43 72Potassium (me%) 0.53 3.40 ≥ 0.24 0 0Calcium (me%) 2.2 18.5 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me%) 2.06 7.55 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me%) 0.11 1.03 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.27 2.42 ≥ 1.0 39 65Iron ppm 14.2 102 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 1.52 28.6 ≥ 5.0 37 62

As regards potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese and iron they are adequately supplied in the soil in most of the fields. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient copper is low in 65 %, and zinc in 62 % of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_ maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing copper and zinc micro elements like zinc sulphate and copper sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Samburu Central Sub County neutral fertilizers are recommended for application because all the farms with their pH at 7.0 or below. Acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), Monoammonium Phosphate, urea and ammonium suphate (AS) may be applied in farms with pH greater than 7.0. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrients zinc and copper which are low in some of the farms. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 7 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing: 125kg/ha CAN

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114 Enhancing Soil Fertility for Greater Productivity

4.24.2 Samburu East Sub County In Samburu East Sub County, the soil pH ranges from moderately acid (5.10) to moderately alkaline (7.80) (Refer to Table 4.24.2). 100% of the farms sampled have their pH between pH 5 – 8 and therefore within the suitable range for the growth of maize and should be maintained within this range. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range neutral fertilizers such as single super phosphate (SSP), triple superphosphate (TSP), calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), Mavuno, compound fertilizers N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0 e.t.c are desirable to be applied in all farms. However, in areas with pH greater than 6.5 acidic such as DAP and urea can be applied.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from (0.42% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to (2.21% TOC) as shown in Table 4.24.2. 100% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities and aeration in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this Sub County. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.24.2 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 97%, phosphorus with 35%, and calcium with 47% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.24.2:Soil fertility status of Samburu East Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical)

level

Samples with below adequate

level

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)pH 5.05 7.80 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 2 3Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.42 2.21 ≥ 2.7 60 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.05 0.22 ≥ 0.2 58 97Available P (ppm) 12 264 ≥ 30.0 21 35Potassium (me%) 0.35 1.59 ≥ 0.24 0 0Calcium (me%) 0.9 4.9 ≥ 2.0 28 47Magnesium (me%) 1.63 6.42 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me%) 0.11 0.63 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.52 3.76 ≥ 1.0 31 52Iron ppm 12.8 121 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 0.72 55.3 ≥ 5.0 36 60

As regards potassium, magnesium, manganese and iron they are adequately supplied in the soil in most of the fields. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient copper is low in 52 %, and zinc in 60 % of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

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It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing copper and zinc micro elements like zinc sulphate and copper sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Samburu East Sub County neutral fertilizers are recommended for application in all the farms with their pH at 7.0 or below. Acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), Mono-ammonium Phosphate, urea and ammonium sulphate (AS) should may be applied in soils with pH greater than 7.0. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrients zinc and copper which are low in some of the farms. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 8 t/haPlanting: 200 kg/ha CANTop dressing: 125kg/ha CAN

4.25 Elgeyo/Marakwet County4.25.1 Keiyo North Sub CountyThe soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.43) to strongly alkaline (6.86) (Refer to Table 4.25.1). Of the 60 farms sampled, 5 farms have its soil pH below 5.0 and therefore most of the farms are within the suitable range for the growth of maize as they are not within the maize growing pH range (5.0 – 8.0). 55 farms have their pH between 5.0 and 6.86 implying that soils in this Sub County are mostly acidic and therefore requiring application of non-acidifying fertilizers. Where pH is below 5.5 it can be raised through regular application of manures or compost which alleviates aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To avoid further raising of the pH fertilizers such as compound fertilizers N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, CAN should be preferred for application.

In the sub county, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (1.18% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to adequate (4.73% TOC) as shown in Table 4.25.1. 57% of all farms have TOC below adequate levels and therefore low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.25.1 shows the most limiting nutrient are nitrogen (23% of farms) and phosphorus (57% of farms) which have below adequate levels of nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively. Where the two nutrients are low, fertilizers containing the two nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil

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Table 4.25.1: Soil fertility status of Keiyo North Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate level

% of 60 farms

pH 4.43 6.86 ≥ 5.5 21(< 5.5) 35Total Organic Carbon (%) 1.18 4.73 ≥ 2.7 34 57Total Nitrogen (%) 0.12 0.47 ≥ 0.2 14 23Available P (ppm) 3 156 ≥ 30.0 34 57Potassium (me%) 0.37 2.15 ≥ 0.2 0 0Calcium (me%) 2.2 21.5 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me%) 1.42 7.05 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me%) 0.25 1.44 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 2.47 5.72 ≥ 1.0 0 0Iron ppm 10.3 79.3 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 1.25 45.1 ≥ 5.0 27 45

As regards potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, copper and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil in all farms. However, the micro nutrient zinc is low in 45 % of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/ resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing zinc micro element like zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Keiyo North, non-acidic and neutral fertilizers are recommended for application because all the farms (60) in the Sub County have their soil pH below 6.9 and therefore acidic. Neutral fertilizers such Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP) and compound fertilizers N:P:K such as 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17 and Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) are recommended. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient zinc which is lacking in a few farms.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 5 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0 Top dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

4.25.2 Keiyo South Sub CountyThe soil pH ranges from extremely acid (4.00) to slightly acid (6.55) (Refer to Table 4.25.2). Of the 60 farms sampled, 31farms have their soil pH below 5.0 and therefore most of the farms are outside the suitable range for the growth of maize as they are not within the maize growing pH range (5.0 – 8.0). 29 farms have their pH between 5.0 and 6.55 implying that soils in this Sub County are mostly acidic and therefore requiring application of non-acidifying fertilizers. Where pH is below 5.5 it can be raised through regular application

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of manures or compost which alleviates aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To avoid further raising of the pH fertilizers such as compound fertilizers N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, CAN should be preferred for application.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (1.13% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to adequate (4.93 % TOC) as shown in Table 4.25.2. 67% of all farms have TOC below adequate levels and therefore low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

The most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (18% of farms), magnesium (18%) and phosphorus (55% of farms) which have below adequate levels of nitrogen, magnesium and phosphorus, respectively. Where the three nutrients are low, fertilizers containing the three nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.25.2: Soil fertility status of Keiyo South Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical)

level

Samples with below adequate

level

% of 60 farms

pH 4.0 6.55 ≥ 5.5 40(< 5.5) 67Total Organic Carbon (%) 1.13 4.9 3 ≥ 2.7 26 42Total Nitrogen (%) 0.11 0.49 ≥ 0.2 11 18Available P (ppm) 11 270 ≥ 30.0 33 55Potassium (me%) 0.45 2.11 ≥ 0.2 0 0Calcium (me%) 2.0 22.3 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me%) 0.09 9.20 ≥ 1.0 11 18Manganese (me%) 0.11 0.60 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.41 8.53 ≥ 1.0 29 48Iron ppm 10.8 137 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 1.23 33.2 ≥ 5.0 32 53

As regards potassium, calcium, manganese and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil in all farms. Application of dolomitic lime will supplement magnesium where it is low. However, the micro nutrient copper and zinc are low in 48 % and 53 % of the farms respectively. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing zinc and copper micro element like zinc sulphate and copper sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

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In Keiyo South Sub County, non-acidic and neutral fertilizers are recommended for application because all the farms (60) in the Sub County have their soil pH below 6.6 and therefore acidic. Neutral fertilizers such Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP) and compound fertilizers N:P:K such as 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17 and Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) are recommended. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizers with micro-nutrient zinc and copper which are lacking in some farms.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 5 t/haPlanting: 200 kg/ha Single Super Phosphate (SSP) Top dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

4.25.3 Marakwet East Sub County The soil pH ranges from moderately acid (5.41) to moderately alkaline (7.98) (Refer to Table4.25.3). All the 60 farms sampled have their soil pH between 5.41 and 8.0 and therefore within the suitable range for the growth of maize of 5.0 – 8.0. 25 farms have their pH between 7.0 and 8.0 implying that soils in this Sub County are mostly slightly acid while others are slightly alkaline therefore requiring application of acidifying fertilizers. Where pH is above 7.0 it can be lowered through regular application of acidic fertilizers. Application of manures or compost alleviates aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To avoid further raising of the pH fertilizers such as compound fertilizers N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, CAN e.tc. should be preferred for application.

In the sub county, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (0.66% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to adequate (8.84% TOC) as shown in Table 4.25.3. 67% of all farms have TOC below adequate levels and therefore low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.25.3 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (67% of farms), phosphorus (53% of farms) and potassium (22% of the farms) which have below adequate levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium respectively. Where the three nutrients are low, fertilizers containing the three nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.25.3: Soil fertility status of Marakwet East Sub County Soil Parameter Min Max Target

(critical) levelSamples with below adequate level

% of 60 farms

pH 5.41 7.98 ≥ 5.5 1(< 5.5) 2Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.66 8.84 ≥ 2.7 40 67Total Nitrogen (%) 0.06 0.70 ≥ 0.2 40 67Available P (ppm) 1 201 ≥ 30.0 32 53Potassium (me%) 0.1 1.59 ≥ 0.2 13 22Calcium (me%) 3.1 20.7 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me%) 4.18 7.50 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me%) 0.11 0.64 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.29 4.13 ≥ 1.0 2 3Iron ppm 10.0 82.4 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 0.17 8.88 ≥ 5.0 4 7

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As regards calcium, magnesium, manganese and iron they are adequately supplied in the soil in all farms. However, the micro nutrients zinc and copper are low in 7% and 3% of the farms respectively. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the deficient micro elements like zinc and copper sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contains the essential nutrients.

In Marakwet East, non-acidic and neutral fertilizers are recommended for application because 35 farms in the Sub County have their soil pH below 7.0. Acidic fertilizers are also recommended in the remaining 25 farms with the pH above 7.0. Neutral fertilizers such Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP) and compound fertilizers N:P:K such as 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17 and Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) are recommended for farms with pH below 7.0,

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 6 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0 Top dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

4.25.4 Marakwet West Sub CountyIn Marakwet West Sub County, the soil pH ranges from moderately acid (5.03) to moderately alkaline (6.48) (Refer to Table 4.25.4). All the 60 farms sampled have their soil pH between 5.0 and 8.0 and therefore within the suitable range for the growth of maize of 5.0 – 8.0. All the farms have their pH below 7.0 implying that soils in this Sub County soil pH ranges from moderately acid to slightly acid therefore requiring application of non-acidifying fertilizers. Application of manures or compost alleviates aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To avoid further raising of the pH fertilizers such as compound fertilizers N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, CAN should be preferred for application.

In the sub county, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (1.86% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to adequate (6.05% TOC) as shown in Table 4.25.4. 14% of all farms have TOC below adequate levels and therefore low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.25.4 shows the most limiting nutrients are phosphorus (70% of farms) and potassium (15% of the farms) which have below adequate levels of phosphorus and potassium respectively. Where the two nutrients are low, fertilizers containing the two nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

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Table 4.25.4: Soil fertility status of Marakwet West Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical ) level

Samples with below adequate level

% of 60 farms

pH 5.03 6.48 ≥ 5.5 14 (< 5.5) 23Total Organic Carbon (%) 1.86 6.05 ≥ 2.7 14 23Total Nitrogen (%) 0.15 0.45 ≥ 0.2 3 5Available P (ppm) 10 213 ≥ 30.0 42 70Potassium (me%) 0.14 2.07 ≥ 0.2 9 15Calcium (me%) 2.9 21.1 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me%) 1.33 7.05 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me%) 0.23 1.29 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 1.13 4.45 ≥ 1.0 0 0Iron ppm 13.7 83.5 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 0.46 56.4 ≥ 5.0 51 85

As regards nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, manganese, copper and iron they are adequately supplied in the soil in all farms. However, the micro nutrient zinc is low in 85 % of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/ resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the deficient micro element zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing zinc may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contains the essential nutrients.

In Marakwet West Sub County, non-acidic and neutral fertilizers are recommended for application because all the farms in the Sub County have their soil pH below 7.0. Neutral fertilizers such Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP) and compound fertilizers N:P:K such as 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17 and Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) are recommended for farms with pH below 7.0.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 3 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0 Top dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

4.26 Nandi County 4.26.1 Nandi North Sub County In Nandi North Sub County, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.45) to moderately acid (5.75) (Refer to Table 4.26.1). 57% of the farms sampled have their pH between pH 5 – 8 and therefore within the suitable range for the growth of maize and should be maintained within this range. However, almost 50 % of the farms have their pH below the minimum pH range and therefore requires liming regularly to raise the pH to the required levels. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To

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maintain the pH within the maize growing range neutral fertilizers such as single super phosphate (SSP), triple superphosphate (TSP), calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), Mavuno, compound fertilizers N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0 e.t.c are desirable to be applied in all farms.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from (1.29% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to (4.16% TOC) as shown in Table 4.26.1. 75% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities and aeration in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this Sub County. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.26.1 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 22%, phosphorus with 62%, calcium with 35% and magnesium 35% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.26.1: Soil fertility status of Nandi North Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical ) level

Samples with below adequate

level

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)pH 4.45 5.75 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 57 95Total Organic Carbon (%) 1.29 4.16 ≥ 2.7 45 75Total Nitrogen (%) 0.13 0.41 ≥ 0.2 13 22Available P (ppm) 14 168 ≥ 30.0 37 62Potassium (me%) 0.18 1.15 ≥ 0.24 4 7Calcium (me%) 1.1 3.9 ≥ 2.0 21 35Magnesium (me%) 0.01 4.29 ≥ 1.0 21 35Manganese (me%) 0.07 1.39 ≥ 0.11 3 5Copper ppm 0.60 4.07 ≥ 1.0 14 23Iron ppm 22.9 151 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 0.37 8.79 ≥ 5.0 56 93

As regards potassium, manganese and iron they are adequately supplied in the soil in most of the fields. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrients zinc is low in 93 % and copper in 23 % of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing zinc micro elements like zinc sulphate and copper sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

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In Nandi North Sub County neutral fertilizers are recommended for application because all the farms have their pH below 7.0. Acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), Monoammonium Phosphate, urea and ammonium suphate (AS) should be avoided. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient zinc and copper which are low in some farms. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 5 t/haLime: 800 kg/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha SSPTop dressing: 125kg/ha CAN

4.26.2 Nandi South Sub County In Nandi South Sub County, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.70) to slightly acid (6.45) (Refer to Table 4.26.2). 87% of the farms sampled have their pH between pH 5 – 8 and therefore within the suitable range for the growth of maize and should be maintained within this range. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range neutral fertilizers such as single super phosphate (SSP), triple superphosphate (TSP), calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), Mavuno, compound fertilizers N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0 are desirable to be applied in all farms.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from (1.14% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to (4.74% TOC) as shown in Table 4.26.2. 48% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities and aeration in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this Sub County. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.26.2 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 20%, phosphorus with 55% and potassium 35% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

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Table 4.26.2: Soil fertility status of Nandi South Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with be-low adequate level

% of 60 samples (30 farms)

pH 4.70 6.45 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 34 57Total Organic Carbon (%) 1.14 4.74 ≥ 2.7 29 48Total Nitrogen (%) 0.11 0.43 ≥ 0.2 12 20Available P (ppm) 1 85 ≥ 30.0 33 55Potassium (me%) 0.08 0.99 ≥ 0.24 21 35Calcium (me%) 3.7 17.1 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me%) 0.46 6.30 ≥ 1.0 3 5Manganese (me%) 0.15 1.15 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.62 13.0 ≥ 1.0 12 20Iron ppm 6.12 115 ≥ 10.0 2 3Zinc ppm 0.47 12.3 ≥ 5.0 34 57

As regards calcium, magnesium, manganese and iron they are adequately supplied in the soil in most of the fields. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrients zinc are low in 57 % and copper in 20 % of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing zinc micro elements like zinc sulphate and copper sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Nandi South Sub County neutral fertilizers are recommended for application because all the farms have their pH below 7.0. Acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), Monoammonium Phosphate, urea and ammonium sulphate (AS) should be avoided. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient zinc and copper which are low in some farms. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 5 t/haPlanting: 200 kg/ha single super phosphateTop dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

4.26.3 Tinderet Sub CountyIn Tinderet Sub County, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.62) to moderately acid (6.97) (Refer to Table 4.26.3). 98% of the farms sampled have their pH between pH 5 – 8 and therefore within the suitable range for the growth of maize and should be maintained within this range. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content. This

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will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range neutral fertilizers such as single super phosphate (SSP), triple superphosphate (TSP), calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), Mavuno, compound fertilizers N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0 are desirable to be applied in all farms.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from (1.11% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to (5.36% TOC) as shown in Table 4.26.3. 27% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities and aeration in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this Sub County. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.26.3 show the most limiting nutrient is phosphorus with 13% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where phosphorus is low, fertilizers containing this nutrient should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.26.3: Soil fertility status of Tinderet Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical)

level

Samples with below adequate

level

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)pH 4.62 6.97 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 13 22Total Organic Carbon (%) 1.11 5.36 ≥ 2.7 16 27Total Nitrogen (%) 0.11 0.53 ≥ 0.2 1 2Available P (ppm) 8 277 ≥ 30.0 8 13Potassium (me%) 0.24 1.99 ≥ 0.24 0 0Calcium (me%) 4.5 30.6 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me%) 2.16 8.35 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me%) 0.11 1.90 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.45 20.6 ≥ 1.0 5 8Iron ppm 32.1 188 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 0.73 40.4 ≥ 5.0 40 67

As regards nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, copper and iron they are adequately supplied in the soil in most of the fields. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient zinc is low in 67 % of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_ maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing zinc micro element like zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing this element may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

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In Tinderet Sub County neutral fertilizers are recommended for application because all the farms have their pH below 7.0. Acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), Mono-ammonium Phosphate, urea and ammonium sulphate (AS) should be avoided. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient zinc and copper which are low in some farms. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsPlanting: 6 t/ha manure Top dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

4.27 Baringo County4.27.1 Baringo Central Sub-CountyIn Baringo Central Sub County, the soil pH ranges from moderately acid (5.0) to moderately alkaline (7.5) except in one farm Bar C 1B (4761) with a strongly acid pH (4.9) (Refer to Table 4.27.1). Of the 60 farms sampled, 8 farms (13%) have their soil pH below 5.5 and therefore marginally suitable for maize growth. Only one farm has its pH below the lower pH range for the growth of maize. Where pH is below the maize growing range (5.0 – 8.0), it should be raised with application of manures or compost annually and avoidance of application of acidic fertilizers. However, to prevent further reduction in pH, application of acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate, etc should be avoided in farms with pH < 5.5.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (0.42 % Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to adequate (3.30% TOC) as shown in Table 4.27.1. 97% of all farms have TOC below adequate levels and therefore low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.27.1 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (78 % of farms) and phosphorus (63% of farms) which have below adequate levels of nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively. Where the two nutrients are low, fertilizers containing the two nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.27.1: Soil fertility status of Baringo Central Sub-county

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical ) level

Samples with below critical level

% of 60 farms

sampledpH 4.9 7.53 ≥ 5.5 8 (< 5.5) 13Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.42 3.30 ≥ 2.7 58 97Total Nitrogen (%) 0.05 0.33 ≥ 0.2 47 78Available Phosphorus (ppm) 2 285 ≥ 30.0 38 63Potassium (me%) 0.12 1.95 ≥ 0.2 2 3Calcium (me%) 2.0 22.7 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me%) 0.7 8.16 ≥ 1.0 1 2Manganese (me%) 0.49 1.85 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.46 2.19 ≥ 1.0 31 52Iron ppm 18.6 123 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 0.58 19.0 ≥ 5.0 44 73

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As regards potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese and iron, these nutrients are adequately supplied in the soil. Micro nutrient copper is low in 52% of the farms while zinc is low in 73% of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Baringo Central Sub County, non acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because most of the soils in the Sub County have their pH below 7.5. Fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate, 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate and Mavuno are the most suitable in the Sub County. However, in the farms with pH above 7.0, acidic fertilizers such as Diammonium phosphate (DAP), ammonium sulphate (AS) and urea may also be applied. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizers with zinc and copper micro-nutrients which are low in majority of soils.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 7 t/haPlanting: 200 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

4.27.2 Baringo North Sub-CountyIn Baringo North Sub County, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.5) to slightly acid (6.58) (Refer to Table 4.27.2). Of the 30 farms sampled, 21 farms (35 %) have their soil pH below 5.5 and therefore not very suitable for maize growth. However, only five farms have their pH below the most critical pH for growth of maize. Where pH is below the maize growing range (5.0 – 8.0), it should be raised with application of manures or compost annually and avoidance of application of acidic fertilizers. However, to prevent further reduction in pH, application of acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate, etc should be avoided in farms with pH < 5.5.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (0.77% Total Organic Carbon (TOC) to adequate (4.46% TOC) as shown in Table 4.27.2. 78% of the farms have TOC below adequate levels and therefore low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.27.2 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (67% of farms) and phosphorus (77% of farms) which have below adequate levels of nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively. Where the two nutrients are low, fertilizers containing the two nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

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Table 4.27.2:Soil fertility status of Baringo North Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate levels

% of 60 sam-ples (30 farms)

pH 4.48 6.58 ≥ 5.5 21 (< 5.5) 35Total Organic Carbon (%)

0.77 4.46 ≥ 2.7 47 78

Total Nitrogen (%) 0.08 0.44 ≥ 0.2 40 67Available P (ppm) 2.0 282 ≥ 30.0 46 77Potassium (me %) 0.50 2.55 ≥ 0.2 0 0Calcium (me %) 6.3 54.9 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me %) 1.17 7.86 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me %) 0.12 1.98 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.14 1.72 ≥ 1.0 54 90Iron ppm 10.0 45.2 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 0.60 39.2 ≥ 5.0 37 62

As regards potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil. However, the micro nutrient copper is low in 90% of the farms while zinc is low in 62% of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_ maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Baringo North Sub County, non acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because most of the soils in the Sub County have pH below 6.5 with only 13 farms with pH between 5.5 and 6.5. Fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate, 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate, Mavuno, etc are recommended for application in this Sub County. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizers with zinc and copper micro-nutrients which are low in majority of soils.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 7 t/haPlanting: 100 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

4.27.3 East Pokot Sub CountyIn East Pokot Sub County, the soil pH ranges from moderately acid (5.5) to moderately alkaline (8.1) (Refer to Table 4.27.3). Of the 60 farms sampled, all farms have their soil pH equal or above 5.5 and therefore within the maize growing range (5.0 – 8.0). Only six farms have pH between 5.5 and 6.0; and 45 farms have their pH above 6.5 and therefore acidic and neutral fertilisers can be used in this Sub County. Where pH is above 7.0, it can be lowered with regular application of acidic fertilizers. To prevent further rising of the pH, acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate, should be applied in farms with pH ≥ 6.5.

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In the Sub Counmty, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (0.36% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to adequate (1.61% TOC) as shown in Table 4.27.3. 100% of all farms have TOC below adequate levels and therefore low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.27.3 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (100% of farms) and phosphorus (60% of farms) which have below adequate levels of nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively. Where the two nutrients are low, fertilizers containing the two nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.27.3:Soil fertility status of East Pokot Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical ) level

Samples with below adequate level

% of 60 farms sampled

pH 5.52 8.10 ≥ 5.5 0 (< 5.5) 0Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.36 1.61 ≥ 2.7 0 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.04 0.16 ≥ 0.2 60 100Available P (ppm) 1 258 ≥ 30.0 36 60Potassium (me%) 0.29 1.71 ≥ 0.2 0 0Calcium (me%) 4.7 39 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me%) 1.88 8.45 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me%) 0.11 6.95 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.22 1.02 ≥ 1.0 54 90Iron ppm 1.96 78.3 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 0.39 1.39 ≥ 5.0 60 100

As regards potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil in all farms. However, the micro nutrient copper is low in 90% of the farms while zinc is low in 100% of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_ maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In East Pokot Sub County, acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because most of the soils in the Sub County have pH above 6.5 with 12 farms with pH between 5.5 and 6.5. Fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate, 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate, Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), Urea, ammonium sulphate (SA) and monoammonium phosphate are recommended for application in this Sub County. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizers with zinc and copper micro-nutrients which are low in majority of soils.

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Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 8 t/haPlanting: 200 kg/ha DAPTop dressing: 65 kg/ha urea

4.27.4 Koibatek Sub CountyIn Koibatek Sub County, the soil pH ranges from extremely acid (4.16) to slightly acid (6.22) (Refer to Table 4.27.4). Of the 60 farms sampled, 40 farms have their soil pH below 5.0 and therefore not very suitable for the growth of maize as they are not within the maize growing pH range (5.0 – 8.0). The highest pH in this Sub County is 6.22 implying that soils in this Sub County are all acidic and therefore requiring application of non-acidifying fertilizers. Where pH is below 5.5 it can be raised through regular application of manures or compost which alleviates aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To prevent further rising of the pH, acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate should be avoided.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (0.90% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to adequate (5.39% TOC) as shown in Table 4.27.4. 70% of all farms have TOC below adequate levels and therefore low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.27.4 shows the most limiting nutrient are nitrogen (33% of farms) and phosphorus (92% of farms) which have below adequate levels of nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively. Where the two nutrients are low, fertilizers containing the two nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil

Table 4.27.4: Soil fertility status of Koibatek Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical ) level

Samples with be-low adequate level

% of 60 samples (30 farms)

pH 4.16 6.22 ≥ 5.5 40 (<5.5) 67Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.90 5.39 ≥ 2.7 42 70Total Nitrogen (%) 0.09 0.53 ≥ 0.2 20 33Available P (ppm) 8.0 104 ≥ 30.0 55 92Potassium (me%) 0.24 1.83 ≥ 0.2 0 0Calcium (me%) 2.7 17.9 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me%) 0.54 5.68 ≥ 1.0 4 7Manganese (me%) 0.36 1.23 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.41 3.80 ≥ 1.0 8 13Iron ppm 19.8 104 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 0.89 30.6 ≥ 5.0 38 63

As regards potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil in all farms. However, the micro nutrient copper is low in 13% of the farms while zinc is low in 63% of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_ maize, Landon, 1991).

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It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Koibatek Sub County, non acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because most of the soils in the Sub County have pH below 6.3 with 20 farms with pH below 5.0. Fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K such as 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and mavuno are recommended for application in this Sub County. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient zinc which is lacking in majority of soils and to a lesser extent copper supplying fertilizers.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 6 t/haPlanting: 300 kg/ha SSPTop dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

4.27.5 Marigat Sub-CountyIn Marigat Sub County, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.5) to strongly alkaline (8.59) (Refer to Table 4.27.5). Of the 60 farms sampled, 3 farms have its soil pH below 5.0 and 4 farms have their pH above 8.0 therefore the seven farms not very suitable for the growth of maize as they are not within the maize growing pH range (5.0 – 8.0). 53 farms have their pH between 6.5 and 8.59 and out of the 53 farms 43 have their pH between 7.0 and 8.59 implying that soils in this Sub County are mostly alkaline and therefore requiring application of acidifying fertilizers. Where pH is below 5.5 it can be raised through regular application of manures or compost which alleviates aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To bring down the pH from alkaline to the maize growing range, acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate should be preferred for application.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (0.37% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to adequate (3.31% TOC) as shown in Table 4.27.5. 93% of all farms have TOC below adequate levels and therefore low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.27.5 shows the most limiting nutrient are nitrogen (93% of farms) and phosphorus (78% of farms) which have below adequate levels of nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively. Where the two nutrients are low, fertilizers containing the two nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

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Table 4.27.5: Soil fertility status of Marigat Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate level

% of 60 farms sampled

pH 4.50 8.59 ≥ 5.5 3(< 5.5); (> 8.0) 4 12Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.37 3.31 ≥ 2.7 56 93Total Nitrogen (%) 0.04 1.04 ≥ 0.2 56 93Available P (ppm) 0.1 284 ≥ 30.0 47 78Potassium (me%) 0.48 2.13 ≥ 0.2 0 0Calcium (me%) 3.3 44.6 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me%) 1.37 6.43 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me%) 0.11 0.57 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.13 3.18 ≥ 1.0 28 47Iron ppm 23.1 91.5 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 1.56 42.8 ≥ 5.0 46 77

As regards potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil in all farms. However, the micro nutrient copper is low in 47% of the farms while zinc is low in 77% of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_ maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Marigat Sub County, acidic and neutral fertilizers are recommended for application because most of the farms (54) in the Sub County have their soil pH between 6.5 and 8.59 with only one farm with pH below 5.0. Acidic fertilizers such as Di-ammonium Phosphate (DAP), Mono-ammonium phosphate (MAP), Urea, ammonium sulphate (SA) and neutral fertilizers such Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K such as 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17 and Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) are recommended. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient zinc which is lacking in majority of soils and to a lesser extent copper supplying fertilizers. Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 8 t/haPlanting: 300 kg/ha DAPTop dressing: 80 kg/ha urea

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4.28 Nakuru County4.28.1 Naivasha Sub County In Naivasha Sub County, the soil pH ranges from moderately acid (5.0) to moderately alkaline (7.7) (Refer to Table 4.28.1). Of the 30 farms sampled, only 1 farm has its soil pH below 5.5 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. No farms have their pH below the most critical pH of 5.0 for growth of maize. To prevent further reduction in pH, application of acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate, etc should be avoided in farms with pH < 5. In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (1.17% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to adequate (3.2% TOC) as shown in Table 4.28.1. 90% of farms have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.28.1 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (53% of farms) and phosphorus (63% of farms) which are below adequate level. Where macro nutrients are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil. As regards potassium, calcium and magnesium, they are adequately supplied in the soil.

Table 4.28.1: Soil fertility status of Naivasha Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate levels

% of 60 samples (30 farms)

pH 5.02 7.71 ≥ 5.5 1 (< 5.5) 2Total Organic Carbon (%) 1.17 3.20 ≥ 2.7 54 90Total Nitrogen (%) 0.11 0.31 ≥ 0.2 32 53Available P (ppm) 8 285 ≥ 30.0 38 63Potassium (me %) 0.10 3.92 ≥ 0.24 1 2Calcium (me %) 6.7 27.8 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me %) 1.52 4.90 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me %) 0.10 0.90 ≥ 0.11 1 2Copper ppm 0.16 2.19 ≥ 1.0 52 87Iron ppm 32.6 161 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 5.18 40.2 ≥ 5.0 0 0

As regards manganese, iron and zinc, they are adequately supplied in the soil. Copper is low in 87% of farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc. org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

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In Naivasha Sub County, non acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because most of the soils in the Sub County have pH below 6.5 with only 8 farms with pH above 6.5. Fertilizers such as Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (CAN), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0 are recommended for application in this Sub County.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 6 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0 Top dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

4.28.2 Nakuru North Sub County In Nakuru North Sub County, the soil pH ranges from moderately acid (5.1) to slightly acid (6.8) (Refer to Table 4.28.2). Of the 30 farms sampled, only 4 farms (12 %) have their soil pH below 5.5 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. No farms have their pH below the most critical pH of 5.0 for growth of maize. To prevent further reduction in pH, application of acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate should be avoided in farms with pH < 5.5.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from moderate (1.67% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to adequate (5.0% TOC) as shown in Table 4.28.2. 37% of farms have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.28.2 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (17% of farms) and phosphorus (7% of farms) which are below adequate level. Where macro nutrients are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil. As regards potassium, calcium and magnesium, they are adequately supplied in the soil.

Table 4.28.2: Soil fertility status of Nakuru North Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate levels

% of 60 samples (30 farms)

pH 5.11 6.84 ≥ 5.5 7 (< 5.5) 12Total Organic Carbon (%) 1.67 5.02 ≥ 2.7 22 37Total Nitrogen (%) 0.13 0.48 ≥ 0.2 10 17Available P (ppm) 16 311 ≥ 30.0 4 7Potassium (me %) 0.49 2.43 ≥ 0.24 0 0Calcium (me %) 3.7 20.7 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me %) 2.03 6.32 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me %) 0.11 0.62 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.63 15.2 ≥ 1.0 11 18Iron ppm 32.6 154 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 2.21 59.8 ≥ 5.0 6 10

As regards manganese and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil. Copper and zinc are low in few farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org /crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize; Landon, 1991).

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It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Nakuru North Sub County, non acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because most of the soils in the Sub County have pH below 6.5 with only 3 farms with pH above 6.5. Fertilizers such as Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (CAN), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, are recommended for application in this Sub County.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 4 t/haPlanting: 50 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

4.29 Narok County4.29.1 Narok Sub CountyIn Narok South Sub County, the soil pH ranges from moderately acid (5.5) to near neutral (6.95) (Refer to Table 4.29.1). Of the 30 farms sampled, all farms have optimum soil pH range for maize growth at 5.5 to 7.0 and, therefore, very suitable for maize growth.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from moderate (1.9% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to adequate (5.0% TOC) as shown in Table 4.29.1. Only 15% of farms have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.29.1 shows the most limiting nutrient is phosphorus (42% of farms) which is below adequate level. Where macro nutrients are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil. As regards nitrogen, potassium, calcium and magnesium, they are adequately supplied in the soil.

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Table 4.29.1: Soil fertility status of Narok South Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate levels

% of 60 samples (30 farms)

pH 5.52 6.95 ≥ 5.5 0 (< 5.5) 0Total Organic Carbon (%) 1.88 5.01 ≥ 2.7 9 15Total Nitrogen (%) 0.19 0.50 ≥ 0.2 1 2Available P (ppm) 10 214 ≥ 30.0 25 42Potassium (me %) 0.29 3.44 ≥ 0.24 0 0Calcium (me %) 2.0 69 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me %) 2.16 5.15 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me %) 0.53 1.68 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.19 0.87 ≥ 1.0 60 100Iron ppm 14.6 157 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 1.38 36.0 ≥ 5.0 10 17

As regards manganese and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil. Copper is low in all farms and zinc is low in 17% of farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Narok South Sub County, non acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because all soils in the Sub County have pH below 7.0. Fertilizers such as Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (CAN), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, are recommended for application in this Sub County. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizers with zinc and copper micro-nutrients which are low in majority of soils.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 2 t/haPlanting: 200 kg/ha SSPTop dressing: 125kg/ha CAN

4.29.2 Transmara East Sub County In Transmara East Sub County, the soil pH ranges from moderately acid (5.6) to moderately alkaline (7.8) (Refer to Table 4.29.2). Of the 30 farms sampled, all farms have soil pH within the maize growing range (5.0 – 8.0) and, therefore, suitable for maize growth.

In the Sub Country, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (1.16% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to adequate (3.23% TOC) as shown in Table 4.29.2. 89% of farms have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic

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matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.29.2 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (39% of farms) and phosphorus (48% of farms) which are below adequate level. Where macro nutrients are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil. As regards potassium, calcium and magnesium, they are adequately supplied in the soil.

Table 4.29.2: Soil fertility status of Transmara East Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate levels

% of 46 samples (30 farms)

pH 5.60 7.80 ≥ 5.5 0 (< 5.5) 0Total Organic Carbon (%) 1.16 3.23 ≥ 2.7 41 89Total Nitrogen (%) 0.12 0.30 ≥ 0.2 18 39Available P (ppm) 1.3 117 ≥ 30.0 22 48Potassium (me %) 0.25 1.73 ≥ 0.24 0 0Calcium (me %) 2.0 9.1 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me %) 2.06 4.57 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me %) 0.25 1.23 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.55 1.92 ≥ 1.0 16 35Iron ppm 19.7 121 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 1.70 13.2 ≥ 5.0 31 67

As regards manganese and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil. Micro nutrient copper is low in 35% of the farms while zinc is low in 67% of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_ facts_sheet_maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Transmara East Sub County, non acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because most of the soils in the Sub County have pH below 7.0 with only 6 farms with pH above 7.0. Fertilizers such as Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (CAN), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, are recommended for application in this Sub County. However, in the farms with pH above 7.0, acidic fertilizers such as Diammonium phosphate (DAP), ammonium sulphate (AS) and urea may also be applied. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizers with zinc and copper micro-nutrients which are low in majority of soils.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 5 t/haPlanting: 200 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing: 200 kg/ha CAN

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4.29.3 Transmara West Sub County In Transmara West Sub County, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.5) to slightly acid (6.65) (Refer to Table 4.29.3). Of the 30 farms sampled, 13 farms (43%) have their soil pH below 5.5 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. Where pH is below the most critical pH, it should be raised with application of manures or compost annually and avoidance of application of acidic fertilizers. However, to prevent further reduction in pH, application of acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate, etc should be avoided in farms with pH < 5.5.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (0.81% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to adequate (2.81% TOC) as shown in Table 4.29.3. 97% of farms have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.29.3 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (63% of farms) and phosphorus (58% of farms) which are below adequate level. Also potassium (8% of farms) is below adequate level in few farms. Where macro nutrients are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil. As regards calcium and magnesium, they are adequately supplied in the soil.

Table 4.29.3: Soil fertility status of Transmara West Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate levels

% of 60 samples (30 farms)

pH 4.50 6.65 ≥ 5.5 26 (< 5.5) 43Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.81 2.81 ≥ 2.7 58 97Total Nitrogen (%) 0.09 0.28 ≥ 0.2 38 63Available P (ppm) 13 206 ≥ 30.0 35 58Potassium (me %) 0.14 1.83 ≥ 0.24 5 8Calcium (me %) 2.2 19.1 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me %) 1.57 7.36 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me %) 0.36 1.74 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.63 5.96 ≥ 1.0 9 15Iron ppm 35.8 243 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 0.67 15.9 ≥ 5.0 46 77

As regards manganese and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil. Micro nutrient copper is low in 15% of the farms while zinc is low in 77% of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_ facts_sheet_maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

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In Transmara West Sub County, non acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because most of the soils in the Sub County have pH below 7.0. Fertilizers such as Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (CAN), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, etc. are recommended for application in this Sub County. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizers with zinc and copper micro-nutrients which are low in majority of soils.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 6 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

4.30 Kajiado County4.30.1 Kajiado Central Sub CountyIn Kajiado Central Sub County, the soil pH ranges from slightly acid (6.06) to moderately alkaline (8.06). All the farms sampled have their soil pH within the growing range (5.0-8.0) and therefore suitable for the growth of maize. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range and reduce alkalinity, acidifying fertilizers such as Di-ammonium phosphate (DAP), Mono-ammonium phosphate, Ammonium sulphate, urea etc should be applied in all farms.

In the sub county, the soil organic matter content ranges from 0.43% Total Organic Carbon (TOC) to 2.58% TOC as shown in Table 4.30.1. 100% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this sub county. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.30.1 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen and phosphorus 93% and 30% of the farms with below adequate levels respectively. Where nitrogen and phosphorus are low, fertilizers containing these nutrient should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.30.1: Soil fertility status of Kajiado Central Sub County Soil Parameter Min Max Target

(critical) levelSamples with below adequate level

% of 60 farms

pH 6.06 8.06 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 0 0Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.43 2.58 ≥ 2.7 60 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.05 0.25 ≥ 0.2 56 93Available P (ppm) 2 262 ≥ 30.0 18 30Potassium (me%) 0.31 2.71 ≥ 0.24 0 0Calcium (me%) 1.0 16.9 ≥ 2.0 6 10Magnesium (me%) 1.09 8.51 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me%) 0.05 0.52 ≥ 0.10 5 8Copper ppm 0.77 3.0 ≥ 1.0 6 10Iron ppm 10.7 110.0 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 0.69 26.2 ≥ 5.0 51 85

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As regards potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, copper and iron they are adequately supplied in the soil in almost all farms. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient zinc 85% of the farm is low. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing zinc micro element like zinc sulphate 5-10kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing this element may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Kajiado Central Sub County, acidifying and non acidifying fertilizers are recommended for application because majority of the farms have their soil pH between 6.0 – 8.0. Fertilizers such as DAP, urea and ammonium sulphate (AS), Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) are recommended. The sub county also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient zinc which is low in almost all the farms. This sub county has nitrogen and phosphorus inadequately supplied by the soil. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 8 t/haPlanting: 200 kg/ha DAPTop dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

4.30.2 Loitokitok Sub County In the sub county, the soil pH ranges from slightly acid (5.70) to moderately alkaline (8.21) (Refer to Table 4.30.2). All the farms sampled have their soil pH within the growing range (5.0-8.0) and therefore suitable for the growth of maize. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range and reduce alkalinity, acidifying fertilizers such as Di-ammonium phosphate (DAP), Mono-ammonium phosphate, Ammonium sulphate, urea etc should be applied in all farms.

In the sub county, the soil organic matter content ranges from 0.65% Total Organic Carbon (TOC) to 4.15% TOC as shown in Table 4.30.2. 97% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this sub county. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.30.2 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen and phosphorus 67% and 43% of the farms with below adequate levels respectively. Where nitrogen and phosphorus are low, fertilizers containing these nutrient should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil

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Table 4.30.2: Soil fertility status of Loitokitok Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate level

% of 60 farms

pH 5.70 8.21 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 0 0Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.65 4.15 ≥ 2.7 58 97Total Nitrogen (%) 0.07 0.42 ≥ 0.2 40 67Available P (ppm) 2 184 ≥ 30.0 26 43Potassium (me%) 0.43 2.47 ≥ 0.24 0 0Calcium (me%) 2.1 13.1 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me%) 2.88 8.19 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me%) 0.03 0.68 ≥ 0.10 4 7Copper ppm 1.38 6.75 ≥ 1.0 0 0Iron ppm 7.89 133.0 ≥ 10.0 1 2Zinc ppm 1.79 15.2 ≥ 5.0 50 83

As regards potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, copper and iron they are adequately supplied in the soil in majority of the farms. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient zinc, 85% of the farms is low. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing zinc micro element like zinc sulphate 5-10kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing this element may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Loitokitok Sub County, acidifying and non acidifying fertilizers are recommended for application because majority of the farms have their pH between 5.7 and 8.0. Fertilizers such as DAP, urea and ammonium sulphate (AS), Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) are recommended. The sub county also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient zinc which is low in almost all the farms. This sub county has nitrogen and phosphorus inadequately supplied by the soil. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 5 t/haPlanting: 200 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing: 150 kg/ha CAN

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4.31 Kericho County 4.31.1 Kericho Sub CountyIn Kericho East Sub County, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.78) to slightly alkaline (7.15) (Refer to Table 4.31.1). Of the 30 farms sampled, 21 farms (70 %) have their soil pH below 5.5 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. However, only four farms have their pH below the most critical pH of 5.0 for growth of maize. Where pH is below the most critical pH, it should be raised with application of manures or compost annually and avoidance of application of acidic fertilizers. However, to prevent further reduction in pH, application of acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate, etc should be avoided in farms with pH < 5.5.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (1.2% Total Organic Carbon (TOC) to adequate (4.61% TOC) as shown in Table 4.31.1, 22% of the farms have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.31.1 shows the most limiting nutrient is phosphorus (90% of farms). Also nitrogen (3% of farms) and magnesium (13% of farms) are below adequate level in few farms. Potassium and calcium are adequately supplied in the soil. Where phosphorus, nitrogen and magnesium are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.31.1: Soil fertility status of Kericho East Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate levels

% of 60 samples (30 farms)

pH 4.78 7.15 ≥ 5.5 42 (< 5.5) 70Total Organic Carbon (%) 1.20 4.61 ≥ 2.7 13 22Total Nitrogen (%) 0.12 0.46 ≥ 0.2 2 3Available P (ppm) 7 229 ≥ 30.0 54 90Potassium (me %) 0.30 2.24 ≥ 0.24 0 0Calcium (me %) 2.3 11.9 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me %) 0.17 5.02 ≥ 1.0 8 13Manganese (me %) 0.29 1.81 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.02 2.83 ≥ 1.0 55 92Iron ppm 20.9 83.9 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 1.25 23.8 ≥ 5.0 32 53

As regards to manganese and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil. However, the micro nutrient copper is low in 92% of the farms. Zinc is low in 53% of farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/ resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may

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render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Kericho East Sub County, non acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because soils in the Sub County have pH below 6.5 with only nine farms with pH higher than 5.5. Fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate, Mavuno, are recommended for application in this Sub County. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizers with zinc micro-nutrient which is low in majority of soils.

Sub County general fertilizer recommendationsManure: 5 t/haPlanting: 300 kg/ha SSPTop dressing: 125kg/ha CAN

4.31.2 Kericho West Sub CountyIn Kericho West Sub County, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.57) to moderately acid (5.51) (Refer to Table 4.31.2). Of the 30 farms sampled, 29 farms (97%) have their soil pH below 5.5 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. Ten farms have their pH below the most critical pH of 5.0 for growth of maize. Where pH is below the most critical pH, it should be raised with application of manures or compost annually and avoidance of application of acidic fertilizers. However, to prevent further reduction in pH, application of acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate, etc should be avoided in farms with pH < 5.5.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from moderate (1.42% Total Organic Carbon (TOC) to adequate (3.5% TOC) as shown in Table 4.31.2. 13% of the farms have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.31.2 shows the most limiting nutrient is phosphorus (80% of farms). Also nitrogen (2% of farms) and potassium (3% of farms) are below adequate level in few farms. Calcium and magnesium are adequately supplied in the soil. Where phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.31.2: Soil fertility status of Kericho West Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate levels

% of 60 samples (30 farms)

pH 4.57 5.51 ≥ 5.5 58 (< 5.5) 97Total Organic Carbon (%) 1.42 3.50 ≥ 2.7 26 43Total Nitrogen (%) 0.14 0.35 ≥ 0.2 1 2Available P (ppm) 2 50 ≥ 30.0 48 80Potassium (me %) 0.16 2.15 ≥ 0.24 2 3Calcium (me %) 2.0 7.3 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me %) 2.76 5.60 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me %) 0.49 1.61 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.56 3.71 ≥ 1.0 36 60Iron ppm 25.6 75.1 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 1.88 38.6 ≥ 5.0 1 2

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As regards to manganese and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil. However, the micro nutrient copper is low in 60% of the farms. Zinc is low in 2% of farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/ resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Kericho West Sub County, non acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because soils in the Sub County have pH below 6.5 with only one farm with pH between 5.5 and 6.4. Fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate, Mavuno, are recommended for application in this Sub County.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 5 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha single super phosphate (SSP)Top dressing: 125kg/ha CAN

4.31.3 Kipkelion Sub CountyIn Kipkelion Sub County, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.82) to slightly acid (6.42) (Refer to Table 4.31.3). Of the 30 farms sampled, 7 farms (22%) have their soil pH below 5.5 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. However, only one farm have their pH below the most critical pH of 5.0 for growth of maize. Where pH is below the most critical pH, it should be raised with application of manures or compost annually and avoidance of application of acidic fertilizers. However, to prevent further reduction in pH, application of acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate, etc should be avoided in farms with pH < 5.5.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from moderate (1.55% Total Organic Carbon (TOC) to high (6.74% TOC) as shown in Table 4.31.3. 35% of the farms have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.31.3 shows the most limiting nutrient is nitrogen (20% of farms). All other macro nutrients are adequately supplied in the soil. Where nitrogen is low, fertilizers containing nitrogen should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

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Table 4.31.3: Soil fertility status of Kipkelion Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate levels

% of 60 samples (30 farms)

pH 4.82 6.42 ≥ 5.5 13 (< 5.5) 22Total Organic Carbon (%) 1.55 6.74 ≥ 2.7 21 35Total Nitrogen (%) 0.14 0.48 ≥ 0.2 12 20Available P (ppm) 51 277 ≥ 30.0 0 0Potassium (me %) 0.53 2.15 ≥ 0.24 0 0Calcium (me %) 5.5 21.5 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me %) 2.97 9.24 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me %) 0.18 0.97 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.81 13.1 ≥ 1.0 2 3Iron ppm 25.9 141 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 0.34 26.3 ≥ 5.0 35 58

As regards to manganese, copper and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil. However, the micro nutrient zinc is low in 58% of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet _maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Kipkelion Sub County, non acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because soils in the Sub County have pH below 6.5 with 23 farms with pH between 5.5 and 6.4. Fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate, Mavuno, are recommended for application in this Sub County. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizers with zinc micro-nutrient which is low in majority of soils.

Sub County general fertilizer recommendationsManure: 4 t/haPlanting: 50 kg/ha CANTop dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

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4.32 Bomet County 4.32.1 Chepalungu Sub CountyIn Chepalungu Sub County, the soil pH ranges from moderately acid (5.38) to slightly acid (6.71) (Refer to Table 4.32.1). Of the 60 farms sampled, only one farm has its soil pH below 5.5. All the farms in the Sub County have their pH within the most suitable range (5.0 – 8.0) for the growth of maize. Where pH is below 5.5 it can be raised through regular application of manures or compost which alleviates aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range, fertilizers such as triple super phosphate (TSP), single super phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K 17:17:17, 23:23:0, 20:20:0, calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and mavuno should be preferred for application.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (0.91% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to adequate (3.58% TOC) as shown in Table 4.32.1. 82% of all farms have TOC below adequate levels and therefore low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.32.1 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (67% of farms) and phosphorus (85% of farms) which have below adequate levels of nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively. Where the two nutrients are low, fertilizers containing the two nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.32.1: Soil fertility status of Chepalungu Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate level

% of 60 farms sampled

pH 5.38 6.71 ≥ 5.5 1 (< 5.5) 2Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.91 3.58 ≥ 2.7 49 82Total Nitrogen (%) 0.10 0.36 ≥ 0.2 40 67Available Ps (ppm) 6 77 ≥ 30.0 51 85Potassium (me%) 0.24 1.59 ≥ 0.2 0 0Calcium (me%) 2.0 8.9 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me%) 1.00 3.73 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me%) 0.12 1.05 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.19 11.9 ≥ 1.0 57 95Iron ppm 27.9 200 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 1.96 38.8 ≥ 5.0 44 73

As regards potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil in all farms. However, the micro nutrient copper is low in 95% of the farms while zinc is low in 73% of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_ maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be

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applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Chepalungu Sub County, non acidifying fertilizers are recommended for application because most of the farms (59) in the Sub County have their soil pH between 5.5 and 6.7 with only one farm with pH below 5.5. Fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K such as 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and mavuno are recommended. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient zinc which is lacking in majority of soils and to a lesser extent copper supplying fertilizers. It is recommended that regular soil tests are carried out to monitor the pH trends so that appropriate measures are taken in case of acidification.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 5 t/haPlanting: 100 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing: 125kg/ha CAN

4.32.2 Sotik Sub CountyIn Sotik Sub County, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.56) to slightly acid (6.61) (Refer to Table 4.32.2). Of the 60 farms sampled, 18 farms have their soil pH below 5.5. All the farms in the Sub County have their pH within the most suitable range (5.0 – 8.0) for the growth of maize except four farms with pH below 5.0. Where pH is below 5.5 it can be raised through regular application of manures or compost which alleviates aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range, fertilizers such as triple super phosphate (TSP), single super phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K 17:17:17, 23:23:0, 20:20:0, calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and mavuno should be preferred for application.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (1.09% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to adequate (2.73% TOC) as shown in Table 4.32.2. 97% of all farms have TOC below adequate levels and therefore low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.32.2 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (57% of farms) and phosphorus (97% of farms) which have below adequate levels of nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively. Where the two nutrients are low, fertilizers containing the two nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

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Table 4.32.2: Soil fertility status of Sotik Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate level

% of 60 Samples (30 farms)

pH 4.56 6.61 ≥ 5.5 18 (< 5.5) 30Total Organic Carbon (%) 1.09 2.73 ≥ 2.7 58 97Total Nitrogen (%) 0.11 0.25 ≥ 0.2 34 57Available P (ppm) 2.0 43 ≥ 30.0 58 97Potassium (me%) 0.39 1.65 ≥ 0.2 0 0Calcium (me %) 3.9 28.6 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me %) 1.52 7.15 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me %) 0.33 1.57 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.20 2.59 ≥ 1.0 55 92Iron ppm 29.1 197 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 1.58 32.6 ≥ 5.0 19 32

As regards potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil in all farms. However, the micro nutrient copper is low in 92 % of the farms while zinc is low in 32 % of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_ maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Sotik Sub County, non acidifying fertilizers are recommended for application because most of the farms (56) in the Sub County have their soil pH between 5.0 and 6.61 with only four farms with pH below 5.0. Fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N: P: K such as 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and mavuno are recommended. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient copper which is lacking in majority of soils and to a lesser extent zinc supplying fertilizers. It is recommended that regular soil tests are carried out to monitor the pH trends so that appropriate measures are taken in case of acidification.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 6 t/haPlanting: 300 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

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4.33 Kakamega County4.33.1 Butere Sub CountyIn Butere Sub County, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.6) to slightly acid (6.46) (Refer to Table 4.33.1). Of the 30 farms sampled, 14 farms (48%) have their soil pH below 5.5 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. However, only six farms have their pH below the most critical pH of 5.0 for growth of maize. Where pH is below the most critical pH, it should be raised with application of manures or compost annually and avoidance of application of acidic fertilizers. However, to prevent further reduction in pH, application of acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate, etc should be avoided in farms with pH < 5.5.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (0.91% Total Organic Carbon (TOC) to moderate (2.03% TOC) as shown in Table 4.33.1. All farms have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.33.1 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (100% of farms), phosphorus (87% of farms) and potassium (77% of farms) which are below adequate levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium respectively. Where those nutrients are low, fertilizers containing the three nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.33.1: Soil fertility status of Butere Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate levels

% of 60 samples (30 farms)

Ph 4.61 6.46 ≥ 5.5 29 (< 5.5) 48Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.91 2.03 ≥ 2.7 60 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.08 0.19 ≥ 0.2 60 100Available P (ppm) 7 69 ≥ 30.0 52 87Potassium (me %) 0.08 0.89 ≥ 0.24 46 77Calcium (me %) 0.8 6.9 ≥ 2.0 16 27Magnesium (me %) 0.16 2.69 ≥ 1.0 28 47Manganese (me %) 0.20 0.82 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 1.92 17.0 ≥ 1.0 0 0Iron ppm 10.5 89.0 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 0.31 28.3 ≥ 5.0 49 82

As regards to calcium, magnesium, manganese, copper and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil. However, the micro nutrient zinc is low in 82% of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/ resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may

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render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Butere Sub County, non acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because most of the soils in the Sub County have pH below 6.5 with 16 farms with pH between 5.5 and 6.5. Fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate, Mavuno, are recommended for application in this Sub County. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizers with zinc micro-nutrient which is low in majority of soils.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 8 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 17:17:17Top dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

4.33.2 Kakamega Central Sub CountyIn Kakamega Central Sub County, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.18) to slightly acid (6.09) (Refer to Table 4.33.2). Of the 30 farms sampled, 26 farms (85%) have their soil pH below 5.5 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. However, only thirteen farms have their pH below the most critical pH of 5.0 for growth of maize. Where pH is below the most critical pH, it should be raised with application of manures or compost annually and avoidance of application of acidic fertilizers. However, to prevent further reduction in pH, application of acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate, etc should be avoided in farms with pH < 5.5.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (0.79% Total Organic Carbon (TOC) to adequate (3.29% TOC) as shown in Table 4.33.2. 90% of farms have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.33.2 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (68% of farms) and phosphorus (70% of farms) which are below adequate levels of nitrogen and phosphorus respectively. Where those nutrients are low, fertilizers containing the two nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.33.2: Soil fertility status of Kakamega Central Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate levels

% of 60 samples (30 farms)

pH 4.18 6.09 ≥ 5.5 51 (< 5.5) 85Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.79 3.29 ≥ 2.7 54 90Total Nitrogen (%) 0.08 0.32 ≥ 0.2 41 68Available P (ppm) 2 236 ≥ 30.0 42 70Potassium (me %) 0.17 1.63 ≥ 0.24 11 18Calcium (me %) 6.9 12.3 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me %) 0.10 5.88 ≥ 1.0 12 20Manganese (me %) 0.12 0.94 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 1.51 7.42 ≥ 1.0 0 0Iron ppm 15.6 106 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 1.70 19.5 ≥ 5.0 34 57

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As regards to potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, copper and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil. However, the micro nutrient zinc is low in 57% of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/ resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Kakamega Central Sub County, non acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because most of the soils in the Sub County have pH below 6.5 with only 4 farms with pH between 5.5 and 6.5. Fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate, Mavuno, are recommended for application in this Sub County. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizers with zinc micro-nutrient which is low in majority of soils.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 6 t/haPlanting: 200 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0 Top dressing: 200 kg/ha CAN

4.33.3 Kakamega East Sub CountyIn Kakamega East Sub County, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.5) to slightly acid (6.22) (Refer to Table 4.33.3). Of the 30 farms sampled, 27 farms (90%) have their soil pH below 5.5 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. However, only eight farms have their pH below the most critical pH of 5.0 for growth of maize. Where pH is below the most critical pH, it should be raised with application of manures or compost annually and avoidance of application of acidic fertilizers. However, to prevent further reduction in pH, application of acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate, etc should be avoided in farms with pH < 5.5.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (1.05% Total Organic Carbon (TOC) to adequate (2.74% TOC) as shown in Table 4.33.3. Almost all farms (98%) have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.33.3 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (75% of farms) and phosphorus (92% of farms) which are below adequate levels of nitrogen and phosphorus respectively. Where those nutrients are low, fertilizers containing the two nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

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Table 4.33.3: Soil fertility status of Kakamega East Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate levels

% of 60 samples (30 farms)

pH 4.50 6.22 ≥ 5.5 54 (< 5.5) 90Total Organic Carbon (%) 1.05 2.74 ≥ 2.7 59 98Total Nitrogen (%) 0.10 0.27 ≥ 0.2 45 75Available P (ppm) 6 40 ≥ 30.0 55 92Potassium (me %) 0.10 0.79 ≥ 0.24 19 32Calcium (me %) 1.0 3.4 ≥ 2.0 31 52Magnesium (me %) 0.08 1.99 ≥ 1.0 33 55Manganese (me %) 0.02 1.01 ≥ 0.11 2 3Copper ppm 0.74 7.82 ≥ 1.0 4 7Iron ppm 19.3 99.7 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 0.40 17.1 ≥ 5.0 37 62

As regards to potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, copper and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil. However, the micro nutrient zinc is low in 62% of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/ resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Kakamega East Sub County, non acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because most of the soils in the Sub County have pH below 6.5 with only 3 farms with pH between 5.5 and 6.5. Fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate, Mavuno, are recommended for application in this Sub County. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizers with zinc micro-nutrient which is low in majority of soils.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 6 t/ha3-4 weeks before planting: 900 kg/ha dolomitic limePlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0 Top dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

4.33.4 Kakamega South Sub CountyIn Kakamega South Sub County, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.51) to slightly acid (6.24) (Refer to Table 4.33.4). Of the 30 farms sampled, 21 farms (70%) have their soil pH below 5.5 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. However, only four farms have their pH below the most critical pH of 5.0 for growth of maize. Where pH is below the most critical pH, it should be raised with application of manures or compost annually and avoidance of application of acidic fertilizers. However, to prevent further reduction in pH, application of acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate, etc should be avoided in farms with pH < 5.5.

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In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (1.1% Total Organic Carbon (TOC) to moderate (2.43% TOC) as shown in Table 4.33.4. All farms (100%) have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.33.4 shows the most limiting nutrients are phosphorus (100% of farms), potassium (100% of farms), calcium (100% of farms), nitrogen (93% of farms) and magnesium (50% of farms) which are below adequate. Where those nutrients are low, fertilizers containing the nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.33.4: Soil fertility status of Kakamega South Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate levels

% of 30 samples (30 farms)

pH 4.51 6.24 ≥ 5.5 21 (< 5.5) 70Total Organic Carbon (%) 1.10 2.43 ≥ 2.7 30 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.12 0.25 ≥ 0.2 28 93Available P (ppm) 1 21 ≥ 30.0 30 100Potassium (me %) 0.01 0.23 ≥ 0.24 30 100Calcium (me %) 0.4 1.4 ≥ 2.0 30 100Magnesium (me %) 0.08 2.82 ≥ 1.0 15 50Manganese (me %) 0.35 1.26 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 3.59 13.3 ≥ 1.0 0 0Iron ppm 18.1 61.3 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 1.90 13.7 ≥ 5.0 17 57

As regards to manganese, copper and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil. However, the micro nutrient zinc is low in 57% of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_ maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Kakamega South Sub County, non acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because most of the soils in the Sub County have pH below 6.5 with only 3 farms with pH between 5.5 and 6.5. Fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate, Mavuno, are recommended for application in this Sub County. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizers with zinc micro-nutrient which is low in majority of soils.

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Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 6 t/haPlanting: 300 kg/ha N:P:K 17:17:17 Top dressing: 200 kg/ha CAN

4.33.5 Khwisero Sub CountyIn Khwisero Sub County, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.33) to slightly acid (6.08) (Refer to Table 4.33.5). Of the 30 farms sampled, 28 farms (92%) have their soil pH below 5.5 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. Fifteen farms have their pH below the most critical pH of 5.0 for growth of maize. Where pH is below the most critical pH, it should be raised with application of manures or compost annually and avoidance of application of acidic fertilizers. However, to prevent further reduction in pH, application of acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate, etc should be avoided in farms with pH < 5.5.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (0.50% Total Organic Carbon (TOC) to moderate (2.12% TOC) as shown in Table 4.33.5. All farms have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.33.5 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (95% of farms), phosphorus (95% of farms), potassium (68% of farms), calcium (97% of farms) and magnesium (43% of farms) which are below adequate levels. Where macro nutrients are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table4.33.5: Soil fertility status of Khwisero Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate levels

% of 60 samples (30 farms)

pH 4.33 6.08 ≥ 5.5 55 (< 5.5) 92Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.50 2.12 ≥ 2.7 60 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.05 0.21 ≥ 0.2 57 95Available P (ppm) 1 49 ≥ 30.0 57 95Potassium (me %) 0.10 1.10 ≥ 0.24 41 68Calcium (me %) 0.5 3.1 ≥ 2.0 58 97Magnesium (me %) 0.09 3.06 ≥ 1.0 26 43Manganese (me %) 0.19 0.98 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 1.59 10.7 ≥ 1.0 0 0Iron ppm 14.7 63.8 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 0.56 24.2 ≥ 5.0 44 73

As regards to manganese, copper and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil. However, the micro nutrient zinc is low in 73% of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_ maize; Landon, 1991).

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It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Khwisero Sub County, non acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because most of the soils in the Sub County have pH below 6.5 with only 2 farms with pH between 5.5 and 6.5. Fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate, Mavuno, are recommended for application in this Sub County. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizers with zinc micro-nutrient which is low in majority of soils.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 7 t/haLiming: 1,000 kg/ha dolomax or magmaxPlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 17:17:17Top dressing: 125kg/ha CAN

4.33.6 Lugari Sub CountyIn Lugari Sub County, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.55) to slightly acid (6.68) (Refer to Table 4.33.6). Of the 30 farms sampled, 14 farms (47%) have their soil pH below 5.5 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. However, only four farms have their pH below the most critical pH of 5.0 for growth of maize. Where pH is below the most critical pH, it should be raised with application of manures or compost annually and avoidance of application of acidic fertilizers. However, to prevent further reduction in pH, application of acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate, etc should be avoided in farms with pH < 5.5.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (1.03% Total Organic Carbon (TOC) to moderate (2.68% TOC) as shown in Table 4.33.6. All farms (100%) have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.33.6 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (87% of farms) and phosphorus (68% of farms). Also potassium (13% of farms), magnesium (10% of farms) and calcium (2% of farms) are below adequate level in few farms. Where those nutrients are low, fertilizers containing the nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

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Table 4.33.6:Soil fertility status of Lugari Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate levels

% of 60 samples (30 farms)

pH 4.55 6.68 ≥ 5.5 28 (< 5.5) 47Total Organic Carbon (%) 1.03 2.68 ≥ 2.7 60 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.10 0.26 ≥ 0.2 52 87Available P (ppm) 6 113 ≥ 30.0 41 68Potassium (me %) 0.12 2.11 ≥ 0.24 8 13Calcium (me %) 1.8 9.5 ≥ 2.0 1 2Magnesium (me %) 0.31 6.37 ≥ 1.0 6 10Manganese (me %) 0.10 1.23 ≥ 0.11 1 2Copper ppm 1.00 3.56 ≥ 1.0 0 0Iron ppm 27.0 349 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 0.05 12.0 ≥ 5.0 41 68

As regards to manganese, copper and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil. However, the micro nutrient zinc is low in 68% of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_ maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Lugari Sub County, non acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because most of the soils in the Sub County have pH below 6.5 with 16 farms with pH between 5.5 and 6.5. Fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate, Mavuno, are recommended for application in this Sub County. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizers with zinc micro-nutrient which is low in majority of soils.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 5t/haPlanting: 250kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing: 150kg/ha

4.33.7 Matungu Sub CountyIn Matungu Sub County, the soil pH ranges from extremely acid (4.42) to moderately acid (5.68) (Refer to Table 4.33.7). Of the 30 farms sampled, 26 farms (87%) have their soil pH below 5.5 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. However, only seven farms have their pH below the most critical pH of 5.0 for growth of maize. Where pH is below the most critical pH, it should be raised with application of manures or compost annually and avoidance of application of acidic fertilizers. However, to prevent further reduction in pH, application of acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate, etc should be avoided in farms with pH < 5.5.

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In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (0.4% Total Organic Carbon (TOC) to moderate (2.34% TOC) as shown in Table 4.33.7. All farms (100%) have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.33.7 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (88% of farms), potassium (77% of farms) and phosphorus (52% of farms). Also magnesium (32% of farms) and calcium (3% of farms) are below adequate level in some farms. Where those nutrients are low, fertilizers containing the nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.33.7:Soil fertility status of Matungu Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate levels

% of 60 samples (30 farms)

pH 4.42 5.68 ≥ 5.5 52 (< 5.5) 87Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.40 2.34 ≥ 2.7 60 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.05 0.23 ≥ 0.2 53 88Available P (ppm) 8 83 ≥ 30.0 31 52Potassium (me %) 0.04 1.29 ≥ 0.24 46 77Calcium (me %) 1.0 8.9 ≥ 2.0 2 3Magnesium (me %) 0.35 5.50 ≥ 1.0 19 32Manganese (me %) 0.05 0.81 ≥ 0.11 9 15Copper ppm 0.55 6.57 ≥ 1.0 8 13Iron ppm 13.9 208 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 0.20 8.12 ≥ 5.0 57 95

As regards to manganese, copper and iron, they are adequately supplied in most of the farms. However, the micro nutrient zinc is low in 95% of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_ facts_sheet_maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Matungu Sub County, non acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because soils in the Sub County have pH below 6.5 with only 4 farms with pH higher than 5.5. Fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate, Mavuno, are recommended for application in this Sub County. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizers with zinc micro-nutrient which is low in majority of soils.

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Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 6 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 17:17:17Top dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

4.34 Vihiga County4.34.1 Emuhaya Sub CountyIn Emuhaya Sub County, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.71) to slightly acid (6.14) (Refer to Table 4.34.1). 95 % of the farms sampled have their pH between pH 5 – 8 and therefore within the suitable range for the growth of maize and should be maintained within this range. However, 5% of the farms have their pH below the suitable range and therefore requires liming to raise the pH to the suitable range. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range neutral fertilizers such as single super phosphate (SSP), triple superphosphate (TSP), calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), Mavuno, compound fertilizers N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0 are desirable to be applied in all farms.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from (0.72% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to (1.99% TOC) as shown in Table 4.34.1. 100% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities and aeration in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this Sub County. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.34.1 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 97%, phosphorus with 65% and potassium 37% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.34.1: Soil fertility status of Emuhaya Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate level

% of 60 samples (30 farms)

pH 4.71 6.14 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 26 43Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.72 1.99 ≥ 2.7 60 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.08 0.20 ≥ 0.2 58 97Available P (ppm) 3.00 162 ≥ 30.0 39 65Potassium (me %) 0.06 3.92 ≥ 0.24 22 37Calcium (me%) 1.00 12.5 ≥ 2.0 1 2Magnesium (me %) 0.60 4.43 ≥ 1.0 1 2Manganese (me %) 0.20 0.93 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 1.18 5.69 ≥ 1.0 0 0Iron ppm 9.96 53.2 ≥ 10.0 1 2Zinc ppm 0.90 23.4 ≥ 5.0 33 55

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As regards calcium, magnesium, manganese, copper and iron they are adequately supplied in the soil in most of the fields. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient zinc is low in 55% of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing zinc micro element like zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing this element may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Emuhaya Sub County non-acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because all the farms have their pH below 7.0. Acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), Mono-ammonium Phosphate, urea and ammonium sulphate (AS) should be avoided. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizers with micro-nutrient zinc which is low in a few farms. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 8 /haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 17:17:17Top dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

4.34.2 Hamisi Sub CountyIn Hamisi Sub County, the soil pH ranges from extremely acid (4.44) to slightly acid (6.77) (Refer to Table 4.34.2). 72% of the farms sampled have their pH between pH 5 – 8 and therefore within the suitable range for the growth of maize and should be maintained within this range. However, 28% of the farms have their pH below the suitable range and therefore requires liming to raise the pH to the suitable range. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range neutral fertilizers such as single super phosphate (SSP), triple superphosphate (TSP), calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), Mavuno, compound fertilizers N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0 are desirable to be applied in all farms.

In the Sub Cuunty, the soil organic matter content ranges from (1.07% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to (4.88% TOC) as shown in Table 4.34.2. 92% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities and aeration in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this Sub County. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

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Table 4.34.2 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 75%, phosphorus with 88%, potassium 45% and calcium with 92% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.34.2: Soil fertility status of Hamisi Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate level

% of 60 samples (30 farms)

pH 4.44 6.77 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 40 67Total Organic Carbon (%) 1.07 4.88 ≥ 2.7 55 92Total Nitrogen (%) 0.11 0.50 ≥ 0.2 45 75Available P (ppm) 1 74 ≥ 30.0 53 88Potassium (me %) 0.12 2.35 ≥ 0.24 27 45Calcium (me%) 0.10 8.10 ≥ 2.0 55 92Magnesium (me %) 0.69 6.48 ≥ 1.0 2 3Manganese (me %) 0.20 0.72 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 1.33 6.21 ≥ 1.0 0 0Iron ppm 20.1 86 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 0.96 46.1 ≥ 5.0 25 42

As regards magnesium, manganese, copper and iron they are adequately supplied in the soil in most of the fields. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient zinc is low in 42% of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/ resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing zinc micro element like zinc sulphate 5-10kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing this element may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Hamisi SUB County neutral fertilizers are recommended for application because all the farms have their pH below 7.0. Acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), Mono-ammonium Phosphate, urea and ammonium sulphate (AS) should be avoided. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizers with micro-nutrient zinc which is low in a few farms. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 6 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing: 125kg/ha CAN

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4.34.3 Sabatia Sub CountyIn Sabatia Sub County, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.54) to slightly alkaline (7.17) (Refer to Table 4.34.3). 82% of the farms sampled have their pH between pH 5 – 8 and therefore within the suitable range for the growth of maize and should be maintained within this range. However, 18% of the farms have their pH below the suitable range and therefore requires liming to raise the pH to the suitable range. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range neutral fertilizers such as single super phosphate (SSP), triple superphosphate (TSP), calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), Mavuno, compound fertilizers N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0 are desirable to be applied in all farms.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from (0.94% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to (2.85% TOC) as shown in Table 4.34.3. 97% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities and aeration in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this Sub County. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.34.3 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 71%, phosphorus with 59%, potassium with 81%, calcium with 83% and magnesium with 24% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.34.3: Soil fertility status of Sabatia Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below

adequate level

% of 58 samples

(29 farms)

pH 4.54 7.17 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 35 60Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.94 2.85 ≥ 2.7 56 97Total Nitrogen (%) 0.10 0.29 ≥ 0.2 41 71Available P (ppm) 17 194 ≥ 30.0 34 59Potassium (me%) 0.06 0.69 ≥ 0.24 47 81Calcium (me%) 0.39 3.30 ≥ 2.0 48 83Magnesium (me%) 0.02 4.47 ≥ 1.0 14 24Manganese (me%) 0.24 1.17 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 1.95 12.0 ≥ 1.0 0 0Iron ppm 28.9 106 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 1.45 67.2 ≥ 5.0 21 36

As regards manganese, copper and iron they are adequately supplied in the soil in most of the fields. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient zinc is low in 36% of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

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It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing zinc micro element like zinc sulphate 5-10kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing this element may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Sabatia Sub County neutral fertilizers are recommended for application because all the farms have their pH at or below 7.0. Acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), Mono-ammonium Phosphate, urea and ammonium sulphate (AS) should be avoided. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizers with micro-nutrient zinc which is low in a few farms. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 6 t/haPlanting: 300 kg/ha N:P:K 17:17:17Top dressing: 125kg/ha CAN

4.34.4 Vihiga Sub CountyIn Vihiga Sub County, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.50) to slightly acid (6.70) (Refer to Table 4.34.4). 95% of the farms sampled have their pH between pH 5 – 8 and therefore within the suitable range for the growth of maize and should be maintained within this range. However, 5% of the farms have their pH below the suitable range and therefore requires liming to raise the pH to the suitable range. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range neutral fertilizers such as single super phosphate (SSP), Triple super phosphate (TSP), calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), Mavuno, compound fertilizers N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0 are desirable to be applied in all farms. In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from (1.09% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to (3.36% TOC) as shown in Table 4.34.4. 93% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities and aeration in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this Sub County. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.34.4 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 82%, phosphorus with 27% and potassium with 32% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

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Table 4.34.4: Soil fertility status of Vihiga Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate level

% of 60 samples (30 farms)

pH 4.50 6.70 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 21 35Total Organic Carbon (%) 1.09 3.36 ≥ 2.7 56 93Total Nitrogen (%) 0.11 0.33 ≥ 0.2 49 82Available P (ppm) 11 276 ≥ 30.0 16 27Potassium (me %) 0.12 2.15 ≥ 0.24 19 32Calcium (me %) 1.20 20.7 ≥ 2.0 1 2Magnesium (me %) 0.11 5.80 ≥ 1.0 5 8Manganese (me %) 0.41 2.39 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 2.04 14.2 ≥ 1.0 0 0Iron ppm 25.1 188 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 0.21 48.4 ≥ 5.0 9 15

As regards calcium, magnesium, manganese, copper and iron they are adequately supplied in the soil in most of the fields. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient zinc is low in 15% of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing zinc micro element like zinc sulphate 5-10kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing this element may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Vihiga Sub County neutral fertilizers are recommended for application because all the farms have their pH below 7.0. Acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), Monoammonium Phosphate, urea and ammonium sulphate (AS) should be avoided. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizers with micro-nutrient zinc which is low in a few farms. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 5 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 17:17:17 Top dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

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4.35 Bungoma County4.35.1 Bumula Sub CountyIn Bumula Sub County, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.87) to neutral (6.94) (Refer to Table 4.35.1). Of the 60 farms sampled, 16 farms have their soil pH below 5.5. All the farms in the Sub County except one (with pH 4.87) have their pH within the most suitable range (5.0 – 8.0) for the growth of maize. Where pH is below 5.5 it can be raised through regular application of manures or compost which alleviates aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range, fertilizers such as triple super phosphate (TSP), single super phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K 17:17:17, 23:23:0, 20:20:0, calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and mavuno should be preferred for application.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (0.29% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to adequate (1.89% TOC) as shown in Table 4.35.1. 100% of all farms have TOC below adequate levels and therefore low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.35.1 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (100% of farms), potassium (57% of farms) and phosphorus (60 % of farms) which have below adequate levels of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus, respectively. Where the three nutrients are low, fertilizers containing the three nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.35.1:Soil fertility status of Bumula County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate level

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)pH 4.87 6.94 ≥ 5.5 16 (< 5.5) 27Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.29 1.89 ≥ 2.7 60 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.05 0.18 ≥ 0.2 60 100Available P (ppm) 10.0 212 ≥ 30.0 36 60Potassium (me%) 0.08 0.57 ≥ 0.2 34 57Calcium (me%) 1.0 18.3 ≥ 2.0 14 23Magnesium (me%) 0.09 3.15 ≥ 1.0 29 48Manganese (me%) 0.01 0.44 ≥ 0.11 5 8Copper ppm 0.11 3.12 ≥ 1.0 19 32Iron ppm 16.5 225 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 0.53 4.52 ≥ 5.0 60 100

As regards calcium and magnesium they are marginally adequate and may be replenished through application of dolomitic lime. However, the micro nutrient copper is low in 32% of the farms while zinc is low in 100% of the farms. Manganese is generally sufficiently supplied by the soil except in five farms and iron is adequately supplied by the soil. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

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It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Bumula Sub County, non acidifying fertilizers are recommended for application because most of the farms (59) in the Sub County have their soil pH between 5.0 and 6.94 with only one farm with pH below 5.0. Fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K such as 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and mavuno are recommended. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient zinc which is low in all farms and to a lesser extent copper and manganese supplying fertilizers. This Sub County has all the soil nutrients marginally adequate and it therefore recommended that regular soil tests are carried out to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 8 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 17:17:17Top dressing: 125 kg/ha CANDolomitic lime: 700 kg/ha

4.35.2 Bungoma East Sub CountyIn Bungoma East Sub County, the soil pH ranges from extremely acid (4.39 to slightly acid (6.50) (Refer to Table 4.35.2). Of the 60 farms sampled, 49 farms have their soil pH below 5.5. Although majority of the farms have their pH within 5.0 – 8.0 range these pHs are marginally suitable for the growth of maize and it is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to raise soil pH to the required range. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range, fertilizers such as triple super phosphate (TSP), single super phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K 17:17:17, 23:23:0, 20:20:0, calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and mavuno should be preferred for application.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (0.72% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to adequate (2.12% TOC) as shown in Table 4.35.2. 100% of all farms have TOC below adequate levels and therefore low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.35,2 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (63% of farms), potassium (82% of farms) and phosphorus (63% of farms) which have below adequate levels of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus, respectively. Where the three nutrients are low, fertilizers containing the three nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

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Table 4.35.2:Soil fertility status of Bungoma East Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate level

% of 60 farms sampled

pH 4.39 6.50 ≥ 5.5 49 (< 5.5) 82Total Organic Car-bon (%)

0.72 2.12 ≥ 2.7 60 100

Total Nitrogen (%) 0.08 0.21 ≥ 0.2 38 63Available P (ppm) 8 83 ≥ 30.0 38 63Potassium (me%) 0.06 0.78 ≥ 0.24 49 82Calcium (me%) 1.2 17.9 ≥ 2.0 7 12Magnesium (me%) 0.06 2.54 ≥ 1.0 24 40Manganese (me%) 0.11 1.01 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.87 6.67 ≥ 1.0 1 2Iron ppm 16.4 206 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 0.34 2.69 ≥ 5.0 60 100

As regards calcium and magnesium they are marginally adequate and may be replenished through application of dolomite lime. However, the micro nutrient zinc is low in all farms. Manganese, copper and iron are adequately supplied by the soil. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Bungoma East Sub County, non acidifying fertilizers are recommended for application because all the farms (60) in the Sub County have their soil pH between 4.39 and 6.50. Fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K such as 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and mavuno are recommended . The Sub County also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient zinc which is low in all farms. This Sub County has all the soil nutrients marginally adequate and it therefore recommended that regular soil tests are carried out to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 6 t/haPlanting: 300 kg/ha N:P:K 17:17:17Top dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

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4.35.3 Kimilili Sub CountyIn Kimilili Sub County, the soil pH ranges from extremely acid (4.18) to slightly acid (6.59) (Refer to Table 4.35.3). Of the 60 farms sampled, 49 farms have their soil pH below 5.5. Majority of the farms have their pH below 5.0 (33 farms) and therefore outside the 5.0 – 8.0 range suitable for the growth of maize and it is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to raise soil pH to the required range. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range, fertilizers such as triple super phosphate (TSP), single super phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K 17:17:17, 23:23:0, 20:20:0, calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and mavuno should be preferred for application.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (0.77% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to adequate (2.76% TOC) as shown in Table 4.35.3. 98% of all farms have TOC below adequate levels and therefore low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.35.3 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (92% of farms), potassium (52% of farms), calcium (85 % of farms) and phosphorus (97% of farms) which have below adequate levels of nitrogen, potassium, calcium and phosphorus, respectively. Where these nutrients are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.35.3: Soil fertility status of Kimilili Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate level

% of 60 farms sampled

pH 4.18 6.59 ≥ 5.5 49 (< 5.5) 82Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.77 2.76 ≥ 2.7 59 98Total Nitrogen (%) 0.08 0.27 ≥ 0.2 55 92Available P (ppm) 2 51 ≥ 30.0 58 97Potassium (me %) 0.06 0.98 ≥ 0.24 31 52Calcium (me %) 0.70 3.1 ≥ 2.0 51 85Magnesium (me %) 0.14 5.22 ≥ 1.0 25 42Manganese (me%) 0.06 0.59 ≥ 0.11 3 5Copper ppm 1.21 13.4 ≥ 1.0 0 0Iron ppm 21.2 77.5 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 0.52 17.9 ≥ 5.0 58 97

As regards magnesium 42% of the farms below adequate levels and may be replenished through application of dolomite lime. However, the micro nutrient zinc is low in 97% of the farms. Manganese, copper and iron are adequately supplied by the soil. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/ resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may

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be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Kimilili Sub County, non acidifying fertilizers are recommended for application because all the farms (60) in the Sub County have their soil pH between 4.39 and 6.59. Fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K such as 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and mavuno are recommended. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient zinc which is low in majority of the farms. This Sub County has all the soil nutrients marginally adequate and it is therefore recommended that regular soil tests are carried out to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 6 t/haLiming: 1,000 kg/ha dolomax or magmaxPlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 17:17:17Top dressing: 125kg/ha CAN

4.35.4 Mt. Elgon Sub CountyIn Mt. Elgon Sub County, the soil pH ranges from moderately acid (5.38) to slightly acid (6.23) (Refer to Table 4.35.4). Of the 60 farms sampled, 4 farms have their soil pH below 5.5. All the farms have their pH above 5.0 and therefore within the 5.0 – 8.0 range suitable for the growth of maize. It is important for the farmers in this region to keep on applying manure or compost regularly to maintain the soil pH to the required range. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range, fertilizers such as triple super phosphate (TSP), single super phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K 17:17:17, 23:23:0, 20:20:0, calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and mavuno should be preferred for application.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from moderate (2.41% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to adequate (4.52% TOC) as shown in Table 4.35.4. Only 8 % of all farms have TOC below adequate levels implying that soils in this Sub County are well supplied in organic matter content. The current levels of soil organic matter content should be maintained to improve the water holding capacity and reduction in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Low soil organic matter can impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will sustain the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.35.4 show the most limiting nutrient is nitrogen (55% of farms). All the other major nutrients are adequately supplied by the soil. Where nitrogen is low, fertilizers containing nitrogen should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

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Table 4.35.4: Soil fertility status of Mt. Elgon Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate level

% of 60 samples (30 farms)

pH 5.38 6.23 ≥ 5.5 4 (< 5.5) 7Total Organic Carbon (%) 2.41 4.52 ≥ 2.7 5 8Total Nitrogen (%) 0.21 0.43 ≥ 0.2 0 0Available P (ppm) 12 70 ≥ 30.0 33 55Potassium (me %) 0.25 1.87 ≥ 0.24 0 0Calcium (me %) 2.0 6.5 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me %) 2.38 9.79 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me %) 0.23 0.83 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 2.30 38.9 ≥ 1.0 0 0Iron ppm 11.0 88.6 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 1.92 25.8 ≥ 5.0 36 60

As regards micro nutrients, all are adequately supplied except zinc which is low in 60 % of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/ resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing zinc element like zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Mt. Elgon Sub County, non acidifying fertilizers are recommended for application because all the farms (60) in the Sub County have their soil pH between 5.38 and 6.23. Fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K such as 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and mavuno are recommended. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient zinc which is low in majority of the farms. This Sub County has majority of the plant nutrients adequately supplied by the soil and it is therefore recommended that regular soil tests are carried out to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific amounts and types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future farm input requirements.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 5 t/haPlanting: 200 kg/ha SSPTop dressing: 200 kg/ha CAN

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4.36 Busia County 4.36.1 Busia Sub CountyIn Busia Sub County, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.57) to slightly alkaline (7.12) (Refer to Table 4.36.1). Of the 60 farms sampled, 74% farms have their soil pH below 5.5. There are only six fields with their pHs outside the maize growing range (5.0-8.0). Majority of the farms have their pH within the satisfactory pH range and therefore suitable for the growth of maize. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content and raise the pH of the soil. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range and prevent further pH raise, non acidifying fertilizers such as triple super phosphate (TSP), single super phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K 17:17:17, 23:23:0, 20:20:0, calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and mavuno should be preferred for application.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (0.67% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to moderate (1.86% TOC) as shown in Table 4.36.1. 100% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this Sub County. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.36.1 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 95%, phosphorus with 81%, and calcium with 62% and potassium with 36% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil. Where calcium is low lime should be applied to improve calcium and raise the soil pH.

Table 4.36.1: Soil fertility status of Busia Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate level

% of 60 Sam-ples (30 farms)

pH 4.57 7.12 ≥ 5.5 31 (< 5.5) 74Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.68 1.86 ≥ 2.7 42 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.08 0.21 ≥ 0.2 40 95Available P (ppm) 7 253 ≥ 30.0 34 81Potassium (me%) 0.08 1.25 ≥ 0.24 15 36Calcium (me%) 0.6 3.9 ≥ 2.0 26 62Magnesium (me%) 1.0 8.0 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me%) 0.14 0.64 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 4.87 19.0 ≥ 1.0 0 0Iron ppm 19.3 88.3 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 0.63 16.8 ≥ 5.0 36 86

Magnesium is adequately supplied by the soil in all fields. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient zinc is low in 86% of the farms. Manganese, copper and iron are adequately supplied by the soil. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

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It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing zinc micro element like zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing this element may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Busia Sub County, non acidifying fertilizers are recommended for application because all the farms (except one with pH (7.12) in the Sub County have their soil pH between 4.57 and 6.09. Fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K such as 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and mavuno are recommended. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient zinc which is low in majority of farms. This Sub County has N, P and K plant nutrients inadequately supplied by the soil while the pH is tending towards the acid side and therefore requires regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 8 t/haPlanting: 300 kg/ha N:P:K 17:17:17 Top dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

4.36.2 Butula Sub CountyIn Butula Sub County, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.71) to moderately acid (6.21) (Refer to Table 4.36.2). Of the 34 farms sampled, 71% of the farms have their soil pH below 5.5. There are only four fields with their pHs outside the maize growing range (5.0-8.0). Majority of the farms (88%) have their pH within the satisfactory pH range and therefore suitable for the growth of maize. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content and raise the pH of the soil. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range and prevent further pH raise, non acidifying fertilizers such as triple super phosphate (TSP), single super phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K 17:17:17, 23:23:0, 20:20:0, calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and mavuno should be preferred for application.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (0.96% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to adequate (2.97% TOC) as shown in Table 4.36.2. 97% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this Sub County. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.36.2 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 88%, phosphorus with 85%, calcium with 88%, potassium with 62% and magnesium 35% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil (Refer to Appendix 1 for farms results and recommendations). In case of calcium and magnesium dolomite lime should be applied to improve the two elements and also raise the soil pH.

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Table 4.36.2: Soil fertility status of Butula Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate level

% of 34 farms

pH 4.71 6.21 ≥ 5.5 24 (< 5.5) 71Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.96 2.97 ≥ 2.7 33 97Total Nitrogen (%) 0.10 0.3 ≥ 0.2 30 88Available P (ppm) 7.0 248 ≥ 30.0 29 85Potassium (me%) 0.08 0.79 ≥ 0.24 21 62Calcium (me%) 0.4 2.4 ≥ 2.0 30 88Magnesium (me%) 0.07 3.74 ≥ 1.0 12 35Manganese (me%) 0.16 2.15 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 1.76 12.3 ≥ 1.0 0 0Iron ppm 27.8 88.0 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 0.9 36.0 ≥ 5.0 26 76

However, to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization is encouraged. The micro nutrient zinc is low in 76% of the farms. Manganese, copper and iron are adequately supplied by the soil. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing zinc micro element like zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing this element may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Butula Sub County, non acidifying fertilizers are recommended for application because all the farms have their soil pH between 4.71 and 6.21. Fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K such as 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and mavuno are recommended. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient zinc which is low in majority of farms. This Sub County has the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium plant nutrients inadequately supplied by the soil while the pH is tending towards the acid side and therefore require regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 6 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 17:17:17 Top dressing: 150 kg/ha CAN

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4.36.3 Samia Sub CountyIn Samia Sub County, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.77) to slightly alkaline (7.42) (Refer to Table 4.36.3). Of the 60 farms sampled, 18% of the farms have their soil pH below 5.5. There is only one field with its pH outside the maize growing range (5.0-8.0). Majority of the farms (98%) have their pH within the satisfactory pH range (5-8) and therefore suitable for the growth of maize. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content and raise the pH of the soil. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range and prevent further pH raise, non acidifying fertilizers such as triple super phosphate (TSP), single super phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K 17:17:17, 15:15:15, 23:23:0, 20:20:0, calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and mavuno should be preferred for application.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (0.45% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to adequate (2.78% TOC) as shown in Table 4.36.3. 97% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this Sub County. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.36.3 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 90%, phosphorus with 83%, and potassium with 68% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.36.3: Soil fertility status of Samia Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate level

% of 60 farms

pH 4.77 7.42 ≥ 5.5 11 (< 5.5) 18Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.45 2.78 ≥ 2.7 58 97Total Nitrogen (%) 0.06 0.26 ≥ 0.2 54 90Available P (ppm) 3 254 ≥ 30.0 50 83Potassium (me %) 0.06 1.79 ≥ 0.24 41 68Calcium (me %) 1.4 22.3 ≥ 2.0 3 5Magnesium (me%) 0.06 6.68 ≥ 1.0 6 10Manganese (me %) 0.02 0.81 ≥ 0.11 3 5Copper ppm 0.52 11.9 ≥ 1.0 1 2Iron ppm 11.5 97.5 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 0.37 14.0 ≥ 5.0 55 92

As regards calcium, magnesium, manganese, copper and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil in majority of the farms. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient zinc is low in 92% of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

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It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing zinc micro element like zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing this element may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Samia Sub County, non acidifying fertilizers are recommended for application because all the farms have their soil pH between 4.77 and 7.42. Fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K such as 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and mavuno are recommended. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient zinc which is low in majority of farms. This Sub County has the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium plant nutrients inadequately supplied by the soil while the pH is tending towards the acid side. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 7 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 17:17:17Top dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

4.36.4 Teso South Sub CountyIn Teso South Sub County, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.85) to slightly acid (6.62) (Refer to Table 4.36.4). Of the 60 farms sampled, 27% of the farms have their soil pH below 5.5. There is only one field with its pH outside the maize growing range (5.0-8.0). Majority of the farms (98%) have their pH within the satisfactory pH range (5-8) and therefore suitable for the growth of maize. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content and raise the pH of the soil. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range and prevent further pH raise, non acidifying fertilizers such as triple super phosphate (TSP), single super phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K 17:17:17, 15:15:15, 23:23:0, 20:20:0, calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and mavuno should be preferred for application.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (0.45% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to moderate (2.65% TOC) as shown in Table 4.36.4. 100% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this Sub County. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.36.4 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 93%, phosphorus with 90%, and potassium with 55% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

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Table 4.36.4: Soil fertility status of Teso South Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate level

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)pH 4.85 6.62 ≥ 5.5 16 (< 5.5) 27Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.45 2.65 ≥ 2.7 60 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.05 0.24 ≥ 0.2 56 93Available P (ppm) 1 113 ≥ 30.0 54 90Potassium (me%) 0.08 0.69 ≥ 0.24 33 55Calcium (me%) 1.4 16.9 ≥ 2.0 4 7Magnesium (me%) 3.61 7.47 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me%) 0.01 o.48 ≥ 0.11 2 3Copper ppm 0.54 9.45 ≥ 1.0 8 13Iron ppm 10.0 258 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 0.24 9.88 ≥ 5.0 59 98

As regards calcium, magnesium, manganese, copper and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil in majority of the farms. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient zinc is low in 98% of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing zinc micro element like zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing this element may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Teso South Sub County, non acidifying fertilizers are recommended for application because all the farms have their soil pH between 4.85 and 6.62. Fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K such as 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and mavuno are recommended. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient zinc which is low in majority of farms. This Sub County has the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium plant nutrients inadequately supplied by the soil while the pH is tending towards the acid side. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 10 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N: P: K 17:17:17Top dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

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4.37 Siaya County4.37.1 Bondo Sub County In Bondo Sub County, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.86) to slightly alkaline (7.32) (Refer to Table 4.37.1). 98% of the farms sampled have their pH between pH 5 – 8 and therefore within the suitable range for the growth of maize and should be maintained within this range. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range neutral fertilizers such as single super phosphate (SSP), triple superphosphate (TSP), calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), Mavuno, compound fertilizers N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0 are desirable to be applied in all farms.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from (0.58% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to (3.16% TOC) as shown in Table 4.37.1. 93% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities and aeration in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this Sub County. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.37.1 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 78% and phosphorus with 60% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen and phosphorus are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.37.1: Soil fertility status of Bondo Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (Crit-ical) Level

Samples with below adequate level

% Of 60 Samples

(30 Farms)Ph 4.86 7.32 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 7 12Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.58 3.16 ≥ 2.7 56 93Total Nitrogen (%) 0.06 0.28 ≥ 0.2 47 78Available P (Ppm) 2 265 ≥ 30.0 36 60Potassium (Me%) 0.29 2.11 ≥ 0.24 0 0Calcium (Me%) 2.7 20.7 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (Me%) 1.05 8.12 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (Me%) 0.30 1.12 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper Ppm 0.93 6.41 ≥ 1.0 2 3Iron Ppm 6.05 88.5 ≥ 10.0 16 27Zinc Ppm 0.14 83.3 ≥ 5.0 54 90

As regards potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese and copper they are adequately supplied in the soil in most of the fields. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient iron is low in 27 %, and zinc in 90 % of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_ maize, Landon, 1991).

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It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing iron and zinc micro elements like zinc sulphate and iron sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Bondo Sub County neutral fertilizers are recommended for application in the farms with their pH at 7.0 or below. Acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), Monoammonium Phosphate, urea and ammonium suphate (AS) may be applied in farms with pH greater than 7.0. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrients zinc and copper which are low in some of the farms. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 5 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0 Top dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

4.37.2 Gem Sub CountyIn Gem Sub County, the soil pH ranges from extremely acid (3.93) to slightly acid (6.2) (Refer to Table 4.37.2). 65% of the farms sampled have their pH between pH 5 – 8 and therefore within the suitable range for the growth of maize and should be maintained within this range. However, 45% of the farms have their pH below 5.0 and therefore unsuitable for the growth of maize. To bring the pH to the suitable range liming is recommended. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range neutral fertilizers such as single super phosphate (SSP), triple superphosphate (TSP), calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), Mavuno, compound fertilizers N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0 are desirable to be applied in all farms.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from (0.90% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to (2.03% TOC) as shown in Table 4.37.2. 100% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities and aeration in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this Sub County. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.37.2 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 100%, phosphorus with 83%, potassium with 60 % and calcium with 77% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

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Table 4.37.2:Soil fertility status of Gem Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical ) level

Samples with below adequate level

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)pH 3.93 6.20 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 49 82Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.90 2.03 ≥ 2.7 60 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.07 0.19 ≥ 0.2 60 100Available P (ppm) 1 138 ≥ 30.0 50 83Potassium (me%) 0.06 0.87 ≥ 0.24 36 60Calcium (me%) 0.5 2.7 ≥ 2.0 46 77Magnesium (me%) 0.06 7.64 ≥ 1.0 3 5Manganese (me%) 0.33 1.33 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.43 14.8 ≥ 1.0 1 2Iron ppm 12.0 110 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 1.05 9.88 ≥ 5.0 55 92

As regards magnesium, manganese, copper and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil in most of the fields. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient zinc is low in 92 % of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/ resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing zinc micro element like zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing this element may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Gem Sub County neutral fertilizers are recommended for application in all the farms because their pH is below 7.0. Acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), Mono-ammonium Phosphate, urea and ammonium sulphate (AS) should not be applied. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient zinc which is low in some of the farms. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 7 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 17:17:17Top dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

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4.37.3 Rarieda Sub CountyIn Rarieda Sub County, the soil pH ranges from moderately acid (5.25) to moderately alkaline (7.59) (Refer to Table 4.37.3). 100% of the farms sampled have their pH between pH 5 – 8 and therefore within the suitable range for the growth of maize and should be maintained within this range. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range neutral fertilizers such as single super phosphate (SSP), triple superphosphate (TSP), calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), Mavuno, compound fertilizers N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0 are desirable to be applied in all farms.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from (0.64% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to (2.94% TOC) as shown in Table 4.37.3. 97% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities and aeration in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this Sub County. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.37.3 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 90% and phosphorus with 18% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen and phosphorus are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.37.3: Soil fertility status of Rarieda Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate level

% of 60 sam-ples

(30 farms)pH 5.25 7.59 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 1 2Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.64 2.94 ≥ 2.7 58 97Total Nitrogen (%) 0.06 0.37 ≥ 0.2 54 90Available P (ppm) 12 276 ≥ 30.0 11 18Potassium (me%) 0.14 2.31 ≥ 0.24 3 5Calcium (me%) 1.6 23.1 ≥ 2.0 1 2Magnesium (me%) 0.54 9.16 ≥ 1.0 4 7Manganese (me%) 0.11 1.47 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.47 9.06 ≥ 1.0 11 18Iron ppm 6.15 210 ≥ 10.0 1 2Zinc ppm 0.31 11.3 ≥ 5.0 55 92

As regards potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil in most of the fields. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization is encouraged. The micro nutrient copper is low in 18 % and zinc is low in 92% of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_ maize, Landon, 1991).

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It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing copper and zinc micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing this element may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Rarieda Sub County neutral fertilizers are recommended for application in the farms with their pH 7.0 or below. Acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), Mono-ammonium Phosphate, urea and ammonium sulphate (AS) may be applied in farms with pH above 7.0. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient copper and zinc which is low in some of the farms. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 7 t/haPlanting: 125 kg/ha ureaTop dressing: 65 kg/ha urea

4.37.4 Ugenya Sub County In Ugenya Sub County, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.72) to neutral (6.99) (Refer to Table 4.37.4). 80% of the farms sampled have their pH between pH 5 – 8 and therefore within the suitable range for the growth of maize and should be maintained within this range. However, 20% of the farms have their pH below 5.0 and therefore unsuitable for maize growth. To raise the pH liming of these farms is recommended. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range neutral fertilizers such as single super phosphate (SSP), triple superphosphate (TSP), calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), Mavuno, compound fertilizers N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0 e.t.c. are desirable to be applied in all farms.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from (0.62% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to (2.01% TOC) as shown in Table 4.37.4. 100% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities and aeration in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this Sub County. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.37.4 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 100%, phosphorus with 85%, potassium with 35% and magnesium with 32% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

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Table 4.37.4: Soil fertility status of Ugenya Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate level

% of 60 samples (30 farms)

pH 4.72 6.99 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 32 53Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.62 2.01 ≥ 2.7 60 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.07 0.19 ≥ 0.2 60 100Available P (ppm) 5 43 ≥ 30.0 51 85Potassium (me%) 0.12 0.89 ≥ 0.24 21 35Calcium (me%) 1.2 8.3 ≥ 2.0 2 3Magnesium (me%) 0.37 3.04 ≥ 1.0 19 32Manganese (me%) 0.11 1.91 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.63 3.39 ≥ 1.0 2 3Iron ppm 10.2 186 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 0.06 5.43 ≥ 5.0 59 98

As regards calcium, manganese, copper and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil in most of the fields. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient zinc is low in 98% of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/ resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing zinc micro element like zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing this element may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Ugenya Sub County neutral fertilizers are recommended for application in the farms with their pH 7.0 or below. Acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), Mono-ammonium Phosphate, and urea and ammonium sulphate (AS) should not be applied in all the farms because they have their pH below 7.0. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient zinc which is low in almost all the farms. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 8 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 17:17:17Top dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

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181Udongo Wenye Rotuba kwa Kuimarisha Uzalishaji

4.38 Kisumu County 4.38.1 Kisumu East Sub CountyIn Kisumu East Sub County, the soil pH ranges from slightly acid (6.1) to slightly alkaline (7.28) (Refer to Table 4.38.1). Of the 30 farms sampled, only 2 farms have their soil pH above 7.0 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. No farms have their pH above the most critical pH of 8.0 for growth of maize. Where pH is above the optimum pH of 7.0, acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium Sulphate, etc. should be used.

In the Sub County the soil organic matter content ranges from low (0.71% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to moderate (2.33% TOC) as shown in Table 4.38.1. All farms have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.38.1 shows the most limiting nutrient is nitrogen (88% of farms) which are below adequate level. Also phosphorus is below adequate level in one farm. Where macro nutrients are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil. As regards potassium, calcium and magnesium, they are adequately supplied in the soil.

Table 4.38.1: Soil fertility status of Kisumu East Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate levels

% of 60 sam-ples (30 farms)

pH 6.10 7.28 ≥ 5.5 0 (< 5.5) 0Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.71 2.33 ≥ 2.7 60 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.07 0.37 ≥ 0.2 53 88Available P (ppm) 20 285 ≥ 30.0 2 3Potassium (me %) 0.56 2.33 ≥ 0.24 0 0Calcium (me %) 5.1 19.9 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me %) 2.56 7.44 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me %) 0.12 0.56 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.67 3.37 ≥ 1.0 3 5Iron ppm 33.5 168 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 0.73 11.7 ≥ 5.0 51 85

As regards manganese, copper and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil. However, the micro nutrient zinc is deficient in 85% of farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_ maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

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In Kisumu East Sub County, non acidic and acidic fertilizers are recommended for application since the soils in the Sub County have pH between 6.1 and 7.28 with only 2 farms with pH above 7.0. Fertilizers such as N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, Calcium ammonium nitrate, Diammonium phosphate (DAP), urea, are recommended for application in this Sub County. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizers with zinc micro-nutrient which is low in majority of soils.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 6 t/haPlanting: 150 kg/ha CANTop dressing: 125kg/ha CAN

4.38.2 Kisumu West Sub CountyIn Kisumu West Sub County, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.9) to moderately alkaline (7.9) (Refer to Table 4.38.2). Of the 30 farms sampled, 7 farms (24%) have their soil pH below 5.5 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. Only 1 farm has soil pH below the most critical pH of 5.0 for growth of maize. Where pH is below the most critical pH, it should be raised with application of manures or compost annually and avoidance of application of acidic fertilizers. However, to prevent further reduction in pH, application of acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate, etc should be avoided in farms with pH < 5.5. Three farms have their soil pH above 7.0 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. No farms have their pH above the most critical pH of 8.0 for growth of maize. Where pH is above the optimum pH of 7.0, acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium Sulphate. should be used.

In the Sub County the soil organic matter content ranges from low (0.63% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to adequate (2.88% TOC) as shown in Table 4.38.2. 97% of the farms have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.38.2 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (85% of farms) and phosphorus (76% of farms) which are below adequate level. Also calcium (24% of farms), potassium (24% of farms) and magnesium (5% of farms) are below adequate level in few farms. Where macro nutrients are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.38.2:Soil fertility status of Kisumu West Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (Critical) Level

Samples With Below Adequate Levels

% Of 59 Samples (30 Farms)

Ph 4.90 7.90 ≥ 5.5 14 (< 5.5) 24Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.63 2.88 ≥ 2.7 57 97Total Nitrogen (%) 0.06 0.29 ≥ 0.2 50 85Available P (Ppm) 1 213 ≥ 30.0 45 76Potassium (Me %) 0.11 1.43 ≥ 0.24 14 24Calcium (Me %) 0.7 13.9 ≥ 2.0 21 36Magnesium (Me %) 0.45 7.40 ≥ 1.0 3 5Manganese (Me %) 0.29 1.18 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper Ppm 1.00 11.1 ≥ 1.0 0 0Iron Ppm 14.3 70.2 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc Ppm 1.37 29.2 ≥ 5.0 26 44

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As regards manganese, copper and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil. However, the micro nutrient zinc is deficient in 44% of farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_ maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Kisumu West Sub County, non acidic and acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because some of the soils in the Sub County have pH below 6.5 with 19 farms with pH between 5.5 and 6.5 and 3 farms with pH above 7.0. Fertilizers such as N: P: K 23:23:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate, Diammonium phosphate (DAP), etc. are recommended for application in this Sub County. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizers with zinc micro-nutrient which is low in 44% of soils.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 6 t/haPlanting: 200 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing: 200 kg/ha CAN

4.38.3 Muhoroni Sub CountyIn Muhoroni Sub County, the soil pH ranges from moderately acid (5.25) to slightly alkaline (7.2) (Refer to Table 4.38.3). Of the 30 farms sampled, 2 farms (8 %) have their soil pH below 5.5 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. Only 1 farm has soil pH below the most critical pH of 5.0 for growth of maize. To prevent further reduction in pH, application of acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate, etc should be avoided in farms with pH < 5.5. Only one farm has the soil pH above 7.0 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. No farms have their pH above the most critical pH of 8.0 for growth of maize. Where pH is above the optimum pH of 7.0, acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium Sulphate, should be used.

In the Sub County the soil organic matter content ranges from low (0.83% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to moderate (2.34% TOC) as shown in Table 4.38.3. All farms have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.38.3 shows the most limiting nutrient is nitrogen (78% of farms) which is below adequate level. Also phosphorus (13% of farms) is below adequate level in few farms. Where macro nutrients are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil. As regards potassium, calcium and magnesium, they are adequately supplied in the soil.

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Table 4.38.3: Soil fertility status of Muhoroni Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate levels

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)pH 5.25 7.20 ≥ 5.5 5 (< 5.5) 8Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.83 2.34 ≥ 2.7 60 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.09 0.24 ≥ 0.2 47 78Available P (ppm) 11 201 ≥ 30.0 8 13Potassium (me %) 0.45 2.11 ≥ 0.24 0 0Calcium (me %) 2.4 22.3 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me %) 2.05 6.78 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me %) 0.24 0.94 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 1.14 9.64 ≥ 1.0 0 0Iron ppm 14.4 253 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 0.74 31.5 ≥ 5.0 41 68

As regards manganese, copper and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil. However, the micro nutrient zinc is deficient in 68% of farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_ maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Muhoroni Sub County, non acidic and acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because some of the soils in the Sub County have pH below 6.5 with 27 of farms with pH between 5.5 and 6.5 and 1 farm with pH above 7.0. Fertilizers such as N:P:K 23:23:0, Calcium ammonium nitrate, Diammonium phosphate (DAP), urea, etc. are recommended for application in this Sub County. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizers with zinc micro-nutrient which is low in 68% of soils.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 6 t/haPlanting: 65 kg/ha urea Top dressing: 100 kg/ha urea

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4.38.4 Nyando Sub CountyIn Nyando Sub County, the soil pH ranges from slightly acid (6.2) to moderately alkaline (8.0) (Refer to Table 4.38.4). Of the 30 farms sampled, 9 farms have their soil pH above 7.0 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. No farms have their pH above the most critical pH of 8.0 for growth of maize. Where pH is above the optimum pH of 7.0, acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium Sulphate, etc. should be used.

In the Sub County the soil organic matter content ranges from low (1.16% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to adequate (3.66% TOC) as shown in Table 4.38.4. 92% of farms have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.38.4 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (57% of farms) and phosphorus (33% of farms) which are below adequate level. Also magnesium is below adequate level in 17% of farms. Where macro nutrients are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil. As regards potassium and calcium, they are adequately supplied in the soil.

Table 4.38.4: Soil fertility status of Nyando Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate levels

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)pH 6.20 8.0 ≥ 5.5 0 (< 5.5) 0Total Organic Carbon (%) 1.16 3.66 ≥ 2.7 55 92Total Nitrogen (%) 0.12 0.36 ≥ 0.2 34 57Available P (ppm) 1 294 ≥ 30.0 20 33Potassium (me %) 0.77 3.92 ≥ 0.24 0 0Calcium (me %) 6.3 27.9 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me %) 0.01 4.05 ≥ 1.0 10 17Manganese (me %) 0.03 0.59 ≥ 0.11 1 2Copper ppm 0.39 4.29 ≥ 1.0 33 55Iron ppm 12.9 129 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 1.09 37.5 ≥ 5.0 44 73

As regards iron and manganese, they are adequately supplied in the soil. Zinc is low in 73% and copper is low in 55% of farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

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In Nyando Sub County, non acidic and acidic fertilizers are recommended for application since the soils in the Sub County have pH between 6.2 and 8.0 with 9 farms with pH above 7.0. Fertilizers such as N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, Calcium ammonium nitrate, Diammonium phosphate (DAP), urea, etc. are recommended for application in this Sub County. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizers with zinc micro-nutrient which is low in majority of soils.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 8 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0 Top dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

4.39 Homa Bay County4.39.1 Homa Bay Sub County The soil pH ranges from moderately acid (5.38) to moderately alkaline (8.14) (Refer to Table 4.39.1). All the 60 farms sampled have their soil pH within the growing range (5.0-8.0) and therefore suitable for the growth of maize. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range and reduce alkalinity, acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium phosphate (DAP), Monoammonium phosphate, Ammonium sulphate, urea etc should be applied in farms with pH greater than 6.5. Farms with pH ≤ 6.5 neutral fertilizers such as triple super phosphate (TSP), single super phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K 17:17:17, 15:15:15, 23:23:0, 20:20:0, calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and Mavuno should be preferred for application.

In Homa Bay Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from (0.48) % Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to (4.40% TOC) as shown in Table 4.39.1. 83% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this sub county. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.39.1 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 58% and phosphorus with 52% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen and phosphorus are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.39.1: Soil fertility status of Homa Bay Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate level

% of 60 farms

pH 5.38 8.14 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 1 2Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.48 4.40 ≥ 2.7 50 83Total Nitrogen (%) 0.05 0.43 ≥ 0.2 35 58Available P (ppm) 1 240 ≥ 30.0 31 52Potassium (me %) 0.24 1.85 ≥ 0.24 0 0Calcium (me %) 2.0 21.9 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me %) 2.53 8.0 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me %) 0.12 1.94 ≥ 0.10 0 0Copper ppm 0.44 5.78 ≥ 1.0 2 0Iron ppm 5.76 284 ≥ 10.0 1 2Zinc ppm 1.13 38.9 ≥ 5.0 57 95

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As regards calcium, magnesium, manganese, iron and copper they are adequately supplied in the soil in most of the farms. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient zinc is low in 95% of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing zinc micro element like zinc sulphate 5-10kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing this element may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Homa Bay Sub County, acidifying or non acidifying fertilizers are recommended for application because majority of the farms have their pH between 5.5 and 8.0. Non acidifying fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K such as 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), mavuno and acidifying fertilizers such as DAP, urea and ammonium sulphate (AS are recommended. The sub county also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient zinc which is low in most of the farms. This sub county has nitrogen inadequately supplied by the soil. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 7 t/haPlanting: 200 kg/ha DAP Top dressing: 125 kg/ha urea

4.39.2 Mbita Sub County The soil pH ranges from slightly acid (6.46) to moderately alkaline (8.21) (Refer to Table 4.39.2. All the 60 farms sampled have their soil pH within the growing range (5.0-8.0) and therefore suitable for the growth of maize. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range and reduce alkalinity, acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium phosphate (DAP), Monoammonium phosphate, Ammonium sulphate, urea etc should be applied in all farms.

In the sub county, the soil organic matter content ranges from (0.60) % Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to (3.58% TOC) as shown in Table 4.39.2. 95% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this sub county. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.39.2 show the most limiting nutrient is nitrogen with 70% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen is low, fertilizers containing this nutrient should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

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Table 4.39.2: Soil fertility status of Mbita Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate level

% of 60 farms

pH 6.46 8.21 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 0 0Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.60 3.58 ≥ 2.7 57 95Total Nitrogen (%) 0.08 0.33 ≥ 0.2 42 70Available P (ppm) 7 280 ≥ 30.0 2 3Potassium (me%) 0.39 1.99 ≥ 0.24 0 0Calcium (me%) 7.9 27.9 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me%) 2.43 8.29 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me%) 0.04 0.54 ≥ 0.10 12 20Copper ppm 3.86 14.2 ≥ 1.0 0 0Iron ppm 3.24 70.3 ≥ 10.0 11 18Zinc ppm 0.57 14.8 ≥ 5.0 54 90

As regards phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and copper they are adequately supplied in the soil in most of the farms. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient zinc is low in 90 %, manganese in 20% and iron in 18% of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing zinc, iron and manganese micro element like zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha, iron sulphate and manganese sulphate may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Mbita Sub County, acidifying or non acidifying fertilizers are recommended for application because majority of the farms have their above 6.5. Fertilizers such as DAP, urea and ammonium sulphate (AS are recommended. The sub county also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient zinc which is low in most of the farms. This Sub County has nitrogen inadequately supplied by the soil. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 6 t/haPlanting: 100 kg/ha urea Top dressing: 125 kg/ha urea

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4.39.3 Rachuonyo Sub County In Rachuonyo Sub County, the soil pH ranges from strongly (4.76) to slightly acid (6.32) Table 4.39.3. Majority of the farms (58) sampled have their soil pH within the growing range (5.0-8.0) and therefore suitable for the growth of maize. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range and acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium phosphate (DAP), Monoammonium phosphate, Ammonium sulphate, urea etc should not be applied in all farms.

In the sub county, the soil organic matter content ranges from 0.51% Total Organic Carbon (TOC) to 1.88% TOC as shown in Table 4.39.3. 100% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this sub county. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.39.3 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium with 98%, 93% and 23% of the farms with below adequate levels respectively. Where nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are low, fertilizers containing these nutrient should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.39.3: Soil fertility status of Rachuonyo Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate level

% of 60 farms

pH 4.76 6.32 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 38 63Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.51 1.88 ≥ 2.7 60 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.06 0.20 ≥ 0.2 59 98Available P (ppm) 1 47 ≥ 30.0 56 93Potassium (me%) 0.06 1.09 ≥ 0.24 14 23Calcium (me%) 2.5 12.3 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me%) 1.2 9.41 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me%) 0.16 1.66 ≥ 0.10 0 0Copper ppm 1.24 18.7 ≥ 1.0 0 0Iron ppm 14.7 211 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 0.63 15.2 ≥ 5.0 53 88

As regards calcium, magnesium, manganese, iron and copper they are adequately supplied in the soil in all the farms. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient zinc is low in 88 % of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing zinc micro element like zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing this element may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

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In Rachuonyo Sub County, non acidifying fertilizers are recommended for application because majority of the farms have their below 6.32. Fertilizers such as 23:23:0, 17:17:17, triple and single super phosphate, Mavuno, CAN are recommended. The sub county also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient zinc which is low in most of the farms. This sub county has nitrogen inadequately supplied by the soil. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 6 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing: 125kg/ha CAN

4.39.4 Suba Sub CountyThe soil pH ranges from slightly acid (6.36) to moderately alkaline (7.91) (Table 4.39.4). All the 60 farms sampled have their soil pH within the growing range (5.0-8.0) and therefore suitable for the growth of maize. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range and reduce alkalinity, acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium phosphate (DAP), Mono-ammonium phosphate, Ammonium sulphate, urea should be applied in all farms.

In the sub county, the soil organic matter content ranges from 1.13% Total Organic Carbon (TOC) to 3.28% TOC as shown in Table 4.39.4. 77% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this sub county. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.39.4 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen and phosphorus with 55% and 25% of the farms with below adequate levels respectively. Where nitrogen and phosphorus are low, fertilizers containing these nutrient should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.39.4: Soil fertility status of Suba Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate level

% of 60 farms

pH 6.36 7.91 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 0 0Total Organic Carbon (%) 1.13 3.28 ≥ 2.7 46 77Total Nitrogen (%) 0.11 0.31 ≥ 0.2 33 55Available P (ppm) 1 267 ≥ 30.0 15 25Potassium (me %) 0.53 2.23 ≥ 0.24 0 0Calcium (me %) 12.9 23.1 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me %) 5.30 8.42 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me %) 0.03 0.56 ≥ 0.10 2 0Copper ppm 1.25 13.0 ≥ 1.0 0 0Iron ppm 10.9 106 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 0.75 16.7 ≥ 5.0 55 92

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As regards potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, iron and copper they are adequately supplied in the soil in most of the farms. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient zinc is low in 92 % of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing zinc micro element like zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing this element may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Suba Sub County, acidifying or non acidifying fertilizers are recommended for application because majority of the farms have their above 6.36. Fertilizers such as DAP, urea and ammonium sulphate (AS) are recommended. The sub county also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient zinc which is low in most of the farms. This sub county has nitrogen inadequately supplied by the soil. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 6 t/haPlanting: 100 kg/ha urea Top dressing: 125 kg/ha urea

4.40 Migori County4.40.1 Kuria West Sub County In Kuria West sub county, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.73) to slightly acid (6.71) (Refer to Table 4.40.1). 97% of all the farms sampled have their pH between pH 5 – 8 and therefore within the suitable range for the growth of maize and should be maintained within this range. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range neutral fertilizers such single super phosphate (SSP), triple superphosphate (TSP), calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), Mavuno, compound fertilizers N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0 are desirable to be applied in all farms.

In the sub county, the soil organic matter content ranges from (0.80% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to (3.30% TOC) as shown in Table 4.40.1. 95% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities and aeration in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this Sub County. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.40.1 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 85% and phosphorus with 62% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen and phosphorus are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

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Table 4.40.1: Soil fertility status of Kuria West Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical ) level

Samples with below adequate level

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)pH 4.73 6.71 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 12 20Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.80 3.30 ≥ 2.7 57 95Total Nitrogen (%) 0.09 0.31 ≥ 0.2 51 85Available P (ppm) 4 195 ≥ 30.0 37 62Potassium (me%) 0.16 1.23 ≥ 0.24 2 3Calcium (me%) 3.1 19.5 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me%) 0.23 5.61 ≥ 1.0 4 7Manganese (me%) 0.15 2.13 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.92 2.60 ≥ 1.0 2 3Iron ppm 18.7 339 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 0.70 25.8 ≥ 5.0 52 87

As regards potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, copper and iron they are adequately supplied in the soil in most of the fields. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient zinc is low in 87 % of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing zinc micro element like zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing this element may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Kuria West sub County neutral fertilizers are recommended for application because most of the farms have their pH between 5 and 7.0. Acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), Monoammonium Phosphate, urea and ammonium suphate (AS) should be avoided. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient zinc which is low in most of the farms. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 7 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

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4.40.2 Nyatike Sub CountyIn Nyatike Sub County, the soil pH ranges from moderately acid (5.30) to moderately alkaline (7.90) (Refer to Table 4.40.2). 100% of all the farms sampled have their pH between pH 5 – 8 and therefore within the suitable range for the growth of maize and should be maintained within this range. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range neutral fertilizers such single super phosphate (SSP), triple superphosphate (TSP), calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), Mavuno, compound fertilizers N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0 are desirable to be applied in all farms.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from (0.41% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to (2.66% TOC) as shown in Table 4.40.2. 100% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities and aeration in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this Sub County. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.40.2 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 87%, phosphorus and potassium with 18% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.40.2: Soil fertility status of Nyatike Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate level

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)pH 5.30 7.90 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 1 2Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.41 2.66 ≥ 2.7 60 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.04 0.27 ≥ 0.2 52 87Available P (ppm) 0.6 270 ≥ 30.0 28 47Potassium (me%) 0.08 2.47 ≥ 0.24 11 18Calcium (me%) 3.5 25.1 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me%) 1.13 8.07 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me%) 0.01 0.94 ≥ 0.11 6 10Copper ppm 0.49 8.05 ≥ 1.0 4 7Iron ppm 0.51 551 ≥ 10.0 4 7Zinc ppm 0.51 53.3 ≥ 5.0 48 80

As regards, calcium, magnesium, manganese, copper and iron they are adequately supplied in the soil in most of the fields. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient zinc is low in 80 % of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

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It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing zinc micro element like zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing this element may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Nyatike Sub County neutral fertilizers are recommended for application because all the farms have their pH between 5 and 8.0. Acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), Monoammonium Phosphate, urea and ammonium suphate (AS) should be avoided. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient zinc which is low in most of the farms. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 8 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0 Top dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

4.40.3 Rongo Sub CountyIn Rongo Sub County, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.57) to slightly acid (6.81) (Refer to Table 4.40.3). 78% of all the farms sampled have their pH between pH 5 – 8 and therefore within the suitable range for the growth of maize and should be maintained within this range. 22% of farms have their pH below 5.0 and therefore in the unsuitable range for maize growth. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range neutral fertilizers such as single super phosphate (SSP), triple superphosphate (TSP), calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), Mavuno, compound fertilizers N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0 are desirable to be applied in all farms.

In the sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from (0.81% Total Organic Carbon (TOC) to (2.91% TOC) as shown in Table 4.40.3. 95% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities and aeration in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this Sub County. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.40.3 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 80%, phosphorus with 63% and potassium with 37% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

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Table 4.40.3: Soil fertility status of Rongo Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate level

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)pH 4.57 6.81 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 26 43Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.81 2.91 ≥ 2.7 57 95Total Nitrogen (%) 0.08 0.26 ≥ 0.2 48 80Available P (ppm) 8 243 ≥ 30.0 38 63Potassium (me%) 0.10 1.85 ≥ 0.24 22 37Calcium (me%) 1.4 21.1 ≥ 2.0 5 8Magnesium (me%) 0.10 6.99 ≥ 1.0 9 15Manganese (me%) 0.13 1.53 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.30 5.57 ≥ 1.0 1 2Iron ppm 16.1 175 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 0.10 10.9 ≥ 5.0 52 87

As regards, calcium, magnesium, manganese, copper and iron they are adequately supplied in the soil in most of the fields. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient zinc is low in 87% of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing zinc micro element like zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing this element may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Rongo Sub County neutral fertilizers are recommended for application because most of the farms have their pH below 6.81. Acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), Monoammonium Phosphate, urea and ammonium suphate (AS) should be avoided. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient zinc which is low in most of the farms. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 5 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 17:17:17Top dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

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4.40.4 Uriri Sub CountyIn Uriri Sub County, the soil pH ranges from extremely acid (4.43) to slightly acid (6.60) (Refer to Table 4.40.4). 90% of all the farms sampled have their pH between pH 5 – 8 and therefore within the suitable range for the growth of maize and should be maintained within this range. 10% of farms have their pH below 5.0 and therefore in unsuitable for maize growth. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range neutral fertilizers such single super phosphate (SSP), triple superphosphate (TSP), calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), Mavuno, compound fertilizers N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0 e.t.c are desirable to be applied in all farms.

In the sub county, the soil organic matter content ranges from (0.59% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to (2.59% TOC) as shown in Table Table 4.40.4. 100% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities and aeration in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this Sub County. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities. Table Table 4.40.4 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 87% and phosphorus with 85% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen and phosphorus are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.40.4: Soil fertility status of Uriri Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate

level

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)pH 4.43 6.60 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 19 32Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.59 2.59 ≥ 2.7 60 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.06 0.26 ≥ 0.2 52 87Available P (ppm) 8 92 ≥ 30.0 51 85Potassium (me%) 0.12 2.84 ≥ 0.24 1 2Calcium (me%) 2.0 15.7 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me%) 0.55 7.70 ≥ 1.0 2 3Manganese (me%) 0.30 1.86 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 1.00 4.60 ≥ 1.0 0 0Iron ppm 22.5 503 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 0.82 49.3 ≥ 5.0 40 67

As regards, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, copper and iron they are adequately supplied in the soil in most of the fields. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient zinc is low in 67 % of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

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It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing zinc micro element like zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing this element may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Uriri Sub County neutral fertilizers are recommended for application because most of the farms have their pH below 6.60. Acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), Mono-ammonium Phosphate, urea and ammonium sulphate (AS) should be avoided. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient zinc which is low in most of the farms. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 6 t/haPlanting: 300 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

4.41 Kisii County 4.41.1 Kenyenya Sub CountyIn Kenyenya Sub County, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.8) to moderately acid (5.87) (Refer to Table 4.41.1). Of the 30 farms sampled, 17 farms (57%) have their soil pH below 5.5 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. Only three farms have their pH below the most critical pH of 5.0 for growth of maize. Where pH is below the most critical pH, it should be raised with application of manures or compost annually and avoidance of application of acidic fertilizers. However, to prevent further reduction in pH, application of acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate, etc should be avoided in farms with pH < 5.5.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (1.24% Total Organic Carbon (TOC) to adequate (3.74% TOC) as shown in Table 4.41.1. 68% of farms have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.41.1 shows the limiting nutrient is phosphorus (92% of farms) which is below adequate levels. Also nitrogen (5% of farms) is below adequate level in few farms. Where macro nutrients are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil. As regards potassium, calcium and magnesium these nutrients are adequately supplied in the soil.

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Table 4.41.1: Soil fertility status of Kenyenya Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate

levels

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)pH 4.80 5.87 ≥ 5.5 34 (< 5.5) 57Total Organic Carbon (%) 1.24 3.74 ≥ 2.7 41 68Total Nitrogen (%) 0.12 0.36 ≥ 0.2 3 5Available P (ppm) 14 37 ≥ 30.0 55 92Potassium (me %) 1.79 2.23 ≥ 0.24 0 0Calcium (me %) 3.7 17.9 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me %) 1.06 5.77 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me %) 0.24 1.13 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 1.86 19.0 ≥ 1.0 0 0Iron ppm 33.8 89.2 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 2.77 60.5 ≥ 5.0 7 12

As regards manganese, copper and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil. However, the micro nutrient such as zinc is low in 12% of farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_ maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Kenyenya Sub County, non acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because all soils in the Sub County have pH below 6.5. Fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate, Mavuno, are recommended for application in this Sub County. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizers with zinc micro-nutrient which is low in some farms.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 5 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K: 23:23:0Top dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

4.41.2 Kisii Central Sub CountyIn Kisii Central Sub County, the soil pH ranges from extremely acid (4.09) to moderately acid (5.71) (Refer to Table 4.41.2). Of the 30 farms sampled, 28 farms (93%) have their soil pH below 5.5 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. Twelve farms have their pH below the most critical pH of 5.0 for growth of maize. Where pH is below the most critical pH, it should be raised with application of manures or compost annually and avoidance of application of acidic fertilizers. However, to prevent further reduction in pH, application of acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate, etc should be avoided in farms with pH < 5.5.

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In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (1.32% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to adequate (2.75% TOC) as shown in Table 4.41.2. 97% of farms have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

4.41.2 shows the limiting nutrients are nitrogen (57% of farms) and phosphorus (90% of farms) which is below adequate levels. Also potassium (18% of farms) and magnesium (10% of farms) are below adequate level in few farms. Where macro nutrients are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil. As regards calcium this nutrient is adequately supplied in the soil.

Table 4.41.2: Soil fertility status of Kisii Central Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate

levels

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)pH 4.09 5.71 ≥ 5.5 56 (< 5.5) 93Total Organic Carbon (%) 1.32 2.75 ≥ 2.7 58 97Total Nitrogen (%) 0.12 0.27 ≥ 0.2 34 57Available P (ppm) 1 225 ≥ 30.0 54 90Potassium (me %) 0.12 2.43 ≥ 0.24 11 18Calcium (me %) 2.0 14.7 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me %) 0.18 5.41 ≥ 1.0 6 10Manganese (me %) 0.58 1.72 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.37 16.2 ≥ 1.0 7 12Iron ppm 25.1 132 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 2.35 64.6 ≥ 5.0 10 17

As regards manganese and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil. However, the micro nutrient such as copper is low in 12% of farms and zinc is low in 17% of farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/ resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Kisii Central Sub County, non acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because all soils in the Sub County have pH below 6.5. Fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate, Mavuno, etc are recommended for application in this Sub County. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizers with zinc micro-nutrient which is low in some farms.

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200 Enhancing Soil Fertility for Greater Productivity

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 6 t/haDolomitic lime: 1,000 kg/ha 3-4 weeks before plantingPlanting: 250 kg/ha N: P: K 23:23:0 Top dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

4.41.3 Kisii South Sub CountyIn Kisii South Sub County, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.5) to slightly acid (6.19) (Refer to Table 4.41.3). Of the 30 farms sampled, 28 farms (93%) have their soil pH below 5.5 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. Twelve farms have their pH below the most critical pH of 5.0 for growth of maize. Where pH is below the most critical pH, it should be raised with application of manures or compost annually and avoidance of application of acidic fertilizers. However, to prevent further reduction in pH, application of acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate, etc should be avoided in farms with pH < 5.5.

In the Sub County the soil organic matter content ranges from low (0.71% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to moderate (1.93% TOC) as shown in Table 4.41.3. All farms have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.41.3 shows the limiting nutrients are nitrogen (97% of farms), phosphorus (88% of farms) and potassium (57% of farms) which are below adequate levels. Also calcium (8% of farms) and magnesium (15% of farms) are below adequate level in few farms. Where macro nutrients are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.41.3: Soil fertility status of Kisii South Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate levels

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)pH 4.50 6.19 ≥ 5.5 56 (< 5.5) 93Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.71 1.93 ≥ 2.7 60 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.08 0.22 ≥ 0.2 58 97Available P (ppm) 2 108 ≥ 30.0 53 88Potassium (me %) 0.04 2.03 ≥ 0.24 34 57Calcium (me %) 0.4 9.5 ≥ 2.0 5 8Magnesium (me %) 0.46 4.28 ≥ 1.0 9 15Manganese (me %) 0.32 6.92 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 1.29 11.0 ≥ 1.0 0 0Iron ppm 23.1 108 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 1.12 48.9 ≥ 5.0 34 57

As regards manganese, copper and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil. However, the micro nutrient zinc is low in 57% of farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_ maize; Landon, 1991).

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It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Kisii South Sub County non acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because all soils in the Sub County have pH below 6.5. Fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), N: P: K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate, Mavuno, are recommended for application in this Sub County. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizers with zinc micro-nutrient which is low in some farms.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 7 t/haDolomitic lime: 1,000 kg/ha 3-4 weeks before plantingPlanting: 300 kg/ha N:P:K 17:17:17 Top dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

4.41.4 Marani Sub CountyIn Marani Sub County, the soil pH ranges from extremely acid (4.12) to moderately acid (5.76) (Refer to Table 4.41.4). Of the 30 farms sampled, 26 farms (88%) have their soil pH below 5.5 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. Eleven farms have their pH below the most critical pH of 5.0 for growth of maize. Where pH is below the most critical pH, it should be raised with application of manures or compost annually and avoidance of application of acidic fertilizers. However, to prevent further reduction in pH, application of acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate, etc should be avoided in farms with pH < 5.5.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (0.95% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to adequate (2.93% TOC) as shown in Table 4.41.4. 98% of farms have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.41.4 shows the most limiting nutrients are phosphorus (82% of farms) and nitrogen (32% of farms) which are below adequate levels. Also potassium (15% of farms), calcium (17% of farms) and magnesium (10% of farms) are below adequate level in few farms. Where macro nutrients are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

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Table 4.41.4: Soil fertility status of Marani Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical)

level

Samples with below adequate

levels

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)pH 4.12 5.76 ≥ 5.5 53 (< 5.5) 88Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.95 2.93 ≥ 2.7 59 98Total Nitrogen (%) 0.16 0.37 ≥ 0.2 19 32Available P (ppm) 7 77 ≥ 30.0 49 82Potassium (me %) 0.12 3.20 ≥ 0.24 9 15Calcium (me %) 0.6 9.9 ≥ 2.0 10 17Magnesium (me %) 0.30 5.72 ≥ 1.0 6 10Manganese (me %) 0.18 1.86 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 2.07 19.1 ≥ 1.0 0 0Iron ppm 10.6 162 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 2.83 44.3 ≥ 5.0 2 3

As regards manganese, copper and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil. Only one farm has low zinc. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/ crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Marani Sub County, non acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because all soils in the Sub County have pH below 6.5. Fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate, Mavuno, etc are recommended for application in this Sub County.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 6 t/haDolomitic lime: 1,000 kg/ha 3-4 weeks before plantingPlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0 Top dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

4.41.5 Gucha South Sub County In Gucha South Sub County, the soil pH ranges from extremely acid (4.42) to slightly acid (6.79) (Refer to Table 4.41.5). Of the 30 farms sampled, 17 farms (55%) have their soil pH below 5.5 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. Seven farms have their pH below the most critical pH of 5.0 for growth of maize. Where pH is below the most critical pH, it should be raised with application of manures or compost annually and avoidance of application of acidic fertilizers. However, to prevent further reduction in pH, application of acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate, etc should be avoided in farms with pH < 5.5.

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In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (1.1% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to adequate (4.15% TOC) as shown in Table 4.41.5. 92% of farms have TOC below adequate level and, therefore, low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.41.5 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (60% of farms), phosphorus (77% of farms) and potassium (37% of farms) which are below adequate levels. Also calcium (10% of farms) and magnesium (17% of farms) are below adequate level in few farms. Where macro nutrients are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.41.5: Soil fertility status of Gucha South Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate levels

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)pH 4.42 6.79 ≥ 5.5 33 (< 5.5) 55Total Organic Carbon (%) 1.09 4.15 ≥ 2.7 55 92Total Nitrogen (%) 0.10 0.30 ≥ 0.2 36 60Available P (ppm) 8 108 ≥ 30.0 46 77Potassium (me %) 0.06 1.83 ≥ 0.24 22 37Calcium (me %) 1.0 13.9 ≥ 2.0 6 10Magnesium (me %) 0.10 6.96 ≥ 1.0 10 17Manganese (me %) 0.18 1.40 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.75 17.4 ≥ 1.0 2 3Iron ppm 30.5 97.6 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 0.54 40.3 ≥ 5.0 30 50

As regards manganese and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil. However, the micro nutrient such as copper is low in 3% of farms and zinc is low in 50% of farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/ resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Gucha South Sub County, non acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because most of the soils in the Sub County have pH below 6.5 with only 13 farms with pH between 5.5 and 6.8. Fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate, Mavuno, etc are recommended for application in this Sub County. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizers with zinc micro-nutrient which is low in 50% of soils.

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Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 6 t/ha manurePlanting: 250 kg/ha N: P: K 17:17:17Top dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

4.42 Nyamira County4.42.1 Manga Sub CountyIn Manga Sub County, the soil pH ranges from extremely acid (4.33) to moderately acid (5.89) (Refer to Table 4.42.1). 80% of the farms sampled have their pH between pH 5 – 8 and therefore within the suitable range for the growth of maize and should be maintained within this range. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range neutral fertilizers such as single super phosphate (SSP), triple superphosphate (TSP), calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), Mavuno, compound fertilizers N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0 e.t.c are desirable to be applied in all farms.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from (0.68 % Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to (4.86% TOC) as shown in Table 4.42.1 76% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities and aeration in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this Sub County. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.42.1 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 26%, phosphorus with 89%, calcium with 43% and magnesium with 28% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.42.1: Soil fertility status of Manga Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical ) level

Samples with below adequate level

% of 46 samples

(23 farms)pH 4.33 5.89 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 37 80Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.68 4.86 ≥ 2.7 35 76Total Nitrogen (%) 0.11 0.52 ≥ 0.2 12 26Available P (ppm) 1 43 ≥ 30.0 41 89Potassium (me%) 0.07 2.51 ≥ 0.24 4 9Calcium (me%) 0.5 6.7 ≥ 2.0 20 43Magnesium (me%) 0.10 5.45 ≥ 1.0 13 28Manganese (me%) 0.37 1.86 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 1.72 8..83 ≥ 1.0 0 0Iron ppm 49.2 233 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 1.80 41.4 ≥ 5.0 8 17

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As regards potassium, manganese, copper and iron they are adequately supplied in the soil in most of the fields. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient zinc is low in 17 % of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/ resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing zinc micro element like zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing this element may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Manga Sub County neutral fertilizers are recommended for application because all the farms have their pH below 7.0. Acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), Monoammonium Phosphate, urea and ammonium suphate (AS) should be avoided. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient zinc which is low in some farms. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 6 t/haLime: 900 kg/ha 3-4 weeks before plantingPlanting: 200 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0 Top dressing: 150 kg/ha CAN

4.42.2 Masaba North Sub CountyIn Masaba North Sub County, the soil pH ranges from extremely acid (4.40) to moderately acid (5.62) (Refer to Table 4.42.2). 47% of the farms sampled have their pH between pH 5 – 8 and therefore within the suitable range for the growth of maize and should be maintained within this range. Majority of the farms have their pH below the suitable level and therefore regular liming is recommended. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range neutral fertilizers such as single super phosphate (SSP), triple superphosphate (TSP), calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), Mavuno, compound fertilizers N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0 are desirable to be applied in all farms.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from (1.58 % Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to (3.18% TOC) as shown in Table 4.42.2. 72% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities and aeration in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this Sub County. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

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Table 4.42.2 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 10%, phosphorus with 88%, potassium with 15% and calcium with 43% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil. Table 4.42.2: Soil fertility status of Masaba North Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical ) level

Samples with below adequate

level

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)pH 4.40 5.62 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 58 97Total Organic Carbon (%) 1.58 3.18 ≥ 2.7 43 72Total Nitrogen (%) 0.16 0.33 ≥ 0.2 6 10Available P (ppm) 2 41 ≥ 30.0 53 88Potassium (me%) 0.12 1.23 ≥ 0.24 9 15Calcium (me%) 0.2 5.9 ≥ 2.0 43 72Magnesium (me%) 0.88 6.11 ≥ 1.0 1 2Manganese (me%) 0.64 2.06 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.32 2.27 ≥ 1.0 50 83Iron ppm 22.5 136 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 7.67 44.0 ≥ 5.0 0 0

As regards magnesium, manganese, iron and zinc they are adequately supplied in the soil in most of the fields. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient copper is low in 83 % of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/ resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing copper micro element like copper sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing this element may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Masaba North Sub County neutral fertilizers are recommended for application because all the farms have their pH below 7.0. Acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), Monoammonium Phosphate, urea and ammonium sulphate (AS) should be avoided. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient copper which is low in majority of the farms. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 5 t/haPlanting: 300 kg/ha SSPLiming: 800 kg/haTop dressing: 125kg/ha CAN

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4.42.3 Nyamira North Sub CountyIn Nyamira North Sub County, the soil pH ranges from extremely acid (4.24) to moderately acid (5.76) (Refer to Table 4.42.3). 68 % of the farms sampled have their pH between pH 5 – 8 and therefore within the suitable range for the growth of maize and should be maintained within this range. 32% of the farms have their pH below the suitable level and therefore regular liming is recommended. It is important for the farmers in this region to apply manure or compost regularly to maintain and sustain the organic matter content. This will also alleviate aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range neutral fertilizers such as single super phosphate (SSP), triple superphosphate (TSP), calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), Mavuno, compound fertilizers N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0 are desirable to be applied in all farms.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from (1.25% Total Organic Carbon (TOC)) to (3.50% TOC) as shown in Table 4.42.3. 88% of all farms have TOC at low levels and therefore inadequate soil organic matter content. The inadequate soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and low water infiltration rate which may result in soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. Soil organic matter impacts positively on the microbial activities and aeration in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in all the farms in this Sub County. This will also supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.42.3 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen with 42% and phosphorus with 100% of the farms with below adequate levels. Where nitrogen and phosphorus are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil.

Table 4.42.3: Soil fertility status of Nyamira North Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate

level

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)pH 4.24 5.76 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 51 85Total Organic Carbon (%) 1.25 3.50 ≥ 2.7 53 88Total Nitrogen (%) 0.12 0.35 ≥ 0.2 25 42Available P (ppm) 2 14 ≥ 30.0 60 100Potassium (me %) 0.14 1.53 ≥ 0.24 4 7Calcium (me %) 2.0 9.9 ≥ 2.0 0 0Magnesium (me %) 0.37 4.82 ≥ 1.0 1 2Manganese (me %) 0.55 2.84 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 0.50 8.44 ≥ 1.0 13 22Iron ppm 34.6 183 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 3.45 45.7 ≥ 5.0 3 5

As regards potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, iron and zinc they are adequately supplied in the soil in most of the fields. However to maintain adequate levels of nutrients, regular applications of organic and inorganic inputs to replenish the removed nutrients through crop harvest and nutrients lost through avenues such as leaching, vaporization etc. is encouraged. The micro nutrient copper is low in 22% of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

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It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing copper micro element like copper sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing this element may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Nyamira North Sub County neutral fertilizers are recommended for application because all the farms have their pH below 7.0. Acidifying fertilizers such as Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), Monoammonium Phosphate, urea and ammonium sulphate (AS) should be avoided. The Sub County also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient copper which is low in majority of the farms. Farmers are encouraged to carry out regular soil testing to monitor the pH and plant nutrients trends for future soil fertility management. This will also give a direction into specific types of fertilizers suitable for individual farms in future.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 7 t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N: P: K 23:23:0Top dressing: 125 kg/ha CAN

4.43 Uasin Gishu County4.43.1 Eldoret East Sub County In Eldoret East Sub County, the soil pH ranges from extremely acid (4.35) to slightly acid (6.36) (Refer to Table 4.43.1). Of the 42 farms sampled, 35 farms (83%) have their soil pH below 5.5 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. Twenty one farms have strongly acid pH below the most critical pH of 5.0 for growth of maize. Where pH is below the most critical pH, it should be raised with application of manures or compost annually and avoidance of application of acidic fertilizers. However, to prevent further reduction in pH, application of acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate, should be avoided in farms with pH < 5.5.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (1.26% Total Organic Carbon (TOC) to adequate (4.56% TOC) as shown in Table 4.43.1. 88% of the farms have TOC below adequate levels and therefore low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.43.1 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (62% of farms) and phosphorus (86% of farms) which are below adequate level. Also calcium and magnesium are below adequate level in few farms. Where macro nutrients are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil. As regards potassium, it is adequately supplied in the soil.

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Table 4.43.1: Soil fertility status of Eldoret East Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate levels

% of 60 sam-ples (30 farms)

pH 4.35 6.36 ≥ 5.5 66 (< 5.5) 83Total Organic Carbon (%) 1.26 4.56 ≥ 2.7 71 88

Total Nitrogen (%) 0.13 0.46 ≥ 0.2 50 62Available P (ppm) 5 45 ≥ 30.0 70 86Potassium (me %) 0.40 2.11 ≥ 0.24 0 0Calcium (me %) 0.6 3.9 ≥ 2.0 1 1Magnesium (me %) 0.13 5.09 ≥ 1.0 9 11Manganese (me %) 0.23 2.00 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 1.26 4.25 ≥ 1.0 0 0Iron ppm 30.2 112 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 2.71 19.8 ≥ 5.0 32 40

As regards manganese, copper and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil. However, the micro nutrient zinc is low in 40% of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

In Eldoret East Sub County, non acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because all soils in the district have pH below 6.5 with 21 farms with pH below the most critical pH of 5.0. Fertilizers such as Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (CAN), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, etc. are recommended for application in this district. The district also requires application of fertilizers with zinc micro-nutrient which is low in some soils. Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationsManure: 5t/haPlanting: 250kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing: 150kg/ha CAN

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4.43.2 Eldoret West Sub CountyIn Eldoret West Sub County, the soil pH ranges from extremely acid (4.42) to moderately acid (5.75) (Refer to Table 4.43.2). Of the 41 farms sampled, 33 farms (80%) have their soil pH below 5.5 and, therefore, not very suitable for maize growth. Twelve farms have strongly acid pH below the most critical pH of 5.0 for growth of maize. Where pH is below the most critical pH, it should be raised with application of manures or compost annually and avoidance of application of acidic fertilizers. However, to prevent further reduction in pH, application of acidic fertilizers such as DAP, Urea, Ammonium sulphate, should be avoided in farms with pH < 5.5.

In the Sub County, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (0.76% Total Organic Carbon (TOC) to moderate (2.61% TOC) as shown in Table 4.43.2. All farms have TOC below adequate levels and therefore low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.43.2 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (87% of farms), phosphorus (95% of farms), calcium (37% of farms) and magnesium (28% of farms) which are below adequate level. Where macro nutrients are low, fertilizers containing those nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil. As regards potassium, it is adequately supplied in the soil.

Table 4.43.2: Soil fertility status of Eldoret West Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (crit-ical) level

Samples with below adequate

levels

% of 60 samples

(30 farms)pH 4.42 5.75 ≥ 5.5 66 (< 5.5) 80Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.76 2.61 ≥ 2.7 100 100Total Nitrogen (%) 0.08 0.26 ≥ 0.2 72 87Available P (ppm) 3 75 ≥ 30.0 78 95Potassium (me %) 0.24 1.29 ≥ 0.24 0 0Calcium (me %) 0.8 5.5 ≥ 2.0 30 37Magnesium (me %) 0.06 2.80 ≥ 1.0 23 28Manganese (me %) 0.13 1.35 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 1.06 15.1 ≥ 1.0 0 0Iron ppm 22.2 195 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 1.46 9.79 ≥ 5.0 64 78

As regards manganese, copper and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil. However, the micro nutrient zinc is low in 78 % of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize; Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing the two micro elements like copper sulphate and zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing these elements may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients.

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In Eldoret West, non acidic fertilizers are recommended for application because all soils in the district have pH below 6.0 with 12 farms with pH below the most critical pH of 5.0. Fertilizers such as Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (CAN), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), N:P:K 23:23:0, 20:20:0, etc. are recommended for application in this district. The district also requires application of fertilizers with zinc micro-nutrient which is low in majority of soils. Sub County General Fertilizer Recommendations Manure: 6t/haPlanting: 250 kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing: 150 kg/ha CAN

4.43.3 Wareng Sub County In Wareng, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.46) to slightly acid (5.63) (Refer to Table 4.43.3). Of the 60 farms sampled, 52 farms have their soil pH below 5.5. Most of the farms in the district have their pH below the most suitable range (5.0 – 8.0) for the growth of maize. 33 farms have their pH below 5.0. Where pH is below 5.5 it can be raised through regular application of manures or compost which alleviates aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). Where necessary apply lime to raise the pH as per individual farmers’ recommendations. To maintain the pH within the maize growing range, fertilizers such as triple super phosphate (TSP), single super phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K 17:17:17, 19:19:19, 23:23:0, 20:20:0, calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and mavuno should be preferred for application.

In the sub county, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (1.13% - 4.04% Total Organic Carbon (TOC) as shown in Table 4.43.3. 93% of the farms in the district have TOC below adequate levels and therefore low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. Crop residues should be incorporated in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.43.3 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (43% of farms) and phosphorus (96% of farms) of the farms which have below adequate levels of nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively. Where these nutrients are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil as recommended in individual farm results.

Table 4.43.3: Soil fertility status of Wareng Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate level

% of 56 samples

pH 4.46 5.63 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 52 93Total Organic Carbon (%) 1.13 4.04 ≥ 2.7 50 89Total Nitrogen (%) 0.12 0.40 ≥ 0.2 24 43Available P (ppm) 5 40 ≥ 30.0 54 96Potassium (me%) 0.27 1.59 ≥ 0.24 0 0Calcium (me%) 1.2 6.1 ≥ 2.0 3 5Magnesium (me%) 0.27 3.37 ≥ 1.0 7 13Manganese (me%) 0.16 0.88 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 1.03 6.28 ≥ 1.0 0 0Iron ppm 20.46 171.7 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 2.45 59.90 ≥ 5.0 14 25

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As regards potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, copper and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil in all farms. However, the micro nutrient zinc is low in 25 % of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing this micro element like zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing this element may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients. Soil and water conservation measures and integrated soil fertility management must be practiced to enhance sustainability and high production.

In this district, non-acidifying fertilizers are recommended for application because all of the farms (56) in the district have their soil pH between 4.46 and 6.61 with only four farms with pH above 5.50. Fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K such as 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 19:19:19, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and mavuno are recommended. The district also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient zinc which is lacking in some of the farms. It is recommended that regular soil tests are carried out to monitor the pH trends so that appropriate measures are taken in case of acidification.

Sub County General Fertilizer Recommendations MaizeManure 5t/haPlanting 250kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing 150kg/ha CAN

PotatoManure 6t/haPlanting 300kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0

4.44 Trans Nzoia County4.44.1 Kwanza Sub County In Kwanza Sub County, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.53) to slightly acid (7.12) (Refer to Table 4.44.1). Of the 24 farms sampled, 5 farms have their soil pH below 5.5. Most of the farms in the district have their pH within the most suitable range (5.0 – 8.0) for the growth of maize except one farm with pH below 5.0. Where pH is below 5.5 it can be raised through regular application of manures or compost which alleviates aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range, fertilizers such as triple super phosphate (TSP), single super phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K 17:17:17, 23:23:0, 20:20:0, calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and mavuno should be preferred for application.

In the district, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (1.60% - 2.04% Total Organic Carbon (TOC) to adequate (3.50% Total Organic Carbon) as shown in Table 4.44.1. All farms in the district have TOC below adequate levels and therefore low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and

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improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.44.1 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (25% of farms), phosphorus (13% of farms) and calcium (8% of farms) of the farms which have below adequate levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium, respectively. Where these nutrients are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil as recommended in individual farm results.

Table 4.44.1: Soil fertility status of Kwanza Sub County

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate level

% of 24 samples

pH 4.53 7.12 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 5 20Total Organic Carbon (%) 1.60 3.5 ≥ 2.7 20 83Total Nitrogen (%) 0.16 0.35 ≥ 0.2 6 25Available P (ppm) 25 180 ≥ 30.0 3 13Potassium (me%) 0.42 1.30 ≥ 0.24 0 0Calcium (me%) 1.90 5.10 ≥ 2.0 2 8Magnesium (me%) 4.80 6.90 ≥ 1.0 0 0Manganese (me%) 0.42 1.01 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 8.55 41.9 ≥ 1.0 0 0Iron ppm 25.2 160.7 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 1.84 9.36 ≥ 5.0 19 79

As regards potassium, magnesium, manganese, copper and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil in all farms. However, the micro nutrient zinc is low in 79% of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing this micro element like zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing this element may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients. Soil and water conservation measures and integrated soil fertility management must be practiced to enhance sustainability and production.

In this sub county, non-acidifying fertilizers are recommended for application because most of the farms (19) in the district have their soil pH between 5.0 and 7.12 with only five farms with pH below 5.0. Fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K such as 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 19:19:19, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and mavuno are recommended. The district also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient zinc which is lacking in almost half of the farms. It is recommended that regular soil tests are carried out to monitor the pH trends so that appropriate measures are taken in case of acidification.

Sub County General Fertilizer RecommendationManure 5t/haPlanting 150kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing 100kg/ha CAN

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4.44.2 Trans Nzoia East Sub CountyIn Trans Nzoia East Sub County, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.55) to slightly acid (5.81) (Refer to Table 4.44.2). Of the 30 farms sampled, 9 farms have their soil pH below 5.5. Most of the farms in the district have their pH within the most suitable range (5.0 – 8.0) for the growth of maize except five farms with pH below 5.0. Where pH is below 5.5 it can be raised through regular application of manures or compost which alleviates aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range, fertilizers such as triple super phosphate (TSP), single super phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K 17:17:17, 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 19:19:19, calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and mavuno should be preferred for application.

In the sub county, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (0.48% Total Organic Carbon (TOC) to adequate (3.06% Total Organic Carbon) as shown in Table 4.44.2. Most farms in the district have TOC below adequate levels and therefore low soil organic matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.44.2 shows the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (63% of farms), phosphorus (93% of farms), potassium (83% of farms) and calcium (57% of farms) of the farms which have below adequate levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium, respectively. Where these nutrients are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil as recommended in individual farm results.

Table 4.44.2: Soil fertility status of Trans Nzoia East Sub County Soil Parameter Min Max Target

(critical) levelSamples with below adequate level

% of 30 samples

pH 4.55 5.81 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 9 30Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.48 3.06 ≥ 2.7 29 97Total Nitrogen (%) 0.05 0.31 ≥ 0.2 19 63Available P (ppm) 5 30 ≥ 30.0 28 93Potassium (me%) 0.16 0.86 ≥ 0.24 25 83Calcium (me%) 1.0 3.1 ≥ 2.0 17 57Magnesium (me%) 0.9 3.66 ≥ 1.0 2 7Manganese (me%) 0.38 0.72 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 1.05 5.67 ≥ 1.0 0 0Iron ppm 10.36 29.99 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 0.69 10.1 ≥ 5.0 28 93

As regards, magnesium, manganese, copper and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil in all farms. However, the micro nutrient zinc is low in 93% of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing this micro element like zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing this element may also be applied especially for

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agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients. Soil and water conservation measures and integrated soil fertility management must be practiced to enhance sustainability and production.

In this sub county, non-acidifying fertilizers are recommended for application because most of the farms (25) in the district have their soil pH between 5.0 and 5.81 with only five farms with pH below 5.0. As can be seen on the table 1 the pH of the soil is on the acidic side (< 7.0) in all farms and therefore management practices employed should be ones to increase the soil pH towards 7.0. Fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K such as 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 19:19:19, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and mavuno are recommended. The district also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient zinc which is lacking in almost half of the farms. It is recommended that regular soil tests are carried out to monitor the pH trends so that appropriate measures are taken in case of acidification.

Sub County General Fertilizer Recommendations Manure: 7t/haPlanting: 250kg/ha N:P:K 23:23:0Top dressing: 150kg/ha CAN

4.44.3 Trans Nzoia West Sub County In Trans Nzoia West Sub County, the soil pH ranges from strongly acid (4.86) to slightly acid (7.05) (Refer to Table 4.44.3). Of the 60 farms sampled, 40 farms have their soil pH below 5.5. Most of the farms in the district have their pH within the most suitable range (5.0 – 8.0) for the growth of maize except five farms with pH below 5.0. Where pH is below 5.5 it can be raised through regular application of manures or compost which alleviates aluminium toxicity thereby increasing availability of phosphorus. This is through organic colloids preventing dissolved phosphate from coming into contact (being fixed) with free aluminium and iron (Muller-Samann and Kotschi, 1994). To maintain the pH within the maize growing range, fertilizers such as triple super phosphate (TSP), single super phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K 17:17:17, 23:23:0, 20:20:0, calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and mavuno should be preferred for application.

In the sub county, the soil organic matter content ranges from low (0.48% - 2.04% Total Organic Carbon (TOC) as shown in Table 4.44.3. All farms in the district have TOC below adequate levels and therefore low soil organic carbon matter content. The low soil organic matter content results in low water holding capacity and may lead to soil erosion by runoff surface water during the rains. This can also impact negatively on the microbial activities in the soil. Application of well rotten manure or compost will improve the organic matter content in the soil. This will supplement the soil nutrients and improve soil structure, water retention capacity and soil microbial activities.

Table 4.44.3 show the most limiting nutrients are nitrogen (95% of farms), phosphorus (97% of farms), potassium (40% of farms) and calcium (87% of farms) of the farms which have below adequate levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium, respectively. Where these nutrients are low, fertilizers containing these nutrients should be applied to supplement what is available in the soil as recommended in individual farm results.

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Table 4.44.3: Soil fertility status of Trans Nzoia West Sub-county

Soil Parameter Min Max Target (critical) level

Samples with below adequate level

% of 60 samples

pH 4.86 7.05 ≥ 5.5 (< 5.5) 40 67Total Organic Carbon (%)

0.48 2.04 ≥ 2.7 60 100

Total Nitrogen (%) 0.05 0.21 ≥ 0.2 57 95Available P (ppm) 5 30 ≥ 30.0 58 97Potassium (me%) 0.06 0.98 ≥ 0.24 24 40Calcium (me%) 0.60 3.5 ≥ 2.0 52 87Magnesium (me%) 0.53 9.40 ≥ 1.0 2 3Manganese (me%) 0.16 0.78 ≥ 0.11 0 0Copper ppm 1.18 5.19 ≥ 1.0 0 0Iron ppm 11.74 155.7 ≥ 10.0 0 0Zinc ppm 1.19 37.50 ≥ 5.0 25 42

As regards magnesium, manganese, copper and iron, they are adequately supplied in the soil in all farms. However, the micro nutrient zinc is low in 42 % of the farms. According to the International Zinc Association, maize yields are reduced by zinc deficiency and may result in reductions in yields of up to 40% without the appearance of distinct leaf symptoms (www:zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/ zinc_facts_sheet_maize, Landon, 1991).

It is recommended that during application of fertilizers in zinc depleted soils, application of zinc fertilizers or using zinc-fortified NPK fertilizers is an important practice for maize growth to maintain high yields and profitability. Salts containing this micro element like zinc sulphate 5-10 kg/ha may be mixed with other fertilizers during application. Foliar fertilizers containing this element may also be applied especially for agri-business (high value) crops. Modification of pH closer to the optimum pH may render the micro elements which were otherwise unavailable available. However, most nutrient deficiencies can be avoided in soils of pH ranges of 5.5 to 7.0, provided that the soil minerals and organic matter contain the essential nutrients. Soil and water conservation measures and integrated soil fertility management must be practiced to enhance sustainability and production.

In this sub county, non-acidifying fertilizers are recommended for application because most of the farms (40) in the district have their soil pH between 5.0 and 6.61 with only five farms with pH below 5.0. Fertilizers such as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), compound fertilizers N:P:K such as 23:23:0, 20:20:0, 19:19:19, 17:17:17, Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and mavuno are recommended. The district also requires application of fertilizer with micro-nutrient zinc which is lacking in almost half of the farms. It is recommended that regular soil tests are carried out to monitor the pH trends so that appropriate measures are taken in case of acidification.

Sub County General Fertilizer Recommendations Manure 7t/haPlanting 300kg/ha N:P:K 17:17:17Top dressing 200kg/ha CAN

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5.0 REFERENCES Anderson, J. M. and J. S. I. Ingram (eds). 1993. Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility. A handbook of Methods. C.A.B. International, Wallingford, UK.

Biswas, T. D. and S. K. Mukherjee. 1992. Textbook of soil science. Tata Mcgraw-Hill, New Delhi, India.

FAO. 2006. World reference base for soil resources 2006: A framework for international classification, correlation and communication, World Soil Resources Reports No 103. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.

Gachene, K. K. and G. Kimura (eds) (2003). Soil fertility and land productivity. A guide for extension workers in Eastern Africa region. RELMA Technical Handbook Series 30, Nairobi.

GoK. 2007. Kenya Vision 2030: A globally competitive and prosperous Kenya. Ministry of Planning and National Development. Government of Kenya.

Hinga, G., F. N. Muchena and C. M. Njihia (1980). Physical and chemical methods of soil analysis. National Agricultural Research Laboratories, Nairobi.

Jaetzold, R., H. Schmidt, B. Hornetz and C. Shisanya. 2009. Farm Management Handbook of Kenya. Volume II Subpart B1a: Southern Rift Valley Province. Ministry of Agriculture, Nairobi.

Landon, J. R. (1991) (Ed.). Booker Tropical Soil Manual. Longman Scientific & Technical, UK.

Mehlich, A., A. Pinkerton, W. Robertson and R. KemPton (1962). Mass analysis methods for soil fertility evaluation. Scott Agricultural Laboratories, Kenya Department of Agriculture, Nairobi.

Muchena, F.N., B.J.A. van der Pouw and W. Siderius. 1982. An outline of the major soils in Kenya.

Exploratory Report No. E2. Kenya Soil Survey, Nairobi.

Muriuki, A. W. and J. N. Qureshi (2001). Fertilizer use manual, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Nairobi.

Sombroek, W.G., Braun, H.M.H. and Van der Pouw B.J.A. 1982. Exploratory Soil Map and Agro-Climatic Zone Map of Kenya. Exploratory Report No. E1. Kenya Soil Survey, Nairobi. Zinc Facts Sheets: Maize. www.zinc.org/crops/resourceserve/zinc_facts_ sheet_maize.

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ANNEX 1. DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR

SOIL TYPES FOR COUNTIES

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219Udongo Wenye Rotuba kwa Kuimarisha Uzalishaji

DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR SOIL TYPES FOR COUNTIES

1. KWALE COUNTY

Table 1: Major Soil Types of Kwale County

No Map unit code

Description of soil type

1 H13 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow, reddish brown, friable, rocky or stony, sandy clay loam (Eutric Regosols, lithic phase, with Rock Outcrops and Calcic Cambisols;)

2 H19 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow, dark grey, firm, moderately calcareous, stony clay; on crystalline limestone (orthic Rendzinas, lithic phase)

3 H20 Well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark brown to yellowish brown, firm, moderately calcareous clay, on Kambe sedimentary limestone (cambic Rendzinas, lithic phase)

4 H22 Well drained, shallow, brown, friable, rocky and stony, sandy clay loam; on hills and plateau remnants (Eutric Regosols, lithic phase)

5 Lc2 Well drained, extremely deep, red to dusky red, very friable, sandy clay loam to clay (Acric to Rhodic Ferralsols)

6 F10 Well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown, firm, slightly calcareous clay, with a slightly to moderately sodic deeper subsoil (Chromic Luvisols, sodic phase)

7 F12 Well drained, very deep, dark red, loose, loamy coarse sand tofriable sandy clay loam (Rhodic Ferralsols; with Ferralic Arenosols and Ferralo-chromic Luvisols)

8 Fy2 Well drained, deep to very deep, dark brown, friable to firm, clay loam to sandy clay; in places calcareous (Chromic Luvisols and Haplic Kastanozems)

9 Uc1 Well drained, extremely deep, dark red to yellowish red, friable clay (Eutric Nitisols)10 Uc2 Association of:

-Well drained to imperfectly drained, shallow to moderately deep yellowish brown to very grey, firm to very firm clay; on dissected parts (Eutric Cambisols, partly lithic phase) -Imperfectly drained, deep, dark grey to olive grey, very firm clay with a humic topsoil and a sodic deeper subsoil; on interfluves (Verto-luvic Phaeozems, sodic phase; with Vertic Cambisols; sodic phase)

11 Uc3 Well drained, deep to very deep, pinkish grey to brown, very friable, fine sand to loamy fine sand (Albic to luvic Arenosols)

12 Uc4 Well drained, deep, dark brown to yellowish brown, firm, very fine sandy clay loam to clay, with a topsoil of loamy very fine sand to very fine sandy loam; in places with an abrupt transition to a sodic deeper subsoil (Orthic Luvisols; with dolodic Planosols)

13 Uc5 Well drained, shallow, dark brown to dark yellowish brown, friable to firm, fairly stony, fairly rocky, fine sandy clay loam to clay (Eutric Cambisols, lithic phase; with Orthic Luvisols)

14 Uc6 Well drained to imperfectly drained, deep, yellowish red to dark brown, friable, fine sandy clay loam to fine sandy clay, with a topsoil of loamy fine sand to fine sandy loam (Orthic Acrisols)

15 Uc7 Imperfectly drained, deep to very deep, yellowish brown, mottled, firm, slightly sodic, fine sandy clay loam to clay, abruptly underlying 20-100 cm of fine sand to fine sandy loam (Solodic Planosols)

16 Uc8 Well drained, very deep, red to dark red and strong brown, friable, sandy clay loam to sandy clay, with a topsoil of loam sand to sandy loam (Rhodic and orthic Ferralsols)

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220 Enhancing Soil Fertility for Greater Productivity

No Map unit code

Description of soil type

17 Uc9 Complex of:-Well drained to imperfectly drained, very deep, dark red to dark grayish brown, friable to firm, sandy clay to clay, with a topsoil of loamy sand to sandy loam (Ferralo-chromic*/Orthic Acrisols, with gleyic Luvisols)-Excessively drained to imperfectly drained, very deep, red to light yellowish brown, loose, sand to loamy sand (Ferralic to Luvic Arenosols)

18 Pn8 Well drained, deep to very deep, dusky red to dark red, friable sandy clay (Rhodic Ferralsols)

19 Pn12 Well drained, deep to very deep, dark red to strong brown, friable, sandy clay to clay (Rhodic and Orthic Ferralsols)

20 Pn13 Well drained, moderately deep to deep, dark red to strong brown, friable to firm, sandy clay loam to clay (Ferric and Chromic Luvisols)

21 Pn28 Imperfectly drained, very deep, very dark grey to black, very firm, strong calcareous, moderately saline and sodic, cracking clay (Pellic Vertisols, saline-sodic phase)

22 Pn29 Imperfectly drained, moderately deep to deep, dark grayish brown, very firm, cracking, fine sandy clay to clay, with a strongly calcareous and moderately sodic deeper subsoil (Verto-luvic Phaeozems, sodic phase)

23 Pn30 Well drained, shallow, dark reddish brown to very dark brown, firm, fine sandy clay loam to clay; slightly dissected plain (Eutric Cambisols, lithic phase; with Lithosols)

24 Pn32 Well drained, deep, red, firm, sandy clay loam to clay (Chromic Luvisols)25 Pn33 Well drained, deep, strong brown to dark brown, firm, sandy clay loam to clay, with a

topsoil of loamy sand to sandy loam (Orthic Luvisols; with Orthic Acrisols)26 Pd6 Complex of well drained, shallow, dark reddish brown to strong brown, non to

moderately calcareous, firm, stony and gravelly loam to sandy clay loam, partly over petrocalcic material (Chromic Cambisols to Orthic Luvisols, lithic or paralithic phase; with Calcic Cambisols, petrocalcic phase)

27 Ps16 Imperfectly drained to poorly drained, deep, grayish brown extremely firm, slightly calcareous, moderately saline, moderately sodic, cracking clay, with a very thin topsoil of sandy clay loam (Gleyic Solonetz saline phase)

28 Pc1 Excessively drained to well drained, very deep, reddish yellow to white loose, sand to loamy sand (Albic and Ferralic Arenosols; with Orthic Ferralsols)

29 Pc6 Complex of very deep soils of varying drainage condition, colour, consistence, texture and salinity (Albic Arenosols, Orthic Ferralsols, Gleyic Luvisols Solodic Planosols, Pellic Vertisols)

30 Pc8 Well drained, deep, dark red to reddish brown, friable, sandy clay loam to sandy clay, with a topsoil of loamy sand (Rhodic Ferralsols)

31 Pc9 Well drained, shallow, dark brown to dark reddish brown, friable, rocky, sandy clay loam to sandy clay (Lithosols; with Ferralic Cambisols, lithic phase)

32 A5 Well drained to imperfectly drained, very deep, brown to dark brown, friable, micaceous, slightly calcareous, sandy loam to clay loam; in places with a saline-sodic deeper subsoil (Eutric Fluvisols)

33 A12 Imperfectly drained to poorly drained, very deep, dark reddish brown to dark grayish, firm to very firm, cracking clay; in many places mottled and with a calcareous, saline and sodic deeper subsoil (Chromic Vertisols, saline-sodic phase)

34 A13 Poorly drained, very deep, very dark grey, very firm, moderately calcareous, slightly saline, slightly to moderately sodic, cracking clay (Pellic Vertisols, saline-sodic phase)

35 B14 Imperfectly drained to poorly drained, very deep, dark brownto dark grey, firm to very firm, sodic clay, with a calcareous and saline deeper subsoil (Luvo-orthic Solonetz, saline phase)

36 T Very poorly drained, very deep, olive to greenish grey, soft (unripe), excessively saline, moderately to strongly sodic, loam to clay; in many places with sulfidic material (Thionic Fluvisols, saline phase and Gleyic Solonchaks)

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2. KILIFI COUNTY

Table 2. Major Soil Types of Kilifi County

No Map unit code

Description of soil type

1 H20 Well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark brown to yellowish brown, firm, moderately calcareous clay; on kambe sedimentary limestone (Cambic Rendzinas, partly lithic phase)

2 H22 Well drained, shallow, brown, friable, rocky and stony, sandy clay loam, on hills and plateau remnants (Eutric Regosols, lithic phase)

3 Lc1 Well drained, deep, dark reddish brown, friable, fine sandy clay (Eutric Nitisols)4 Lc2 Well drained, extremely deep, red to dusky red, very friable, sandy clay loam to clay

(Acric to Rhodic Ferralsols)5 Lc3 Excessively drained very deep, yellowish red to pale yellow, loose, loamy sand to

sandy loam (Ferralic Arenosols; with albic Arenosols)6 Um18 Well drained, moderately deep to deep, brown to dark yellowish brown, firm sandy

clay loam (Orthic Luvisols)7 F19 Excessively drained, very deep, reddish yellow, loose, sand to loamy sand (Luvic

Arenosols; with Ferralic and albic Arenosols)8 Uc2 Association of:

- Well drained to imperfectly drained, shallow to moderately deep, yellowish brown to very dark grey, firm to very parts (Eutric Cambisols, partly lithic phase)- Imperfectly drained, deep, dark grey to olive grey, very firm clay, with a humic topsoil and a sodic deeper subsoil; on interfluves (Verto-luvic Phaeozems, sodic phase; with Vertic Cambisols, sodic phase)

9 Uc4 Well drained, deep, dark brown to yellowish brown, firm, very fine sandy clay loam to clay, with a topsoil of loamy very fine sand to very fine sandy loam; in places with an abrupt transition to a sodic deeper subsoil (Orthic Luvisols; with solodic Planosols)

10 Uc5 Well drained, shallow, dark brown to dark yellowish brown, friable to firm, fairly stony, fairly rocky, fine sandy clay loam to clay(Eutric Cambisols, lithic phase; with orthic Luvisols)

11 Uc7 Imperfectly drained, deep to very deep, yellowish brown, mottled, firm, slightly sodic, fine sandy clay loam to clay, abruptly underling 20 -100 cm of fine sand to fine sandy loam )Solodic Planosols)

12 Uc8 Well drained, very deep, red to dark red and strong brown, friable, sandy clay loam to sandy clay, with a topsoil of loamy sand to sandy loam (Rhodic and Orthic Ferralsols)

13 Uc9 Complex of: Well drained to imperfectly drained, very deep, dark red to dark grayish brown, friable to firm, sandy clay to clay, with a topsoil of loamy sand to sandy loam (Ferralo-chromic*/orthic Acrisols; with gleyic Luvisols)

14 Uc10 Imperfectly drained to poorly drained, moderately deep to deep dark yellowish brown to light olive brown, firm to very firm, moderately calcareous, sandy clay to clay, with a humic topsoil; predominantly moderately sodic and in places saline (Mollic Solonetz; with orthic Rendzinas and verto-luvic Phaeozems)

15 Uc11 Complex of well drained to moderately well drained, moderately deep, reddish brown, friable to very firm, sandy loam to clay loam; partly with a humic topsoil and/or a sodic subsoil (Undifferentiated Luvisols; with verto-luvic Phaeozems)Excessively drained to imperfectly drained, very deep, red to light yellowish brown, loose, sand to loamy sans (Ferralic to luvic Arenosols)

16 Pn8 Well drained, deep to very deep, dusky red to dark red, friable sandy clay (Rhodic Ferralsols)

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No Map unit code

Description of soil type

17 Pn29 Imperfectly drained, moderately deep to deep, dark greyish brown, very firm, cracking fine sandy clay to clay, with a strongly calcareous and moderately sodic deeper subsoil (Verto-luvic Phaeozems, sodic phase)

18 Pn30 Well drained, shallow, dark reddish brown to very dark brown, firm, fine sandy clay loam to clay; slightly dissected plain (Eutric Cambisols, lithic phase; with Lithosols)

19 Pn32 Well drained, deep, red, firm, sandy clay loam to clay (Chromic Luvisols)

20 Pd4 Complex of well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark red to yellowish brown, non to moderately calcareous, friable to firm, stony sandy clay loam, over petrocalcic material or quartz gravel (Calcic Cambisols, lithic or petrocalcic phase; with chromic Luvisols)

21 Pd6 complex of well drained, shallow, dark reddish brown to strong brown, non to moderately calcareous, firm, stony and gravelly loam to sandy clay loam, partly over petrocalcic material (Chromic Cambisols to orthic Luvisols, lithic or paralithic phase; with calcic Cambisols, petrocalcic phase)

22 Ps3 Well drained, deep to very deep, dark red to dusky red, friable, sandy loam to sandy clay loam (Ferralo-chromic* Acrisols; with Ferralic Arenosols and ferric Luvisols)

23 Ps7 Well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown to dark red, friable to firm, sandy clay; in places moderately calcareous; on sheet wash and lacustrine sediments (Chromic Luvisols; with calcic Luvisols)

24 Ps15 Imperfectly drained, moderately deep, brown, extremely firm, moderately calcareous, moderately sodic clay loam, with a topsoil of sealing sandy loam (luvo-orthic Solonetz)

25 Ps16 Imperfectly drained to poorly drained, deep, grayish brown, extremely firm, slightly calcareous, moderately saline, moderately sodic, cracking clay, with a very thin topsoil 1) of sandy clay loam (gleyic Solonetz, saline phase)

26 Ps20 Imperfectly drained, deep, brown, extremely firm, slightly calcareous, slightly sodic clay loam, abruptly underling a thick topsoil of sealing sandy loam (Solodic Planosols)

27 Ps23 Imperfectly drained to poorly drained, deep, dark grey, firm clay abruptly underling a topsoil of friable silt loam; in many places with a sodic deeper subsoil (Eutric and solodic Planosols)

28 Ps24 Complex of:- poorly drained, deep, dark grey, mottled, firm clay, abruptly underling a topsoil of topsoil of friable silt loam (Eutric Planosols)- Moderately well drained to imperfectly drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark brown to dark grayish brown, friable gravelly clay loam, over petroplinthite; in many places with a humic topsoil (Ironstone Soil*; with Haplic Phaeozems, petroferric phase)

29 Pc1 Excessively drained to well drained, very deep reddish yellow to white, loose, sand to loamy sand (albic and Ferralic Arenosols; with orthic Ferralsols)

31 Pc5 Imperfectly drained to poorly drained, very deep, grey to brown mottled, very firm clay; slightly calcareous and strongly saline and sodic throughout or in deeper subsoil (gleyic Solonetz, saline phase; with gleyic or verto-luvic Phaeozems, saline-sodic phase)

32 Pc8 Well drained, deep, dark red to reddish brown, friable, sandy clay loam to sandy clay, with a topsoil of loamy sand (Rhodic Ferralsols)

33 Pc10 Imperfectly drained, deep, grayish brown, mottled, fir, slightly calcareous, non to slightly saline, slightly sodic sandy clay loam, abruptly underling a thick topsoil of friable loamy sand (Solodic Planosols)

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No Map unit code

Description of soil type

34 Pf3 Complex of well drained to imperfectly drained, very deep, reddish brown to grey, firm clay soils of varying calcareousness, salinity and sodicity, in many places with a strongly sealing topsoil; with inclusions of well drained, very deep, brown, loose loamy sand; levee complex (Luvo-orthic Solonetz, saline phase; with solodic Planosols, saline phase, chromic Vertisols, saline-sodic phase and cambic Arenosols)Well drained to imperfectly drained, very deep, brown to dark brown, friable, micaceous, slightly calcareous, sandy loam to clay loam,; in places with a saline-sodic deeper subsoil (Eutric Fluvisols)

35 A8 Well drained to imperfectly drained, very deep, dark brown to Yellowish brown, stratified, micaceous, strongly calcareous, predominantly loamy soils (Calcaric Fluvisols)

36 A10 Moderately well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark brown friable, strongly calcareous, sandy clay to clay loam over petrocalcic material (Calcic Cambisols, petrocalcic phase)

37 A12 Imperfectly drained to poorly drained, very deep, dark reddish brown to dark grayish brown, firm to very firm, cracking clay; in many places mottled and with a calcareous, saline and sodic deeper subsoil (chromic Vertisols, saline-sodic phase)

38 A13 Poorly drained, very deep, very dark grey, very firm, moderately calcareous, slightly saline, slightly to moderately sodic, cracking clay (Pellic Vertisols, saline-sodic phase)

39 T Very poorly drained, very deep, olive to greenish grey, soft (Unripe), excessively saline, moderately to strongly sodic, loam to clay; in many places with sulfidic material (thionic Fluvisols, saline phase and gleyic Solonchaks)

40 W1 Excessively drained, brown, very firm, strongly sodic, gravelly clay loam to sandy clay of varying depth strongly eroding and strongly sealed (undifferentiated Solonetz)

41 Z1 Well drained, very deep, red very friable, sandy clay loam (Rhodic Ferralsols)42 Z2 Moderately well drained very deep, dark brown to reddish brown, firm to very firm,

often moderately sodic, sandy clay loam, underling a thick topsoil of friable loamy sand; in places shallow over coral rock (Ferralo-chromic*/orthic Acrisols, sodic phase; with solodic Planosols)

43 B8 Imperfectly drained to poorly drained, very deep, brown to dark brown, very firm, slightly calcareous, strongly sodic clay (Orthic Solonetz)

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3. TANA RIVER COUNTY

Table 3. Major Soils Types of Tana River County

No Map unit code

Description of soil type

1 Lc3 Excessively drained, very deep, yellowish red to pale yellow, loose, loamy sand to sandy loam (Ferralic Arenosols; with albic Arenosols)

2 Pn12 Well drained, deep to very deep, dark red to strong brown, friable, sandy clay to clay (Rhodic and orthic Ferralsols)

3 Pd4 Complex of well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark red to yellowish brown, non to moderately calcareous, friable to firm, stony sandy clay loam, over petrocalcic material or quartz gravel (calcic Cambisols, lithic or petrocalcic phase; with chromic Luvisols)

4 Pd6 Complex of well drained, shallow, dark reddish brown to strong brown, non to moderately calcareous, firm, stony and gravelly loam to sandy clay loam, partly over petrocalcic material (chromic Cambisols to orthic Luvisols, lithic or paralithic phase; with calcic Cambisols, petrocalcic phase)

5 Ps3 As in Ps2, but predominantly more acid (Ferralo-chromic* Acrisols; with Ferralic Arenosols and ferric Luvisols)

6 Ps5 Imperfectly drained, very deep, red to reddish brown, firm, slightly calcareous, moderately saline and moderately sodic sandy clay abruptly underlying a topsoil of loamy sand (solodic Planosols and Luvo-orthic Solonetz, saline phase)

7 Ps6 Well drained, very deep, dark brown to reddish brown, friable, sandy clay loam to sandy clay (orthic Luvisols)

8 Ps15 Imperfectly drained, moderately deep, brown, extremely firm, moderately calcareous, moderately sodic clay loam, with a topsoil of sealing sandy loam (Luvo-orthic Solonetz)

9 Ps16 Imperfectly drained to poorly drained, deep, greyish brown, extremely firm, slightly firm, slightly calcareous, moderately saline, moderately sodic, cracking clay, with a very thin topsoil of sandy clay loam (gleyic Solonetz, saline phase)

10 Ps17 Poorly drained, deep, dark grey, firm, moderately calcareous, slightly sodic clay, with a soft surface (calcaric Gleysols, sodic phase)

11 Ps19 Complex of:-Imperfectly drained, moderately deep, brown, extremely firm, moderately calcareous, moderately sodic clay loam, with a topsoil of sealing sandy loam (Luvo-orthic Solonetz)-Imperfectly drained to poorly drained, deep, greyish brown, extremely firm, slightly calcareous, moderately saline, moderately sodic, cracking clay (gleyic Solonetz, saline phase)

12 Ps20 Imperfectly drained, deep, brown, extremely firm, slightly calcareous, slightly sodic clay loam, abruptly underlying a thick topsoil of sealing sandy loam (solodic Planosols)

13 Ps23 Imperfectly drained, deep, brown, very firm, moderately calcareous, moderately saline, moderately sodic clay loam with a thin topsoil of strongly sealing sandy clay loam (Luvo-orthic Solonetz, saline phase)

14 Ps24 Imperfectly drained to poorly drained, very deep, dark greyish brown, very firm, slightly calcareous, moderately to strongly saline, strongly sodic clay; in places strongly calcareous and/or gypsic (orthic Solonetz, saline phase)

15 Ps28 Well drained, very deep, reddish brown, friable, moderately calcareous, moderately sodic sandy clay loam, with a thick topsoil of loamy sand (calcic to chromic Luvisols, sodic phase)

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No Map unit code

Description of soil type

16 Pc3 Imperfectly drained, deep to very deep, very dark greyish brown to olive brown, mottled, firm to very firm, sandy clay to clay; moderately calcareous and moderately saline and sodic throughout or in deeper subsoil (Luvo-orthic Solonetz, saline phase and Vertic Luvisols, saline-sodic phase)

17 Pc4 Moderately well drained, very deep, yellowish brown to greyish brown, mottled, very firm, sandy loam to sandy clay loam, with a very thick (60 – 100cm) topsoil of light brownish grey to yellow, friable loamy sand; with inclusions of many small bottomlands of unit B16 (gleyic to albic Luvisols, sodic phase; with Ferralo-chromic Luvisols, Dystric or solodic Planosols and cambic Arenosols)

18 Pt1 Well drained, deep, dark reddish brown to reddish brown, friable, sandy clay loam to sandy clay, over pisocalcic material (calcic Luvisols, pisocalcic phase; with chromic Luvisols, and Pellic to chromic Vertisols, saline-sodic phase)

19 Pt2 Well drained to moderately well drained, deep, dark brown, friable to firm, slightly calcareous, clay loam to clay (eutric Cambisols)

20 Pt4 Moderately well drained to imperfectly drained, very deep, dark reddish brown tod ark brown, firm, moderately calcareous, moderately saline, moderately to strongly sodic cracking clay (orthic Solonetz, saline phase)

21 Pf2 Well drained, very deep, reddish brown, friable to firm, slightly to moderately calcareous, sandy clay to clay, with a saline and sodic deeper subsoil; basin lands (calcic Xerosols, saline-sodic phase)

22 Pf3 Complex of well drained to imperfectly drained, very deep, reddish brown to grey, firm clay soils of varying calcareousness, salinity and sodicity, in many places with a strongly sealing topsoil; with inclusions of well drained, very deep, brown, loose loamy sand; levee complex (Luvo-orthic Solonetz, saline phase; with solodic Planosols, saline phase, chromic Vertisols, saline-sodic phase and cambic Arenosols)

23 Pf4 Moderately well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, firm, moderately calcareous, moderately to strongly saline, strongly sodic, sandy clay to clay; levee complex (orthic Solonetz, saline phase; with orthic Solonchaks, sodic phase)

24 Pf5 Imperfectly drained, very deep, dark reddish brown to dark greyish brown, firm, moderately calcareous, moderately to strongly saline, strongly sodic, cracking clay; basin lands (chromic Vertisols, saline-sodic phase)

25 A5 Well drained to imperfectly drained, very deep, brown to dark brown, friable, micaceous, slightly calcareous, sandy loam to clay loam; in places with a saline-sodic deeper subsoil (eutric Fluvisols)

26 A8 Well drained to imperfectly drained, very deep, dark brown to yellowish brown, stratified, micaceous, strongly calcareous, predominantly loamy soils (calcaric Fluvisols)

27 A12 Imperfectly drained to poorly drained, very deep, dark reddish brown to dark greyish brown, firm, to very firm, cracking clay; in many places mottled and with a calcareous, saline and sodic deeper subsoil (chromic Vertisols, saline-sodic phase)

28 A15 Poorly drained, deep, very dark grey, mottled, firm clay, with a humic topsoil and a sulfidic deeper subsoil (mollic Gleysols)

29 B7 Imperfectly drained, very deep, dark grey to dark brown, very firm, slightly to moderately calcareous, moderately sodic clay, with a saline deeper subsoil (chromic Vertisols, saline-sodic phase)

30 D2 Excessively drained, very deep, brown to pale brown, loose, sand to loamy sand (cambic Arenosols)

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No Map unit code

Description of soil type

31 W1 Excessively drained, brown, very firm, strongly sodic, gravelly clay loam to sandy clay of varying depth; strongly eroding and strongly sealed (undifferentiated Solonetz)

32 Z2 Moderately well drained, very deep, dark brown to reddish brown, firm to very firm, often moderately sodic, sandy clay loam, underlying a thick topsoil of friable loamy sand; in places shallow over coral rock (Ferralo-chromic*/orthic Acrisols, sodic phase; with solodic Planosols)

4. LAMU COUNTY

Table 4. Major Soil Types of Lamu County

No Map Unit Code

Description of soil type

1 Pc4 Moderately well drained, very deep, yellowish brown to greyish brown, mottled, very firm, sandy loam to sandy clay loam, with a very thick (60-100cm) topsoil of light brownish grey to yellow, friable loamy sand; with inclusions of many small bottomlands of unit B16 (gleyic to albic LUVISOLS, Dystric or solodic PLANOSOLS and cambic ARENOSOLS)

2 Pc5 Imperfectly drained to poorly drained, very deep, grey to brown, mottled, very firm clay; slightly calcareous and strongly saline and sodic throughout or in deeper subsoil (gleyic SOLONETZ, saline phase; with gleyic or verto-luvic PHAEOZEMS, saline-sodic phase)

3 A5 Well drained to imperfectly drained, very deep, brown to dark brown, friable, micaceous, slightly calcareous, sandy loam to clay loam; in places with a saline-sodic deeper subsoil (eutric Fluvisols)

4 B15 Imperfectly drained to poorly drained, very deep, light brownish grey to brown, mottled, firm to very firm, clay; in places sodic and cracking; higher-level depressions (gleyic Phaeozems; with verto-luvic Phaeozems and Pellic Vertisols, sodic phase)

5 B16 Poorly drained, very deep, greyish brown, mottled, very firm clay, abruptly underlying a topsoil of friable, humic sandy clay loam; lower-level depressions (humic Planosols)

6 D2 Excessively drained, very deep, brown to pale brown, loose, sand to loamy sand (cambic Arenosols)

7 T Very poorly drained, very deep, olive to greenish grey, soft (unripe) excessively saline, moderately to strongly sodic, loam to clay; in many places with sulfidic material (thionic Fluvisols, saline phase and gleyic Solonchaks)

8 Z1 Well drained, very deep, red, very friable, sandy clay loam (Rhodic Ferralsols)

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5. TAITA TAVETA COUNTY

Table 5. Major Soil Types of Taita Taveta County

No Map unit code

Description of soil type

1 M8 Well drained, shallow, dark brown, firm, rocky and stony clay loam, (Eutric Regosols, lithic phase; with Rock Outcrops)

2 M12 Well drained, moderately deep, reddish brown to brown, friable stony sandy clay loam, with an acid humic topsoils (humic Cambisols; with Dystric Regosols and Rock Outcrops)

3 H5 Well drained, moderately deep to deep, black, very friable and smeary, very gravelly loam, with a humic topsoil (Mollic Andosols)

4 H13 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow, reddish brown, friable, rocky or stony, sandy clay loam (Eutric Regosols, lithic phase; with Rock Outcrops and calcic Cambisols)

5 H19 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow, dark grey, firm, moderately calcareous, stony clay, on crystalline limestone (Orthic Rendinas, lithic phase)

6 H22 Well drained, shallow, brown, friable, rocky and stony, sandy clay loam, on hills and plateau remnants (Eutric Regosols, lithic phase)

7 R8 Complex of well drained, shallow to very deep, dusky red to dark brown, friable, rocky, boulder, stony or gravelly, silty clay loam to clay (Nito-chromic Cambisols and eutric Cambisols, lithic and boulder

8 F10 Well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown, firm, slightly calcareous clay, with a slightly to moderately sodic deeper subsoil (chromic Luvisols, sodic phase)

9 F12 Well drained, very deep, dark red, loose, loamy coarse sand to friable sandy clay loam (Rhodic Ferralsols; with Ferralic Arenosols and Ferralo-chromic Luvisols)

10 F15 Complex somewhat excessively drained to well drained, deep to very deep, dark red to brown, loose sandy loam to friable to firm clay (undifferentiated Acrisols; with Arenosols)

11 FY2 Well drained, deep to very deep, dark brown, friable to firm, clay loam to sandy clay; in places calcareous (Chromic Luvisols and haplic Kastanozems)

12 Y1 Complex of well drained, shallow to deep, grayish brown to black, very friable and smeary, rocky or boulder, gravelly, sandy clay loam to clay(Mollic Andosols, rocky phase and haplic Chernozems, stony and partly lithic phase)

13 Y4 Well drained, moderately deep to very deep, dark brown, very friable, moderately calcareous, gravelly clay loam, with a slightly saline and sodic deeper subsoil; in places over petrocalcic material (Calcic Cambisols, saline-sodic phase)

14 Y7 Well drained, very deep, dark red, friable, sandy clay to clay (Ferralo-chromic Luvisols)15 Uu3 Complex of:

- Well drained, shallow, black to very dark brown acid humic, very friable loam; in places rocky (Rankers)- Well drained, moderately deep, dark brown, friable clay loam, with a very thick acid humic topsoils (Humic Cambisols)

16 Uh15 Well drained, moderately deep to very deep, dark red to reddish yellow, friable to firm, rocky, sandy clay loam to clay (Chromic* Acrisols, rocky phase; with Cambisols and Ferralsols)

17 UI18 Association of: -Well drained, moderately deep to deep, dark red to dark reddish brown, friable to firm, sandy clay to clay; on slopes (Chromic Luvisols)-Well drained, very deep, light brown to strong brown, very friable clay; on flat interfluves (Orthic and Xanthic Ferralsols)

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No Map unit code

Description of soil type

18 Ux2 Association of: - Well drained, deep to very deep, dusky red to dark reddish brown friable, stony, clay loam to clay; on upper slopes (Chromic Luvisols, stony phase)- Imperfectly drained, deep to very deep, dark brown to very dark grayish brown, firm, calcareous, saline and sodic, stony, cracking clay; on lower slopes (Verto-luvic Phaeozems, stony and saline-sodic phase)

19 Pn8 Well drained, deep to very deep, dusky red to dark red, friable sandy clay (Rhodic Ferralsols)

20 Pn12 Well drained, deep to very deep, dark red to strong brown, friable, sandy clay to clay (Rhodic and orthic Ferralsols)

21 Pn15 Imperfectly drained, deep, black to very dark grey, very firm, slightly to moderately sodic, cracking clay (Pellic Vertisols, sodic phase)

22 Pn20 Moderately well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, firm, strongly calcareous, slightly saline and moderately sodic, cracking clay (Vertic Luvisols, saline-sodic phase)

23 Pn25 Well drained, moderately deep, dark reddish brown, friable clay (Chromic Cambisols)24 Pn32 Well drained, deep, red, firm, sandy clay loam to clay (Chromic Luvisols)25 Pn33 Well drained, deep, strong brown to dark brown, firm, sandy clay loam to clay, with a

topsoil of loamy sand to sandy loam (Orthic Luvisols; with orthic Acrisols)26 Pd4 Complex of well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark red to yellowish brown,

non to moderately calcareous, friable to firm, stony sandy clay loam, over petrocalcic material or quartz gravel (Calci Cambisols, lithic or petrocalcic phase; with chromic Luvisols)

27 Pd6 complex of well drained, shallow, dark reddish brown to strong brown, non to moderately calcareous, firm, stony and gravelly loam to sandy clay loam, partly over petrocalcic material (Chromic Cambisols to orthic Luvisols, lithic or paralithic phase; with calcic Cambisols, petrocalcic phase)

28 Ps7 Well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown to dark red, friable to firm, sandy clay; in places moderately calcareous; on sheet wash and lacustrine sediments (Chromic Luvisols; with calcic Luvisols)

29 Ps8 Well drained, deep to very deep, red to dark red, friable firm, sandy clay to clay, over piscocalcic material; on sheet wash and fluviatile sediments (Ferric Luvisols)

30 Ps14 Moderately well drained, deep, dark reddish brown, firm, slightly calcareous, sandy clay to clay, over piscocalcic material (Calcic Luvisols, piscocalcic phase)

31 Pv2 Well drained, very deep, dark red, friable, stony and boulder clay (Chromic Luvisols, boulder phase)

32 Pv7 Somewhat excessively drained, very deep, strong brown to dark yellowish brown, very friable and smeary, slightly sodic, gravelly sandy clay loam, with a humic topsoil (Mollic Andosols, sodic phase)

33 Pf1 Well drained, very deep, dark red to dark brown, firm, sandy clayloam to clay (undifferentiated Luvisols)

34 A5 Well drained to imperfectly drained, very deep, brown to dark brown, friable, micaceous, slightly calcareous, sandy loam to clay loam,; in places with a saline-sodic deeper subsoil (Eutric Fluvisols)

35 A8 Well drained to imperfectly drained, very deep, dark brown to yellowish brown, stratified micaceous, strongly calcareous, predominantly loamy soils (Calcaric Fluvisols)

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No Map unit code

Description of soil type

35 A10 Moderately well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark brown friable, strongly calcareous, sandy clay to clay loam over petrocalcic material (Calcic Cambisols, petrocalcic phase)

36 B3 Imperfectly drained, very deep, dark brown to dark grey, firm, slightly to moderately saline, moderately sodic, cracking clay; in many places calcareous (Chromic and Pellic Vertisols, saline-sodic phase)

37 B8 Imperfectly drained to poorly drained, very deep, brown to dark brown, very firm, slightly calcareous, strongly sodic clay (Orthic Solonetz)

38 S1 Poorly drained to very poorly drained, very deep, dark grayish brown to dark olive grey, firm to very firm, strongly calcareous, strongly saline, strongly sodic clay; in many places with fragipans at various depths (Gleyic Solonchaks sodic phase and partly fragipan phase)

6. GARISSA COUNTYTable 6. Major Soil Types of Garissa County

No Map unit code

Description of soil type

1 Pn13 Well drained, moderately deep to deep, dark red to strong brown, friable to firm, sandy clay loam to clay (Ferric and chromic Luvisols)

2 Pd4 Complex of well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark red to yellowish brown, non to moderately calcareous, friable to firm, stony sandy clay loam, over petrocalcic material or quartz gravel (Calcic Cambisols, lithic or petrocalcic phase; with chromic Luvisols)

3 Ps1 Well drained, very deep, dark red to dusky red, loose loamy sand to very friable sandy loam (Ferralo-chromic Luvisols; with Ferralic Arenosols)

4 Ps3 Well drained, deep to very deep, dark red to dusky red, friable, sandy loam to sandy clay loam but predominantly more acid (Ferralo-chromic* Acrisols; with Ferralic Arenosols and ferric Luvisols)

5 Ps14 Moderately well drained, deep, dark reddish brown, firm, slightly calcareous, sandy clay to clay, over pisocalcic material (calcic Luvisols, pisocalcic phase)

6 Ps15 Imperfectly drained, moderately deep brown, extremely firm, moderately calcareous, moderately sodic clay loam, with a topsoil of sealing sandy loam, (luvo-orthic Solonetz)

7 Ps17 Poorly drained, deep, dark grey, firm, moderately calcareous, slightly sodic clay, with a soft surface (Calcaric Gleysols, sodic phase

8 Ps20 Imperfectly drained, deep, brown, extremely firm, slightly calcareous, slightly sodic clay loam, abruptly underling a thick topsoils of sealing sandy loam (Solodic Planosols)

9 Ps22 Moderately well drained, very deep, grayish brown to reddish brown, firm, slightly calcareous, clay loam to clay, non to slightly saline and/or sodic till about 100 cm (Haplic Xerosols, partly saline and/or sodic phase)

10 Ps24 Imperfectly drained to poorly drained, very deep, dark greyish brown, very firm, slightly calcareous, moderately to strongly saline, strongly sodic clay; in places strongly calcareous and/or gypsic (orthic Solonetz, saline phase)

11 Ps23 Imperfectly drained, deep, brown, very firm, moderatelycalcareous, moderately saline, moderately sodic clay loam, with athin topsoil of strongly sealing sandy clay loam (Luvo-orthicSolonetz saline phase)

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No Map unit code

Description of soil type

12 Ps25 Poorly drained, very deep, very dark grey to black, very firm, slightly calcareous, moderately saline, moderately sodic, cracking clay (Pellic Vertisols, saline sodic phase)

13 Pc2 Imperfectly drained, very deep, brown, very firm, sandy loam to sandy clay loam, abruptly underlying a thick topsoil of friable loamy sand and with a slightly to moderately sodic deeper subsoil, with (Solodic Planosols)

14 Pc4 Moderately well drained, very deep, yellowish brown to grayish brown, mottled, very firm, sandy loam to sandy clay loam, with a very thick (60-100cm) topsoil of light brownish grey to yellow, friable loamy sand; with inclusions of many small bottomlands of unit B16 (gleyic to albic Luvisols, sodic phase; with Ferralo-chromic Luvisols, Dystric or solodic Planosols and cambic Arenosols)

15 A7 Imperfectly drained, very deep, dark grey, very firm, slightly calcareous, cracking clay, with a slightly to moderately saline and sodic deeper subsoil (Vertic* Gleysols, saline-sodic phase)

16 B15 Imperfectly drained to poorly drained, very deep, light brownish grey to brown, mottled, firm to very firm, clay; in places sodic and cracking; higher-level depressions (Gleyic Phaeozems; with verto-luvic Phaeozems and Pellic Vertisols, sodic phase)

17 B16 Poorly drained, very deep, grayish brown, mottled, very firm clay abruptly underling a topsoil of friable, humic sandy clay loam; lower-level depressions (Humic Planosols)

18 W1 Excessively drained, brown, very firm, strongly sodic, gravelly clay loam to sandy clay of varying depth; strongly eroding and strongly sealed (undifferentiated Solonetz)

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7. WAJIR COUNTY

Table 7. Major Soil Types of Wajir County

No Map unit code

Description of soil type

1 H13 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow, reddish brown, friable, rocky or stony, sandy clay loam (Eutric Regosols, lithic phase, with Rock Outcrops and Calcic Cambisols)

2 H19 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow, dark grey, firm, moderately calcareous, stony clay; on crystalline limestone (orthic Rendzinas, lithic phase)

3 L28 Well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark reddish brown, firm, moderately calcareous clay, over petrocalcic material; on oolithic limestone (Calcic Luvisols, petrocalcic phase)

4 L30 Well drained, shallow, dark reddish brown, firm, moderately calcareous, bouldery clay loam; on non-oolithic limestone and calcitic mudstones (Lithosols, bouldery phase)

5 F11 Well drained, very deep, dark brown, firm, moderately to strongly calcareous, slightly to moderately sodic, cracking clay (Vertic Luvisols, sodic phase)

6 F13 Well drained, very deep, yellowish red to dark reddish brown, loose, loamy coarse sand to friable sandy clay loam (chromic Luvisols; with Rhodic Ferralsols and Luvic/Ferralic Arenosols)

7 Pn14 Moderately well drained to imperfectly drained, moderately deep, dark brown to dark reddish brown, very firm, moderately calcareous, slightly saline, slightly to moderately sodic, clay loam to sandy clay, with a topsoil of strongly sealing, sandy loam to sandy clay loam (Orthic Luvisols, saline-sodic phase)

8 Pn19 Imperfectly drained, moderately deep, dark brown, extremely firm, moderately calcareous, slightly saline, moderately sodic, clay loam to sandy clay, with a topsoil of strongly sealing sandy loam(Luvo-orthic Solonetz, saline phase)

9 Pn26 Imperfectly drained, very deep, very dark grey to black, very firm, strongly calcareous, moderately saline and sodic, cracking clay (Pellic Vertisols, saline-sodic phase)

10 Ps1 Well drained, very deep, dark red to dusky red, loose loamy sand to very friable sandy loam (Ferralic Arenosols)

11 Ps2 Well drained deep to very deep, dark red to dusky red, friable, sandy loam to sandy clay loam(Ferralo-Chromic Luvisols; with Ferralic Arenosols)

12 Ps4 Well drained, deep, red, friable, loamy fine sand to fine sandy loam (Cambic Arenosols)13 Ps11 Imperfectly drained to poorly drained, deep, brown, extremely firm, moderately

calcareous, slightly saline and excessively sodic, sandy clay loam to clay (Orthic Solonetz, saline phase)

14 Ps12 Poorly drained, deep, dark reddish brown, firm, moderately calcareous, moderately saline clay, with a crusted and puffed surface (orthic Solonchaks)

15 Ps15 Imperfectly drained, moderately deep, brown, extremely firm, moderately calcareous, moderately sodic clay loam, with a topsoil of sealing sandy loam (Luvo-orthic Solonetz)

16 Ps17 Poorly drained, deep, dark grey, firm, moderately calcareous, slightly sodic clay, with a soft surface (Calcaric Gleysols, sodic phase)

17 Ps18 Poorly drained, deep, black to very dark grey, firm to very firm, calcareous, sodic, cracking clay (Pellic Vertisols, sodic phase)

18 Ps20 Imperfectly drained, deep, brown, extremely firm, slightly calcareous, slightly sodic clay loam, abruptly underling a thick topsoil of sealing sandy loam (Solodic Planosols)

19 Ps27 Well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown, very firm, strongly calcareous, slightly saline, slightly sodic clay, with a soft surface (Calcic Xerosols, saline sodic phase)

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No Map unit code

Description of soil type

20 A1 Imperfectly drained, very deep, dark brown to dark reddish brown, firm, moderately to strongly calcareous, stratified clay loam to clay, with varying salinity and sodicity in the deeper subsoil (Calcaric Fluvisols, saline-sodic phase)

22 A5 Well drained to imperfectly drained, very deep, brown to dark brown, friable, micaceous, slightly calcareous, sandy loam to clay loam; in places with a saline-sodic deeper subsoil (Eutric Fluvisols

23 A7 Imperfectly drained, very deep, dark grey, very firm, slightly calcareous, cracking clay, with a slightly to moderately saline and sodic deeper subsoil (Vertic* Gleysols, saline-sodic phase)

8. MANDERA COUNTY

Table 8: Major Soil Types of Mandera County

No Map unit code

Description of soil type

1. H13 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow, reddish brown, friable, rocky or stony, sandy clay loam (eutric Regosols, lithic phase; with rock outcrops and calcic Cambisols)

2. H18 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow, greyish brown, friable, strongly calcareous, stony clay; on hills and plateau remnants of sedimentary limestone and calcitic mudstones (Lithosols)

3. H21 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow, dark brown, friable, rocky and stony, clay loam; on hills and plateau remnants (Lithosols)

4. H22 Well drained, shallow, brown, friable, rocky and stony, sandy clay loam; on hills and plateau remnants (eutric Regosols, lithic phase)

5. L28 Well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark reddish brown, firm, moderately calcareous clay, over petrocalcic material; on oolithic limestone (calcic Luvisols, petrocalcic phase)

6. L29 Well drained, shallow, red, friable, moderately calcareous sandy loam; on dolomitic limestone (calcic Cambisols, lithic phase)

7. L30 Well drained, shallow, dark reddish brown, firm, moderately calcareous, boulder clay loam; on non-oolithic limestone and calcitic mudstones (Lithosols, boulder phase)

8. L31 Well drained, deep, dark red, friable clay, over petroplinthite (Rhodic Ferralsols, petroferric phase)

9. F13 Well drained, very deep, yellowish red to dark reddish brown, loose, loamy coarse sand to friable sandy clay loam (chromic Luvisols; with Rhodic Ferralsols and luvic/Ferralic Arenosols)

10. Fy3 Well drained, very deep, dark red, friable, moderately calcareous, very fine sandy clay loam (calcic Cambisols)

11. Ph14 Moderately well drained to imperfectly drained, moderately deep dark brown to dark reddish brown, very firm, moderately calcareous, slightly saline, slightly to moderately calcareous, slightly saline, slightly to moderately sodic, clay loam to sandy clay, with a topsoil of strongly sealing, sandy loam to sandy clay loam (orthic Luvisols, saline-sodic phase)

12. Pn26 Imperfectly drained, shallow to moderately deep, strong brown to pale brown, firm, strongly calcareous, sandy loam to loam, over petrocalcic material; in many places stony (calcic Luvisols, petrocalcic phase)

13. Pd5 Well drained, deep, pale brown to yellowish brown, firm, strongly calcareous and gypsiferous, stony loam (gypsic Xerosols, stony phase)

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No Map unit code

Description of soil type

14. Ps2 Well drained, deep to very deep, dark red to dusky red, friable, sandy loam to sandy clay loam (Ferralo-chromic Luvisols; with Ferralic Arenosols)

15. Ps4 Well drained, deep, red, friable, loamy fine sand to fine sandy loam (cambic Arenosols)16. Ps27 Well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown, very firm, strongly calcareous, slightly

saline, slightly sodic clay, with a soft surface (calcic Xerosols, saline-sodic phase)17. Ps29 Moderately well drained to imperfectly drained, pale brown, firm, strongly calcareous

and gypsiferous, slightly saline clay loam (gypsic Xerosols, saline phase)18. Pt3 Well drained, very deep, dark red, friable, strongly calcareous, loamy sand to sandy

loam; in places clayey (calcaro-cambic Arenosols; with calcic Xerosols)19. A6 Association of:

Well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, stratified, micaceous, strongly calcareous soils; on recent deposits (calcaric Fluvisols)Imperfectly drained to poorly drained, very deep, brown, mottled, firm, strongly calcareous, strongly saline, strongly sodic, sandy clay loam to silty clay; on sub recent deposits (gleyic Solonchaks, sodic phase)

20. A7 Imperfectly drained, very deep, dark grey, very firm, slightly calcareous, cracking clay, with a slightly to moderately saline and sodic deeper subsoil (Vertic* Gleysols, saline-sodic phase)

21. B12 Imperfectly drained to poorly drained, deep, very firm, greyish brown to dark reddish brown, strongly calcareous, strongly saline, cracking clay loam (takyric Solonchaks)

9. MARSABIT COUNTYTable 9: Major Soil Types of Marsabit County

No Map unit code

Description of soil type

1 M3 Well drained, very deep, dusky red to dark reddish brown, friable clay (Eutric Nitisols)2 M4 Well drained, moderately deep, dark reddish brown, friable and smeary, clay loam,

with a humic topsoil (Mollic Andosols)3 M7 Well drained, shallow, dark reddish brown, friable, rocky and stony clay loam, with

inclusions of lava vents (Chromic Cambisols, lithic and stony phase)

4 H13 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow, reddish brown, friable, rocky or stony, sandy clay loam (eutric Regosols, lithic phase; with rock outcrops and calcic Cambisols)

5 Hs1 Well drained, shallow, dark reddish brown, friable, strongly calcareous, rocky and stony, clay loam; in many places saline Lithosols; with rock outcrops and Xerosols, lithic, bouldery and saline phase)

6 L6 Well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark reddish brown, firm, strongly calcareous, clay loam with stony to bouldery surface; partly saline and/ or sodic (calcic Xerosols, boulder-mantle and partly saline-sodic phase)

7 Ls2 Well drained, moderately deep, dark reddish brown to reddish brown, friable to firm and slightly smeary, boulder and stony, clay loam to clay; in places calcareous (ando-chromic Cambisols, boulder phase; with calcic Xerosols)

8 R1 Well drained, extremely deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, friable and slightly smeary clay, with an acid humic topsoil (ando-humic Nitisols; with Humic Andosols)

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No Map unit code

Description of soil type

9 R9 Association of:Well drained, extremely deep, dark reddish brown friable clay, with an acid humic topsoil on interfluves (Humic Nitisols)Well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, friable clay loam to clay, with an acid humic topsoil; on valley sides (humic Cambisols, partly lithic phase)

10 R14 Well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark brown firm, strongly calcareous, stony clay loam, with a rocky and bouldery surface; in many places saline and sodic; with inclusions of recent lava flows (Lithosols and calcic Xerosols, boulder phase and partly saline-sodic phase)

11 Y5 Moderately well drained, very deep, dark brown to grayish brown, firm, strongly calcareous, moderately to strongly saline and sodic, fine sandy loam to clay loam, with a stone surface (orthic Solonchaks, stone-mantle phase)

12 Y10 Moderately well drained, very deep, dark yellowish brown to strong brown, slightly to moderately calcareous, slightly sodic, loose loamy sand to friable sandy clay loam (Haplic Xerosols, sodic phase; with Calcaro-cambic Arenosols)

13 Pn3 Imperfectly drained, deep, very dark greyish brown to dark grey or black, very firm, moderately calcareous, moderately to strongly sodic, cracking clay (Pellic to chromic Vertisols, sodic phase)

14 Pn19 Imperfectly drained, moderately deep, dark brown, extremely firm, moderately calcareous, slightly saline, moderately sodic, clay loam to sandy clay, with a topsoil of strongly sealing clay loam (Luvo-Orthic Solonetz, saline phase

15 Pd4 Complex of well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark red to yellowish brown, non to moderately calcareous, friable to firm, stony sandy clay loam, over petrocalcic material or quartz gravel (Calcic Cambisols, lithic or petrocalcic phase; with chromic Luvisols)

16 Ps1 Well drained, very deep, dark red to dusky red, loose loamy sand to very friable sandy loam (Ferralic Arenosols)

17 Ps9 Well drained, very deep, brown to dark reddish brown, friable slightly calcareous, sandy loam to clay loam, with a saline and sodic deeper subsoil (haplic Xerosols, saline-sodic phase)

18 Ps10 Imperfectly drained, very deep, dark reddish to reddish brown, very firm, moderately calcareous, slightly saline and very strongly sodic, sandy clay loam to clay, with a topsoil of loamy sand to sandy loam (Luvo-orthic Solonetz, saline phase)

19 Ps11 Imperfectly drained to poorly drained, deep, brown, extremely firm, moderately calcareous, slightly saline excessively sodic, sandy clay loam to clay Orthic Solonetz, saline phase)

20 Ps26 Well drained, very deep, reddish brown, non to slightly calcareous, loose, fine sand to very friable fine sandy loam (Cambic Arenosols)

21 Pv3 Well drained, deep, dark red, friable strongly calcareous, moderately sodic clay loam, with a stone surface (Calcic Xerosols, stone –mantle and sodic phase)

22 Pv4 Imperfectly drained, deep, dark reddish brown to dark greyish brown, firm, strongly calcareous, moderately saline, strongly sodic clay (Orthic Solonchaks, sodic phase)

23 Pv5 Poorly drained, deep, dark grey, very firm, moderately saline and sodic, cracking clay (Pellic Vertisols, saline-sodic phase

24 Pl1 Imperfectly drained, deep, dark brown, friable to firm, moderately calcareous, strongly saline, gravelly clay loam with a fine gravelly clay loam, with a fine gravel surface; upper level of Chalbi (Undifferentiated Solonetz, gravel-mantle phase)

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No Map unit code

Description of soil type

25 Pl2 Imperfectly drained, shallow, greyish brown, excessively calcareous, fine sandy clay loam over petrocalcic material; middle level of Chalbi (Lithosols; with Calcic Xerosols, petrocalcic phase)

26 A1 Imperfectly drained, very deep, dark brown to dark reddish brown, firm, moderately to strongly calcareous, stratified clay loam to clay, with varying salinity and sodicity in the deeper subsoil (Calcaric Fluvisols, saline-sodic phase)

27 B4 Imperfectly drained, deep, dark brown to olive grey, firm to very firm, clay soils of varying calcareousness, salinity and sodicity; in places c4racking (Vertisols and Solonchaks, saline-sodic phase)

28 La Excessively drained, exceedingly bouldery to stony, extremely rocky land (Boulders and Rock Outcrops)

29 W2 Excessively drained, reddish brown, firm strongly calcareous, slightly to moderately saline, strongly saline, strongly sodic, sily loam to clay loam of varying depth; strongly eroding and in many places with a gravel or stone surface (undifferentiated Solonetz; with Calcic Xerosols; Lithosols, etc; stone-mantle phase)

10. ISIOLO COUNTY

Table 10: Description of the major soil types

No Map unit code

Description of soil type

1 Y5 Moderately well drained, very deep, dark brown to grayish brown, firm, strongly calcareous, moderately to strongly saline and sodic, fine sandy loam to clay loam, with a stone surface (orthic Solonchaks, stone-mantle phase)

2 Y10 Moderately well drained, very deep, dark yellowish brown to strong brown, slightly to moderately calcareous, slightly sodic, loose loamy sand to friable sandy clay loam (Haplic Xerosols, sodic phase; with Calcaro-cambic Arenosols)

3 Pn2 Well drained, shallow, very dark greyish brown, friable, slightly calcareous, stony and boulder, clay loam to clay (Chromic Cambisols, lithic and boulder phase

4 Pn13 Well drained, moderately deep to deep, dark red to strong brown, friable to firm, sandy clay loam to clay (Ferric and Chromic Luvisols)

5 Pd4 Complex of well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark red to yellowish brown, non to moderately calcareous, friable to firm, stony sandy clay loam, over petrocalcic material or quartz gravel (Calcic Cambisols, lithic or petrocalcic phase; with chromic Luvisols)

6 Ps1 Well drained, very deep, dark red to dusky red, loose loamy sand to very friable sandy loam (Ferralic Arenosols)

8 Ps15 imperfectly drained, moderately deep, brown, extremely firm, moderately calcareous, moderately sodic clay loam, with a topsoil of sealing sandy loam (luvo-orthic Solonetz)

9 Ps20 Imperfectly drained, deep, brown, extremely firm, slightly calcareous, slightly sodic clay loam, abruptly underling a thick topsoil of sealing sandy loam (Solodic Planosols)

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No Map unit code

Description of soil type

10 Ps24 Complex of:- poorly drained, deep, dark grey, mottled, firm clay, abruptly underling a topsoil of topsoil of friable silt loam (Eutric Planosols)- Moderately well drained to imperfectly drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark brown to dark grayish brown, friable gravelly clay loam, over petroplinthite; in many places with a humic topsoil (Ironstone Soil*; with Haplic Phaeozems, petroferric phase)

11 Pv5 Poorly drained, deep, dark grey, very firm, moderately saline and sodic, cracking clay (Pellic Vertisols, saline-sodic phase

12 A1 Imperfectly drained, very deep, dark brown to dark reddish brown, firm, moderately to strongly calcareous, stratified clay loam to clay, with varying salinity and sodicity in the deeper subsoil (Calcaric Fluvisols, saline-sodic phase)

13 A5 Well drained to imperfectly drained, very deep, brown to dark brown, friable, micaceous, slightly calcareous, sandy loam to clay loam,; in places with a saline-sodic deeper subsoil (Eutric Fluvisols)

14 A7 Imperfectly drained, very deep, dark grey, very firm, slightly calcareous, cracking clay, with a slightly to moderately saline and sodic deeper subsoil (Vertic* Gleysols, saline-sodic phase)

15 A8 Well drained to imperfectly drained, very deep, dark brown to Yellowish brown, stratified, micaceous, strongly calcareous, predominantly loamy soils (Calcaric Fluvisols)

11 MERU COUNTY

Table 11: Description of the major soil types

No Map unit code

Description of soil type

1 M2 Well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, very friable and smeary, clay loam to clay, with a thick, acid humic topsoil; in places shallow to moderately deep and rocky (humic Andosols, partly lithic phase)

2 M4 Well drained, moderately deep, dark reddish brown, very friable and smeary clay loam, with a humic topsoil (mollic Andosols)

M5 Well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark reddish brown, friable, humic, rocky and stony, clay loam (humic Cambisols, rocky and partly lithic phase)

3 M9 Imperfectly drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark greyish brown, very friable, acid humic to peaty, loam to clay loam, with rock outcrops and ice in the highest parts (Dystric Histosols, lithic phase; with Lithosols, rock outcrops and ice)

4 H1 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark reddish brown, friable, gravelly clay, with an acid humic topsoil (humic Cambisols, partly paralithic phase)

5 H2 Well drained, shallow, dark reddish brown, friable, rocky and stony, clay loam (chromic Cambisols, lithic phase; with rock outcrops)

6 H3 Well drained, shallow to moderately deep, very dark brown, firm, stony and rocky, clay loam (Lithosols; with verto-luvic Phaeozems, lithic phase and rock outcrops)

7 H13 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow, reddish brown, friable, rocky or stony, sandy clay loam (eutric Regosols, lithic phase; with rock outcrops and calcic Cambisols)

8 H15 Complex of excessively drained to well drained, shallow, dark red to brown, friable, sandy clay loam to clay; in many places rocky, boulder and stony and in places with an acid humic topsoil (Dystric Regosols, lithic phase; with Lithosols, humic Cambisols, lithic phase and rock outcrops)

9 L1 Well drained, very deep, dark red, very friable clay (nito-Rhodic Ferralsols)

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No Map unit code

Description of soil type

10 L3 Well drained, moderately deep to deep, dark brown, firm clay, with a thick humic topsoil (ortho-luvic Phaeozems)

11 L8 Well drained to moderately well drained, deep, very dark greyish brown, firm cracking clay, with a thick humic topsoil (verto-luvic Phaeozems)

12 L13 Imperfectly drained, deep, very dark greyish brown, very firm, cracking clay (chromic Vertisols)

13 L14 Imperfectly drained, deep, dark greyish brown, firm clay (hardpan), abruptly underlying a topsoil of sandy clay loam (eutric Planosols)

14 R2 Well drained, extremely deep, dusky red to dark reddish brown, friable clay, with an acid humic topsoil (humic Nitisols)

15 R3 Well drained, extremely deep, dusky red to dark reddish brown, friable clay; with inclusions of well drained, moderately deep, dark red to dark reddish brown, friable clay over rock, pisoferric or petroferric material (eutric Nitisols with nito-chromic Cambisols and chromic* Acrisols, partly pisoferric or petroferric phase)

16 R4 Well drained, deep to extremely deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, friable to firm, clay; in places gravelly (eutric Nitisols and nito-chromic Cambisols; with chromo-luvic Phaeozems)

17 R5 Well drained, moderately deep to very deep, dark reddish brown, friable to firm, clay (nito-ferric Luvisols; with humic Nitisols)

18 R6 Well drained, moderately deep to deep, dark reddish brown, friable to firm, clay, with a humic topsoil (chromo-luvic Phaeozems)

19 R7 Well drained, moderately deep, dark reddish brown, firm, cracking clay, with a humic topsoil (verto-luvic Phaeozems)

20 R11 Well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown, friable to firm, clay, with a humic topsoil (chromo-luvic Phaeozems; over buried Nitisols)

21 F13 Well drained, very deep, yellowish red to dark reddish brown, loose, loamy coarse sand to friable sandy clay loam (chromic Luvisols; with Rhodic Ferralsols and luvic/Ferralic Arenosols)

22 Um6 Well drained, very deep, dusky red to dark red, friable clay (nito-Rhodic Ferralsols)23 Um21 Well drained, moderately deep to deep, dark red to yellowish red, friable to firm, sandy

clay to clay, often with a topsoil of loamy sand (chromic Luvisols and Ferralo-chromic/orthic/ferric Luvisols)

24 Um24 Complex of well drained, shallow to deep, red to dark red, friable to firm, sandy clay loam to sandy clay; in places rocky (chromic and Ferralo-chromic Luvisols; with chromic Cambisols, lithic phase and rock outcrops)

25 Pn1 Well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown to dusky red, friable clay; in places boulder (nito-Rhodic Ferralsols)

26 Pn2 Well drained, shallow, very dark reddish brown, friable, slightly calcareous, stony and boulder, clay loam to clay (chromic Cambisols, lithic and boulder phase)

27 Pn13 Well drained, moderately deep to deep, dark red to strong brown, friable to firm, sandy clay loam to clay (ferric and chromic Luvisols)

28 Pn26 Imperfectly drained, shallow to moderately deep, strong brown to pale brown, firm, strongly calcareous, sandy loam to loam, over petrocalcic material; in many place stony (calcic Luvisols, petrocalcic phase)

29 Pd4 Complex of well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark red to yellowish brown, non to moderately calcareous, friable to firm, stony sandy clay loam, over petrocalcic material or quartz gravel (calcic Cambisols, lithic or petrocalcic phase; with chromic Luvisols)

30 A1 Imperfectly drained, very deep, dark brown to dark reddish brown, firm, moderately to strongly calcareous, stratified clay loam to clay, with varying salinity and sodicity in the deeper subsoil (calcaric Fluvisols, saline-sodic phase)

31 B6 Poorly drained, deep, very dark greyish brown, firm, moderately to strongly calcareous, slightly sodic clay, with a humic topsoil (calcic Chernozems, sodic phase)

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12. THARAKA NITHI COUNTY

Table 12. Description of the Major Soil Types

No Map unit code

Description of soil type

1 M2 Well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, very friable and smeary, clay loam to clay, with a thick, acid humic topsoil; in places shallow to moderately deep and rocky (humic Andosols, partly lithic phase)

2 M4 Well drained, moderately deep, dark reddish brown, very friable and smeary clay loam, with a humic topsoil (mollic Andosols)

3 M5 Well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark reddish brown, friable, humic, rocky and stony, clay loam (humic Cambisols, rocky and partly lithic phase)

4 M9 Imperfectly drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark greyish brown, very friable, acid humic to peaty, loam to clay loam, with rock outcrops and ice in the highest parts (Dystric Histosols, lithic phase; with Lithosols, rock outcrops and ice)

5 H1 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark reddish brown, friable, gravelly clay, with an acid humic topsoil (humic Cambisols, partly paralithic phase)

6 H2 Well drained, shallow, dark reddish brown, friable, rocky and stony, clay loam (chromic Cambisols, lithic phase; with rock outcrops)

7 H3 Well drained, shallow to moderately deep, very dark brown, firm, stony and rocky, clay loam (Lithosols; with verto-luvic Phaeozems, lithic phase and rock outcrops)

8 H13 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow, reddish brown, friable, rocky or stony, sandy clay loam (eutric Regosols, lithic phase; with rock outcrops and calcic Cambisols)

9 H15 Complex of excessively drained to well drained, shallow, dark red to brown, friable, sandy clay loam to clay; in many places rocky, boulder and stony and in places with an acid humic topsoil (Dystric Regosols, lithic phase; with Lithosols, humic Cambisols, lithic phase and rock outcrops)

10 L1 Well drained, very deep, dark red, very friable clay (nito-Rhodic Ferralsols)11 L3 Well drained, moderately deep to deep, dark brown, firm clay, with a thick humic

topsoil (ortho-luvic Phaeozems)12 L8 Well drained to moderately well drained, deep, very dark greyish brown, firm cracking

clay, with a thick humic topsoil (verto-luvic Phaeozems)13 L13 Imperfectly drained, deep, very dark greyish brown, very firm, cracking clay (chromic

Vertisols)14 L14 Imperfectly drained, deep, dark greyish brown, firm clay (hardpan), abruptly

underlying a topsoil of sandy clay loam (eutric Planosols)15 R2 Well drained, extremely deep, dusky red to dark reddish brown, friable clay, with an

acid humic topsoil (humic Nitisols)16 R3 Well drained, extremely deep, dusky red to dark reddish brown, friable clay; with

inclusions of well drained, moderately deep, dark red to dark reddish brown, friable clay over rock, pisoferric or petroferric material (eutric Nitisols with nito-chromic Cambisols and chromic* Acrisols, partly pisoferric or petroferric phase)

17 R4 Well drained, deep to extremely deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, friable to firm, clay; in places gravelly (eutric Nitisols and nito-chromic Cambisols; with chromo-luvic Phaeozems)

18 R5 Well drained, moderately deep to very deep, dark reddish brown, friable to firm, clay (nito-ferric Luvisols; with humic Nitisols)

19 R6 Well drained, moderately deep to deep, dark reddish brown, friable to firm, clay, with a humic topsoil (chromo-luvic Phaeozems)

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No Map unit code

Description of soil type

20 R7 Well drained, moderately deep, dark reddish brown, firm, cracking clay, with a humic topsoil (verto-luvic Phaeozems)

21 R11 Well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown, friable to firm, clay, with a humic topsoil (chromo-luvic Phaeozems; over buried Nitisols)

22 F13 Well drained, very deep, yellowish red to dark reddish brown, loose, loamy coarse sand to friable sandy clay loam (chromic Luvisols; with Rhodic Ferralsols and luvic/Ferralic Arenosols)

23 Um6 Well drained, very deep, dusky red to dark red, friable clay (nito-Rhodic Ferralsols)24 Um21 Well drained, moderately deep to deep, dark red to yellowish red, friable to firm,

sandy clay to clay, often with a topsoil of loamy sand (chromic Luvisols and Ferralo-chromic/orthic/ferric Luvisols)

25 Um24 Complex of well drained, shallow to deep, red to dark red, friable to firm, sandy clay loam to sandy clay; in places rocky (chromic and Ferralo-chromic Luvisols; with chromic Cambisols, lithic phase and rock outcrops)

26 Pn1 Well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown to dusky red, friable clay; in places boulder (nito-Rhodic Ferralsols)

27 Pn2 Well drained, shallow, very dark reddish brown, friable, slightly calcareous, stony and boulder, clay loam to clay (chromic Cambisols, lithic and boulder phase)

28 Pn13 Well drained, moderately deep to deep, dark red to strong brown, friable to firm, sandy clay loam to clay (ferric and chromic Luvisols)

29 Pn26 Imperfectly drained, shallow to moderately deep, strong brown to pale brown, firm, strongly calcareous, sandy loam to loam, over petrocalcic material; in many place stony (calcic Luvisols, petrocalcic phase)

30 Pd4 Complex of well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark red to yellowish brown, non to moderately calcareous, friable to firm, stony sandy clay loam, over petrocalcic material or quartz gravel (calcic Cambisols, lithic or petrocalcic phase; with chromic Luvisols)

31 A1 Imperfectly drained, very deep, dark brown to dark reddish brown, firm, moderately to strongly calcareous, stratified clay loam to clay, with varying salinity and sodicity in the deeper subsoil (calcaric Fluvisols, saline-sodic phase)

32 B6 Poorly drained, deep, very dark greyish brown, firm, moderately to strongly calcareous, slightly sodic clay, with a humic topsoil (calcic Chernozems, sodic phase)

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13. EMBU COUNTY

Table 13. Description of the Major Soil Types

No Map unit code

Description of soil type

1 M2 Well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, very friable and smeary, clay loam to clay, with a thick, acid humic topsoil; in places shallow to moderately deep and rocky (humic Andosols, partly lithic phase)

2 M9 Imperfectly drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark grayish brown, very friable, acid humic to peaty, loam to clay loam, with rock outcrops and ice in the highest parts (dystric Histosols, lithic phase; with Lithosols, Rock Outcrops and ice)

3 H3 Well drained, shallow to ,moderately deep, very dark brown, firm, stony and rocky, clay loam (Lithosols; with verto-luvic Phaeozems, lithic phase and Rock Outcrops)

4 H15 Complex of excessively drained to well drained, shallow, dark red to brown, friable, sandy clay loam to clay; in many places rocky, boulder and stony and in places with an acid himic topsoil (dystric Regosols, lithic phase; with Lithosols, humic Cambisols, lithic phase and Rock Outcrops)

5 L1 Well drained, very deep, dark red, very friable clay (Nito-rhodic Ferralsols)6 L2 Well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, friable to firm, clay in

places with a humic topsoil (Verto-eutric Nitisols; with mollic* Nitisols)

7 L11 Imperfectly drained, very deep, dark grey to black, firm to very firm, boulder and stony, cracking clay; in places with a calcareous, slightly saline deeper subsoil (pellic Vertisols, stony phase and partly saline phase)

8 R1 Well drained, extremely deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown friable and slightly smeary clay, with an acid humic topsoil (Ando-humic Nitisols; with humic Andosols)

9 R2 Well drained extremely deep, deep, dusky red to dark reddish brown friable clay, with an acid humic topsoil (Humic Nitisols)

10 R3 Well drained, extremely deep, dusky red to dark reddish brown, friable clay; with inclusions of well drained, moderately deep, dark red to dark reddish brown, friable clay over rock, pisoferric or petroferric material (eutric Nitisols; with nito-chromic Cambisols and chromic Acrisols, partly pisoferric or petroferric phase)

11 F16 Complex of well drained, deep to very deep, dark reddish brown to dark yellowish brown soils of varying consistence and texture; in places gravelly and stratified (Ferralic Arenosols; with ferralo-chromic/orthic Luvisols)

12 Um6 Well drained, very deep, dusky red to dark red, friable clay (Nito-rhodic Ferralsols)13 Um15 Well drained, very deep, dark red, friable to firm, clay (Nito-rhodic Ferralsols)14

UM19

Well drained, moderately deep to very deep, dark reddish brown to dark yellowish brown, friable to firm, sandy clay to clay; in many places with a topsoil of loamy sand to dandy loam (Feralo-chromic*/orthic/ferric Acrisols; with Luvisols and Ferralsols)

15 Um20 Well drained, moderately deep to deep, dark red to yellowish red friable, sandy clay loam to clay (rhodic and orthic Ferralsols; with ferralo-chromic*/orthic/ferric Acrisols)

16 Um27 Complex of somewhat excessively drained to well drained, shallow to very deep, dark reddish brown to yellowish brown, loose loamy sand to friable sandy clay loam; in places rocky and stony (Ferralic Arenosols; with orthic Ferralsols, Acrisols, etc.; partly lithic and stony phase)

17 Up4 Complex of well drained to imperfectly drained, shallow to very deep, dark to black, friable to firm, cracking clay; in places sodic (Pellic Vertisols; with verto-eutric Nitisols, verto-eutric Planosols and orthic Solonetz, partly lithic phase)

18 Pd3 Well drained, shallow, dark red to yellowish red, friable to firm stony loamy sand to clay (Chromic Cambisols, paralithic and stony phase; with Ferralic Arenosols, lithic phasel

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14. KITUI COUNTY

Table 14: Description of the major soil types KITUI COUNTY

No Map unit code

Description of soil type

1 H13 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow; reddish brown, friable rocky or stony, sandy clay loam (Eutric Regosols, lithic phase; with Rock Outcrops and calcic Cambisols)

2 H14 Somewhat excessively drained to well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark reddish brown to brown, friable, rocky and stony, sandy clay to clay; in many places with an acid humic topsoil (Humic Cambisols, partly lithic phase; with Lithosols/Regosols, chromic Luvisols, partly lithic phase and Rock Outcrops)

3 L4 Complex of well drained, shallow to very deep, dark red, friable clay; in many places rocky and boulder(Nito-Rhodic Ferralsols and chromic Cambisols, lithic and/ or boulder phase)

4 F12 Well drained, very deep, dark red, loose, loamy coarse sand to friable sandy clay loam (Rhodic Ferralsols; with Ferralic Arenosols and Ferralo-chromic Luvisols)

5 F18 Well drained, moderately deep to very deep, dark red to reddish brown, friable to firm, sandy clay to clay (Chromic Luvisols; with Rhodic Ferralsols)

6 Um12 Imperfectly drained, moderately-deep, brown to dark yellowish brown, mottled, friable, gravelly sandy clay loam; in places rocky and shallow (gleyic Acrisols, partly paralithic and rocky phase)

7 Um19 Well drained, moderately deep to very deep, dark reddish brown to dark yellowish brown, friable to firm, sandy clay to clay; in many places with a topsoil of loamy sand to sandy loam (Ferralo-chromic*/orthic/ferric Acrisols; with Luvisols Ferralsols)

8 Um21 Well drained, moderately deep to deep, dark red to yellowish red, friable to firm, sandy clay to clay, often with a topsoil of loamy sand (Chromic Luvisols and Ferralo-chromic/orthic/ferric Luvisols)

9 Um27 Complex of somewhat excessively drained to well drained, shallow to very deep, dark reddish brown to yellowish brown, loose loamy sand to friable sandy clay loam; in places rocky and stony(Ferralic Arenosols; with orthic Ferralsols, Acrisols, etc; partly lithic and stony phase)

10 Ul18 Association of: -Well drained, moderately deep to deep, dark red to dark reddish brown, friable to firm, sandy clay to clay; on slopes (Chromic Luvisols)- Well drained, very deep, light brown to strongly brown, very friable clay; on flat interfluves (Orthic and Xanthic Ferralsols)

11 Up4 Complex of well drained to imperfectly drained, shallow to very deep, dark red to black, friable to firm, cracking clay; in places sodic (Pellic Vertisols; with verto-eutric Nitisols, verto-eutric Planosols and orthic Solonetz, party lithic phase)

12 Pn8 Well drained, deep to very deep, dusky red to dark red, friable sandy clay (Rhodic Ferralsols)

13 Pn12 Well drained, deep to very deep, dark red to strongly brown, friable, sandy clay to clay (Rhodic and orthic Ferralsols)

14 Pd3 Well drained, shallow, dark red to yellowish red, friable to firm, stony loamy sand to clay (Chromic Cambisols, paralithic and stony phase; with Ferralic Arenosols, lithic phase)

15 Pd4 Complex to well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark red to yellowish brown, non to moderately calcareous, friable to firm, stony sandy clay loam, over petrocalcic material or quartz gravel (Calcic Cambisols, lithic or petrocalcic phase; with chromic Luvisols)

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No Map unit code

Description of soil type

16 Ps3 Well drained, deep to very deep, dark red to dusky red, friable, sandy loam to sandy clay loam (Ferralo-chromic Luvisols; with Ferralic Arenosols) but predominantly more acid (Ferralo-chromic* Acrisols; with Ferralic Arenosols and ferric Luvisols)

17 Ps5 Imperfectly drained, very deep, red to reddish brown, firm, slightly calcareous, moderately saline and moderately sodic sandy clay abruptly underling a topsoil of loamy sand (Solodic Planosols and Luvo-orthic Solonetz, saline phase)

18 Ps8 Well drained, deep to very deep, red to dark red, friable firm, sandy clay to clay, over pisocalcic material; on sheet wash and fluviatile sediments (Ferric Luvisols)

19 Ps15 Imperfectly drained, moderately deep, brown, extremely firm, moderately calcareous, moderately sodic clay loam, with a topsoil of sealing sandy loam (Luvo-orthic Solonetz)

20 Ps17 Poorly drained, deep, dark grey, firm, moderately calcareous, slightly sodic clay, with a soft surface (Calcaric Gleysols sodic phase)

21 Ps20 Imperfectly drained, deep, brown, extremely firm, slightly calcareous, slightly sodic clay loam, abruptly underlying a thick topsoil of sealing sandy loam (Solodic Planosols)

22 Pt1 Well drained, deep, dark reddish brown to reddish brown, friable, sandy clay loam to sandy clay, over pisocalcic material (Calcic Luvisols, pisocalcic phase; with chromic Luvisols, and Pellic to chromic Vertisols, saline-sodic phase)

23 Pt2 Well drained to moderately well drained, deep, dark brown, friable to firm, slightly calcareous, clay loam to clay(Eutric Cambisols)

24 A5 Well drained to imperfectly drained, very deep, brown to dark brown, friable, micaceous, slightly calcareous, sandy loam to clay loam; in places with a saline-sodic deeper subsoil(Eutric Fluvisols)

25 A12 Imperfectly drained to poorly drained, very deep, dark reddish brown to dark grayish brown, firm to very firm, cracking clay; in many places mottled and with a calcareous, saline and sodic deeper subsoil (Chromic Vertisols, saline-sodic phase)

26 A10 Moderately well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark brown, friable, strongly calcareous, sandy clay to clay loam, over petrocalcic material (calcic Cambisols, petrocalcic phase)

27 B9 Poorly drained, very deep, dark grayish brown to black, very firm, slightly calcareous, cracking clay; in many places with a saline and sodic deeper subsoil (Pellic Vertisols, partly saline-sodic phase; with eutric or Vertic* Gleysols)

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15. MACHAKOS COUNTY

Table 15: Description of the major soil types

No Map unit code

Description of soil type

1 M11 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow to moderately deep, reddish brown, friable, rocky and stony, sandy clay loam (eutric Cambisols, partly lithic phase; with Lithosols, eutric Regosols and Rock outcrops)

2 H13 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow, reddish brown, friable, rocky or stony, sandy clay loam (eutric Regosols, lithic phase; with Rock outcrops and calcic Cambisols)

3 H15 Complex of excessively drained to well drained, shallow, dark red to brown, friable, sandy clay loam to clay; in many places rocky, boulder and stony and in places with an acid humic topsoil (Dystric Regosols, lithic phase; with Lithosols, humic Cambisols, lithic phase and Rock outcrops)

L1 Well drained, very deep, dark red, very friable clay (nito-Rhodic Ferralsols)4 L4 Complex of well drained, shallow to very deep, dark red, friable clay; in many places

rocky and boulder (nito-Rhodic Ferralsols and chromic Cambisols, lithic and/or boulder phase)

5 L5 Well drained, shallow to moderately deep, reddish brown, firm clay loam, with a humic topsoil (chromo-luvic Phaeozems, partly lithic phase)

6 L7 Well drained, shallow, brown, firm, gravely clay, with a stony to boulder surface (chromic Cambisols, lithic and boulder-mantle phase)

7 L9 Moderately well drained, very deep, dark greyish brown, firm clay (verto-luvic Phaeozems; with eutric Planosols)

8 L11 Imperfectly drained, very deep, dark grey to black, firm to very firm, boulder and stony, cracking clay; in places with a calcareous, slightly saline deeper subsoil (Pellic Vertisols, stony phase and partly saline phase)

9 L15 Imperfectly drained, moderately deep to deep, very dark grey to black, firm to very firm, slightly calcareous, cracking clay; in many places with a gravelly, calcareous deeper subsoil (Pellic Vertisols and orthic Rendzinas)

10 L16 Imperfectly drained to poorly drained, deep to very deep, dark grey to black, very firm, calcareous, saline and sodic, cracking clay (Pellic Vertisols, saline-sodic phase)

11 L17 Complex of:-moderately well drained, shallow, yellowish red to dark yellowish brown, friable, gravelly clay over petroplinthite or rock (50-70%), (Ironstone soils*; with Lithosols)-Poorly drained, deep to very deep, dark brown to very dark greyish brown, mottled, firm to very firm, cracking clay; in places moderately deep to very deep over petroplinthite (undifferentiated Vertisols and Vertic* Gleysols)

12 L26 Association of:Imperfectly drained, moderately deep, dark greyish brown to black, very firm, gravelly, cracking clay; in places saline; on gentle slopes (Pellic Vertisols, partly saline phase)Imperfectly drained, moderately deep, dark greyish brown to black, very firm, gravelly clay, abruptly underlying a topsoil of gravelly sandy clay loam; on terrain tops (eutric Planosols)

13 R3 Well drained, extremely deep, dusky red to dark reddish brown, friable clay; with inclusions of well drained, moderately deep, dark red to dark reddish brown, friable clay over rock, pisoferric or petroferric material (eutric Nitisols, with nito-chromic Cambisols and chromic* Acrisols, partly pisoferric or petroferric phase)

14 F15 Complex of somewhat excessively drained to well drained deep to very deep, dark red to brown, loose sandy loam to friable to firm, clay (undifferentiated Acrisols; with Arenosols)

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No Map unit code

Description of soil type

15 F16 Complex of well drained, deep to very deep, dark reddish brown to dark yellowish brown soils of varying consistence and texture; in places gravelly and stratified (Ferralic Arenosols; with Ferralo-chromic/orthic Luvisols)

16 Uu3 Complex of:Well drained, shallow, black to very dark brown, acid humic, very friable loam; in places rocky (Rankers)Well drained, moderately deep, dark brown, friable clay loam, with a very thick acid humic topsoil (humic Cambisols)

17 Uh15 Well drained, moderately deep to very deep, dark red to reddish yellow, friable to firm, rocky, sandy clay loam to clay (chromic* Acrisols, rocky phase; with Cambisols and Ferralsols)

18 Um15 Well drained, very deep, dark red, friable to firm, clay (nito-Rhodic Ferralsols)19 Um17 Well drained, moderately deep to deep, dark reddish brown to brown, friable to firm,

sandy clay loam to clay; in places with an acid humic topsoil (Ferralo-orthic Acrisols; with Dystric and humic Cambisols and humic Acrisols)

20 Um19 Well drained, moderately deep to very deep, dark reddish brown to dark yellowish brown, friable to firm, sandy clay to clay; in many places with a topsoil of loamy sand to sandy loam (Ferralo-chromic*/orthic/ferric Acrisols; with Luvisols and Ferralsols)

21 Um20 Well, drained, moderately deep to deep, dark red to yellowish red; friable, sandy clay loam to clay (Rhodic and orthic Ferralsols; with Ferralo-chromic*/orthic/ferric Acrisols)

22 Um25 Complex of well drained, shallow to deep, reddish brown to brown, friable to firm, sandy clay loam to clay (chromic Luvisols and Dystric Cambisols, lithic phase)

23 Um27 Complex of somewhat excessively drained to well drained, shallow to very deep, dark reddish brown to yellowish brown, loose loamy sand to friable sandy clay loam; in places rocky and stony (Ferralic Arenosols; with orthic Ferralsols, Acrisols, etc., partly lithic and stony phase)

24 Up4 Imperfectly drained, deep, dark greyish brown to dark grey, very firm, sandy clay to clay, abruptly underlying a topsoil of friable loam (eutric Planosols)

25 Pd3 Well drained, shallow, dark red to yellowish red, friable to firm, stony loamy sand to clay (chromic Cambisols, paralithic and stony phase; with Ferralic Arenosols, lithic phase)

26 A5 Well drained to imperfectly drained, very deep, brown to dark brown, friable, micaceous, slightly calcareous, sandy loam to clay loam; in places with a saline-sodic deeper subsoil (eutric Fluvisols)

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16. MAKUENI COUNTY

Table 16: Description of the major soil types Makueni County

No Map unit code

Description of soil type

1 M11 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow to moderately deep, reddish brown, friable, rocky and stony, sandy clay loam (eutric Cambisols, partly lithic phase; with Lithosols, eutric Regosols and Rock outcrops)

2 H5 Well drained, moderately deep to deep, black, very friable and smeary, very gravelly loam, with a humic topsoil (mollic Andosols)

3 H13 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow, reddish brown, friable, rocky or stony, sandy clay loam (eutric Regosols, lithic phase; with rock outcrops and calcic Cambisols)

4 H15 Complex of excessively drained to well drained, shallow, dark red to brown, friable, sandy clay loam to clay; in many places rocky, boulder and stony and in places with an acid humic topsoil (dystric Regosols, lithic phase; with Lithosols, humic Cambisols, lithic phase and rock outcrops)

5 H16 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow, dark brown, very friable, rocky, sandy loam to clay loam; in many places with an acid humic topsoil (Rankers; with Lithosols and rock outcrops)

6 L26 Association of :Imperfectly drained, moderately deep, dark greyish brown to black, very firm, gravelly, cracking clay; in places saline; on gentle slopes (Pellic Vertisols, partly saline phase)Imperfectly drained, moderately deep, dark greyish brown to black, very firm, gravelly clay, abruptly underlying a topsoil of gravelly sandy clay loam; on terrain tops (eutric Planosols)

7 F12 Well drained, very deep, dark red, loose, loamy coarse sand to friable sandy clay loam (Rhodic Ferralsols; with Ferralic Arenosols and Ferralo-chromic Luvisols)

8 F15 Complex of somewhat excessively drained to well drained, deep to very deep, dark red to brown, loose sandy loam to friable to firm, clay (undifferentiated Acrisols; with Arenosols)

9 F16 Complex of well drained, deep to very deep, dark reddish brown to dark yellowish brown soils of varying consistence and texture; in places gravelly and stratified (Ferralic Arenosols; with Ferralo-chromic/orthic Luvisols)

10 Y1 Complex of well drained, shallow to deep, greyish brown to black, very friable and smeary, rocky or boulder, gravelly, sandy clay loam to clay (mollic Andosols, rocky phase and haplic Chernozems, stony and partly lithic phase)

11 Uu3 Complex of:- Well drained, shallow, black to very dark brown, acid humic, very friable loam; in places rocky (Rankers)- Well drained, moderately deep, dark brown, friable clay loam, with a very thick acid humic topsoil (humic Cambisols)

12 Uh15 Well drained, moderately deep to very deep, dark red to reddish yellow, friable to firm, rocky, sandy clay loam to clay (chromic* Acrisols, rocky phase; with Cambisols and Ferralsols)

13 Um3 Well drained, deep to extremely deep, dark red, friable clay, with a thick humic topsoil (mollic* Nitisols; with nito-luvic Phaeozems)

14 Um10 Well drained, deep to very deep, brown to dark brown, friable, sandy clay to clay (Ferralo-orthic Acrisols)

15 Um19 Well drained, moderately deep to very deep, dark reddish brown to dark yellowish brown, friable to firm, sandy clay to clay; in many places with a topsoil of loamy sand to sandy loam (Ferralo-chromic*/orthic/ferric Acrisols; with Luvisols and Ferralsols)

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No Map unit code

Description of soil type

16 Um25 Complex of well drained, shallow to deep, reddish brown to brown, friable to firm, sandy clay loam to clay (chromic Luvisols and Dystric Cambisols, lithic phase)

17 Um27 Complex of somewhat excessively drained to well drained, shallow to very deep, dark reddish brown to yellowish brown, loose loamy sand to friable sandy clay loam; in places rocky and stony (Ferralic Arenosols; with orthic Ferralsols, Acrisols, etc.; partly lithic and stony phase)

18 Ux8 Association of:Well drained to imperfectly drained, moderately deep to very deep, dusky red to very dark greyish brown, friable to firm, clay loam to clay; in many places stony and boulder and/or cracking; with severe gully erosion and many rock outcrops; in major upland area (eutric Nitisols; with chromic Cambisols, boulder phase, Vertisols and rock outcrops)Somewhat excessively drained, shallow, dark reddish brown, friable to firm, gravelly and boulder clay loam; on volcanic cones (chromic Cambisols, lithic and boulder phase)

19 Pn8 Well drained, deep to very deep, dusky red to dark red, friable sandy clay (Rhodic Ferralsols)

20 Pn12 Well drained, deep to very deep, dark red to strong brown, friable, sandy clay to clay (Rhodic and orthic Ferralsols)

21 Pn16 Well drained, moderately deep to very deep, dusky red to dark brown, friable to firm, sandy clay loam to clay (ferric and nito-chromic Luvisols)

22 Pv1 Well drained, extremely deep, dusky red to dark reddish brown, friable clay (eutric Nitisols)

23 Pv7 Somewhat excessively drained, very deep, strong brown to dark yellowish brown, very friable and smeary, slightly sodic, gravelly sandy clay loam, with a humic topsoil (mollic Andosols, sodic phase)

24 A5 Well drained to imperfectly drained, very deep, brown to dark brown, friable, micaceous, slightly calcareous, sandy loam to clay loam; in places with a saline-sodic deeper subsoil (eutric Fluvisols)

255 A10 Moderately well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark brown, friable, strongly calcareous, sandy clay to clay loam, over petrocalcic material (calcic Cambisols, petrocalcic phase)

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17. NYANDARUA COUNTY

Table 17: Description of the major soil types

No Map unit code

Description of soil type

1 M1 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow to moderately deep, brown to dark brown, firm and slightly smeary, strongly calcareous, stony to gravelly clay loam; in many places saline and/or sodic and with inclusions of lava fields (ando-calcaric Regosols, partly lithic phase)

2 M9 Imperfectly drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark greyish brown, very friable, acid humic to peaty, loam to clay loam, with rock outcrops and ice in the highest parts (Dystric Histosols, lithic phase; with Lithosols, rock outcrops and ice)

3 H9 Well drained, shallow, dark reddish brown, friable, very calcareous, boulder or stony, loam to clay loam; in many places saline (Lithosols; with calcic Xerosols, lithic, boulder and saline phase and rock outcrops)

4 L8 Well drained to moderately well drained, deep, very dark greyish brown, firm cracking clay, with a thick humic topsoil (verto-luvic Phaeozems)

5 L12 Imperfectly drained, deep, black to dark grey, very firm, cracking clay (Pellic Vertisols and verto-luvic Phaeozems)

6 L20 Well drained, moderately deep to very deep, dark brown, friable and slightly smeary, clay loam to clay (ando-luvic Phaeozems)

7 L21 Imperfectly drained, deep, very dark greyish brown, mottled, firm clay, abruptly underlying a thick topsoil of friable silty clay loam (solodic Planosols)

8 Lu1 Well drained, deep to very deep, dark brown, friable and smeary, sandy clay to clay, with an acid humic topsoil (humic Andosols)

9 R1 Well drained, extremely deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, friable and slightly smeary clay, with an acid humic topsoil (ando-humic Nitisols; with humic Andosols)

10 R2 Well drained, extremely deep, dusky red to dark reddish brown, friable clay, with an acid humic topsoil (humic Nitisols)

11 R3 Well drained, extremely deep, dusky red to dark reddish brown, friable clay; with inclusions of well drained, moderately deep, dark red to dark reddish brown, friable clay over rock, pisoferric or petroferric material (eutric Nitisols with nito-chromic Cambisols and chromic* Acrisols, partly pisoferric or petroferric phase)

12 R4 Well drained, deep to extremely deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, friable to firm, clay; in places gravelly (eutric Nitisols and Nito-chromic Cambisols; with chromo-luvic Phaeozems)

13 R6 Well drained, moderately deep to deep, dark reddish brown, friable to firm, clay, with a humic topsoil (chromo-luvic Phaeozems)

14 Ux4 Well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, very friable and smeary, silty clay loam, with a humic topsoil (mollic Andosols)

15 S1 Poorly drained to very poorly drained, very deep, dark greyish brown to dark olive grey, firm, to very firm, strongly calcareous, strongly saline, strongly sodic clay; in many places with fragipans at various depths (gleyic Solonchaks, sodic phase and partly fragipan phase)

16 V2 Complex of well drained to imperfectly drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark reddish brown to very dark greyish brown, firm, slightly to moderately calcareous, rocky stony, or gravelly clay

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18. NYERI COUNTY

Table 18: Description of the major soil types

No Map unit code

Description of soil type

1 M2 Well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown to darks brown, very friable and smeary, clay loam to clay, with a thick, acid humic topsoil; in places shallow to moderately deep and rocky (humic Andosols, partly lithic phase)

2 M9 Imperfectly drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark grayish brown, very friable, acid humic to peaty, loam to clay loam, with rock outcrops and ice in the highest parts (Dystric Histosols, lithic phase; with Lithosols, Rock Outcrops and ice)

3 H12 Somewhat excessively drained, moderately deep, red, very friable, sandy clay loam to sandy clay; in places rocky (Ferralic Cambisols; with Rhodic or orthic Ferralsols and Rock Outcrops)

4 L3 Well drained, moderately deep to deep, dark brown, firm clay with a thick humic topsoil (Ortho0luvic Phaeozems)

5 L8 Well drained to moderately well drained, deep, very dark grayish brown, firm cracking clay, with a thick humic topsoil (Verto-luvic Phaeozems)

6 L9 Moderately well drained, very deep, dark grayish brown, firm clay (Verto-luvic Phaeozems; with eutric Planosols)

7 L12 Imperfectly drained, deep, black to dark grey, very firm, cracking clay (Pellic Vertisols and verto-luvic Phaeozems)

8 L14 Imperfectly drained, deep, dark grayish brown, firm clay (hardpan) abruptly underlying a topsoil of sandy clay loam (Eutric Planosols)

9 R5 Well drained, moderately deep to very deep, dark reddish brown, friable to firm, clay (Nito-ferric Luvisols; with humic Nitisols)

10 R6 Well drained moderately deep to deep, dark reddish brown, friable to firm, clay; with a humic topsoil (Chromo-luvic Phaeozems)

11 Y2 Well drained, deep to very deep, dark brown, firm clay, in places cracking and/or calcareous and sodic (Vertic Luvisols; with calcic Luvisols, sodic phase and chromic Vertisols; sodic phase)

12 V2 Complex of well drained to imperfectly drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark reddish brown to very dark grayish brown firm, slightly to moderately calcareous, rocky stony, or gravelly clay

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19. KIRINYAGA COUNTY

Table 19:Description of the major soil types Kirinyaga County

No Map unit code

Description of soil type

1 M2 Well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, very friable and smeary, clay loam to clay, with a thick, acid humic topsoil; in places shallow to moderately deep and rocky (Humic ANDOSOLS,-partly lithic phase

2 M9 Imperfectly drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark grayish brown, very friable, acid humic to peaty, loam to clay loam, with rock outcrops and ice in the highest parts (Dystric Histosols, lithic phase; with Lithosols, Rock Outcrops and ice)

3 H12 Somewhat excessively drained, moderately deep, red, very friable, sandy clay loam to sandy clay; in places rocky (Ferralic Cambisols; with Rhodic and or Orthic Ferralsols and Rock Outcrops)

4 H15 Complex of excessively drained to well drained, shallow darkred to brown, sandy clay loam to clay; in many places rocky,boulder and stony in places with an acid humic topsoil (DystricRegosols, lithic phase; with Lithosols, and humic Cambisols,lithic phase and Rock outcrops)

5 L1 Well drained, very deep, dark red, very friable clay (Nito-Rhodic Ferralsols)6 L2 Well drained very deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, friable to firm; in

places with a humic topsoil (Verto-Eutric Nitisols; with Mollic Nitisols)7 L11 Imperfectly drained, very deep, dark grey to black, firm to very firm, bouldery

and stony, cracking clay; in places with a calcareous, slightly saline deeper subsoil (Pellic Vertisols, stony phase and partly saline phase)

8 R 1

Well drained, extremely deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, friable and slightly smeary clay, with an acid humic topsoil (Ando-humic Nitisols; with humic Andosols)

9 R2 Well drained, extremely deep, dusky red brown to dark reddish brown, friable clay, with an acid humic topsoil (humic Nitisols)

10 R3 Well drained, extremely deep, dusky red to dark reddish brown, friable clay; with inclusions of well drained, moderately deep, dark red to dark reddish brown, friable clay over rock, pisoferric or petroferric material (eutric Nitisols; with nito-chromic Cambisols and chromic* Acrisols, partly pisoferric or petroferric phase)

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20. MURANG’A COUNTY

Table 20: Description of the major soil types Murang’a County

No Map unit code

Description of soil type

1 M2 Well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, very friable and smeary, clay loam to clay, with a thick, acid humic topsoil; in places shallow to moderately deep and rocky (Humic Andosols, partly lithic phase)

2 M9 Imperfectly drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark grayish brown, very friable, acid humic to peaty, loam to clay loam, with rock outcrops and ice in the highest parts (Dystric Histosols, lithic phase; with Lithosols, Rock Outcrops and ice)

3 H12 Somewhat excessively drained, moderately deep, red, very friable, sandy clay loam to sandy clay; in places rocky (Ferralic Cambisols; with Rhodic or orthic Ferralsols and Rock Outcrops)

4 H15 Complex of excessively drained to well drained, shallow, dark red to brown, friable, sandy clay loam to clay; in many places rocky, boulder and stony and in places with an acid humic topsoil (Dystric Regosols, lithic phase; with Lithosols, humic Cambisols, lithic phase and Rock Outcrops)

5 L1 Well drained, very deep, dark red, very friable clay (nito-Rhodic Ferralsols6 L2 Well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, friable to firm, clay in

places with a humic topsoil (Verto-eutric Nitisols; with mollic* Nitisols)7 L11 Imperfectly drained, very deep, dark grey to black, firm to very firm, boulder and

stony, cracking clay; in places with a calcareous, slightly saline deeper subsoil (Pellic Vertisols, stony phase and partly saline phase)

8 R1 Well drained, extremely deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, friable and slightly smeary clay, with an acid humic topsoil (Ando-humic Nitisols; with humic Andosols)

9 R2 Well drained extremely deep, deep, dusky red to dark reddish brown friable clay, with an acid humic topsoil (Humic Nitisols)

10 R3 Well drained, extremely deep, dusky red to dark reddish brown, friable clay; with inclusions of well drained, moderately deep, dark red to dark reddish brown, friable clay over rock, pisoferric or petroferric material (eutric NITISOLS; with nito-chromic CAMBISOLS and chromic* ACRISOLS, partly pisoferric or petroferric phase)

11 F16 Complex of well drained, deep to very deep, dark reddish brown to dark yellowish brown soils of varying consistence and texture; in places gravelly and stratified (Ferralic Arenosols; with Ferralo-chromic/orthic Luvisols)

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21. KIAMBU COUNTY

Table 21: Description of the major soil types

No Map unit code

Description of soil type

1 M2 Well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, very friable and smeary, clay loam to clay, with a thick, acid humic topsoil; in places shallow to moderately deep and rocky (Humic Andosols, partly lithic phase)

2 H9 Well drained, shallow, dark reddish brown, friable, very calcareous, boulder or stony, loam to clay loam; in many places saline (Lithosols; with calcic Xerosols, lithic, boulder and saline phase and Rock Outcrops)

3 H15 Complex of excessively drained to well drained, shallow, dark red to brown, friable, sandy clay loam to clay; in many places rocky, bouldery and stony and in places with an acid humic topsoil (Dystric Regosols, lithic phase; with Lithosols, humic Cambisols, lithic phase and Rock Outcrops)

4 L1 Well drained, very deep, dark red, very friable clay (Nito-Rhodic Ferralsols)5 L11 Imperfectly drained, very deep, dark grey to black, firm to very firm, boulder and stony,

cracking clay; in places with a calcareous, slightly saline deeper subsoil (Pellic Vertisols, stony phase and partly saline phase)

6 L17 Complex of: - Moderately well drained, shallow, yellowish red to dark yellowish brown, friable, gravelly clay over petroplinthite or rock (50-70%), (Ironstone Soil*; with Lithosols)- Poorly drained, deep to very deep, dark brown to verygrayish brown, mottled, firm to very firm, cracking clay, in places moderately deep to very deep over petroplinthite (Undifferentiated Vertisols and Vertic* Gleysols)

7 L20 Well drained, moderately deep to very deep, dark brown, friable and slightly smeary, clay loam to clay (Ando-luvic Phaeozems)

8 Ls1 well drained, moderately deep, dark reddish brown to reddish brown, friable to firm and slightly smeary, bouldery and stony, clay loam to clay; in places calcareous (ando-chromic Cambisols, bouldery phase; with calcic Xerosols)

9 R1 Well drained, extremely deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, friable and slightly smeary clay, with an acid humic topsoil (Ando-humic Nitisols; with humic Andosols)

10 R2 Well drained extremely deep, deep, dusky red to dark reddish brown friable clay, with an acid humic topsoil (Humic Nitisols)

11 R3 Well drained, extremely deep, dusky red to dark reddish brown, friable clay; with inclusions of well drained, moderately deep, dark red to dark reddish brown, friable clay over rock, pisoferric or petroferric material (eutric NITISOLS; with nito-chromic CAMBISOLS and chromic* ACRISOLS, partly pisoferric or petroferric phase)

12 F16 Complex of well drained, deep to very deep, dark reddish brown to dark yellowish brown soils of varying consistence and texture; in places gravelly and stratified (Ferralic Arenosols; with Ferralo-chromic/orthic Luvisols)

13 Ux4 Well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, very friable and smeary, silty clay loam, with a humic topsoil (Mollic Andosols)

14 Ux5 Well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown to very dark grayish brown, friable and slightly smeary clay, with a humic topsoil (Ando-luvic Phaeozems)

15 A5 Well drained to imperfectly drained, very deep, brown to dark brown, friable, micaceous, slightly calcareous, sandy loam to clay loam; in places with a saline-sodic deeper subsoil (Eutric Fluvisols)

16 A18 Complex of well drained to imperfectly drained, very deep, dark grayish brown to dark reddish brown, stratified soils of varying consistence and texture (eutric Fluvisols)

17 V2 Complex of well drained to imperfectly drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark reddish brown to very greyish brown, firm, slightly to moderately calcareous, rocky stony, or gravelly clay

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22. TURKANA COUNTY

Table 22: Description of the major soil types

No Map unit code

Description of soil type

1 M1 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow to moderately deep, brown to dark brown, firm and slightly smeary, strongly calcareous, stony to gravelly clay loam; in many places saline and/or sodic and with inclusions of lava fields (ando-calcaric Regosols, partly lithic phase)

2 M6 Well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, friable, rocky and boulder, clay loam to clay; in places with humic topsoil (nito-chromic Cambisols; with haplic Phaeozems, lithic phase, Lithosols, eutric Regosols and rock outcrops)

3 H9 Well drained, shallow, dark reddish brown, friable, very calcareous, bouldery and saline phase and rock outcrops

4 H13 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow, reddish brown, friable, rocky or stony, sandy clay loam (eutric Regosols, lithic phase; with rock outcrops and calcic Cambisols)

5 Hs1 Well drained, shallow, dark reddish brown, friable, strongly calcareous, rocky or stony, clay loam; in many places saline (Lithosols; with rock outcrops and Xerosols, lithic, boulder and saline phase)

6 L6 Well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark reddish brown, firm, strongly calcareous clay loam, with a stony to boulder surface; partly saline and/or sodic (calcic Xerosols,, boulder-mantle and partly lithic and saline-sodic phase)

7 Ls1 Well drained, moderately deep, dark reddish brown to reddish brown, friable to firm and slightly smeary, boulder and stony, clay loam to clay; in places calcareous (ando-chromic Cambisols, boulder phase; with calcic Xerosols)

8 F8 Imperfectly drained, moderately deep, dark reddish brown to dark greyish brown, friable to firm, strongly calcareous, moderately saline and strongly sodic, stony clay loam; in many places with a boulder surface (calcic Xerosols, boulder-mantle and saline-sodic phase)

9 F9 Complex of well drained to moderately well drained, deep, reddish brown to very dark greyish brown, firm, sandy clay loam to clay; in many places with a humic topsoil and/or cracking and/or moderately calcareous (undifferentiated Luvisols, luvic Phaeozems and chromic Vertisols)

10 Y5 Moderately well drained, very deep, dark brown to greyish brown, firm, strongly calcareous, moderately to strongly saline and sodic, fine sandy loam to clay loam, with a stone surface (orthic Solonchaks, stone-mantle phase)

11 Y10 Moderately well drained, very deep, dark yellowish brown to strong brown, slightly to moderately calcareous, slightly sodic, loose loamy sand to friable sandy clay loam (haplic Xerosols, sodic phase; with calcaro-cambic Arenosols)

12 Um6 Well drained, very deep, dusky red to dark red, friable clay (nito-rhodic Ferralsols)13 Um22 Well drained, shallow to moderately deep, strong brown to brown, firm, gravelly to

stony, sandy clay to clay loam, over soft rock (orthic Luvisols, partly paralithic phase)14 Ul14 Well drained, moderately deep to deep, dark reddish brown to dark red, friable to

firm, sandy clay to clay; in many places with stone lines (chromic Luvisols)15 Ux6 Well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark reddish brown, firm, rocky and stony

clay (chromic Luvisols, stony and partly lithic phase)16 Ux7 Well drained, shallow, dark brown, friable, strongly calcareous, strongly saline and

moderately sodic, stony loam; with a stone surface (dissected older piedmont plain) (calcaric Regosols, stone-mantle and saline-sodic phase)

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No Map unit code

Description of soil type

17 Ux10 Well drained, shallow brown, friable, strongly calcareous, moderately to strongly sodic and saline, gravelly sandy clay loam; with a gravel surface (calcaric Regosols, gravel-mantle and saline-sodic phase; with gleyic Solonetz)

18 P8 Well drained, deep to very deep, dusky red to dark red, friable sandy clay (Rhodic Ferralsols)

19 P11 Imperfectly drained, deep, very dark grey to very dark greyish brown, very firm clay, with a topsoil of friable clay loam (verto-orthic Greyzems)

20 P13 Well drained, moderately deep to deep, dark red to strong brown, friable to firm, sandy clay loam to clay (ferric and chromic Luvisols)

21 Ps21 Moderately well drained to imperfectly drained, very deep, dark brown, firm, strongly calcareous, non to slightly saline and strongly sodic, sandy clay (orthic Solonetz)

22 Ps28 Well drained, very deep, reddish brown, friable, moderately calcareous, moderately sodic sandy clay loam, with a thick topsoil of loamy sand (calcic to chromic Luvisols, sodic phase)

23 A3 Well drained, very deep, very dark greyish brown to dark yellowish brown, friable, stratified, micaceous, moderately to strongly calcareous, non to slightly saline, moderately sodic, loam to clay (calcaric Fluvisols, sodic phase)

24 A8 Well drained to imperfectly drained, very deep, dark brown to yellowish brown, stratified, micaceous, strongly calcareous, predominantly loamy soils (calcaric Fluvisols)

25 A9 As in AAjc, but slightly to moderately saline (calcaric Fluvisols, saline phase)26 D1 Excessively drained, very deep, brown, loose, moderately calcareous, loamy sand to

sandy loam (calcaro-cambic Arenosols)

23. WEST POKOT COUNTYTable 23: Description of the major soil types West Pokot County

No Map unit code

Description of soil type

1 M11 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow to moderately deep, reddish brown, friable, rocky and stony, sandy clay loam (Eutric Cambisols, partly lithic phase; with Lithosols, Eutric Regosols and Rock Outcrops)

2 M12 Well drained, moderately deep, reddish brown to brown, friable, stony sandy clay loam, with an acid humic topsoil (Humic Cambisols; with Dystric Regosols and Rock Outcrops)

3 H1 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark reddish brown, friable, gravelly clay, with an acid humic topsoil (humic Cambisols, partly paralithic phase)

4 H13 somewhat excessively drained, shallow, reddish brown, friable, rocky or stony, sandy clay loam (Eutric Regosols lithic phase, with Rock Outcrops and Calcic Cambisols)

5 F13 Well drained, very deep, yellowish red to dark reddish brown, loose, loamy coarse sand to friable sandy clay loam (chromic Luvisols; with Rhodic Ferralsols and Luvic/Ferralic Arenosols)

6 Fy1 Well drained, moderately deep to deep, red to dark reddish brown, firm, sandy clay loam to clay (Chromic and Vertic Luvisols)

7 Y9 Well drained, deep, dark brown, friable, moderately calcareous clay loam, with a sodic deeper subsoil (Calcic Cambisols, sodic phase)

8 Y10 Moderately well drained, very deep, dark yellowish brown to strong brown, slightly to moderately calcareous, slightly sodic, loose loamy sand to friable sandy clay loam (Haplic Xerosols, sodic phase; with Calcaro-cambic Arenosols)

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No Map unit code

Description of soil type

9 Uu3 Complex of:Well drained, shallow, black to very dark brown, acid humic,very friable loam; in placed rock (Rankers)-Well drained, moderately deep, dark brown, friable clay loam, with a very thick acid humic topsoil (Humic Cambisols)

10 Uh12 Well drained, moderately deep to deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, friable, sandy clay loam to clay, with a thick acid humic topsoil, in places shallow and rocky (Humic Acrisols and Humic Cambisols, partly lithic phase; with Rock Outcrops)

11 Um17 Well drained, moderately deep to deep, dark reddish brown to brown, friable to firm, sandy clay loam to clay; in places with an acid humic topsoil (Ferralo-orthic Acrisols; with Dystric and Humic Cambisols and Humic Acrisols)

12 Um18 Well drained, moderately deep to deep, brown to dark yellowish brown, firm sandy clay loam (Orthic Luvisols)

13 Um24 Complex of well drained, shallow to deep, red to dark red, friable to firm, sandy clay loam to sandy clay; in places rocky (Chromic and Ferralo-chromic Luvisols; with Chromic Cambisols, lithic phase and Rock Outcrops)

14 Ul14 Well drained, moderately deep to deep, dark reddish brown to dark red, friable to firm, sandy clay to clay; in many places with stone lines (Chromic Luvisols)

15 Ul19 Complex of well drained to imperfectly drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark red to dark yellowish brown, firm, non-rocky to rocky, non-stony to stony, sandy loam to clay, partly over pisoferric material (Orthic Acrisols, pisoferric phase; with Chromic Luvisols and Eutric Cambisols, lithic phase)

16 Ux10 Well drained, shallow brown, friable, strongly calcareous, moderately to strongly sodic and saline, gravelly sandy clay loam; with a gravel surface (calcaric REGOSOLS, gravel-mantle and saline-sodic phase; with gleyic SOLONETZ

17 A8 Well drained to imperfectly drained, very deep, dark brown to yellowish brown, stratified, micaceous, strongly calcareous, predominantly loamy soils (Calcaric Fluvisols)

18 B8 Imperfectly drained to poorly drained, very deep, brown to dark brown, very firm, slightly calcareous, strongly sodic clay (Orthic Solonetz)

24. SAMBURU COUNTY

Table 24: Description of the major soil types Samburu County

No Map unit code

Description of soil type

1 M1 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow to moderately deep, brown to dark brown, firm and slightly smeary, strongly calcareous, stony to gravelly clay loam, in many places saline and/or sodic and with inclusions of lava fields (Ando-calcaric Regosols, partly lithic phase)

2 M6 Well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, friable, rocky and bouldery, clay loam to clay; in places with a humic topsoil (Nito-chromic Cambisols; with Haplic Phaeozems, lithic phase, Lithosols, Eutric Regosols and Rock Outcrops)

3 M11 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow to moderately deep, reddish brown, friable, rocky and stony, sandy clay loam (Eutric Cambisols, partly lithic phase; with Lithosols, Eutric Regosols and Rock Outcrops)

4 M12 Well drained, moderately deep, reddish brown to brown, friable, stony sandy clay loam, with an acid humic topsoil (Humic Cambisols; with Dystric Regosols and Rock Outcrops)

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No Map unit code

Description of soil type

5 H9 Well drained, shallow, dark reddish brown, friable, very calcareous, boulder or stony, loam to clay loam; in many places saline (Lithosols; with calcic Xerosols, lithic, boulder and saline phase and Rock Outcrops)

6 H12 Somewhat excessively drained, moderately deep, red, very friable, sandy clay loam to sandy clay; in places rocky (Ferralic Cambisols, with Rhodic or orthic Ferralsols and Rock Outcrops)

7 H13 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow, reddish brown, friable, rocky or stony, sandy clay loam (Eutric Regosols, lithic phase; with Rock Outcrops and calcic Cambisols)

8 Hs1 Well drained, shallow, dark reddish brown, friable, strongly calcareous, rocky or stony, clay loam; in many places saline (Lithosols, with Rock Outcrops and Xerosols, lithic, boulder and saline phase)

25. ELGEYO MARAKWET COUNTY Table 1: Description of the major soil types

No Map unit code

Description of soil type

1 M6 Well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, friable, rocky and boulder, clay loam to clay; in places with a humic topsoil (Nito-chromic Cambisols; with haplic Phaeozems, lithic phase, Lithosols, Eutric Regosols and Rock Outcrops)

2 M10 Complex of well drained soils, ranging from shallow, rocky and stony to deep, non-rocky and non-stony, dark red to dark brown, friable to firm, sandy loam to sandy clay (Chromic Cambisols, partly lithic phase; with Eutric Regosols and Rock Outcrops)

3 M12 Well drained, moderately deep, reddish brown to brown, friable stony sandy clay loam, with an acid humic topsoil (Humic Cambisols; with dystric Regosols and Rock Outcrops)

4 H15 Complex of excessively drained to well drained, shallowdark red to brown, sandy clay loam to clay; in many placesrocky, boulder and stony in places with an acid humic topsoil (Dystric Regosols, lithic phase; with Lithosols, andhumic Cambisols, lithic phase and Rock outcrops)

5 L24 Well drained, moderately deep to deep, dark red, friable clay, over petroplinthite; with inclusions of small bottomlands of unit B2 (Rhodic Ferralsols, petroferric phase)

6 R2 Well drained, extremely deep, dusky red brown to dark reddish brown, friable clay, with an acid humic topsoil (humic Nitisols)

7 F9 Complex of well drained to moderately well drained, deep, reddish brown to very dark grayish brown, firm, sandy clay loam to clay; in many placed with a humic topsoil and/or cracking and/or moderately calcareous (Undifferentiated Luvisols, luvic Phaeozems and Chromic vertisols)

8 F13 Well drained, very deep, yellowish red to dark reddish brown, loose, loamy coarse sand to friable sandy clay loam (Chromic Luvisols; with Rhodic Ferralsols and luvic/ferralic Arenosols)

9 Y9 Well drained, deep, dark brown, friable, moderately calcareous clay loam, with a sodic deeper subsoil (Calcic Cambisols, sodic phase)

10 Uu3 Complex of: Well drained, shallow, black to very dark brown, acid humic, very friable loam; in places rocky (Rankers)Well drained, moderately deep, dark brown, friable clay loam, with avery thick humic topsoil (Humic Cambisols)

11 Uh3 Well drained, extremely deep, dark reddish brown, friable clay (Eutric Nitisols)

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No Map unit code

Description of soil type

12 Uh11 Well drained, extremely deep, dak reddish brown, friable clay, with a thick acid humic topsoil (Humic Nitisols)

13 Uh12 Well drained, moderately deep to deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, friable, sandy clay loam to clay, with a thick acid humic topsoil; in places shallow and rocky (Humic Acrisols and humic Cambisols, partly lithic phase; with Rock Outcrops)

14 Um18 Well drained, moderately deep to deep, brown to dark yellowish brown, firm sandy clay loam (Orthic Luvisols)

15 Pt2 Well drained to moderately well drained, dark brown, friable to firm, slightly calcareous, clay loam to clay (Eutric cambisols)

16 A8 Well drained to imperfectly drained, very deep, dark brown to yellowish brown, stratified, micaceous, strongly calcareous, predominantly loamy soils (Calcaric Fluvisols)

17 B2 Poorly drained, moderately deep, dark grey, mottled, firm clay, with a humic topsoil; in many places over petroplinthite (Mollic Gleysols, partly petroferric phase)

26. NANDI COUNTY

Table 1: Description of the major soil types

No Map unit code

Description of soil type

1 M5 Well drained, shallow to mode4rately deep, dark reddish brown, friable, humic, rocky and stony, clay loam (humic Cambisols, rocky and partly lithic phase)

2 H1 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark reddish brown, friable, gravelly clay, with an acid humic topsoil (humic Cambisols, lithic phase; with rock outcrops)

3 H17 Well drained, shallow, reddish brown, friable, rocky and stony, sandy clay to clay (chromic Cambisols, lithic phase; with eutric Regosols, lithic phase, Lithosols and rock outcrops)

4 L23 Well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown to dark red, friable clay (nito-Rhodic Ferralsols)

5 L24 Well drained, moderately deep to deep, dark red, friable clay, Over petroplinthite; with inclusions of small bottomlands of unit B2 (rhodic Ferralsols, petroferric phase)

6 R2 Well drained, extremely deep, dusky red to dark reddish brown, friable clay, with an acid humic topsoil (humic Nitisols)

7 R5 Well drained, moderately deep to very deep, dark reddish brown, friable to firm, clay (nito-ferric Luvisols; with humic Nitisols)

8 F16 Complex of well drained, deep to very deep, dark reddish brown to dark yellowish brown soils of varying consistence and texture; in places gravelly and stratified (Ferralic Arenosols; with Ferralo-chromic/orthic Luvisols)

9 Y13 Complex of moderately well drained to poorly drained, very deep, dark brown to dark grey, firm to very firm, sandy clay to clay; in places stratified, sodic and/or cracking (Planosols, Gleysols, Solonetz, Vertisols and Fluvisols)

10 Uh2 Well drained, extremely deep, dark reddish brown, friable clay, with a humic topsoil (mollic* Nitisols)

11 Uh7 Well drained, very deep, dark red to yellowish red, friable to firm, sandy clay to clay, with an acid humic topsoil (humic Acrisols)

12 Uh9 Well drained, deep, yellowish red to brown, friable clay loam, with an acid humic topsoil (humic Cambisols; with humic Acrisols)

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No Map unit code

Description of soil type

13 Uh11 Well drained, extremely deep, dark reddish brown, friable clay, with a thick acid humic topsoil (humic Nitisols)

14 Uh13 Well drained, deep, red to yellowish red, friable sandy clay (Ferralo-chromic* Acrisols)15 Uh17 Well drained, very deep, reddish brown to brown, friable, sandy clay loam to clay, with

a very thick acid humic topsoil (humic Cambisols)16 Uh18 Well drained, very deep, dusky red to yellowish red, friable to firm, clay loam to clay;

in places with an acid humic topsoil (Ferralo-chromic*/orthic Acrisols)17 Um10 Well drained, deep to very deep, brown to dark brown, friable, sandy clay to clay

(Ferralo-orthic Acrisols)18 Um16 Well drained, deep, red, friable clay (rhodic Ferralsols; with Ferralo-chromic* Acrisols)19 A18 Complex of well drained to imperfectly drained, very deep, dark greyish brown to dark

reddish brown, stratified soils of varying consistence and texture (eutric Fluvisols)20 B2 Poorly drained, moderately deep, dark grey to grey, mottled, firm clay, with a humic

topsoil; in many places over petroplinthite (mollic Gleysols, partly petroferric phase)

27. BARINGO COUNTY

Table 27: Description of the major soil types

No Map unit code

Description of soil type

1 M1 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow to moderately deep, brown to dark brown, firm and slightly smeary, strongly calcareous, stony to clay loam; in many places saline and/or sodic and with inclusions of lava fields (ando-calcaric Regosols, partly lithic phase)

2 M2 Well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, very friable and smeary, clay loam to clay, with a thick, acid humic topsoil; in places shallow to moderately deep and rocky (humic Andosols, partly lithic phase)

3 M3 Well drained, very deep, dusky red to dark reddish brown, friable clay (eutric Nitisols)

4 M5 Well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark reddish brown, friable, humic, rocky and stony, clay loam (humic Cambisols, rocky and partly lithic phase)

5 M6 Well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, friable, rocky and bouldery, clay loam to clay; in places with a humic topsoil (nito-chromic Cambisols; with haplic Phaeozems, lithic phase, Lithosols, eutric Regosols and Rock Outcrops)

6 H9 Well drained, shallow, dark reddish brown, friable, very calcareous, bouldery or stony, loam to clay loam; in many places saline (Lithosols; with calcic Xerosols, lithic, bouldery and saline phase and Rock Outcrops)

7 H13 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow, reddish brown, friable, rocky or stony, sandy clay loam (eutric Regosols, lithic phase; with Rock Outcrops and calcic Cambisols)

8 L6 Well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark reddish brown, firm, strongly calcareous clay loam, with a stony to bouldery surface; partly saline and/or sodic (calcic Xerosols, boulder-mantle and partly lithic and saline-sodic phase)

9 Ls1 Well drained, moderately deep, dark reddish brown to reddish brown, friable to firm and slightly smeary, bouldery and stony, clay loam to clay; in places calcareous (ando-chromic Cambisols, bouldery phase; with calcic Xerosols)

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No Map unit code

Description of soil type

10 R3 Well drained, extremely deep, dusky red to dark reddish brown, friable clay; with inclusions of well drained, moderately deep, dark red to dark reddish brown, friable clay over rock, pisoferric or petroferric material (eutric Nitisols; with nito-chromic Cambisols and chromic Acrisols, partly pisoferric or petroferric phase)

11 F9 Complex of well drained to moderately well drained, deep, reddish brown to very dark grayish brown, firm, sandy clay loam to clay; in many places with a humic topsoil and/or cracking and/or moderately calcareous (undifferentiated Luvisols, luvic Phaeozems and chromic Vertisols)

12 Y5 Moderately well drained, very deep, dark brown to greyish brown firm, strongly calcareous, moderately to strongly saline and sodic, fine sandy loam to clay loam, with a stone surface (orthic Solonchaks, stone-mantle phase)

13 Y9 Well drained, deep, dark brown, friable, moderately calcareous clay loam, with a sodic deeper subsoil (calcic Cambisols, sodic phase)

14 Uh3 Well drained extremely deep, dark reddish brown, friable clay (eutric Nitisols)15 Uh4 Well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark reddish brown, to dark red, friable

clay (nito-chromic Cambisols with chromic Cambisols, lithic phase)16 Ux7 Well drained, shallow, dark brown, friable, strongly calcareous, strongly saline and

moderately sodic, stony loam; with a stone surface (dissected older piedmont plain) (calcaric Regosols, stone-mantle and saline-sodic phase)

17 Ux10 Well drained, shallow, brown, friable, strongly calcareous, moderately to strongly sodic and saline, gravelly sandy clay loam; with a gravel surface (calcaric Regosols, gravel-mantle and saline-sodic phase; with gleyic Solonetz)

18 Pv9 Well drained, moderately deep to deep, brown to dark brown, very friable, loam to sandy clay loam (vitric Andosols)

19 Pt2 Well drained to moderately well drained, deep, dark brown, friable to firm, slightly calcareous, clay loam to clay (eutric Cambisols)

20 A3 Well drained, very deep, very dark grayish brown to dark yellowish brown, friable stratified, micaceous, moderately to strongly calcareous non to slightly saline, moderately sodic, loam to clay (calcaric Fluvisols, sodic phase)

21 A4 Poorly drained, very deep, grayish brown to light olive brown, friable, strongly calcareous, strongly saline, slightly to moderately sodic, silt loam to clay (undifferentiated Solonchaks; with Fluvisols, saline-sodic phase)

22 A7 Imperfectly drained, very deep, dark grey, very firm, slightly calcareous, cracking clay, with a slightly to moderately saline and sodic deeper subsoil (vertic Gleysols, saline-sodic phase)

23 A8 Well drained to imperfectly drained, very deep, dark brown to yellowish brown, stratified, micaceous, strongly calcareous, predominantly loamy soils (calcaric Fluvisols)

24 B4 Imperfectly drained, deep, dark brown to olive grey, firm to very firm, clay soils of varying calcareous, salinity and sodicity; in many places cracking (Vertisols and Solonchaks, undifferentiated)

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28. NAKURU COUNTY

Table28: Description of the major soil types Nakuru County

No Map unit code

Description of soil type

1 M1 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow to moderately deep, brown to dark brown, firm and slightly smeary, strongly calcareous, stony to gravelly clay loam; in many places saline and/or sodic and with inclusions of lava fields (Ando-calcaric Regosols, partly lithic phase)

2 M2 Well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, very friable and smeary, clay loam to clay, with a thick, acid humic topsoil; in places shallow to moderately deep and rocky (Humic Andosols, partly lithic phase)

3 M5 Well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark reddish brown, friable, humic, rocky and stony, clay loam (Humic Cambisols, rocky and partly lithic phase)

4 M6 Well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, friable, rocky and bouldery, clay loam to clay; in places with a humic topsoil (Nito-chromic Cambisols; with haplic Phaeozems, lithic phase, Lithosols, eutric Regosols and Rock Outcrops)

5 H4 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow, dark brown to brown, friable and slightly smeary, rocky and stony, clay loam (Ando-eutric Cambisols, lithic and stony phase with Rock Outcrops)

6 H6 Complex of:- Well drained, deep to very deep dark brown to grayish brown friable and smeary clay loam, with a thick humic topsoil (Mollic Andosols) -Somewhat excessively drained, shallow, dark brown to brown,friable and slightly smeary, rocky and stony, clay loam (Ando-eutric Cambisols, lithic and stony phase with Rock Outcrops)

7 H9 Well drained, shallow, dark reddish brown, friable, very calcareous, boulder or stony, loam to clay loam; in many places saline (Lithosols; with calcic Xerosols, lithic boulder and saline phase and Rock Outcrops)

8 H10 Complex of well drained to moderately well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark brown, firm, stony, clay loam to clay; in places with a humic topsoil (Eutric Regosols, partly lithic phase; with verto-luvic Phaeozems, party lithic phase)

9 L22 Complex of: Well drained, deep to very deep, very dark grayish brown to dark brown, friable and slightly smeary, clay loam (Ando-luvic Phaeozems)

10 Ls1 Well drained, moderately deep, dark reddish brown to reddish brown, friable to firm and slightly smeary, boulder and stony, clay loam to clay; in places calcareous (Ando-chromic Cambisols boulder phase; with calcic Xerosols)

11 Lu1 Well drained, deep to very deep, dark brown, friable and smeary, sandy clay to clay, with an acid humic topsoil (Humic Andosols)

12 Lu2 Well drained, deep to very deep, very dark grayish brown, friable and smeary, clay loam, with a thick humic topsoil (Mollic Andosols)

13 R3 Well drained, extremely deep, dusky red to dark reddish brown, friable clay; with inclusions of well drained, moderately deep, dark red to dark reddish brown, friable clay over rock, pisoferric or petroferric material (eutric NITISOLS; with nito-chromic CAMBISOLS and chromic* ACRISOLS, partly pisoferric or petroferric phase)

14 R9 Association of: - Well drained, extremely deep, dark reddish brown, friable clay with an acid humic topsoil; on interfluves (humic Nitisols)- Well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, friable, clay loam to clay, with an acid humic topsoil; on valley sides (Humic Cambisols, partly lithic phase)

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No Map unit code

Description of soil type

15 R10 Association of: - Well drained, extremely deep, dark reddish brown friable and slightly smeary clay, with an acid humic topsoil; on interfluves (Ando-humic Nitisols)-Well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark brown, friable, clay loam to clay, with an acid humic topsoil; on valley side (Humic Cambisols, partly)

16 R13 Association of: - Well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown, very friable and smeary, sandy clay loam to clay, with a thick humic topsoil; on interfluves (Mollic Andosols)- Well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark brown to dark reddish brown, very friable and slightly smeary, clay loam to clay; on valley sides (Ando-eutric Cambisols, partly lithic phase

17 Uh3 Well drained, extremely deep, dark reddish brown, friable clay (Eutric Nitisols)18 Uh9 Well drained, deep, yellowish red to brown, friable clay loam, with an acid humic topsoil

(Humic Cambisols; with humic Acrisols)19 Ux3 Well drained, deep to very deep, dark reddish brown to dark red, firm clay; with

inclusions of imperfectly drained, moderately deep, dark grayish brown clay (Nito-ferric/chromic Luvisols; with gleyic Luvisols)

20 Ux7 Well drained, shallow, dark brown, friable, strongly calcareous, strongly saline and moderately sodic, stony loam; with a stone surface (dissected older piedmont plain) (calcaric Regosols, stone-mantle and saline-sodic phase)

21 Pv6 Excessively drained to well drained, very deep, dark grayish brown to olive grey, stratified, calcareous, loose fine sand to very friable fine sandy loam or silt (Ando-calcaric Regosols)

22 Pv8 Well drained, deep to very deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, friable, slightly gravelly loam to clay loam, with a humic topsoil (Mollic Andosols)

23 Pv9 Well drained, moderately deep to deep, brown to dark brown, very friable, loam to sand clay loam (Vitric Andosols)

24 Pv10 Imperfectly drained, very deep, yellowish brown to olive grey, friable, slightly saline, slightly sodic, sandy loam to silt loam, with a brittle and strongly sodic deeper subsoil (gleyic Solonetz, saline and fragipan phase)

25 Pl1 Imperfectly drained, deep, dark brown, friable to firm, moderately calcareous, strongly saline, gravelly clay loam, with a fine gravel surface; upper level of Chalbi (undifferentiated Solonchaks, gravel Solonchaks, gravel-mantle phase)

26 Pl7 Imperfectly drained to poorly drained very deep, dark grayish brown to dark brown, firm to very firm, slightly to moderately calcareous, slightly to moderately saline, moderately to strongly sodic, silt loam to clay; in many places, with a humic topsoil; Sub recent lake edges of the Central Rift Valley (undifferentiated Solonetz; saline phase)

27 Pl11 Complex of: - Well drained, moderately deep to deep, dark brown, friable and slightly smeary, fine gravelly, sandy clay loam to sandy clay with a humic topsoil (Ando-haplic Phaeozems)- Imperfectly drained, moderately deep to deep, strong brown, mottled, firm and brittle, sandy clay to clay (Gamblian lake of Central Rift Valley), Gleyic Cambisols, fragipan phase)

28 A5 Well drained to imperfectly drained, very deep, brown to dark brown, friable, micaceous, slightly calcareous, sandy loam to clay loam; in places with a saline-sodic deeper subsoil (Eutric Fluvisols)

29 B1 Imperfectly drained to poorly drained, moderately deep, dark grayish brown, mottled, very firm clay loam, abruptly underlying a topsoil of acid humic friable loam (Humic Planosols)

30 B4 Imperfectly drained, deep, dark brown to olive grey, firm to very firm, clay soils of varying calcareousness, salinity and sodicity; in many places cracking (Vertisols and Solonchaks undifferentiated)

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29. NAROK COUNTY

Table 29: Description of the major soil types

No Map unit code

Description of soil type

1 M1 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow to moderately deep, brown to dark brown, firm and slightly smeary, strongly calcareous, stony to gravelly clay loam; in many places saline and/or sodic and with inclusions of lava fields (ando-calcaric Regosols, partly lithic phase)

2 M8 Well drained, shallow, dark brown, firm, rocky and stony, clay loam (eutric Regosols, lithic phase; with rock outcrops)

3 H1 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark reddish brown, friable, gravelly clay, with an acid humic topsoil (humic Cambisols, partly paralithic phase)

4 H5 Well drained, moderately deep to deep, black, very friable and smeary, very gravelly loam, with a humic topsoil (mollic Andosols)

5 H6 Complex of:-Well drained, deep to very deep, dark brown to greyish brown, friable and smeary clay loam, with a thick humic topsoil (mollic Andosols Soils of unit H4)

6 H8 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow, d ark reddish brown, friable, gravelly clay; in places with a humic topsoil, partly acid (Rankers; with ando-haplic Phaeozems, lithic phase and Lithosols)

7 H9 Well drained, shallow, dark reddish brown, friable, very calcareous, bouldery or stony, loam to clay loam; in many places saline (Lithosols; with calcic Xerosols, lithic, bouldery and saline phase and rock outcrops)

8 H13 Somewhat excessively d rained, shallow, reddish brown, friable, rocky or stony, sandy clay loam (eutric Regosols, lithic phase; with rock outcrops and calcic Cambisols

9 H16 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow, dark brown, very friable, rocky, sandy loam to clay loam; in many places with an acid humic topsoil (Rankers; with Lithosols and rock outcrops)

10 L10 Imperfectly drained, very deep, very dark greyish brown to black, very firm, cracking clay, with a topsoil of friable, humic clay loam (verto-orthic Greyzems)

12 L19 Well drained, deep to very deep, very dark greyish brown, friable and smeary, loam to clay loam, with a thick humic topsoil (mollic Andosols)

13 L20 Well drained, moderately deep to very deep, dark brown, friable and slightly smeary, clay loam to clay (ando-luvic Phaeozems)

14 L25 Imperfectly drained, very deep, very dark greyish brown to black, very firm sandy clay, with a topsoil of friable humic, sandy clay loam to clay loam (orthic Greyzems)

15 L27 Well drained, deep to very deep, reddish brown, friable clay, with an acid humic topsoil (humic Ferralsols)

16 L29 Well drained, shallow, red, friable, moderately calcareous sandy loam; on dolomitic limestone (calcic Cambisols, lithic phase)

17 Ls1 Well drained, moderately deep, dark reddish brown to reddish brown, friable to firm and slightly smeary, boulder and stony, clay loam to clay; in places calcareous (ando-chromic Cambisols, boulder phase; with calcic Xerosols)

18 Lu1 Well drained, deep to very deep, dark brown, friable and smeary, sandy clay to clay, with an acid humic topsoil (humic Andosols)

19 Lu2 Well drained, deep to very deep, very dark greyish brown, friable and smeary, clay loam, with a thick humic topsoil (mollic Andosols)

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No Map unit code

Description of soil type

1 R10 Association of:-Well drained, extremely deep, dark reddish brown, friable and slightly smeary clay, with an acid humic topsoil; on interfluves (andohumic Nitisols)-Well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark brown, friable, clay loam to clay, with an acid humic topsoil; on valley sides (humic Cambisols, partly lithic phase)

2 F4 Well drained to moderately well drained, very deep, dark brown, friable and slightly smeary clay, with a humic topsoil (ando-luvic Phaeozems)

3 F13 Well drained, very deep, yellowish red to dark reddish brown, loose, loamy coarse sand to friable sandy clay loam (chromic Luvisols; with Rhodic Ferralsols and luvic/Ferralic Arenosols)

4 F17 Well drained, deep to very deep, reddish brown to yellowish red, friable, sandy loam to clay, with an acid humic topsoil (humic Acrisols, with luvic Arenosols)

5 Uu2 Well drained, deep to very deep, dark reddish brown, friable and slightly smeary, silty clay loam, with a thick humic topsoil (ando-luvic Phaeozems)

6 Uh16 Well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown, friable to firm, sandy clay to clay, with a humic topsoil (chromo-luvic Phaeozems)

7 Um12 Imperfectly drained, moderately deep, brown to dark yellowish brown, mottled, friable, gravelly sandy clay loam; in places rocky and shallow (gleyic Acrisols, partly paralithic and rocky phase)

8 Um13 Well drained, very deep, reddish brown to red, friable clay, with a thick acid humic topsoil (nito-humic Ferralsols)

9 Um14 Well drained, moderately deep to deep, yellowish red to red, friable to firm, clay, partly with an acid humic topsoil; in places shallow and rocky (humic to chromic* Acrisols; with Lithosols and rock outcrops)

10 Um29 Imperfectly drained, moderately deep to deep, very dark greyish brown, firm, sandy clay loam to sandy clay; in places mottled and/or with a humic topsoil (humic to gleyic Acrisols)

11 Ul2 Well drained, moderately deep, red, firm clay, with a humic topsoil; with inclusions of imperfectly drained, deep, dark grey, mottled, very firm clay (chromo-luvic Phaeozems, with gleyic Luvisols)

12 Ux7 Well drained, shallow, dark brown, friable, strongly calcareous, strongly saline and moderately sodic, stony loam; with a stone surface (dissected older piedmont plain) (calcaric Regosols, stone-mantle and saline-sodic phase)

13 Up3 Association of:-Poorly drained, deep, very dark grey, very firm, cracking clay, in many places abruptly underlying a topsoil of friable loam; on flat parts (eutric Planosols; with chromic Vertisols)-Well drained, moderately deep, dark reddish brown, firm clay loam, with a humic topsoil, on slopes (chromo-luvic Phaeozems)

14 Up5 Association of:-Imperfectly drained, moderately deep to deep, dark brown to dark grey, firm, sandy clay to clay; on convex to straight slopes (verto-eutric Planosols)-Imperfectly drained, very deep, very dark greyish brown to black, firm to very firm, cracking clay, with a calcareous and sodic deeper subsoil; on concave slopes (Pellic Vertisols, sodic phase)

15 Up7 Imperfectly drained, deep, dark greyish brown to dark grey, very firm, sandy clay to clay, abruptly underlying a topsoil of friable loam (eutric Planosols)

16 Pn4 Imperfectly drained, deep, very dark greyish brown to black, very firm, cracking clay, with a calcareous deeper subsoil; in places saline and sodic (Pellic Vertisols, partly saline-sodic phase)

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No Map unit code

Description of soil type

17 Pn5 Imperfectly drained, deep, dark brown to dark grey, firm, sandy clay to clay (verto-eutric Planosols)

18 Pn6 Imperfectly drained, deep, dark greyish brown, mottled, very firm, gravelly clay loam to clay, abruptly underlying a thick topsoil of friable loam (eutric Planosols)

19 Pn10 Imperfectly drained, deep, brown, to dark grey, firm clay, with a calcareous and sodic deeper subsoil (verto-eutric Planosols, sodic phase)

20 Pn11 Imperfectly drained, deep, very dark grey to very dark greyish brown, very firm clay, with a topsoil of friable clay loam (verto-orthic Greyzems)

21 Pn24 Complex of:-Poorly drained, deep, dark grey, mottled, firm clay, abruptly underlying a topsoil of friable silt loam (eutric Planosols)-Moderately well drained to imperfectly drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark brown to dark greyish brown, friable gravelly clay loam, over petroplinthite; in many places with a humic topsoil (Ironstone soils*; with haplic Phaeozems, petroferric phase)

22 Pd1 Well drained, shallow, dark reddish brown to dark brown, friable to firm, sandy clay loam to clay loam; in places rocky (chromo-luvic Phaeozems, lithic phase; with rock outcrops)

23 Pd2 Well drained to moderately well drained, shallow, dark brown to black, very firm, gravelly and stony clay (verto-luvic Phaeozems, lithic and stony phase)

24 Pv6 Complex of well drained, shallow, dark reddish brown to strong brown, non to moderately calcareous, firm, stony and gravelly loam to sandy clay loam, partly over petrocalcic material (chromic Cambisols to orthic Luvisols, lithic or paralithic phase; with calcic Cambisols, petrocalcic phase)

25 Pv10 Imperfectly drained, very deep, yellowish brown to olive grey, friable, slightly saline, slightly sodic, sandy loam to silt loam, with a brittle and strongly sodic deeper subsoil (gleyic Solonetz, saline and fragipan phase)

26 Pv11 Imperfectly drained, moderately deep to deep, very dark greyish brown t dark yellowish brown, firm to very firm, slightly sodic, silty clay loam to clay, abruptly underlying a thick topsoil of friable, silt loam to clay loam (solodic Planosols)

27 A4 Poorly drained, very deep, greyish brown to light olive brown, friable, strongly calcareous, strongly saline, slightly to moderately sodic, silt loam to clay (undifferentiated Solonchaks; with Fluvisols, saline-sodic phase)

28 A14 Poorly drained, deep, dark greyish brown, mottled, firm clay, with an acid humic topsoil (humic Gleysols)

29 B1 Imperfectly drained to poorly drained, moderately deep, dark greyish brown, mottled, very firm clay loam, abruptly underlying a topsoil of acid humic friable loam (humic Planosols)

30 B4 Imperfectly drained, deep, dark brown to olive grey, firm to very firm, clay soils of varying calcareousness, salinity and sodicity; in many places cracking (Vertisols and Solonchaks, undifferentiated)

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30. KAJIADO COUNTY

Table 30: Description of the major soil types

No Map unit code

Description of soil type

1 M1 Well drained, shallow to moderately deep, brown to dark brown, firm and slightly smeary, strongly calcareous, stony to gravelly clay loam; in many places saline and/or sodic and with inclusions of lava fields (Ando-calcaric Regosols, partly lithic phase)

2 M8 Well drained, shallow, dark brown, firm, rocky and stony, clay loam, (Eutric Regosols, lithic phase; with Rock Outcrops)

3 H5 Well drained, moderately deep to deep, black, very friable and smeary, very gravelly loam, with a humic topsoil (Mollic Andosols)

4 H9 Well drained, shallow, dark reddish brown, friable, very calcareous, bouldery or stony, loam to clay loam; in many places saline (Lithosols; with calcic Xerosols, lithic bouldery and saline phase and Rock Outcrops)

5 H19 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow, dark grey, firm, moderately calcareous, stony clay; on crystalline limestone (Orthic Rendzinas, lithic phase)

6 L11 Imperfectly drained, very, dark grey to black, firm to very firm, boulder and stony, cracking clay; in places with a calcareous, slightly saline deeper subsoil (Pellic Vertisols, stony phase and party saline phase)

7 L13 Imperfectly drained, deep, very dark grayish brown, very firm, cracking clay (Chromic Vertisols)

8 L26 Association of:- Imperfectly drained, moderately deep, dark grayish brown to black, very firm, gravelly, cracking clay; in places saline; on gentle slopes (pellic Vertisols, party saline phase)- Imperfectly drained, moderately deep, dark grayish brown to black, very firm, gravelly clay, abruptly underling a topsoil of gravelly sandy clay loam; on terrain tops (Eutric Planosols)

9 Ls1 Well drained, moderately deep, dark reddish brown to reddish brown, friable to firm slightly smeary, boulder and stony, clay loam to clay; in places calcareous (Ando-chromic Cambisols, boulder phase; with calcic Xerosols)

10 F9 Complex of well drained to moderately well drained, deep, reddish brown to very dark grayish brown, firm, sandy clay loam to clay, in many places with a humic topsoil and/or cracking and /or moderately calcareous (undifferentiated Luvisols, luvic Phaeozems and chromic Vertisols)

11 F15 Complex of somewhat excessively drained to well drained, deep to very deep, dark red to blown loose sandy loam to friable to firm, clay (undifferentiated Acrisols with Arenosols)

12 F16 Complex of well drained, deep to very deep, dark reddish brown to dark yellowish brown soils of varying consistence and texture; in places gravelly and stratified (Ferralic Arenosols; with Ferralo-chromic/orthic Luvisols)

13 FY2 Well drained, deep to very deep, dark brown, friable to firm, clay loam to sandy clay; in places calcareous (Chromic Luvisols and haplic Kastanozems)

14 Y1 Complex of well drained, shallow to deep, grayish brown, very friable and smeary, rocky or boulder, gravelly, sandy clay loam to clay (Mollic Andosols, rocky phase and haplic Chernozems, stony and party lithic phase)

15 Y3 Well drained, deep to very deep, dark brown, very friable, clay loam to gravelly clay loam (Eutric Cambisols)

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No Map unit code

Description of soil type

16 Y4 Well drained, moderately deep to very deep, dark brown, very friable, moderately calcareous, gravelly clay loam, with a slightly saline and sodic deeper subsoil; in places over petrocalcic material (Calcic Cambisols, Saline-sodic phase)

17 Y2 Well drained, deep to very deep, dark brown, firm clay; in places cracking and/or calcareous and sodic (Vertic Luvisols; with calcic Luvisols sodic phase and chromic Vertisols, sodic phase)

18 Y8 Well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, loose sandy loam to friable to firm, sandy clay (Orthic Luvisols; with luvic Arenosols)

19 Um19 Well drained, moderately deep to very deep, dark reddish brown to dark yellowish brown, friable to firm, sandy clay to clay; in many places with a topsoil of loamy sand to sandy loam (Ferralo-chromic*/orthic/ferric Acrisols; with Luvisols Ferralsols)

20 Um21 Well drained, moderately deep to deep, dark red to yellowish red, friable to firm, sandy clay to clay, often with a topsoil of loamy sand (Chromic Luvisols and Ferralo-chromic/orthic/ferric Luvisols)

21 UM25 Complex of well drained, shallow to deep, reddish brown to brown, friable to firm, sandy clay loam to clay (Chromic Luvisols and Dystric Cambisols lithic phase)

22 Ux1 Well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark grayish brown, friable to firm, calcareous, very rocky and boulder clay (calcic Cambisols, lithic and bouldery phase)

23 Ux2 Association of: - Well drained, deep to very deep, dusky red to dark reddish brown, friable, stony, clay loam to clay; on upper slopes (Chromic Luvisols, stony phase)-Imperfectly drained, deep to very deep, dark brown to very dark greyish brown, firm calcareous saline and sodic, stony, cracking clay; on lower slopes (verto-luvic Phaeozems, stony and saline sodic phase.

24 Up8 Association of: -Well drained, deep to very deep, dark reddish brown, friable to firm, sandy clay loam to sandy clay, with a calcareous deeper subsoil; on upper, convex slopes (Chromic Luvisols)- Imperfectly drained, deep to very deep, dark grey to black, firm to very firm, clay, abruptly underlying a topsoil of friable sandy clay loam; on lower, straight slopes (Eutric Planosols)

25 Pn16 Well drained, moderately deep to very deep, dusky red to dark brown, friable to firm, sandy clay loam to clay (Ferric and Nito-chromic Luvisols)

26 Pn17 Well drained to imperfectly drained, deep to very deep, dark reddish brown to very dark grayish brown, friable to firm, slightly calcareous clay; in many places cracking (Vertic Luvisols and Chromic Vertisols)

27 Pn18 Moderately well drained, deep, yellowish red, firm, slightly calcareous, slightly saline, moderately sodic, cracking clay, with a thick humic topsoil (Verto-luvic Phaeozems, saline-sodic phase)

28 Pn21 Imperfectly drained, very deep, very dark grayish brown, brown, very firm, moderately calcareous, slightly saline and moderately sodic, cracking clay (Verto-luvic Phaeozems, saline-sodic phase)

29 Pn20 Moderately well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, firm, strongly calcareous, slightly saline and moderately sodic, cracking clay (Vertic Luvisols, saline-sodic phase)

30 Pv2 Well drained, very deep, dark red, friable, stony and boulder clay (Chromic Luvisols, boulder phase)

31 Pv6 Excessively drained to well drained, very deep, dark grayish brown to olive grey, stratified, calcareous, loose fine sand to very friable fine sandy loam or silt (Ando-calcaric Regosols)

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No Map unit code

Description of soil type

32 Pv7 Somewhat excessively drained, very deep, strong brown to dark yellowish brown, very friable and smeary, slightly sodic, gravely sandy clay loam, with a humic topsoil (Mollic Andosols sodic phase)

33 Pl8 Poorly drained, very deep black to very dark olive grey, mottled, very firm, strongly calcareous, strongly sodic clay; lower level of Amboseli (gleyic Solonchaks, sodic phase)

34 Pl10 Complex of moderately well drained to imperfectly drained, shallow to deep, strongly calcareous, strongly saline and strongly sodic soils of varying colour, consistence and texture; over pisocalcic or petrocalcic material; higher level of Amboseli (Orthic Solonchaks and Orthic Solonetz, petrocalcic phase)

35 Pl7 Imperfectly drained to poorly drained, very deep, dark grayish brown to dark brown, firm to very firm, slightly to moderately calcareous, slightly to moderately saline, moderately to strongly sodic, silt loam to clay; in many places, with a humic topsoil; Sub recent lake edge of the Central Rift Valley (undifferentiated Solonetz, saline phase)

36 Well drained to moderately well drained, very deep, dark grayish brown to yellowish brown, friable, stratified, silty clay loam to clay; in places slightly to moderately saline and slightly to moderately sodic (Eutric Fluvisols, partly saline-sodic phase)

37 A8 Well drained to imperfectly drained, very deep, dark brown to yellowish brown, stratified, micaceous, strongly calcareous, predominantly loamy soils (Calcaric Fluvisols)

38 A11 Imperfectly drained to poorly drained, very deep, dark brown, firm, strongly calcareous, moderately saline, strongly sodic clay, with a topsoil of sandy clay loam (Calcic Luvisols, saline-sodic phase)

39 A12 Imperfectly drained to poorly drained, very deep, dark reddish brown to dark grayish brown, firm to very firm, cracking clay; in many places mottled and with a calcareous, saline and sodic deeper subsoil (Chromic Vertisols, saline-sodic phase)

40 A17 Association of: -Well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, friable to firm, calcareous, sandy clay loam, with a saline and sodic deeper subsoil; on higher parts (Calcic Luvisols, saline-sodic phase)- Imperfectly drained, very deep, very dark grey, firm, moderately calcareous, moderately saline, moderately to strongly sodic cracking clay; on lower parts (Pellic Vertisols, saline-sodic phase)

41 A10 Moderately well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark brown, friable, strongly calcareous, sandy clay to clay loam, over petrocalcic material (Calcic Cambisols, petrocalcic phase)

42 B4 Poorly drained, moderately deep, dark grey to grey, mottled, firm clay, with a humic topsoil: in many places over petroplinthite (Mollic Gleysols, partly petroferric phase)

43 S1 Poorly drained to very poorly drained, very deep, dark greyish brown to dark olive grey, firm to very firm, strongly calcareous, strongly saline, strongly sodic clay; in many places with fragipans at various depths (Gleyic Solonchaks, sodic phase and partly fragipan phase)

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31. KERICHO COUNTY

Table 31: Description of the major soil types

No Map unit code

Description of soil type

1 M2 Well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, very friable and smeary, clay loam to clay, with a thick, aid humic topsoil; in places shallow to moderately deep and rocky (Humic Andosols, partly lithic phase)

2 M5 Well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark reddish brown, friable, humic, rocky and stony, clay loam (Humic Cambisols, rocky and partly lithic phase)

3 H1 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark reddish brown, friable, gravelly clay, with an acid humic topsoil (Humic Cambisols, partly paralithic phase)

4 H2 Well drained, shallow, dark reddish brown, friable, rocky and stony, clay loam (Chromic Cambisols, lithic phase; with Rock Outcrops)

5 H7 Well drained to moderately well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, firm, boulder or stony clay, with a humic topsoil (Verto-luvic Phaeozems, boulder and partly lithic phase)

6 F2 Well drained, deep to very deep, dusky red to dark reddish brown friable clay; in places with a humic topsoil (Nito-rhodic Ferralsols; with verto-mollic* Nitisols)

7 R5 Well drained, moderately deep to very deep, dark reddish brown, friable to firm, clay (Nito-ferric Luvisols; with humic Nitisols)

8 R9 Association of: - Well drained, extremely deep, dark reddish, friable clay, with an acid humic topsoil; on interfluves (Humic Nitisols)- Well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, friable, clay loam to clay, with an acid humic topsoil; on valley sides (Humic Cambisols, partly lithic phase)

9 Y11 Imperfectly drained, very deep, very dark grey to black, very firm, cracking, clay, with a calcareous deeper subsoils; in places gravelly(Verto-eitric Planosols)

10 Y12 Poorly drained, very deep, dark grayish brown to very dark grey mottled, firm to very firm, clay, abruptly underlying a topsoil of friable, sandy clay loam; in places with a sodic deeper subsoil (EutricPlanosols; with solodic Planosols)

11 R10 Association of:- Well drained, extremely deep, dark reddish brown, friable and slightly smeary clay, with an acid humic topsoil; on interfluves (ando-humic Nitisols)- Well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark brown, friable, clay loam to clay, with an acid humic topsoil; on valley sides (Humic Cambisols, partly lithic phase)

12 Uh1 Well drained, extremely deep, dark reddish brown to dark red, friable clay, with an acid humic topsoils (Humic Nitisols)

13 Uh2 Well drained, extremely deep, dark reddish brown, friable clay, with a humic topsoil (Mollic* Nitisols)

14 Uh3 Well drained, extremely deep, dark reddish brown, friable clay (Eutric Nitisols)15 Uh19 Moderately well drained, moderately deep, reddish brown to red, Firm clay loam, with

a humic topsoil (Ando-luvic Phaeozems)16 Um4 Well drained, deep to very deep, dark reddish brown, friable and smeary, silty clay to

clay, with a humic topsoil (Mollic Andosols)17 L27 Well drained, deep to very deep, reddish brown, friable clay, with an acid humic

topsoil (Humic Ferralsols) 18 Uh5 Well drained, extremely deep, reddish brown, friable clay, with a thick humic topsoil

(Mollic* Nitisols)

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No Map unit code

Description of soil type

19 Um23 Well drained, shallow, dark brown to dark yellowish brown, friablegravelly sandy clay loam to sandy clay, over soft rock (EutricCambisols, paralithic phase)

20 Ul5 Well drained, shallow, dark reddish brown to brown, friable to firm,sandy clay loam to gravelly clay, partly over petroplinthite (50-75%) (Ironstone Soils* and Eutric Cambisols, lithic or petroferric phase;with orthic Luvisols)

21 Pl2 Imperfectly drained, shallow, grayish brown, friable, excessivelycalcareous, fine sandy clay loam, over petrocalcic materials; middlelevel of Chalbi (Lithosols; with calcic Xerosols, petrocalcic phase)

22 Pl3 Poorly drained, very deep, dark greyish brown, friable to firm,moderately calcareous, moderately saline, strongly sodic, loam to clayloam, in places gypsiferous; with common low sand dunes; lowerlevel of Chalbi (undifferentiated Solonchaks, sodic phase)

23 A18 Complex of well drained to imperfectly drained, very deep, darkgrayish brown to dark reddish brown, stratified soils of varyingconsistence and texture (Eutric Fluvisols)

24 Y13 Complex of moderately well drained to poorly drained, very deep,dark brown to dark grey, firm to very firm, sandy clay to clay; inplaces stratified, sodic and/or cracking (Planosols, Gleysols, Solonetz,Vertisols and Fluvisols)

25 B5 Poorly drained, deep, grey to light olive brown, mottled, firm clay,abruptly underlying a thick topsoil of silt loam (Eutric Planosols)

26 Um5 Well drained, extremely deep, reddish brown, friable clay, with a thickhumic topsoil (Mollic* Nitisols).

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32. BOMET COUNTY

Table 32: Description of the major soil types

No Map unit code

Description of soil type

1 R9 Association of: Well drained, extremely deep, dark reddish brown, friable clay, with an acid humic topsoil; on interfluves (humic Nitisols)

Well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, friable, clay loam to clay, with an acid humic topsoil; on valley sides (humic Cambisols, partly lithic phase)

Association of: Well drained, extremely deep, dark reddish brown, friable clay, with an acid humic topsoil; on interfluves (humic Nitisols)

Well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, friable, clay loam to clay, with an acid humic topsoil; on valley sides (humic Cambisols, partly lithic phase)

2 R10 Association of: Well drained, extremely deep, dark reddish brown, friable and slightly smeary clay, with an acid humic topsoil; on in interfluves (Ando-humic Nitisols)

Well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark brown, friable, clay loam to clay, with an acid humic topsoil on valley sides (Humic Cambisols, partly lithic phase)

3 R13 Association of: Well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown, very friable and smeary, sandy clay loam to clay, with a thick humic topsoil; on interfluves (mollic Andosols)

Well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark brown to dark reddish brown, very friable and slightly smeary, clay loam to clay; on valley sides (Ando-eutric Cambisols, partly lithic phase)

4 H16 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow, dark brown, very friable rocky, sandy loam to clay loam; in many places with an acid humic topsoil (Rankers; with Lithosols and Rock Outcrops)

5 F17 Well drained, deep to very deep, reddish brown, friable clay, with an acid humic topsoil (Ando-humic Acrisols)

6 L25 Imperfectly drained, very deep, very dark grayish brown to black, very firm sandy clay, with a topsoil of friable, humic sandy clay loam to clay loam (Orthic Greyzems)

7 F6 Moderately well drained to imperfectly drained, deep, dark reddish brown, mottled, friable clay loam, with a humic topsoil and a deeper subsoil of compact clay (Gleyic Phaeozems)

8 H8 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow, dark reddish brown, friable, gravelly clay; in places with a humic topsoil, partly acid (Rankers; with and-hapic Phaeozems, lithic phase and Lithosols)

9 Um5 Well drained extremely deep, dusky red to dark reddish brown, friable with an acid humic topsoil (Humic Nitisols)

10 Uh1 Well drained, extremely deep, dark reddish brown to dark red friable clay, with an acid humic topsoil (Humic Nitisols)

11 Uh6 Well drained, very deep, dark red to dark reddish brown, friable, sandy to clay (Nito-rhodic Ferralsols)

12 Ux4 Well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, very friable and smeary, silty clay loam, with a humic topsoil (Mollic Andosols)

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No Map unit code

Description of soil type

13 Up2 Well drained, shallow, very dark reddish brown, friable, slightly calcareous, stony and boulder, clay loam to clay (Chromic Cambisols, lithic and boulder phase)

14 Up3 Imperfectly drained, deep very dark grayish brown to dark grey or black, very firm, moderately calcareous, moderately to strongly sodic, cracking clay (Pellic to chromic Vertisols, sodic phase)

15 Pn6 Imperfectly drained, deep, dark grayish brown, mottled, very firm, gravelly clay loam to clay, abruptly underlying a thick topsoil of friable loam (Eutric Planosols)

16 Pn11 Imperfectly drained, deep, very dark grey to very dark grayish brown, very firm clay, with a topsoil of friable clay loam (Verto-orthic Greyzems)

17 F4 Well drained to moderately well drained, very deep, dark brown, friable, friable and slightly smeary clay, with a humic topsoil (Ando-luvic Phaeozems)

18 A14 Poorly drained, deep, dark grayish brown, mottled, firm clay, with an acid humic topsoil (Gleysols)

33. KAKAMEGA COUNTY

Table 33: Description of the major soil types

No Map unit code

Description of soil type

1 H17 Well drained, shallow reddish brown, friable, rocky and stony, sandy clay to clay (Chromic Cambisols, lithic phase with eutric Regosols, lithic phase, Lithosols and rock outcrops)

2 L2 Well drained, moderately deep to deep, dark red, friable clay, over Petroplinthite; with inclusions of small bottomlands as unit B2 (Rhodic Ferralsols, petroferric phase)

3 F16 Complex of well drained, deep to very deep, dark reddish brown to dark yellowish brown soils of varying consistence and texture; in places gravelly and stratified (Ferric Arenosols; with feralo-chromic/orthic Luvisols)

4 Uh2 Well drained extremely deep, dark reddish brown, friable clay, with a humic topsoil (Mollic Nitisols)

5 Uh9 Well drained, shallow, dark reddish brown, friable, very calcareous, bouldery or stony, loam to clay loam; in many places saline (LITHOSOLS; with calcic XEROSOLS, lithic, bouldery and saline phase and Rock Outcrops)

6 Uh18 Well drained, very deep, dusky red to yellowish red, friable to firm, clay loam to clay; in places with an acid humic topsoil (Ferralo-chromic* Orthic Acrisols)

7 Um2 Well drained, very deep, red to dark red, friable to firm, clay; in places moderately deep over petroplinthite (Eutric Nitisols; with Rhodic Ferralsols, partly petroferric phase)

8 Um4 Well drained, deep to very deep, dark reddish brown, friable and smeary, silt clay to clay, with humic topsoil (Mollic Andosols)

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No Map unit code

Description of soil type

9 Um10 Well drained, deep to very deep, brown to dark brown, friable sandy clay to clay (Ferralo-orthic Acrisols)

10 Um16 Well drained, deep, red, friable clay (Rhodic Ferralsols)11 Um28 Well drained, deep to very deep, dark reddish brown to strong brown, friable

clay (Rhodic to Orthic Ferralsols)12 Ul11 Complex of:

- Well drained, moderately deep to very deep, reddish brown to yellowish brown, friable clay, over petroplinthite (Orthic Ferralsols,partly petroferric phase; with Orthic Acrisols)- Moderately well drained, shallow, brown to dark brown, friable sandy clay loam, over petroplinthite

13 Ul13 Well drained, strong brown to dark reddish yellow, very friable, sandy clay loam to sandy clay (Orthic Ferralsols; with Ferralic Cambisols)

14 Ul15 Well drained, very deep, dark red to dark reddish brown, very friable sandy clay loam to clay (Rhodic Ferralsols)

15 Ul17 Well drained, very deep, red to dark red, very friable clay (Rhodic Ferralsols)

16 Ul20 Well drained, moderately deep to very deep, dark red to strong brown, friable clay; in many places shallow over petroplinthite (10-40%) (Orthic Ferralsols, partly petroferric phase and ironstone soils)

17 B2 Poorly drained, moderately deep, dark grey to grey, mottled, firm clay, with a humic topsoil; in many places over petroplinthite (Mollic Gleysols, partly petroferric phase)

18 B10 Complex of imperfectly drained to poorly drained, very deep, very dark grey to brown, mottled, friable to firm, sandy clay to clay, often abruptly underlying a topsoil of friable, sandy clay loam; in places saline and sodic (Dystric Planosols; with Pellic Vertisols, vertic and humic Gleysols and Plinthic Acrisols)

19 B11 Complex of imperfectly drained to poorly drained, very deep, very dark grey to dark grayish brown, mottled, firm clay; in places peaty with an acid humic topsoil (Dystric Gleysols; with Eutric Planosols and some Dystric Histosols)

20 S2 Very poorly drained, very deep, very dark grey to black, firm, cracking clay, with an acid humic topsoil; seasonal swamps (Humic Gleysols)

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34. VIHIGA COUNTY

Table 34: Description of the major soil types Vihiga County

No Map unit code

Description of soil type

1 H11 Complex of somewhat excessively drained, shallow, stony and rocky soils of varying colour, consistence and texture (Dystric Regosols, lithic phase; with Ferralic Cambisols, lithic phase and Rock Outcrops)

2 F16 Complex of well drained, deep to very deep, dark reddish brown to dark yellowish brown soils of varying consistence and texture; in places gravelly and stratified (Ferralic Arenosols; with Ferralo-chromic/orthic Luvisols)

3 L23 Well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown to dark red, friable clay (Nito-Rhodic Ferralsols)

4 Uh7 Well drained, very deep, dark red to yellowish red, friable to firm, sandy clay to clay, with an acid humic topsoil (Humic Acrisols)

5 Uh8 Well drained, very deep, dark red to yellowish red, friable to firm, sandy clay to clay, with an acid humic topsoil (Humic Acrisols, rocky phase)

6 Uh9 Well drained, deep, yellowish red to brown, friable clay loam, with an acid humic topsoil (Humic Cambisols; with Humic Acrisols)

7 Um1 Well drained, extremely deep, dark reddish brown, friable clay (Dystric Nitisols)8 Um28 Well drained, deep to very deep, dark reddish brown to strong brown, friable clay

(Rhodic to Orthic Ferralsols)

35. BUNGOMA COUNTY

Table 35: Description of the major soil types

No Map unit code

Description of soil type

1 M5 Well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark reddish brown, friable, humic, rocky and stony, clay loam (Humic Cambisols, rocky and partly lithic phase)

2 M9 Imperfectly drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark greyish brown, very friable, acid humic to peaty, loam to clay loam, with rock outcrops and ice in the highest parts (Dystric Histosols, lithic phase; with Lithosols, Rock Outcrops and ice)

3 H11 Complex of somewhat excessively drained, shallow, stony and rocky soils of varying colour, consistence and texture (Dystric Regosols, lithic phase; with ferralic Cambisols, lithic phase and Rock Outcrops)

4 R1 Well drained, extremely deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, friable and slightly smeary clay, with an acid humic topsoil (Ando-humic Nitisols; with Humic Andosols)

5 R2 Well drained, extremely deep, dusky red to dark reddish brown, friable clay, with an acid humic topsoil (Humic Nitisols)

6 F1 Well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown, friable clay (Eutric Nitisols)

7 F16 Complex of well drained, deep to very deep, dark reddish brown to dark yellowish brown soils of varying consistence and texture; in places gravelly and stratified (Ferric Arenosols; with feralo-Chromic/Orthic Luvisols)

8 Uh2 Well drained, extremely deep, dark reddish brown, friable clay, with a humic topsoil (Mollic* Nitisols)

9 Uh11 Well drained, extremely deep, dark reddish brown, friable clay, with a thick acid humic topsoil (Humic Nitisols)

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No Map unit code

Description of soil type

10 Um2 Well drained, very deep, red to dark red, friable to firm, clay; in places moderately deep over petroplinthite (Eutric Nitisols; with rhodic Ferralsols, party petroferric phase)

11 Um10 Well drained, deep to very deep, brown to dark brown, friable, sandy clay to clay (Ferralo-orthic Acrisols)

12 Ul6 Association of: Well drained to moderately well drained, shallow, friable sandy clay loam, over petroplinthite (about 50%; on interfluves (Ironstone Soils*) Well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown to strong brown, friable clay, on valley sides (Dystric Nitisols; with orthic Ferralsols)

13 Ul11 Complex of: Well drained, moderately deep to very deep, reddish brown to yellowish brown, friable clay, over petroplinthite (Orthic Ferralsols, party petroferric phase; with Orthic Acrisols)

14 UI13 Well drained, deep, strong brown to reddish yellow, very friable, sandy clay loam to sandy clay (Orthic Ferralsols; with Ferralic Cambisols)

15 Ul15 Well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown, very friable, sandy clay loam to clay (Rhodic Ferralsols)

16 UI17 Well drained, very deep, red to dark red, very friable to friable, clay (Rhodic Ferralsols)17 Ul20 Well drained, moderately deep to very deep, dark red to strong brown, friable clay; in

many places shallow over petroplinthite (10- 40%) (orthic to rhodic Ferralsols, partly petroferric phase and Ironstone Soils*)

18 B9 Poorly drained, very deep, dark grayish brown to black, very firm, slightly calcareous, cracking clay; in many places with a saline and sodic deeper subsoil (Pellic Vertisols, party saline-sodic phase; with euric or vertic* Gleysols).

19 B10 Complex of imperfectly drained to poorly drained, very deep, very dark grey to brown, mottled, friable to firm, sandy clay to clay, often abruptly underlying a topsoil of friable, sandy clay loam, in places saline and sodic (dystric Planosols; with Pellic Vertisols, Vertic* and Humic Gleysols and Plinthic Acrisols)

20 B11 Complex of imperfectly drained to very poorly drained, very deep, very dark grey to dark greyish brown, mottled, firm clay; in places peaty or with an acid humic topsoil (Dystric Gleysols; with eutric Planosols and some dystric Histosols)

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36. BUSIA COUNTY

Table 36: Description of the major soil types

No Map unit code

Description of soil type

1 H1 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark reddish brown, friable, gravelly clay, with an acid humic topsoil (Humic Cambisols, partly paralithic phase)

2 H11 Complex of somewhat excessively drained, shallow, stony and rocky soils of varying colour, consistence and texture (dystric Regosols, lithic phase, with ferralic Cambisols, lithic phase and Rock Outcrops)

3 H15 Complex of excessively drained to well drained, shallow, dark red to brown, friable, sandy clay loam to clay; in many places rocky, bouldery and stony and in places with an acid himic topsoil (dystric Regosols, lithic phase; with Lithosols, humic Cambisols, lithic phase and Rock Outcrops)

4 Um2 Well drained, very deep, red to dark red, friable to firm, clay; in places moderately deep over petroplinthite (Eutric Nitisols; with Rhodic Ferralsols, partly petroferric phase)

5 Ul11 Complex of: Well drained, moderately deep to very deep, reddish brown to yellowish brown, friable clay, over petroplinthite (Orthic Ferralsols, partly petroferric phase; with orthic Acrisols)

Moderately well drained, shallow, brown to dark brown friable sandy clay loam, over petroplinthite (about 30%) (Ironstone Soils*)

6 Ul16 Association of: Well drained, moderately deep to very deep, red, very friable, sandy clay to clay, over petroplinthite; on valleysides (Rhodic Ferralsols, partly petroferric phase)

Well drained, dark reddish brown, friable sandy clay loam over petroplinthite (about 50%; on interfluves (Ironstone Soils%)

7 Ul20 Well drained, moderately deep to very deep, dark red to strong brown, friable clay; in many places shallow over petroplinthite (10-40%) (Orthic to rhodic Ferralsols, partly petroferric phase and Ironstone Soils*)

8 Pl12 Imperfectly drained, shallow, grayish brown, friable, excessively calcareous, fine sandy clay loam, petrocalcic material; middle level of Chalbi (Lithosols; with calcic Xerosols petrocalcic phase)

9 B10 Complex of imperfectly drained to very poorly drained, very deep, very dark grey to brown, mottled, friable to firm, sandy clay to clay, often abruptly underlying a topsoil of friable, sandy clay loam; in places saline and sodic (Dystric Planosols; with pellic Vertisols, Vertic* and Humic Gleysols and plinthic Acrisols)

10 S2 Very poorly drained, very deep, very dark grey to black, firm cracking clay, with an acid humic topsoil; seasonal swamps (humic Gleysols)

11 S3 Very poorly drained, very deep, dark grey to black, firm clay, with an acid humic topsoil; in many places peaty; permanent swamps (Humic Gleysols and dystric Histosols)

12 Z3 Imperfectly drained, very deep, dark brown to grayish brown, friable, sandy loam to sandy clay of varying salinity and sodicity; with inclusions of loose sand to loamy sand (Undifferentiated Solonchaks; with undifferentiated Arenosols)

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37. SIAYA COUNTY

Table 37:Description of the major soil types Siaya County

No Map unit code

Description of soil type

1 H1 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark reddish brown, friable, gravelly clay, with an acid humic topsoil (Humic Cambisols, partly paralithic phase)

2 H10 Complex of well drained to moderately well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark brown, firm, stony, clay loam to clay, in places with a humic topsoil (Eutric Regosols, partly lithic phase; with Verto-luvic Phaeozems, partly lithic phase)

3 Um2 Well drained, very deep, red to dark red, friable to firm, clay; in places moderately deep over petroplinthite (Eutric Nitisols; with Rhodic Ferralsols, partly petroferric phase)

4 Um20 Well drained moderately deep to deep, dark red to yellowish red, friable, sandy clay loam to clay (Rhodic and Orthic Ferralsols; with Ferralo-chromic*/Orthic/ferric Acrisols)

5 Um28 Well drained, deep to very deep, dark reddish brown to strong brown, friable clay (Rhodic to orthic Ferralsols)

6 Ul3 Moderately well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark brown, firm clay (Verto-luvic Phaeozems, partly lithic phase)

7 Ul4 Well drained, moderately deep to deep, dark reddish brown, friable clay, in many places over petroplinthite (Chromic Luvisols, partly petroferric phase; with Ironstone Soils*)

8 Ul6 Association of: - Well drained to moderately well drained shallow, friable sandy clay loam, over petroplinthite (about 50%); on interfluves (Ironstone Soils*)- Well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown to strong brown, friable clay, on valley sides (Dystric Nitisols; with orthic Ferralsols)

9 Ul7 Well drained, moderately deep to deep, yellowish red to strong brown, friable clay, over petroplinthite or rock; in places shallow over petroplinthite (Orthic Ferralsols, partly petroferric phase; with Ironstone Soils*)

10 Ul9 Well to moderately well drained, moderately deep to deep, reddish brown to brown, friable, gravelly clay loam to clay, often with a humic topsoil; in many places shallow over petroplinthite (Chromic-luvic Phaeozems and orthic and chromic Luvisols, partly petroferric phase; with Ironstone Soils*)

11 Ul11 Complex of: - Well drained, moderately deep to very deep, reddish brown to yellowish brown, friable clay, over petroplinthite (Orthic Ferralsols, partly petroferric phase; with orthic Acrisols)-Moderately well drained, shallow, brown to dark brown, friable, sandy clay loam, over petroplinthite (about 30%) (Ironstone Soils*)

12 Ul20 Well drained, moderately deep to very deep, dark red to strong brown, friable clay; in many places shallow over petroplinthite (10-40%) (Orthic to Rhodic Ferralsols, partly petroferric phase and Ironstone Soils*)

13 UI16 Association of: - Well drained, moderately deep to very deep, red, very friable, sandy clay to clay, over petroplinthite; on valley sides (Rhodic Ferralsols, partly petroferric phase)- Well drained, dark reddish brown, friable sandy clay loam over petroplinthite (about 50%; on interfluves (Ironstone Soils %)

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No Map unit code

Description of soil type

14 A18 Complex of well drained to imperfectly drained, very deep, dark grayish brown to dark reddish brown, stratified soils of varying consistence and texture (Eutric Fluvisols)

15 Pl12 Imperfectly drained, shallow, grayish brown, friable, excessively calcareous, fine sandy clay loam, petrocalcic material; middle level of Chalbi (Lithosols; with calcic Xerosols petrocalcic phase)

16 B10 Complex of imperfectly drained to very poorly drained, very deep, very dark grey to brown, mottled, friable to firm, sandy clay to clay, often abruptly underlying a topsoil of friable, sandy clay loam; in places saline and sodic (Dystric Planosols; with Pellic Vertisols, Vertic* and Humic Gleysols and plinthic Acrisols)

17 S2 Very poorly drained, very deep, very dark grey to black, firm cracking clay, with an acid humic topsoil; seasonal swamps (humic Gleysols)

18 S3 Very poorly drained, very deep, dark grey to black, firm clay, with an acid humic topsoil; in many places peaty; permanent swamps (Humic Gleysols and Dystric Histosols)

19 V1 Complex of well drained to poorly drained, deep, dark reddish brown to black, firm, silty clay to clay; in places calcareous and/or cracking.

38. KISUMU COUNTY

Table 38: Description of the major soil types

No Map unit code

Description of soil type

1 H1 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark reddish brown, friable, gravelly clay, with an acid humic topsoil (Humic Cambisols, partly paralithic phase)

2H11 Complex of somewhat excessively drained, shallow, stony and rocky soils of varying

colour, consistence and texture (dystric Regosols, lithic phase; with Ferralic Cambisols, lithic phase and Rock Outcrops)

3 L23 Well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown to dark red, friable clay (Nito-Rhodic Ferralsols)

4 L24 Well drained, moderately deep to deep, dark red, friable clay, over petroplinthite; with inclusions of small bottomlands of unit B2 (Rhodic Ferralsols, petroferric phase)

5 F16 Complex of well drained, deep to very deep, dark reddish brown to dark yellowish brown soils of varying consistence and texture; in places gravelly and stratified (Ferralic Arenosols; with Ferralo-chromic/orthic Luvisols)

6 R5 Well drained, moderately deep to very deep, dark reddish brown, friable to firm, clay (Nito-ferric Luvisols; with Humic Nitisols)

7 F2 Well drained, deep to very deep, dusky red to dark reddish brown, friable clay; in places with a humic topsoil (Nito-Rhodic Ferralsols; with Verto-mollic* Nitisols)

8 Y11 Imperfectly drained, very deep, very dark grey to black, very firm, cracking, clay, with a calcareous deeper subsoil; in places gravelly (Verto-eutric Planosols)

9 Y12 Poorly drained, very deep, dark grayish brown to very dark grey, mottled, firm to very firm, clay, abruptly underling a topsoil of friable, sandy clay loam; in places with a sodic deeper subsoil (Eutric Planosols; with Solodic Planosols)

10 Y13 Complex of moderately well drained to poorly drained, very deep, dark brown to dark grey, firm to very firm, sandy clay to clay; in places stratified, sodic and/or cracking (Planosols, Gleysols, Solonetz, Vertisols and Fluvisols)

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11 Ul4 Well drained, moderately deep to deep, dark reddish brown, friable clay; in many places over petroplinthite (Chromic Luvisols, partly petroferric phase; with Ironstone Soils*)

12 Ul5 Well drained, shallow, dark reddish brown to brown, friable to firm, sandy clay loam to gravelly clay, partly petroplinthite (50-75%) (Ironstone Soils* and Eutric Cambisols, lithic or petroferric phase; with orthic Luvisols)

13 Ul9 Well to moderately well drained, shallow, dark reddish brown, friable, stony to gravelly clay over petroplinthite; in places moderately deep to deep (20%) (Ironstone Soils*; with Ferralo-chromic* Acrisols)

14 Ul11 Complex of:- Well drained, moderately deep to very deep, reddish brown to yellowish brown, friable clay, over petroplinthite (Orthic Ferralsols, partly petroferric phase; with orthic Acrisols)- Moderately well drained, shallow, brown to dark brown, friable, sandy clay loam, over petroplinthite (about 30%) (Ironstone Soils*)

15 Pl12 poorly drained, very deep, very dark grey to black, very firm, slightly sodic, cracking clay, with a calcareous deeper subsoil; lower level of Kano plains (Pellic Vertisols, sodic phase)

16 Pl13 Poorly drained, shallow to deep, very dark brown to very dark grey, firm to very firm, slightly sodic, cracking clay; upper level of Kano plains (Chromic Vertisols, sodic and partly lithic phase)

17 A18 Complex of well drained to imperfectly drained, very deep, dark grayish brown to dark reddish brown, stratified soils of varying consistence and texture (eutric Fluvisols)

18 S3 Very poorly drained, very deep, dark grey to black, firm clay, with an acid humic topsoil; in many places peaty; permanent swamps (Humic Gleysols and Dystric Histosols)

39. HOMA BAY COUNTYTable 39: Description of the major soil types

No Map unit code

Description of soil type

1 M6 Well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, friable, rocky boulder, clay loam to clay; in places with a humic topsoil (Nito-chromic Cambisols; with haplic Phaeozems, lithic phase, Lithosols, eutric Regosols and Rock Outcrops)

2 2. M8 Well drained, shallow, dark brown, firm, rocky and stony, clay loam (Eutric Regosols, lithic phase; with Rock Outcrops)

3 H1 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark reddish brown, friable, gravelly clay, with an acid humic topsoil (Humic Cambisols, partly paralithic phase)

4 H10 Complex of well drained to moderately well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark brown, firm, stony, clay loam to clay; in places with a humic topsoil (Eutric Regosols, partly lithic phase; with Verto-luvic Phaeozems, partly lithic phase)

5 H11 Complex of somewhat excessively drained, shallow, stony and rocky soils of varying colour, consistence and texture (Dystric Regosols, lithic phase; with Ferralic Cambisols, lithic phase and Rock Outcrops)

6 L23 Well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown to dark red, friable clay (Nito-Rhodic Ferralsols)

7 F9 Complex of well drained to moderately well drained, deep, reddish brown to very dark grayish brown, firm, sandy clay loam to clay; in many places with a humic topsoil and/or cracking and/or moderately calcareous (undifferentiated Luvisols, Luvic Phaeozems and Chromic Vertisols)

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No Map unit code

Description of soil type

8 F16 Complex of well drained, deep to very deep, dark reddish brown to dark yellowish brown soils of varying consistence and texture; in places gravelly and stratified (Ferralic Arenosols; with Ferralo-chromic/orthic Luvisols)

9 Y2 Well drained, deep to very deep, dark brown, firm clay; in places cracking and/or calcareous and sodic (Vertic Luvisols; with calcic Luvisols, sodic phase and Chromic Vertisols, sodic phase)

10 Y11 Imperfectly drained, very deep, very dark grey to black, very firm, cracking, clay, with a calcareous deeper subsoil; in places gravelly (Verto-eutric Planosols)

11 Y12 Poorly drained, very deep, dark grayish brown to very dark grey, mottled, firm to very firm, clay, abruptly underling a topsoil of friable, sandy clay loam; in places with a sodic deeper subsoil (Eutric Planosols; with Solodic Planosols)

12 Ul2 Well drained, moderately deep, red, firm clay, with a humic topsoil; with inclusions of imperfectly drained, deep, dark grey, mottled, very firm clay (Chromic-luvic Phaeozems; with gleyic Luvisols)

13Ul3

Moderately well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark brown, firm clay (Verto-luvic Phaeozems, partly lithic phase)

14 Ul10 Complex of predominantly well drained, moderately deep to deep, reddish brown to brown, friable, gravelly clay loam to clay, often with a humic topsoil; in many places shallow over petroplinthite (Chromic-luvic Phaeozems and Chromic Luvisols’ partly petroferric phase; with Ironstone Soils*)

15 Ul11 Complex of:- Well drained, moderately deep to very deep, reddish brown to yellowish brown, friable clay, over petroplinthite (Orthic Ferralsols, partly petroferric phase; with orthic Acrisols)- Moderately well drained, shallow, brown to dark brown, friable, sandy clay loam, over petroplinthite (about 30%) (Ironstone Soils*)

16 Ul12 Complex of: -Well drained, deep, reddish brown, friable, sandy clay loam, with an acid humic topsoil (Humic Acrisols)-Moderately well drained, shallow, dark reddish brown, friable sandy loam, over petroplinthite (about 20%) Ironstone Soils*)

17 Ul21 Moderately well drained, moderately deep, dark brown to dark grayish brown, friable gravelly clay, over petroplinthite, with a humic topsoil; in many places shallow over petroplinthite (10-40%) (haplic Phaeozems, petroferric phase and Ironstone Soils*)

18 Um3 Well drained, deep to extremely deep, dark red, friable clay, with a thick humic topsoil (Mollic* Nitisols; with Nito-luvic Phaeozems)

19 Um7 Well drained, shallow to moderately deep, reddish brown to yellowish red, friable, gravelly sandy clay loam to clay loam, over soft rock (Ferralic Cambisols, partly paralithic phase)

20 Um8 Well drained, deep to extremely deep, reddish brown, friable clay, with a humic topsoil (Chromic-luvic Phaeozems; with mollic* Nitisols)

21 Up1 Complex of moderately well drained to imperfectly drained, moderately deep to very deep, very dark grey to dark grayish brown, firm to very firm, clay loam to clay; in places cracking (Verto-eutric Planosols and Chromic Vertisols)

22 Pn22 Imperfectly drained, very deep, very dark brown to black, firm, moderately sodic clay (Luvo-orthic Solonetz)

23 Pn23 Imperfectly drained to poorly drained, deep, dark grey, firm clay, abruptly underling a topsoil of friable silt loam; in many places with sodic deeper subsoil (Eutric and Solodic Planosols)

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No Map unit code

Description of soil type

24 Pl6 Imperfectly drained to poorly drained, very deep, dark grey to dark grayish brown, very firm, slightly calcareous, non to slightly saline, moderately sodic, cracking clay, upper level of Lambwe valley (Chromic Vertisols, sodic phase)

25 Pl9 Very poorly drained, very deep, very dark grey, very firm, slightly to moderately calcareous, gypsiferous, slightly saline, strongly sodic clay, with a humic topsoil; lower level of Lambwe valley (Mollic Solonetz, saline phase)

26 Pl12 Poorly drained, very deep, very dark grey to black, very firm, slightly sodic, cracking clay, with a calcareous deeper subsoil; lower level of Kano plains (Pellic Vertisols, sodic phase)

27 A18 Complex of well drained to imperfectly drained, very deep, dark grayish brown to dark reddish brown, stratified soils of varying consistence and texture (eutric Fluvisols)

28 S3 Very poorly drained, very deep, dark grey to black, firm clay, with an acid humic topsoil; in many places peaty; permanent swamps (Humic Gleysols and Dystric Histosols)

29 W2 Excessively drained, reddish brown, firm, strongly calcareous, slightly to moderately saline, strongly sodic, silt loam to clay loam of varying depth; strongly eroding and in many places with a gravel or stone surface (Undifferentiated Solonetz; with calcic Xerosols, Lithosols, etc.; stone-mantle phase)

40. MIGORI COUNTY

Table 40: Description of the major soil types Migori County

No Map unit code

Description of soil type

1 H10 Complex of well drained to moderately well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark brown, firm, stony, clay loam to clay; in places with a humic topsoil (eutric Regosols, partly lithic phase; with verto-luvic Phaeozems, partly lithic phase)

2 F9 Complex of well drained to moderately well drained, deep, reddish brown to very dark greyish brown, firm, sandy clay loam to clay; in many places with a humic topsoil and/or cracking and/or moderately calcareous (undifferentiated Luvisols, luvic Phaeozems and chromic Vertisols)

3 Uh11 Well drained, extremely deep, dark reddish brown, friable clay, with a thick acid humic topsoil (humic Nitisols)

4 Uh12 Well drained, moderately deep to deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, friable, sandy clay loam to clay, with a thick acid humic topsoil; in places shallow and rocky (humic Acrisols and humic Cambisols, partly lithic phase; with rock outcrops)

5 Uh13 Well drained, deep, red to yellowish red, friable sandy clay (Ferralo-chromic* Acrisols)

6 Um3 Well drained, deep to extremely deep, dark red, friable clay, with a thick humic topsoil (mollic* Nitisols, with nito-luvic Phaeozems)

7 Um7 Well drained, shallow to moderately deep, reddish brown to yellowish red, friable, gravelly sandy clay loam to clay loam, over soft rock (Ferralic Cambisols, partly paralithic phase)

8 Um12 Imperfectly drained, moderately deep, brown to dark yellowish brown, mottle, friable, gravelly sandy clay loam; in places rocky and shallow (gleyic Acrisols, partly paralithic and rocky phase)

9 Um13 Well drained, very deep, reddish brown to red, friable clay, with a thick acid humic topsoil (nito-humic Ferralsols)

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10 Um14 Well drained, moderately deep to deep, yellowish red to red, friable to firm, clay, partly with an acid humic topsoil, in places shallow and rocky (humic to chromic* Acrisols; with Lithosols and rock outcrops)

11 Ul10 Complex of predominantly well drained, moderately deep to deep, reddish brown to brown, friable, gravelly clay loam to clay, often with a humic topsoil in many places shallow over petroplinthite (chromo-luvic Phaeozems and orthic and chromic Luvisols, partly petroferric phase; with Ironstone soils*)

12 Ul11 Complex of:Well drained, moderately deep to very deep, reddish brown to yellowish brown, friable clay, over petroplinthite (orthic Ferralsols, partly petroferric phase; with orthic Acrisols)-Moderately well drained, shallow, brown to dark brown friable sandy clay loam, over petroplinthite (about 30%) (Ironstone soils*)

13 Ul21 Moderately well drained, moderately deep, dark brown to dark greyish brown, friable gravelly clay, over petroplinthite, with a humic topsoil; in many places shallow over petroplinthite (10-40%) (haplic Phaeozems, petroferric phase and Ironstone soils*)

14 Up1 Complex of moderately well drained to imperfectly drained, moderately deep to very deep, very dark grey to dark greyish brown, firm to very firm, clay loam to clay; in places cracking(verto-eutric Planosols and chromic Vertisols)

15 P15 Imperfectly drained, deep, black to very dark grey, very firm, slightly to moderately sodic, cracking clay (Pellic Vertisols, sodic phase)

16 Pn22 Imperfectly drained, very deep, very dark brown to black, firm, moderately sodic clay (luvo-orthic Solonetz)

17 Pn23 Imperfectly drained to poorly drained, deep, dark grey, firm clay, abruptly underlying a topsoil of friable silt loam; in many places with a sodic deeper subsoil (eutric and solodic Planosols)

18 Pn24 Complex of:-Poorly drained, deep, dark grey, mottled, firm clay, abruptly underlying a topsoil of friable silt loam (eutric Planosols)-Moderately well drained to imperfectly drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark brown to dark greyish brown, friable gravelly clay loam, over petroplinthite; in many places with a humic topsoil (Ironstone soils*; with haplic Phaeozems, petroferric phase)

19 A14 Poorly drained, deep, dark greyish brown, mottled, firm clay, with an acid humic topsoil (humic Gleysols)

20 B10 Complex of imperfectly drained to poorly drained, very deep, very dark grey to brown, mottled, friable to firm, sandy clay to clay, often abruptly underlying a topsoil of friable, sandy clay loam; in places saline and sodic (Dystric Planosols; with Pellic Vertisols, Vertic* and humic Gleysols and plinthic Acrisols)

21 Z3 Imperfectly drained, very deep, dark brown to greyish brown, friable, sandy loam to sandy clay of varying salinity and sodicity; with inclusions of loose sand to loamy sand (undifferentiated Solonchaks; with undifferentiated Arenosols)

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41. KISII COUNTY

Table 41: Description of the major soil types

No Map unit code

Description of soil type

1 H1 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark reddish brown, friable, gravelly clay, with an acid humic topsoil (Humic Cambisols, partly paralithic phase)

2 F17 Well drained, deep to very deep, reddish brown to yellowish red, friable, sandy loam to clay, with an acid humic topsoil (Humic Acrisols; with luvic Arenosols)

3 L27 Well drained, deep to very deep, reddish brown, friable clay, with an acid humic topsoil (Humic Ferralsols)

4 Uu1 Well drained, deep to extremely deep, reddish brown, friable clay, with a thick humic topsoil (Mollic* Nitisols and Chromic-luvic Phaeozems)

5 Uu2 Well drained, deep to very deep, dark reddish brown, friable and slightly smeary, silty clay loam, with a thick humic topsoil (Ando-luvic Phaeozems)

6 H8 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow, dark reddish brown, friable, gravelly clay; in places with a humic topsoil, partly acid (Rankers; with ando-haplic Phaeozems, lithic phase and Lithosols)

7 L23 Well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown to dark red, friable clay (Nito-Rhodic Ferralsols)

8 Um3 Well drained, deep to extremely deep, dark red, friable to firm, clay, in thick humic topsoil (Mollic* Nitisols; with nito-luvic Phaeozems)

9 Um11 Well drained, deep, dark red, friable clay with an acid humic topsoil (Humic Acrisols) 10 Um13 Well drained, very deep, reddish to red, friable clay, with a thick acid humic topsoil

(Nito-humic Ferralsols)11 Uh5 Well drained, extremely deep, reddish brown, friable clay, with a thick humic topsoil

(Mollic* Nitisols). Well drained, deep to extremely deep, reddish brown, friable clay with a humic topsoil (Chromic-luvic Phaeozems; with Mollic* Nitisols)

12 Um8 As in Uh7, but rocky (humic Acrisols, rocky phase)

13 Ul10 Complex of predominantly well drained, moderately deep to deep, reddish brown to brown, friable, gravelly clay loam to clay, often with a humic topsoil; in many places shallow over petroplinthite (Chromo-luvic Phaeozems and orthic and chromic Luvisols, partly petroferric phase; with Ironstone Soils*)

14 Ul11 Complex of: - Well drained, moderately deep to very deep, reddish brown to yellowish brown, friable clay, over petroplinthite (Orthic Ferralsols, partly petroferric phase; with orthic Acrisols)- Moderately well drained, shallow, brown to dark brown friable sandy clay loam, over petroplinthite (about 30%) (Ironstone Soils*)

15Ul12

Complex of: - Well drained, deep, reddish brown, friable, sandy clay loam, with an acid humic topsoil (Humic Acrisols)- Moderately well drained, shallow, dark reddish brown, friable sandy loam, over petroplinthite (about 20%) (Ironstone Soils*)

16 B5 Poorly drained, deep, grey to light olive brown, mottled, firm clay, abruptly underlying a thick topsoil of silt loam (Eutric Planosols)

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42. NYAMIRA COUNTY

Table 42: Description of major soil types

No Map unit code

Description of soil type

1 H1 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark reddish brown, friable, gravelly clay, with an acid humic topsoil (humic Cambisols, partly paralithic phase)

2 H9 Well drained, shallow, dark reddish brown, friable, very calcareous, bouldery or stony, loam to clay loam; in many places saline (Lithosols; with calcic Xerosols, lithic, bouldery and saline phase and rock outcrops)

3 H16 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow, dark brown, very friable, rocky, sandy loam to clay loam; in many places with an acid humic topsoil (Rankers; with Lithosols and rock outcrops)

4 L25 Imperfectly drained, very deep, very dark greyish brown to black, very firm sandy clay, with a topsoil of friable humic, sandy clay loam to clay loam (orthic Greyzems)

5 F6 Moderately well drained to imperfectly drained, deep, dark reddish brown, mottled, friable clay loam, with a humic topsoil and a deeper subsoil of compact clay (Gleyic Phaeozems)

6 Uu17 Uu2 Well drained, deep to very deep, dark reddish brown, friable and slightly smeary, silty

clay loam, with a thick humic topsoil (ando-luvic Phaeozems)8 Uh5 Well drained, extremely deep, reddish brown, friable clay, with a thick humic topsoil

(Mollic* Nitisols)Well drained, deep to extremely deep, reddish brown, friable clay with a humic topsoil (Chromic-luvic Phaeozems; with Mollic* Nitisols)

9 Uh6 Well drained, very deep, dark red to dark reddish brown, friable, sandy to clay (Nito-Rhodic Ferralsols)

10 Um3 Well drained, deep to extremely deep, dark red, friable to firm, clay, in thick humic topsoil (Mollic* Nitisols; with nito-luvic Phaeozems)

11 Um5 Well drained extremely deep, dusky red to dark reddish brown, friable with an acid humic topsoil (Humic Nitisols)

12 Ul2 Well drained, moderately deep, red, firm clay, with a humic topsoil; with inclusions of imperfectly drained, deep, dark grey, mottled, very firm clay (chromo-luvic Phaeozems, with gleyic Luvisols)

13 Ux4 Well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, very friable and smeary, silty clay loam, with a humic topsoil (Mollic Andosols)

14 Up3 Association of:-Poorly drained, deep, very dark grey, very firm, cracking clay, in many places abruptly underlying a topsoil of friable loam; on flat parts (eutric Planosols; with chromic Vertisols)-Well drained, moderately deep, dark reddish brown, firm clay loam, with a humic topsoil, on slopes (chromo-luvic Phaeozems)

15 B5 Poorly drained, deep, grey to light olive brown, mottled, firm clay, abruptly underlying a thick topsoil of silt loam (Eutric Planosols)

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ANNEX 2. SUMMARIZED FERTILIZER

RECOMMENDATIONS PER SUB COUNTY

Page 292: SOIL SUITABILITY EVALUATION FOR MAIZE PRODUCTION ...

284

Enha

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Pro

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Lim

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625

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725

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be S

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620

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be N

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Page 293: SOIL SUITABILITY EVALUATION FOR MAIZE PRODUCTION ...

285

Udo

ngo

Wen

ye R

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a kw

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imar

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ji

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515

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Page 294: SOIL SUITABILITY EVALUATION FOR MAIZE PRODUCTION ...

286

Enha

ncin

g So

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rtilit

y fo

r Gre

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Pro

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CO

UN

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B C

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NS

Lim

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Page 295: SOIL SUITABILITY EVALUATION FOR MAIZE PRODUCTION ...

287

Udo

ngo

Wen

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Page 296: SOIL SUITABILITY EVALUATION FOR MAIZE PRODUCTION ...

288

Enha

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g So

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rtilit

y fo

r Gre

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Pro

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CO

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Page 297: SOIL SUITABILITY EVALUATION FOR MAIZE PRODUCTION ...

289

Udo

ngo

Wen

ye R

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a kw

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imar

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CO

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Page 298: SOIL SUITABILITY EVALUATION FOR MAIZE PRODUCTION ...

ANNEX 3. LIST OF SAMPLED FARMERS

Page 299: SOIL SUITABILITY EVALUATION FOR MAIZE PRODUCTION ...

291

Udo

ngo

Wen

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Page 300: SOIL SUITABILITY EVALUATION FOR MAIZE PRODUCTION ...

292

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Page 313: SOIL SUITABILITY EVALUATION FOR MAIZE PRODUCTION ...

305

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318

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Page 327: SOIL SUITABILITY EVALUATION FOR MAIZE PRODUCTION ...

319

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Page 330: SOIL SUITABILITY EVALUATION FOR MAIZE PRODUCTION ...

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Page 331: SOIL SUITABILITY EVALUATION FOR MAIZE PRODUCTION ...

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Page 332: SOIL SUITABILITY EVALUATION FOR MAIZE PRODUCTION ...

324

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Page 344: SOIL SUITABILITY EVALUATION FOR MAIZE PRODUCTION ...

336

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Page 363: SOIL SUITABILITY EVALUATION FOR MAIZE PRODUCTION ...

355

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Page 383: SOIL SUITABILITY EVALUATION FOR MAIZE PRODUCTION ...

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Page 389: SOIL SUITABILITY EVALUATION FOR MAIZE PRODUCTION ...

381

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Page 405: SOIL SUITABILITY EVALUATION FOR MAIZE PRODUCTION ...

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Page 407: SOIL SUITABILITY EVALUATION FOR MAIZE PRODUCTION ...

399

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400

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Page 409: SOIL SUITABILITY EVALUATION FOR MAIZE PRODUCTION ...

401

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Page 410: SOIL SUITABILITY EVALUATION FOR MAIZE PRODUCTION ...

402

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Page 411: SOIL SUITABILITY EVALUATION FOR MAIZE PRODUCTION ...

403

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Page 412: SOIL SUITABILITY EVALUATION FOR MAIZE PRODUCTION ...

404

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763

Page 413: SOIL SUITABILITY EVALUATION FOR MAIZE PRODUCTION ...

405

Udo

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Page 432: SOIL SUITABILITY EVALUATION FOR MAIZE PRODUCTION ...

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Page 436: SOIL SUITABILITY EVALUATION FOR MAIZE PRODUCTION ...

428

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Page 444: SOIL SUITABILITY EVALUATION FOR MAIZE PRODUCTION ...

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Page 452: SOIL SUITABILITY EVALUATION FOR MAIZE PRODUCTION ...

444

Enha

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42. NYAMIRA COUNTY

No Name of the farmer County District Division Location Sublocation Village Telephone1 Alice Nyanduko Mokua Nyamira Nyamira North Ekerenyo Kiabonyoru Mokomoni 7245602202 Hyline Kerubo Omorenga Nyamira Nyamira North Ekerenyo Kiabonyoru Omonono 7208898873 Onduko Kongana Nyamira Nyamira North Ekerenyo Kiabonyoru Nyangoge 7192452804 Teresa Nyaboke Mangeza Nyamira Nyamira North Ekerenyo Kiabonyoru Nyangoge 7121474465 Rose Muhondia Omambia Nyamira Nyamira North Ekerenyo Kiabonyoru Nyaramba 7154030086 Chrisantus Aunda Mukua Nyamira Nyamira North Ekerenyo Itibo Boisanga II 0789416504/

07365135967 Nashon Nyagemi Sagero Nyamira Nyamira North Ekerenyo Itibo Bonyakomi 7124740888 Risper Nyaboke Ogoti Nyamira Nyamira North Ekerenyo Itibo Bokurati II 7705858989 Johnson Arani Segera Nyamira Nyamira North Ekerenyo Itibo Bonyakomi 71047522310 Francis Kimani Omayio Nyamira Nyamira North Ekerenyo Itibo Bokurati II 71310917111 Sophia Kabora Nyamira Nyamira North Ekerenyo Obwari Ikonge 71185245512 Josephine Kwamboka Ogega Nyamira Nyamira North Ekerenyo Obwari Ikonge 72770458213 Bathual Mayaka Nyamira Nyamira North Ekerenyo Obwari Boisanga I 72668918914 John Bongwe Aori Nyamira Nyamira North Ekerenyo Obwari Boisanga I 72742469215 Pastor William Buruchara Nyamira Nyamira North Ekerenyo Obwari Boisanga I 71126223716 Fred Mokaya Mugoba Nyamira Nyamira North Nyamusi Bomwagamo Nyagwekoa 70142253017 James Mengo Onyancha Nyamira Nyamira North Nyamusi Bomwagamo Nyambiri 72424354718 Salome Kemunto Onsoti Nyamira Nyamira North Nyamusi Bomwagamo Nyagwekoa 71137408619 James Nyambogi Onyancha Nyamira Nyamira North Nyamusi Bomwagamo Mageri 71214878820 Francis Nyakangi Orina Nyamira Nyamira North Nyamusi Bomwagamo Mageri 71530678021 Eliud Areba Oenga Nyamira Nyamira North Nyamusi Borangi Bonyengwe I 72878624322 Charles Onguso Nyaore Nyamira Nyamira North Nyamusi Borangi Magwagwa 72391297723 Peter Mongei Semboi Nyamira Nyamira North Nyamusi Borangi Bonyengwe I 71693283724 Gladys Nyanchama Ochengo Nyamira Nyamira North Nyamusi Bokeira Matongo 72151800625 Jackline Onchiri Nyamira Nyamira North Nyamusi Bokeira Matongo 70072980126 Doricah K. Mweberi Nyamira Nyamira North Nyamusi Bokeira Nyakenimo Kiomara 70449981827 Makori Onyancha Joseph Nyamira Nyamira North Nyamusi Bokeira Nyakenimo 72630927928 Robert Kimwoni Ogero Nyamira Nyamira North Nyamusi Borangi Bonyengwe II Nyamatuta29 Jeremiah Mongare Nyareso Nyamira Nyamira North Nyamusi Borangi Bonyengwe II 718171805

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Udo

ngo

Wen

ye R

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a kw

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42. NYAMIRA COUNTY

No Name of the farmer County District Division Location Sublocation Village Telephone1 Alice Nyanduko Mokua Nyamira Nyamira North Ekerenyo Kiabonyoru Mokomoni 7245602202 Hyline Kerubo Omorenga Nyamira Nyamira North Ekerenyo Kiabonyoru Omonono 7208898873 Onduko Kongana Nyamira Nyamira North Ekerenyo Kiabonyoru Nyangoge 7192452804 Teresa Nyaboke Mangeza Nyamira Nyamira North Ekerenyo Kiabonyoru Nyangoge 7121474465 Rose Muhondia Omambia Nyamira Nyamira North Ekerenyo Kiabonyoru Nyaramba 7154030086 Chrisantus Aunda Mukua Nyamira Nyamira North Ekerenyo Itibo Boisanga II 0789416504/

07365135967 Nashon Nyagemi Sagero Nyamira Nyamira North Ekerenyo Itibo Bonyakomi 7124740888 Risper Nyaboke Ogoti Nyamira Nyamira North Ekerenyo Itibo Bokurati II 7705858989 Johnson Arani Segera Nyamira Nyamira North Ekerenyo Itibo Bonyakomi 71047522310 Francis Kimani Omayio Nyamira Nyamira North Ekerenyo Itibo Bokurati II 71310917111 Sophia Kabora Nyamira Nyamira North Ekerenyo Obwari Ikonge 71185245512 Josephine Kwamboka Ogega Nyamira Nyamira North Ekerenyo Obwari Ikonge 72770458213 Bathual Mayaka Nyamira Nyamira North Ekerenyo Obwari Boisanga I 72668918914 John Bongwe Aori Nyamira Nyamira North Ekerenyo Obwari Boisanga I 72742469215 Pastor William Buruchara Nyamira Nyamira North Ekerenyo Obwari Boisanga I 71126223716 Fred Mokaya Mugoba Nyamira Nyamira North Nyamusi Bomwagamo Nyagwekoa 70142253017 James Mengo Onyancha Nyamira Nyamira North Nyamusi Bomwagamo Nyambiri 72424354718 Salome Kemunto Onsoti Nyamira Nyamira North Nyamusi Bomwagamo Nyagwekoa 71137408619 James Nyambogi Onyancha Nyamira Nyamira North Nyamusi Bomwagamo Mageri 71214878820 Francis Nyakangi Orina Nyamira Nyamira North Nyamusi Bomwagamo Mageri 71530678021 Eliud Areba Oenga Nyamira Nyamira North Nyamusi Borangi Bonyengwe I 72878624322 Charles Onguso Nyaore Nyamira Nyamira North Nyamusi Borangi Magwagwa 72391297723 Peter Mongei Semboi Nyamira Nyamira North Nyamusi Borangi Bonyengwe I 71693283724 Gladys Nyanchama Ochengo Nyamira Nyamira North Nyamusi Bokeira Matongo 72151800625 Jackline Onchiri Nyamira Nyamira North Nyamusi Bokeira Matongo 70072980126 Doricah K. Mweberi Nyamira Nyamira North Nyamusi Bokeira Nyakenimo Kiomara 70449981827 Makori Onyancha Joseph Nyamira Nyamira North Nyamusi Bokeira Nyakenimo 72630927928 Robert Kimwoni Ogero Nyamira Nyamira North Nyamusi Borangi Bonyengwe II Nyamatuta29 Jeremiah Mongare Nyareso Nyamira Nyamira North Nyamusi Borangi Bonyengwe II 718171805

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Page 454: SOIL SUITABILITY EVALUATION FOR MAIZE PRODUCTION ...

446

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ANNEX 4. LIST OF TRAINED

AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION STAFF

Page 456: SOIL SUITABILITY EVALUATION FOR MAIZE PRODUCTION ...

448 Enhancing Soil Fertility for Greater Productivity

1. NYANZA AND WESTERN REGIONS

No Name of Officer Sub County P/No

1 Priscilla Robert Gem 19770155632 Ebby Embeywa Kisumu East 19800387903 Reuben Amolo Rongo 19850435044 Boycott Ogweno Nyatike 20101091235 Charles Ngige Bondo 20101118116 Bernard Achilla Rachuonyo South 20101092707 Mathew Mindura Manga 20080884768 Andrew Ondieki Masaba North 19860464829 Albert Magutu Kisii Central 201010853310 Evans Osindi Kisumu West 8804697511 Peter Bisaho Kakamega East 8000368812 Augostus Isaboke Rarieda 201010937713 Washington Onyango Suba 201011222314 William Owiti Mbita 198103917115 Javan Lime Butere 198907079916 Kennedy Koroti Bungoma East 198800567817 Jacob Ongere Nyando 198504377918 Caren Okari Kisii South 20101118619 Nyangwansa Rose Marani 201011064520 Eliud Etyang Teso South 198906946321 Beatrice Owino Nyamira North 201010930122 Oliver Robi Uriri 201011221523 Godrick Ogola Ugenya 8906961724 Mutambo M.M. Bumula 198503001425 Ambani Simon Emuhaya 198605226326 Silas Onyango Kenyenya 201011035227 Protas Musoga Lugari 198705136728 Alfred Nyakenga Gucha South 198503070529 Wilson Otieno Muhoroni 198707735530 Geofrey Karani Hamisi 201011044131 Ben Chesoni Matungu 201010788832 John Manyasa Khwisero 201010944033 Zachary Amenya Homabay 201010846034 Adinda Rose Kuria West 201011213435 Mukanga Roselida Busia 201011190036 Veronica Muhonja Mt. Elgon 201010866437 Rose Kwoba Kimilili 201010906838 Miriah Iminza Vihiga 201011185339 J.B. Asena Sabatia 7701511540 Lawrence Okwiri Samia 1984102509

LIST OF TRAINED AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION STAFF

Page 457: SOIL SUITABILITY EVALUATION FOR MAIZE PRODUCTION ...

449Udongo Wenye Rotuba kwa Kuimarisha Uzalishaji

2. RIFT VALLEY REGION

NO Name of Officer Sub County P/No

1 Raphael Khaemba Turkana South 20060074902 Walter Kiplagat Koibatek 20080862703 Bor Joseah Transmara East 20101109624 Daniel Gaichuhie Naivasha 860780575 Jonah Maiyo Marakwet East 101096946 Wilson Yego North Pokot 850645347 Barnabas Kwambai Keiyo North 890672418 Kimetto Bernard Turkana East 20101112359 Symon Kapsore Loima 201011105710 Francis Kite Keiyo South 198605405311 Kiprop Kiprotich East Pokot 201010961012 Kelly O. Wafula Chepalungu 200808580013 Sigei John Sotik 198103908214 Evans Cheptirim Marigat 201011104915 Tanui Benjamin Baringo Central 200808850216 Aholipama Ruto Baringo North 2010111027117 Silas Kipngetich Loitokitok 201011158618 Alfred Sang Transmara West 198409860319 Maiyo Dorcas Marakwet West 201011126920 Rael Gitonga Kajiado Central 201011131621 Richard Kirui Narok South 8705158722 Sang Isaac Kipkelion 201011193423 Kitur Bernard Samburu Central 201011209524 Sigei Geofrey Samburu East 201011028925 Carolyne Seurey Tinderet 201011207926 Kisemei Mwanduka Nakuru 201010996127 Emily Too Kericho 201011001928 Kolil Hellen Kericho West 201011111229 Moses Sawe Nandi North 198705115530 Omari Joseph West Pokot 198810103431 John Lang’at Nandi South 1988046439

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450 Enhancing Soil Fertility for Greater Productivity

3. CENTRAL AND UPPER EASTERN REGIONS

No Name of Officer Sub County P/No1 Gitonga Thathi Meru South 19880056442 Ephraim Kagwe Isiolo Cent 19800415993 Francis Kabiro Mbeere South 19870520884 Samson Kinyua Igembe South 20101116755 Morris Mukaria Igembe North 20101089656 Paul Mugwika Imenti South 19890690577 S. Nyamu Kieni East 19860777188 S. Thuku Kieni West 19880876709 Mungai Mwaura Murang’a South 198907078110 Kariuki Gerald Githunguri 201011188711 Erastus Ndung’u Thika East 198902886012 Jamleck Mutegi Tharaka South 198903442613 Dixon Njue Tharaka South 201010812714 Kithinji Frankline Tigania East 201010857515 Mwangi Paul Tigania West 201011223116 Hosea Muita Nyeri South 201010983017 Amos Njenga Murang’a West 201011059818 Mwai Florence Mathira East 201010783819 Stephen Mwangi Kigumo 201010813520 Isaac Rugendo Tharaka North 201010879521 Phillip Ireri Maara 8906900722 Marion Ndegwa Embu West 8906858023 David Gitari Embu North 201010902624 Joycelyn Njue Kirinyaga East 198504398625 Mathews Njagi Mbeere North 198303393526 Lawrence Magondu Kirinyaga South 198504494027 Joseph Uiru Kipipiri 8004094128 Simon Murima Nyandarua North 7922619429 Grace Kahunyo Kandara 201100460130 Rahab Karimi Gatanga 198409980331 Cecilia Gikonyo Mukurweini 1982002688832 Solomon Gathithi Marsabit 83033561

Page 459: SOIL SUITABILITY EVALUATION FOR MAIZE PRODUCTION ...

451Udongo Wenye Rotuba kwa Kuimarisha Uzalishaji

4. LOWER EASTERN AND COAST REGIONS

No Name of Officer Sub County P/No1 Charles Kithuva Banisa 20101122812 Joseph Mangi Malindi 19870769933 Ibrahim Elmi Mandera East 198830013784 Robert Njule Kinango 19841004005 Isaac Bahola Tana River 19840977706 Nicholas Omondi Ijara 20080861317 Musyoka Muinde Kyuso 20101092628 James Musila Mwala 19860528499 Charles Kituu Kangundo 8303206010 Ignus Ngeti Taita 198504284111 Kenneth Ngunyi Mbooni West 198808853712 Joel Gatuthu Taveta 198204244413 Stephen Jefwa Ganze 198805447314 Anthony Kamaku Lamu West 197701564415 Richard Amos Nzaui 198504424116 Mirriam Munyao Kitui West 198805468517 Eunice Muema Makueni 201010825818 Idris Abass Garissa 8300063119 Stephen Musau Mukaa 200808581820 Michael Murangah Kwale 8907519721 Jones Dudi Voi 8805493622 Elizabeth Mwadime Mwatate 8607596023 Stanslous Mwagambo Kilifi 8605419224 Nicholas Kimeu Kathiani 2010924625 Lawrence Shoboi Rabai 198705344026 Onesmus Saani Machakos 7906244327 Abdurashid Mballa Msambweni 7906146328 Mutisya Mbuvi Kilungu 198804512429 Daniel Nzioki ATC Taita 201010152930 Sababu Tuva Bura 201011189531 Grandford Kisee Lamu East 201011040932 Danson Muchuna Mwingi Central 8605819633 Mutisya Mbuvi Kilungu 1985045124

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452 Enhancing Soil Fertility for Greater Productivity

5. RIFT VALLEY (RFI&RLP)

No Name Sub County Gender Deployment1 Ernest N. Githinji Molo M F.E.O2 Judith Tallam Njoro F DIVELDO3 Fred Keino Wareng M F.E.O4 Stephen Wanaina Kuresoi M F.E.O5 Wilson B. Langat Kuresoi M F.E.O6 Shadrack K. Kangogo Eldoret West M F.E.O7 Solomon Juma Eldoret West M F.E.O8 Peter K. Chirchir Eldoret West M F.E.O9 Daniel K. Salil Eldoret East M F.E.O10 Joseph R. Wanyeki Eldoret East M F.E.O11 Samuel K. Muge Eldoret East M F.E.O12 Johnson K. Koima Eldoret East M F.E.O13 Peter K. Kirui Kuresoi M F.E.O14 Kipkorir C. Rono Eldoret West M F.E.O15 Stanley Rotich Kuresoi M F.E.O16 Alice Osebe Molo F F.E.O17 Jane W. Omondi Molo F F.E.O18 Beth Njoki Molo F F.E.O19 Peterson Muriithi Njoro M F.E.O20 Mark B. Aiyabei Wareng M DIVELDO21 Charles N. Mugane Njoro M F.E.O22 Daniel K. Cheruiyot Wareng M L.E.O23 Kiuru J. K Njoro M F.E.O24 Richard Ruto Wareng M F.E.O

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453Udongo Wenye Rotuba kwa Kuimarisha Uzalishaji

6. CENTRAL, RIFT VALLEY AND WESTERN REGIONS (JANUARY 2014)

No NAME STATION P/No.1 Moses K. Togom Nandi East 19850305192 David Mathinji Kamau Mwea East 19830322723 William Yator Nandi Central 1984102824 John K. Njagi Kirinyaga 19870549675 Meti James Njiru Kirinyaga West 19840986796 Sevenzia Agitsa Transnzoia West 19830008517 Brown O. Buhere Bungoma north 20101300198 Geofrey K. Njasi Cheptais 20101094329 Oscar C. Sakwa Cheptais 201011010810 James A. Nyakweba Kwanza 198303270111 Cheruiyot kipngeno Turkana North 201010970912 Okongo Peter Turkana North 200808687213 Paul E. Lokone Turkana West 198705169214 James K.Toroitich Nandi central 198410136715 Chrispinus W. Wanyama Bungoma North 198107711116 Jimmy S. Wekunda Turkana West 198504573417 Mutambo M. Makokha Bungoma Central 198503001418 Japhet O. Nyangau TransNzoia East 198502991619 Patricia M. Munyui Kirinyaga West 198805588520 Kanifer C. Cheruon Nandi East 198305170521 Etabo E. Mathew Turkana East 201011201122 Mildred Kilali Bungoma West 201011175623 Gregory Narianya Bungoma Central 198100791224 Cleophas M. Makokha TransNzoia West 198102273425 Emuria I. S. Maurice Bungoma West 198805463526 Gregory S. Wachuti transNzoia East 198107707227 Isalia Nick Bungoma South 201011170628 Absolom Osango West Pokot 8307222229 William W. Barasa West Pokot 8504524730 B. Saikwa Kwanza 198411854231 Isaac L. Amusavi Bungoma South 198409853032 Stephen K. Andiema West pokot 8504289133 R. K. Kipkemoi Pokot Central 201011227334 Samuel M. Rionosia Pokot Central 1984102436

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