Software (1)

1

Introduction to Information Systems Essentials for the Internetworked E-Business Enterprise

C h a p t e r4

Computer

Software

James A. O’Brien 2Introduction to Information Systems

• Describe several important trends occurring in computer software.

• Give examples of several major types of application and system software.

• Explain the purpose of several popular software packages for end user productivity and collaborative computing.

• Outline the functions of an operating system.

• Describe the main uses of high-level, fourth-generation, object-oriented, and Web-oriented programming languages and tools.

Chapter Objectives

James A. O’Brien 3Introduction to Information Systems

Categories of Computer Software

General-Purpose

Programs

General-Purpose

Programs

Application-Specific

Programs

Application-Specific

Programs

SystemManagement

Programs

SystemManagement

Programs

System Development

Programs

System Development

Programs

ApplicationSoftware

ApplicationSoftware

ComputerSoftware

ComputerSoftware

System Software

System Software

James A. O’Brien 4Introduction to Information Systems

Development Tools

Special Applications

Hardware

Operating System

Graphics User Interface

Database Management Software

Databases

Games

James A. O’Brien 5Introduction to Information Systems

Apple : Leopard

Microsoft: Vista

Microsoft Office

????

James A. O’Brien 6Introduction to Information Systems

•

Apple : Goes to Intel Chip Leopard

Microsoft: Vista

Microsoft Office

Yes

Operating systems are processor specific

James A. O’Brien 7Introduction to Information Systems

Functions of an Operating System

ResourceManagement

ResourceManagement

TaskManagement

TaskManagement

UserInterface

UserInterface

FileManagement

FileManagement

Utilitiesand OtherFunctions

Utilitiesand OtherFunctions

James A. O’Brien 8Introduction to Information Systems

Trends in Computer Software

FirstGeneration

FirstGeneration

SecondGeneration

SecondGeneration

ThirdGeneration

ThirdGeneration

FourthGeneration

FourthGeneration

FifthGeneration

FifthGeneration

User-Written ProgramsMachine Languages

Packaged ProgramsSymbolic Languages

Operating SystemsHigh-Level Languages

DBMS Fourth-Generation LanguagesMicrocomputer Packages

Natural & Object-Oriented

LanguagesMultipurpose

Graphic- Interface Network-Enabled Expert-Assisted

Packages

Trend: Toward Easy-to-Use Multipurpose Network-Enabled ApplicationPackages for Productivity and Collaboration

Trend: Toward Visual or Conversational Programming Languages andTools

James A. O’Brien 9Introduction to Information Systems

Categories of Programming Languages

Machine LanguagesUse binary coded instructions

1001 10011100 1101

High Level LanguagesUse brief statements

Compute X = Y + Z

Markup LanguagesUse embeddedcontrol codes

Assembler LanguagesUse symbolic codedinstructions

LOD YADD Z

Fourth GenerationLanguagesUse natural statements

Object-OrientedLanguagesDefine objects thatcontain data and actions

Document.write(“Hi There”)

<H1>First heading</H><!ELEMENT Product (#Item | manuf)>

SUM THE FOLLOWINGNUMBERS

James A. O’Brien 10Introduction to Information Systems

• 10 PRINT “HELLO”

• 20 END

James A. O’Brien 11Introduction to Information Systems

• 10 PRINT “HELLO”

• 20 GOTO 10

• 30 END

James A. O’Brien 12Introduction to Information Systems

Programming Language Translation

LanguageTranslation

Process

LanguageTranslation

Process

SourceProgram

MachineLanguage

ObjectProgram

Written inBASIC,COBOL,

etc.

LanguageTranslatorProgram

• Compiler• Interpreter• Assembler

IF A := BTHEN 1001101

11101010010110

Why do I want the source code?

James A. O’Brien 13Introduction to Information Systems

Categories of Programming Languages

Machine LanguagesUse binary coded instructions

1001 10011100 1101

High Level LanguagesUse brief statements

Compute X = Y + Z

Markup LanguagesUse embeddedcontrol codes

Assembler LanguagesUse symbolic codedinstructions

LOD YADD Z

Fourth GenerationLanguagesUse natural statements

Object-OrientedLanguagesDefine objects thatcontain data and actions

Document.write(“Hi There”)

<H1>First heading</H><!ELEMENT Product (#Item | manuf)>

SUM THE FOLLOWINGNUMBERS

James A. O’Brien 14Introduction to Information Systems

• Application software types– Custom development – programming

• Expensive –

• Consultant dependent

• Hard to get out of

– Within application development• Written within an existing software environment

• Examples: Spreadsheets, Database applications

– Turn key systems• Little customization – dependent on the vendor

• “Turn it on and run it”

James A. O’Brien 15Introduction to Information Systems

Development Tools

Special Applications

Hardware

Operating System

Graphics User Interface

Database Management Software

Databases

Games?

James A. O’Brien 16Introduction to Information Systems

Categories of software: Layering

• The hardware is the center • The system software – operating system

– Controls the hardware and supports the application– Supports GUI (graphics user interfaces)– Controls communications

• Development software – tools for creating applications– Programming languages– Database management software

• Applications software – The big area

James A. O’Brien 17Introduction to Information Systems

Common General- Purpose Applications

• A move toward generic applications that can be adapted … spreadsheet software and database software.

• Electronic Mail

• Word Processing

• Presentation Graphics

• Multimedia

• Personal Information Manager

• Groupware

James A. O’Brien 18Introduction to Information Systems

Web Browsers

Discussion Groups

Surf the Net Launch InformationSearches

E-MailMultimedia

FileTransfer

Typical uses of a WebBrowser in Internet,

Intranet, and Extranet Environments

James A. O’Brien 19Introduction to Information Systems

Database Management Packages

DatabaseDevelopment

DatabaseMaintenance

DatabaseInterrogation

ApplicationDevelopment

Primary Tasks ofDatabase Management

Packages

Primary Tasks ofDatabase Management

Packages

James A. O’Brien 20Introduction to Information Systems

KeyTechnologies

ofMultimedia

Video CaptureCard

Video CaptureCard

AuthoringLanguage

AuthoringLanguage

StoryboardStoryboard Compact DiskInteractive

Compact DiskInteractive

Sound BoardSound Board CompressedAudio

CompressedAudio

Digital VideoInteractive

Digital VideoInteractive

MIDIMIDI Computer Edit System

Computer Edit System

InteractiveVideo

InteractiveVideo Digital AudioDigital Audio

Multimedia Technologies

James A. O’Brien 21Introduction to Information Systems

Business Enterprise Application Software

CustomerRelationshipManagement

HumanResource

Management

Accounting andFinancial

Management

Supply Chain

Management

EnterpriseResourcePlanning

BusinessDecisionSupport

James A. O’Brien 22Introduction to Information Systems

Summary

• Software is more capable

• Software is more graphic oriented - GUI

• Software takes more computer resources– Disk storage and RAM

• Databases are more and more dominant

• Fewer standard computer languages

• Software is more object oriented

• Web based applications are increasing

• Database systems

James A. O’Brien 23Introduction to Information Systems

• Computer software consists of two major types of programs: application software that directs the performance of a particular end user task, and system software that controls and supports the operations of a computer system.

• Application software includes a variety of programs that can be segregated into general-purpose and application-specific categories.

Chapter Summary

James A. O’Brien 24Introduction to Information Systems

• System software can be subdivided into system management programs and system development programs. The former is used to manage hardware, software, networks, and data resources. The latter is used by IS specialists to develop computer programs.

• An operating system is an integrated system of programs that supervises the operations of the CPU.

Chapter Summary (cont)

James A. O’Brien 25Introduction to Information Systems

• There are 5 major levels of programming languages. Language translator programs convert programming language instructions into machine language instructions.

Chapter Summary (cont)