SOIL AND WATER QUALITY MONITORING TECHINIQUES Ramesh Kanwar Professor and Chair, Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering Department Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa USA
SOIL AND WATER QUALITY MONITORING TECHINIQUES Ramesh Kanwar Professor and Chair, Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering Department Iowa State University,
Mar 29, 2015
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SOIL AND WATER QUALITY MONITORING TECHINIQUES
Ramesh KanwarProfessor and Chair, Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering Department
Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa USA
Objectives of Soil and Water Monitoring
1. To determine the impact of any activity on the landscape (agriculture, chemicals, manure use, industry, human or industry waste etc) on surface or groundwater quality
2. To make sure our drinking water supplies are safe for human consumption.
World Water Supply
97.2% Saline2.15% Icecaps& Glaciers
0.307% in GroundWater < 0.5mi deep
0.307% in GroundWater > 0.5mi deep
0.005% soilmoisture
0.01% in surfacewaters & theatmosphere
2.8% Fresh
Water Quality Issues Related to Human Health
Main compounds are - N, P, pathogens, and antibiotics Surface and groundwater pollution potential High NO3-N levels can cause blue baby syndrome
(methemoglobinemia) High NO3-N can lead to etiology of stomach cancer (only
limited evidence available) Bacteria and pathogens can be disease causing Antibiotics as feed supplements are finding ways to water
WATER QUALITY CONCERNS FROM ANIMAL WASTES
• Main concern is infant health– Nitrate/nitrite causes “blue baby” disease– Newborn babies essentially suffocate– Water Quality Standard for Nitrate-nitrogen is 10 mg/l
• SURFACE WATER WATER BODIES:– Ammonia > 2 mg/L Kills Fish– Phosphate > 0.05 mg/L promotes excess algae growth which
leads to Fish Kills - Eutophication– BOD depletes oxygen which causes Fish Kills - Hypoxia
Agricultural Contribution: World Perspective
• 60% N and 25% P from European Ag to North Sea
• 48% of nutrient pollution in the former Czechoslovakia
• Significant levels flowing into the Adriatic Sea
• Eutrophication problems in Lake Erie
NITROGEN LOSSES FROM FARMS IN THE MISSISSIPPI BASIN – US Example
Water Quality Issue: HYPOXIA• The worst hypoxic conditions are in the
Baltic Sea and the Black Sea• Hypoxic conditions have been increasing
since the 1960’s• The Gulf of Mexico, outside the delta of
the Mississippi River is the worlds third largest hypoxic area
• 12400 sq. km. (4800 sq. mi)
Major Water Quality Issue: WORLD HYPOXIC ZONES
Current Status of Iowa LakesMean total nitrogen for Iowa lakes sampled three times during summer, 2000
(Downing and Ramstack 2001)
Slip
Blu
ff L
ake
Little
Sio
ux P
ark
La
ke
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st O
ko
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ake
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ow
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ad
La
ke
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ce
y K
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sa
uq
ua
Pa
rk L
ake
Gre
en
Be
lt L
ake
Big
Sp
irit L
ake
Nin
e E
ag
les L
ake
Willo
w L
ake
La
ke
Wa
pe
llo
Cra
wfo
rd C
ree
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po
un
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en
tM
itch
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ake
Sto
rm L
ake
(in
cl L
ittle
Sto
rm L
ake
)M
oo
reh
ea
d L
ake
Gre
en
Ca
stle
La
ke
Ye
llo
w S
mo
ke
Pa
rk L
ake
Re
d H
aw
La
ke
Ple
asa
nt C
ree
k L
ake
Ke
nt P
ark
La
ke
Old
ha
m L
ake
Otte
r C
ree
k L
ake
La
ke
McB
rid
eS
pri
ng
bro
ok L
ake
La
ke
Su
ge
ma
La
ke
An
ita
Ea
ste
r L
ake
Gre
en
fie
ld L
ake
Mo
rmo
n T
rail L
ake
Ea
st O
ko
bo
ji L
ake
Th
ree
Mile
La
ke
Ge
org
e W
yth
La
ke
So
uth
Pra
irie
La
ke
Blu
e L
ake
Mill C
ree
k (
La
ke
)L
ake
of th
e H
ills
Ho
op
er
Are
a P
on
dH
aw
tho
rne
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ke
(a
ka
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rne
s C
ity L
ake
)B
row
ns L
ake
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nte
no
La
ke
Tw
elv
e M
ile
La
ke
Be
ave
r L
ake
Me
ye
rs L
ake
Arr
ow
he
ad
La
ke
Arb
or
La
ke
Do
g C
ree
k (
La
ke
)V
ikin
g L
ake
Up
pe
r G
ar
La
ke
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So
to B
en
d L
ake
Sp
rin
g L
ake
We
st O
sce
ola
La
ke
Ica
ria
Th
aye
r L
ake
Da
le M
affitt L
ake
Fo
gle
La
ke
La
ke
Ori
en
tL
ake
Min
ne
wa
sh
taH
an
ne
n L
ake
Ra
thb
un
La
ke
Ave
nu
e o
f th
e S
ain
ts L
ake
Pra
irie
Ro
se
La
ke
La
ke
Co
rne
lia
Pie
rce
Cre
ek L
ake
Ro
be
rts C
ree
k L
ake
Po
llm
ille
r P
ark
La
ke
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we
r G
ar
La
ke
La
ke
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wa
Fiv
e Isla
nd
La
ke
Ne
lso
n P
ark
La
ke
Ind
ian
La
ke
La
ke
of T
hre
e F
ire
sO
ttu
mw
a L
ag
oo
nL
ake
Ma
na
wa
Co
ld S
pri
ng
s L
ake
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nd
La
ke
La
ke
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om
ah
La
ke
Pa
ho
jaL
ittle
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er
Ce
ntr
al P
ark
La
ke
Bo
b W
hite
La
ke
Ba
dg
er
Cre
ek L
ake
Little
fie
ld L
ake
La
ke
Ge
od
eC
lea
r L
ake
Ca
se
y L
ake
(a
ka
Hic
ko
ry H
ills
La
ke
)W
ilso
n P
ark
La
ke
Gre
en
Va
lle
y L
ake
La
ke
Ah
qu
ab
iL
ost Is
lan
d L
ake
Win
dm
ill L
ake
Big
Cre
ek L
ake
Me
ad
ow
La
ke
Little
Sp
irit L
ake
Silve
r L
ake
Ce
nte
r L
ake
Silve
r L
ake
Silve
r L
ake
No
rth
Tw
in L
ake
Ro
ck C
ree
k L
ake
Ca
rte
r L
ake
Willia
mso
n P
on
dL
ake
Mia
mi
Sw
an
La
ke
Wh
ite
Oa
k L
ake
Tu
ttle
La
ke
Bla
ck H
aw
k L
ake
Silve
r L
ake
La
ke
Sm
ith
La
ke
Da
rlin
gC
rysta
l L
ake
La
ke
Me
ye
rL
ittle
Wa
ll L
ake
Ma
rip
osa
La
ke
Ing
ha
m L
ake
Ea
st L
ake
(O
sce
ola
)U
nio
n G
rove
La
ke
Hic
ko
ry G
rove
La
ke
Do
n W
illia
ms L
ake
Tru
mb
ull L
ake
Vo
lga
La
ke
Bri
gg
s W
oo
ds L
ake
Lo
we
r P
ine
La
ke
La
ke
He
nd
ricks
Ro
dg
ers
Pa
rk L
ake
Re
d R
ock L
ake
Co
ralv
ille
La
ke
Up
pe
r P
ine
La
ke
Bru
sh
y C
ree
k L
ake
Eld
red
Sh
erw
oo
d L
ake
Be
ed
s L
ake
Sa
ylo
rville
La
ke B
ad
ge
r L
ake
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
To
tal N
itro
ge
n (
pp
m)
Proposed benchmark:
700 ppb Clear Lake
Crystal Lake
Manure Characteristics and Production Estimates
( what does it contain)
6% of bodyweight per day
(most species)
13 - 15 % solids
85 -87% liquid
Daily Manure Production Per Animal
• We have estimates of manure production– 4.5 kg/day/hd for swine (liquid manure)– 45-50 kg/day/hd for dairy cow (liquid)– 25-30 kg/day/hd for beef cow (liquid)
• Solid portion ~ 13-15% of total
Animal Waste Nutrient Utilization Scenario
• Swine Confinement Facility
• 4000 animals @ 61 kg / animal
• Nutrient Content in kg/ day / 1000 kg
• 0.52 kg N / day / 1000 kg animal wt.
• 0.18 kg P / day / 1000 kg animal wt.
• 0.29 kg K / day / 1000 kg animal wt.
Manure Characteristics
• In general…– Nitrogen (ammonia) is in urine– Phosphorus is in feces
• In the U.S. we’re working on ways to keep urine and feces separate
Manure Management Issues
Animal manure is a liability in high density livestock production areas where fertilizers are cheap
Animal manure is an asset if fertilizers are unavailable or expensive
Odor and ammonia emission to air-global warming Odor issues are serious in residential areas Pollution of soil and water resources-water quality Hypoxia problems in international water
Nitrogen
• Is mobile in some forms (NO3)
– not in others (organic, NH4)
• Does not carryover like P
• Is not determined by soil test
Negative Environmental Impacts
•Nitrogen• - Nitrates leaching to tilelines and/or
groundwater
• - Ammonia runoff into surface water
• causing fish kills
Negative Environmental Impacts
•Phosphorus• Loss with soil erosion
• Eutrophication (algae growth) of surface waters
Phosphorus
• Is bound to the soil particles
• Remains in the soil year to year
• Moves if soil erodes
• Is determined by soil test
• Does not volatilize like nitrogen
Manure Nutrient Planning
Determine the hectares needed to maximize nutrient use and minimize
negative environmental impacts
Question 1
Which Nutrient should I use for planning...
Nitrogen?
Phosphorus?
U.S. Manure Law says...
•Use nitrogen for nutrient planning• - Results in least land area needed• - May not be best use of nutrients because phosphorus is overapplied• - Laws in U.S. are changing to require P planning
•
N:P Ratio of Manure
•N:P ratio is different for different types of manure
• N:P
•Cattle ratio… ~ 2:1
•Swine ratio… ~ 1.5:1
•Poultry ratio… ~ 1:2
Phosphorus Planning
•Requires more hectares
•Results in lower application rates
•Maximize economic value of manure
•Depends on crop & manure application frequency
•Requires additional commercial N fertilizer
Question 2
How much of the nutrient
should I apply??
Plant Nutrient Utilization
•Plant utilization– Corn uses 0.7 lb/bu N 0.4 lb/bu P2O5
– Beans use 3.8 lb/bu N 0.8 lb/bu P2O5
•Plant fertilization – Corn needs 1.2 lb/bu N 0.4 lb/bu P2O
– Beans need 0.0 lb/bu N 0.8 lb/bu P2O
Steps in Manure Nutrient Management
•1. Determine crop nutrient needs
•2. Determine manure nutrients available
•3. Calculate hectares needed for the manure
•4. Calculate manure volume to apply
Summary - Manure Planning
•Not difficult to do
•Economically advantageous
•Manure can replace purchased fertilizer
•Using manure correctly is good for the environment
Potential Pathways
• Phosphorus Surface water runoff
• Pathogens Surface water runoff• Organic Matter Surface
water runoff
Pollutant Pathway
1. Nitrate – N Leaching & Runoff
2. Ammonium – N Surface water runoff & Aerial deposition
Soil and Water Quality Monitoring Techniques
• Soil sampling• Surface water sampling
• Surface runoff• Open ditch or irrigation canals• Small or large rivers• Ponds, lakes, reservoirs• Ocean, sea• Wetlands
• Groundwater• Shallow groundwater• Deep groundwater
Soil Monitoring and Sampling
• Must know the objectives why to sample?• What to sample for?• When to sample?• Number of soil sampling?• Variability in sampling?• From various soil depths – Objectives?
Soil Monitoring
• What to sample for?
• NO3-N, pesticides, organic matter, metals, organics, pathogens, micro-organisms, N, P, K, micro-nutrients.
When to Sample?
• Once a week, month, or year.
• As a function of cropping system or season.
• As a function of weather cycle.
Number of samples per field – function of cost?
• Spatial variability.
• Minimum three samples per plot.
• Several depths.
• Composite to cut down cost.
Soil Sampling Techniques
• Soil augers
• Soil probes
• Back saver
• Zero contamination tube
• Hydraulic probes
Problems During Soil Sampling and Transportation
• Cross-contamination
• Separation, collection
• Storage, transportation, temperature control
• Timely analyses in lab
• Laboratory techniques/interpretation
Quantity Control/Quality Assurance
• Sending duplicate samples to recognized laboratories
• Manual on laboratory procedures
• All steps on how to collect soil samples and lab analyses.
Water Quality Monitoring
• Point sources of pollution (manure storage platforms, spills)
• Non point sources (agriculture)
Monitoring Needs
• Surface water
• Groundwater
Surface water Monitoring• Field runoff
• Open ditches/drains
• Irrigation canals
• Ponds/Lakes/reservoirs
• Wetlands
• Streams, rivers (Danube River)
• Ocean, Sea (Black sea)
Groundwater Monitoring
• At what depth would you like to collect water samples?
• Shallow depth < 3 m.
• Deep groundwater > 3 m.
• Monitor at depth increments 5, 10, 15, … 50 m??
Groundwater Monitoring Techniques
• Piezometers
• Water table wells
• Deep ground water wells
Construction of Groundwater Wells
2. Glass bottles VS plastic bottles.3. Temperature control during
transportation.
4. Acidify samples if used for NO3-N analysis.
5. Store samples at 4oC until analyzed.6. EPA protocol is to analyze within 15 days
of collection.
When to collect Groundwater Samples?
• Weekly, monthly, 3-4 time in a year??
• Define objectives• For drinking water wells – weekly/monthly
(weekly for public wells, monthly/six month for industrial wells)
• Quality VS quantity
Vadose Zone Monitoring
• Water content and Chemical conc.
• Soil moisture potential – Tensiometers
• Soil water contents
• Soil salinity
• Temperature
• Soil pore water sampling
Soil Pore Water Sampling
• Soil samples
Extract them for either NO3-N or pesticides
• Suction lysimeters• Caissiosn lysimeters• Trench lysimeters• Drainage systems• Piezometers• Single or multiple sampling wells
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