May 06, 2015
So
il Po
llutio
n
DIF
FE
RE
NT
TY
PE
OF
SO
ILS
Majo
r soil typ
es in In
dia
�T
he m
ain typ
es of so
il in In
dia are as fo
llow
s:1) R
ed so
ils 2) L
ateritesan
d lateritic
soil
3) Black so
il 4) A
lluvial so
ils 5) F
orest &
hill so
ils 6) P
eaty and
marsh
y soils
So
il Po
llutio
nS
oil P
ollu
tion
� �S
oil P
ollu
tion
So
il Po
llutio
nis th
e is th
e ad
ditio
n o
f any
add
ition
of an
y su
bstan
ce that h
as su
bstan
ce that h
as a a n
egative
neg
ativeeffect o
n
effect on
lan
d o
r the livin
g
land
or th
e living
th
ing
s. th
ing
s.
� �T
he su
bstan
ces that
Th
e sub
stances th
at cau
se soil p
ollu
tion
cau
se soil p
ollu
tion
are called
are called
po
llutan
tsp
ollu
tants
. .
So
il po
llutio
n is cau
sed b
y
�A
dd
ition
of ch
emicals
redu
cing
the
pro
du
ctive capacity o
f soil
�T
oxic su
bstan
cesfro
m d
um
ps co
ntam
inated
th
e gro
un
d w
ater by leach
ing
ou
t and
p
ercolatin
g th
rou
gh
the so
il layer.�
Min
ing
activitieslead
s to lo
ss of lan
d fo
r ag
ricultu
re pro
du
ction
.�
Resid
ual ch
emicals o
f the fertilizers an
d
fertilizers and
p
esticides
pesticid
es� �
Disp
osal o
f urb
an so
lid w
astesD
ispo
sal of u
rban
solid
wastes
So
il Po
llutio
n
�U
n p
lann
ed A
gricu
ltural p
ractices
�D
ispo
sal of in
du
strial wastes an
d slu
dg
es over lan
d,
sub
surface d
ispo
sal of to
xic wastes etc
�The polluta
nt, if vola
tile, could
eva
porate
, aga
in causing
little h
arm
to the soil
(how
eve
r, not a
solution to the b
igger
pollution problem, a
s it migh
t becom
e a
source
of air pollution).
�Polluta
nt could infiltra
te
through
the unsa
turate
d
soil, in much
the sa
me
way a
s ground w
ate
r.
�Oth
ers involve
accid
ents involving
vehicle
s (a
utomob
iles, trucks
and
airpla
nes) not
transporting w
aste
s, but ca
rrying
mate
rials, includ
ing fue
l, that w
hen
spilled conta
mina
te
the soil.
�Oth
er spills a
re th
e d
irect
action of h
umans pouring
potentia
lly tox
ic mate
rials
(solvents, pa
ints, house
hold
cle
aning a
gents, oil, e
tc.) onto th
e soil surfa
ce ra
ther th
an
disposing th
ese
mate
rials b
y
more
appropria
te m
eans.
�Ille
gal d
umping is th
e d
isposal
of waste
in unauth
orized a
reas.
�It is a
lso known a
s “open
dum
ping”, “fly d
umping”, a
nd
“mid
-nigh
t dum
ping”.�
Ille
gal d
umps occur m
ost often
along isola
ted roa
dsid
es in
remote
are
as of th
e country
.�
Mate
rials ofte
n found in ille
gal
dum
ps include la
rge h
ousehold
applia
nces, tire
s, exce
ss build
ing mate
rials, old
furniture,
oil, house
hold
chemica
ls, and
com
mon h
ousehold
refuse
.
Wash
ington state
Missouri
Virginia
New
York
Iow
a
�Soil conta
mina
nts are
spille
d onto th
e surfa
ce
through
many
diffe
rent
activitie
s. �
Most of th
ese
are
the
result of a
ccidents involving
the ve
hicle
s that a
re
transporting w
aste
mate
rial
from site
of origin to a
disposa
l site.
wearing le
vel “A
" protective
gear
wearing le
vel “B
"prote
ctive g
ear
Much good agricultural land is threatened by chem
ical pollution, particularly -
as here in China -
by waste
products from urban centres. C
hemical degradation is
responsible for 12 per cent of global soil degradationS
ource: UN
EP
, Zehng
Zhong
Su, C
hina, Still P
ictures
�Agricultura
l practice
s, including th
e use
of agricultura
l chemica
ls, are
anoth
er prim
ary
source
of pollution on or near th
e ground
surface
.�
Most a
gricultural ch
emica
ls are
wate
r-solub
le nitra
tes a
nd
phosph
ate
s that a
re a
pplied to fie
lds, la
wns a
nd ga
rdens to
stimula
te th
e grow
th of crops, gra
ss and
flowers.
Agricultura
l Chemica
ls�
When not use
d b
y th
e pla
nts the
nutrients ca
n ente
r streams a
nd
lake
s during th
e run-
off or leach
ing eve
nts. �
Once
in a b
ody of w
ate
r, these
nutrie
nts continue to prom
ote
the grow
th of pla
nts, the
resulting pla
nt detritus is food
for m
icro-orga
nisms, a
nd a
s the
population of such
organism
s grow
s, the supply
of oxyge
n in th
e w
ate
r is deple
ted.
�"B
iochemica
l Oxyge
n Demand
", or "B
OD".
�W
ate
r is capa
ble of supporting
a la
rge popula
tion of bacte
ria
and
the b
acte
ria w
ill have
a
high
demand
for oxyge
n.
�Soon th
e ox
yge
n supply is
deple
ted b
y th
e b
acte
ria a
nd
other orga
nisms in th
e w
ate
r now
lack ox
yge
n (fish kills)
Algae in stream
s
Effect o
f soil p
ollu
tion
1.T
he pathogenic bacteria spread infection
2.C
hemicals such as
Arsenic, m
ercury, chrom
ium, N
ickel, lead, cadm
ium, Z
inc, Iron being toxic affect the living beings
Effects o
f soil p
ollu
tion
�E
xcess use o
f fertilizers and
pesticid
es affects the
plan
t gro
wth
besid
es redu
cing
crop
yield
Effect o
f soil p
ollu
tion
�W
ater log
gin
g an
d salin
ity may in
crease the level o
f d
issolved
salt con
tent in
gro
un
d w
ater as well as in
th
e soil
Co
ntro
l of so
il po
llutio
n
�T
reating
the sew
age b
efore lan
d
disp
osal.
�B
y preservin
g an
d p
rotectin
g th
e top
fertile so
il, we can
con
trol ero
sion
. �
Disp
osal o
f wastes in
land
fill.�
Utilizin
g o
ptim
al do
se of fertilizers an
d
pesticid
es .�
Ro
tating
the cro
p p
attern
Lan
d o
r So
il
�Im
po
rtant n
atural reso
urces fo
r econ
om
ic d
evelop
men
t�
Th
e econ
om
y of th
e cou
ntry d
epen
ds o
n lan
d
pro
du
ctivity.�
All th
e dem
and
s for fo
od
, energ
y and
oth
er req
uirem
ents h
ave to b
e met b
y land
.�
So
Lan
d is th
e mo
st imp
ortan
t end
ow
men
t of
natu
re
Lan
d o
r So
il
�R
elentless p
ressure o
f increasin
g
hu
man
and
cattle po
pu
lation
and
excessive d
eman
ds o
f u
np
receden
ted rates o
f econ
om
ic d
evelop
men
t are the m
ajor cau
ses o
f the w
idesp
read d
egrad
ation
of
the lan
d
So
il Po
llutio
n
�P
ressure o
f p
op
ulatio
n an
d
failure o
f ag
ricultu
ral p
rod
uctivities to
keep
places w
ith
po
pu
lation
have
led to
cultivatio
n
in m
argin
al land
s an
d lan
ds o
n
hillsid
es
So
il Po
llutio
nS
oil P
ollu
tion
�P
reservation
of
ecolo
gical
balan
ce may
mean
co
nservatio
n an
d
wise m
anag
emen
t o
f the life su
pp
ort
systems o
f land
, w
ater flora, fau
na
and
the
atmo
sph
ere
EN
D
�
�W
ater po
llutio
n
A very sm
all amo
un
t of D
DT
in w
ater can
bu
ild u
p to
harm
ful levels in
livin
g th
ing
s
Majo
r So
urces o
f Water
Majo
r So
urces o
f Water
Po
llutio
nP
ollu
tion
� �T
he th
ree majo
r sou
rces of w
ater T
he th
ree majo
r sou
rces of w
ater p
ollu
tion
are p
ollu
tion
are hu
man
h
um
an w
astes, w
astes, in
du
strialin
du
strialwastes, an
d
wastes, an
d ch
emical
chem
ical ru
no
ffru
no
ff. .
Hu
man
Waste
�S
ewag
e in cities
�D
urin
g h
eavy rains o
r floo
ds, san
itary sew
ers som
etimes o
verflow
and
can
po
llute th
e surface w
ater. �
If this h
app
ens, p
eop
le are often
told
to
bo
il water fo
r drin
king
and
coo
king
after a flo
od
. �
Th
e bo
iling
kills man
y disease-cau
sing
o
rgan
isms.
Sew
age in
Ru
ral Areas
Sew
age in
Ru
ral Areas
�In
rural areas, p
eop
le mu
st be carefu
l wh
ere th
ey locate sep
tic tanks.
�If a tan
kis to
o n
ear a stream o
r on
a hill,
wastew
ater can leak in
to th
e stream o
r flow
d
ow
nh
ill to th
e area of a w
ell.
Leakin
g sep
tic tank
Sew
age in
Ru
ral Areas
�W
astes from
cattle, pig
s, and
chicken
s can
also b
e a pro
blem
in ru
ral areas. �
An
imal w
astes can ru
n o
fffro
m p
astures an
d
barn
yards an
d p
ass disease-cau
sing
bacteria
and
oth
er kind
s of p
ollu
tion
into
bo
dies o
f w
ater.
Ind
ustrial W
astesIn
du
strial Wastes
� �C
hem
icalsC
hem
icals, , sm
oke
smo
ke, an
d
, and
heated
heated
water are th
ree types o
f po
llutan
ts w
ater are three typ
es of p
ollu
tants
pro
du
ced b
y factories, m
ines, an
d
pro
du
ced b
y factories, m
ines, an
d
oth
er ind
ustries.
oth
er ind
ustries.
Ch
emicals
Ch
emicals
� �M
any facto
ry pro
cesses M
any facto
ry pro
cesses in
volve to
xic chem
icals and
in
volve to
xic chem
icals and
stro
ng
acids.
stron
g acid
s.
� �O
ther to
xic wastes are
Oth
er toxic w
astes are p
rod
uced
as a result o
f p
rod
uced
as a result o
f m
anu
facturin
g an
d m
inin
g
man
ufactu
ring
and
min
ing
p
rocesses.
pro
cesses.
� �A
ltho
ug
h
Alth
ou
gh
laws
laws
con
trol m
any
con
trol m
any
po
int so
urces
po
int so
urces
of ch
emical
of ch
emical
po
llutio
n, so
me facto
ries p
ollu
tion
, som
e factories
still release toxic ch
emicals
still release toxic ch
emicals
directly in
to n
earby rivers
directly in
to n
earby rivers
and
lakes. an
d lakes.
Ch
emicals
Ch
emicals
� �A
no
ther p
rob
lem is p
ollu
tion
A
no
ther p
rob
lem is p
ollu
tion
cau
sed b
y cau
sed b
y no
np
oin
t sou
rcesn
on
po
int so
urces. .
� �In
the p
ast, man
y ind
ustries
In th
e past, m
any in
du
stries sto
red to
xic wastes in
sto
red to
xic wastes in
barrels
barrels
or o
ther co
ntain
ers bu
ried
or o
ther co
ntain
ers bu
ried
un
derg
rou
nd
. u
nd
ergro
un
d.
� �O
ver the years, h
ow
ever, man
y O
ver the years, h
ow
ever, man
y o
f these co
ntain
ers rusted
or
of th
ese con
tainers ru
sted o
r b
roke.
bro
ke.
� �T
he ch
emicals leaked
ou
t, T
he ch
emicals leaked
ou
t, p
ollu
ting
bo
th th
e soil an
d th
e p
ollu
ting
bo
th th
e soil an
d th
e g
rou
nd
water.
gro
un
dw
ater.
Barrels o
f nu
clear waste fo
un
d in
an
aban
do
ned
Germ
an salt m
ine
Sm
oke an
d E
xhau
stS
mo
ke and
Exh
aust
� �M
any p
ow
er plan
ts and
factories b
urn
M
any p
ow
er plan
ts and
factories b
urn
coal
coal
or
or o
ilo
ilto
fuel th
eir pro
cesses. to
fuel th
eir pro
cesses.
� �T
he en
gin
es of m
illion
s of cars, tru
cks, and
bu
ses T
he en
gin
es of m
illion
s of cars, tru
cks, and
bu
ses b
urn
b
urn
gaso
line
gaso
line
. .
� �S
mo
keS
mo
kean
d
and
exhau
st exh
aust fro
m th
ese sou
rces po
ur in
to
from
these so
urces p
ou
r into
th
e air, especially aro
un
d larg
e cities. th
e air, especially aro
un
d larg
e cities.
Sm
oke an
d E
xhau
st�
Wh
en co
al, oil, an
d
gaso
line are
bu
rned
, the g
ases su
lfur d
ioxid
ean
d
nitro
gen
oxid
eare
released in
to th
e atm
osp
here.
�T
he su
lfur an
d
nitro
gen
react with
w
ater, form
ing
su
lfuric
and
nitric
acids.
�T
he resu
lt is acid
rain.
Acid
Rain
Acid
Rain
�A
cid rain
is rain o
r an
oth
er form
of
precip
itation
that is
mo
re acidic
than
n
orm
al. �
Acid
raincan
affect fish
, harm
trees, and
eat aw
ay the sto
ne
of b
uild
ing
san
d
statues.
Heat P
ollu
tion
Heat P
ollu
tion
�M
uch
of th
e water in
facto
ries is used
to co
ol
mach
inery o
r metal
ob
jects. �
Th
e warm
water alo
ne can
act as a p
ollu
tant.
�M
any w
ater org
anism
s can
live in o
nly a n
arrow
ran
ge
of tem
peratu
res. �
Warm
water released
by
factory in
to a n
earby river
or p
on
d raises th
e tem
peratu
re of th
e water,
som
etimes en
ou
gh
to
harm
the livin
g th
ing
s th
ere.
Ch
emical R
un
off
Ch
emical R
un
off
�F
armers sp
read o
r sp
ray fertilizing
chem
icals on
their
fields to
pro
du
ce better
crop
s. �
Wh
en rain
falls on
the
fields, it w
ashes so
me
of th
e chem
icals away
as run
off.
�W
ater used
for
irrigatio
n also
creates ru
no
ff.�
Th
e fertilizersin
the
run
off are a n
on
po
int
Exam
ples o
f run
off
Ru
no
ff from
farms
Ru
no
ff from
farms
�W
ith th
e add
ition
of fertilizers ru
nn
ing
off in
to p
on
ds
and
lakes, the p
rocess o
f eutro
ph
ication
speed
s up
. �
Ru
no
ff and
irrigatio
n w
ater carry away p
ollu
tants
from
farm field
s such
as pesticid
esan
d fertilizers.
Ru
no
ff from
farms
Ru
no
ff from
road
s
�W
hen
it rains, ru
no
ff carries oil in
to rivers an
d lakes,
or u
nd
ergro
un
d an
d in
to th
e gro
un
dw
ater. �
Du
ring
win
ter, run
off also
picks u
p salt
that is
spread
on
road
s and
sidew
alks to m
elt ice. �
Gaso
line, o
il, and
saltare n
on
po
int
sou
rces that
po
llute rivers an
d lakes.
�T
hey can
also seep
un
derg
rou
nd
and
po
llute w
ellsan
d aq
uifers.
Water P
ollu
tion
So
lutio
ns
�S
olvin
g p
ollu
tion
pro
blem
s invo
lves cleanin
g u
p
existing
pro
blem
s as well as p
reventin
g n
ew o
nes.
�C
leanu
p�
Man
y po
llutan
ts are remo
ved fro
m fresh
water th
rou
gh
n
atural clean
up
pro
cesses. �
Livin
g th
ing
s in lakes, stream
s, and
wetlan
ds h
elp
redu
ce po
llutio
n b
y filtering
ou
tan
d b
reaking
do
wn
waste m
aterials.
Livin
g th
ing
s help
ing
cleanu
p
po
llutio
n�
Exam
ples
�P
lant ro
ots
filter larger p
articles from
the w
ater. �
Certain
bacteria
con
sum
e oil an
d h
ave been
used
to
cleanu
p o
il spills.
�N
atural an
d artificial w
etland
scan
be u
sed to
clean u
p
water p
ollu
tion
. �
Wetlan
ds
have b
een b
uilt n
ear coal m
ines to
treat acid
ic min
ing
run
off b
efore it retu
rns to
the
enviro
nm
ent.
Preven
tion
�M
any in
du
stries have fo
un
d th
at recycling
tech
niq
ues th
at con
servew
ater also red
uce
po
llutio
n.
�F
or exam
ple, facto
ries coo
lthe w
ater used
to co
ol
mach
inery an
d reu
seit in
stead o
f releasing
it into
a river.
�A
no
ther exam
ple is w
hen
farmers co
llect and
reuse th
e ru
no
ff water fro
m th
eir pastu
re as water fo
r irrigatio
n.
�F
armers can
also p
lant field
s of g
rassesth
at filter ou
t p
ollu
tants b
efore th
e water reach
es a river or p
on
d.