Software Architecture and Design CS 406 Software Engineering I Fall 2001 Aditya P. Mathur Purdue University Last update: September 25, 2001.

Software Architecture and Design

CS 406 Software Engineering IFall 2001

Aditya P. Mathur

Purdue University

Last update: September 25, 2001

September 20, 2001 Software Architecture and Design 2

Organization

Part I: Design principlesPart II: Design Patterns-IPart III: OO DesignPart IV: Design Patterns-II


Learning Objectives

To understand the basic principles of and techniques for software architecture and design.


What is Architecture?

Organization of a software system

Components within the system. Interfaces of the components and their interconnection. Collaborations amongst components.

Involves the identification of those functional and non-functional requirements that have a significant impact on the system design. Examples:

Performance Cost Maintainability Points of evolution


What is Architecture?

Involves the identification of those functional and non-functional requirements that have a significant impact on the system design. Examples:

Performance Cost Maintainability Points of evolution


Architecture (2)

Analogy: Explain the architecture of: Your favorite Concerto Your favorite play Your favorite home


Architecture (3)

Software components-OO View: Application

A subsystem• An object

– A method– A data item


Architecture (4)

Software components-Functional View: Application

A Subsystem• A function• A data item

Do you understand the differences between a class, an object, and a function? Between a function and a method?


What is Design?

As a process: The process by which the architecture of a software system is established.

As an artifact:The architecture of a software system describing system components and their interactions.


Analysis and Design

Analysis: Focus on…. Understanding, refining, and specifying

requirements. “What” are domain processes,

concepts, terms, operations?

Design: Focus on…. “How” can the requirements be met?


Design Phase

Refine Plan

SyncArtifacts

Analyze Design Construct Test


Design Principles [1]

Design for change

Change of algorithms

Change of data representation

Change of underlying abstract machine

Change of peripheral devices

Change of social environment


Design Principles [2]

Separation of concerns

Separation over time.

Separation of quality attributes: e.g. performance and correctness

Separation by parts of the system.

Separation by views: e.g. data and control flows.


Coupling (1)

Class C1 is coupled to class C2 if C1 requires C2 directly or indirectly.

Coupling measures the strength of dependence between classes and packages.

Measure of interconnectedness.


Coupling (2)

High coupling Low coupling


Coupling (3)

Design with low coupling A class that depends on 2 other classes has

a lower coupling than a class that depends on 8 other classes.

Why low coupling?...Leads to easier changes, easier understanding, and easier re-use.


Factors effecting coupling

Coupling Interfacecomplexity

Low SimpleObvious

High ComplicatedObscure


Cohesion (1)

Cohesion measures the strength of the relationship amongst elements of a class.

When methods within a class use a “similar” set of instance variables, the class is considered highly cohesive.


Cohesion (2)

High cohesion and low coupling is preferred. (Example: Electric subsystem of a home.)

All operations and data within a class should naturally “belong” to the concept the class models.

Classes with high cohesion can often be described by a simple sentence.


Types of cohesion

Coincidental : No meaningful relationship amongst elements of a class. May occur when a program is “modularized” by chopping it into pieces and making each piece a module.

Logical cohesion : Elements of a class perform one kind of a logical function, e.g. interfacing with the Point of Sale terminal hardware.

Temporal cohesion : All elements of a class are executed “together”. Was NATO cohesive during its operations in the

90’s?


Design Patterns [1]

A solution to a problem that occurs repeatedly in a variety of contexts.

Each pattern has a name.

Use of each pattern has consequences.


Design Patterns [2]

Generally at a “higher level” of abstraction.

Not about designs such as linked lists or hash tables.

Generally descriptions of communicating objects and classes.


Observer Pattern [1]

Need to separate presentational aspects with the data, i.e. separate views and data.

Classes defining application data and presentation can be reused.

Change in one view automatically reflected in other views. Also, change in the application data is reflected in all views.

Defines one-to-many dependency amongst objects so that when one object changes its state, all its dependents are notified.



A=10%B=40%C=30%D=20%

Application data

A

BC

D

A DCB

Relative Percentages

Y 10 40 30 20

X 15 35 35 15

Z 10 40 30 20

A B C D

Change notification

Requests, modifications



Subject

attach (Observer)

detach (Observer)

Notify ()

Observer

Update()

Concrete Observer

Update()

observerState

Concrete Subject

GetState()

SetState()

subjectState

observers

subject

For all x in observers{ x Update(); }

observerState= subject getState();


Class collaboration in Observer

:ConcreteSubject :ConcreteObserver-1 :ConcreteObserver-2

GetState()

Notify()

Update()

SetState()

GetState()

Update()


Observer Pattern: Observer code

class Subject;

class observer {public:

virtual ~observer;

protected:

virtual void Update (Subject* theChangedSubject)=0;

observer ();

Note the support for multiple subjects.};

Abstract class definingthe Observer interface.


Observer Pattern: Subject Code [1]

class Subject {

public:

virtual ~Subject;

protected:

Subject ();

virtual void Attach (observer*);

virtual void Detach (observer*) ;

virtual void Notify();

private:

List <Observer*> *_observers;

};

Abstract class definingthe Subject interface.


Observer Pattern: Subject Code [2]

void Subject :: Attach (Observer* o){

_observers -> Append(o);}

void Subject :: Detach (Observer* o){

_observers -> Remove(o);

}

void Subject :: Notify (){

ListIterator<Observer*> iter(_observers);

}

for ( iter.First(); !iter.IsDone(); iter.Next()) {

iter.CurrentItem() -> Update(this);

}


Observer Pattern: A Concrete Subject [1]

class ClockTimer : public Subject {

public:

virtual int GetHour();

}

virtual int GetMinutes();

virtual int GetSecond();

ClockTimer();

void Tick ();


Observer Pattern: A Concrete Subject [2]

ClockTimer :: Tick {

// Update internal time keeping state.// gets called on regular intervals by an internal timer.

}

Notify();


Observer Pattern: A Concrete Observer [1]

class DigitalClock: public Widget, public Observer {

public:

DigitalClock(ClockTimer*);

virtual ~DigitalClock();

virtual void Draw();

private:

}

ClockTimer* _subject;

virtual void Update(Subject*);Override Observer operation.

Override Widget operation.



DigitalClock ::DigitalClock (ClockTimer* s) {

_subject = s;

}

_subjectAttach(this);

DigitalClock ::~DigitalClock() {

_subject->Detach(this);

}



void DigitalClock ::Update (subject* theChangedSubject ) {

If (theChangedSubject == _subject) {

}

Draw();}

void DigitalClock ::Draw () {

int hour = _subject->GetHour();

}

int minute = _subject->GeMinute(); // etc.

Check if this is the clock’s subject.

// Code for drawing the digital clock.


Observer Pattern: Main (skeleton)

ClockTimer* timer = new ClockTimer;

DigitalClock* digitalClock = new DigitalClock (timer);


When to use the Observer Pattern?

When an abstraction has two aspects: one dependent on the other. Encapsulating these aspects in separate objects allows one to vary and reuse them independently.

When a change to one object requires changing others and the number of objects to be changed is not known.

When an object should be able to notify others without knowing who they are. Avoid tight coupling between objects.


Observer Pattern: Consequences

Abstract coupling between subject and observer. Subject has no knowledge of concrete observer classes. (What design principle is used?)

Support for broadcast communication. A subject need not specify the receivers; all interested objects receive the notification.

Unexpected updates: Observers need not be concerned about when then updates are to occur. They are not concerned about each other’s presence. In some cases this may lead to unwanted updates.


Summary

Reference for the Observer Pattern:

Design patterns by Gamma et al., 1995, Chapter 5,

Or read pp. 372-380 from Larman’s book or section 3.2.2.1 of Braude’s book.

4. What are the general principles of design ?

3. Where does design fit in a development process?

1. What is design?

2. What is architecture?

Software Architecture and Design CS 406 Software Engineering I Fall 2001 Aditya P. Mathur Purdue University Last update: September 25, 2001.

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