Sodium

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S O D I U M

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S O D I U M

Cherish Nicole Okorafor

Sodium

Copyright © 2011 Cherish N. OkoraforAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechan-ical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the artist.

Design by Cherish N. OkoraforPublication and Computer DesignArt 3150 Winter Semester 2011Department of Art and Art HistorySt Catherine UniversitySaint Paul

Manufactured in the United States of America

This book was set in Frank-lin Gothic Roman,Franklin Gothic Heavy, and Letter Gothic Standard.Franklin Gothic was de-signed by Morris Bentonin 1904. This digital ver-sion is from Adobe.Letter Gothic Standard was designed by Roger Roberson between 1956 - 1962. This digital version is also from Adobe.

Cover: Morton Salt Logo digitally altered

By Cherish Okorafor

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The periodic table is a tabular display of differ-ent chemical elements. This table was created in 1869 by a Russian chemist named Dmitri Men-deleev. The intended purpose of this display was to show the recurring “periodic” trends within the properties of the elements. He constructed the table like so: by listing the elements in a row or column in order of atomic weight and then start-ing a new row or column when the characteris-tics of the elements began to repeat. However Dmitri was not the first Chemist to do this. Two decisions made by Mendeleev made his version of the periodic table the most successful. First he left gaps in the table when it seemed that the matching element had not yet been discovered. Second he took a step ahead of the rest by us-ing the trends in his periodic table to predict the properties of those missing elements. It is ap-parent that Mendeleev had listed the elements in order of increasing atomic number. In the years that followed after the periodic table was published the gaps he left were filled as chem-ists discovered more elements. The periodic ta-ble has been modified and continues to do so as new discoveries arise. As of 2011, the periodic table contains 118 elements. The first 94 are found naturally on Earth and the rest are syn-thetic elements that have been mad artificially.

Famous scientist Dmitri Mendeleev. This picture is a drawing exercise someone did in the late 1980’s using photos from an encyclope-dia. Done in pencil.

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The idea that matter is composed of discrete units and cannot be divided into tiny quantities has been around for a very long time, but these ideas were found to be abstract through philosophical reasoning rather than experimentation and empirical observation. The nature of atoms in philosophy differed over time between cultures, and schools, and often had spiritual elements. The basic idea of the atom was adopted by sci-entists thousands of years later because it elegantly explained new discoveries in the field of chemistry.

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Atoms are made up of 3 types of particles electrons, protons and neutrons. These particles

have different properties. Electrons are tiny particles that have a negative electrical charge. Protons are much

larger and heavier than electrons and have a positive charge. Like Protons, Neutrons are large and heavy, but neutrons have

do not have an electrical charge. Each atom is made up of a combination of these particles.

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Chemical elements are also grouped together in other ways. Some of these groupings are often depicted on the table as transition metals, poor metals and metalloids.

A group or family is a vertical column in the periodic table. Groups are seen as the most important way of classifying the elements.

A period is a horizon-tal row in the peri-odic table. Although groups are the most common way of classifying elements, there are some areas of the table where the horizontal trends and similari-ties in the properties are more important than the vertical group trends.

Periods

Groups Other

Because the outer-most shell is so sig-nificant, the different regions of the peri-odic table are some-times referred to as periodic table blocks, named according to the subshell in which the “last” electron resides.

Blocks

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symbol

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Na

alkali metal

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Sodium is a metallic element with a symbol with an atomic number 11 and atomic mass of 23. The symbol of pure sodium is Na (natrium) It is a soft, silvery-white metal that is highly reactive. Na is a member of group 1 which is known as the alkali metals. Sodium has one sta-ble isotope. Pure sodium metal does not occur naturally on Earth because it quickly oxidizes in air and violently reacts with water, so it must be stored in a non-oxidizing medium, such as a liquid hydrocarbon also known as mineral oil

Sodium ion is soluble in water so it’s relatively rare on land and is thus present in great quanti-ties in the Earth’s oceans and other stagnant bodies of water. In these large bodies of water it is mostly counterbalanced by the chloride ion, causing evaporated ocean water solids to consist mostly of sodium chloride, or common table salt.

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This alkali metal as the Na+ ion is vital to animal life.In soap, as sodium salts of fatty acids. Sodium soaps are harder (higher melting) soaps than potassium soaps.In some medicine formula-tions, the salt form of the active ingredient usually with sodium or potassium is a common modification to improve bioavailability.Sodium chloride (NaCl), a compound of sodium ions and chloride ions, is an im-portant heat transfer mate-rial.

It is also an important fac-tor for all animal life to sur-vive (including human). In animals, sodium ions are used in opposition to potas-sium ions. These ions allow the organism to build up an electrostatic charge on cell membranes, and thus allow transmission of nerve im-pulses when the charge is al-lowed to dissolve by a moving wave of voltage change.

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Sir Humphry Davy was the first to isolate ele-ment Sodium in 1807. He accomplished this by passing an electric current through molten sodium hydroxide. Having been credited with several discoveries of elements through elec-trolysis, Davy was one of the most celebrated British chemists of the early 19th century. In 1802 he had been hired as a lecturer for the Royal Institution in London and had started experimenting with the effects of electricity on chemical compounds. By running a cur-rent through a number of substances, Davy was able to isolate metallic elements such as potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium and barium.

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After his return to England in 1815, Davy experimented with lamps for use in coal mines. There had been many mining explo-sions caused by firedamp or methane often ignited by open flames of the lamps then used by miners. In particular theFelling mine disaster in 1812 near Newcastle caused great loss of life, and action was needed to improve underground lighting and especially the lamps used by miners. Davy conceived of using an iron gauze to enclose a lamp's flame, and so prevent the methane burn-ing inside the lamp from passing out to the general atmosphere. Although the idea of the safety lamp had already been demon-strated by William Reid Clanny and by the then unknown (but later very famous) engi-neer George Stephenson, Davy's use of wire gauze to prevent the spread of flame was used by many other inventors in their later designs. George Stephenson's lamp was very popular in the north-east coalfields, and used the same principle of preventing the flame reaching the general atmosphere, but by different means. Unfortunately, although the new design of gauze lamp initially did seem to offer protection, it gave much less light, and quickly deteriorated in the wet conditions of most pits. Rusting of the gauze quickly made the lamp unsafe, and the num-ber of deaths from firedamp explosions rose yet further.

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Compared with other alkali met-als, sodium is generally less reac-tive than potassium and more reac-tive than lithium according to the "periodic law", for example, based on their reaction in water, chlorine gas, etc.Sodium reacts highly with water: small pea-sized pieces will bounce across the sur face of the water until they are con-sumed by it, whereas large pieces will explode. While sodium reacts with water at room temperature, the sodium piece melts with the heat of the reaction to form a sphere, if the reacting sodium piece is large enough. The reaction with water produces very caustic sodium hy-droxide (lye) and highly flammable hy-drogen gas. These are extreme hazards.

S O D I U M B I C A R B O N A T E

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3Sodium in an everyday setting can and is used for just about everything. Baking, cleaning, person-al hygene and more. It’s a highly versatile sub-stance. Sodium’s scarcity in many inland soils has caused herbivorous land animals to devel-op a special taste receptor for sodium. Pure So-dium Bicarbonate is a popular compound used in everyday household activites such as backing and cleaning. It is a white, crystalline powder.

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Sodium bicarbonate can be used as an exfoli-ant. Its particles are rounded and fine in tex-ture, making it both effective and gentle on the skin. Using baking soda as an exfoliating scrub will remove dead skin cells, which can be dis-colored from hyperpigmentation and scarring.Sodium bicarbonate is also used as an ingredi-ent in some mouthwashes. It works as a cleanser on the teeth and gums. It neutralizes the produc-tion of acid in the mouth and also acts as an an-tiseptic to help prevent infections occurring.A paste made from sodium bicarbonate and a 3% hydrogen peroxide solution can be used as an alternative to commercial non-fluoride tooth-pastes, and sodium bicarbonate in combination with other ingredients can be used to make a dry or wet deodorant. It may also be used as a shampoo.

simple teeth whitening remedy to whiten your teeth with all natural ingredients. Squeeze fresh lemon

juice into baking soda.

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Sodium bicarbonate is also used for baking. It reacts with other components to release carbon dioxide, which causes dough to rise. The acidic compounds that induce this reaction include phosphates, cream of tartar, lemon juice, yogurt, buttermilk, cocoa, vin-egar, etc. Sodium bicarbonate can be substituted for baking powder provided sufficient acid reagent is also added to the recipe. Many forms of baking powder contain sodium bicarbonate combined with one or more acidic phosphates or cream of tartar.

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sodium bicarbonate to act as

a raising agent by releasing carbon diox

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Heat causes

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A paste from baking soda can be very effective when used in clean-ing and scrubbing. For clean-ing aluminum objects, the use of sodium bicarbonate is discour-aged as it attacks the thin un-reactive protective oxide layer of this otherwise very reactive metal. A solution in warm water will remove the tarnish from sil-ver when the silver is in contact with a piece of  aluminium foil.Baking soda is commonly added to the rinse cycles of washing machines (together with the detergent) as a replacement for softener and also to remove odors. Sodium bicarbon-ate is also effective in removing heavy tea and coffee stains from cups when diluted with warm water.

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Morton Salt is a United States company producing salt for food, water conditioning, industrial, ag-ricultural, and road/highway use.

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Morton Salt began in Chicago, Illinois in 1848. In 1910, the business was both a manufac-turer and a merchant of salt; it was then in-corporated as the Morton Salt Company. In 1999 Morton Salt was acquired by the Philadelphia-based Rohm and Haas Com-pany, Inc. and operated as a division of that company along with the Canadian Salt Com-pany (which Morton had acquired in 1954).

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Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D. About: Sodium Facts. April 2011 <http://chem-istry.about.com/od/elementfacts/a/sodium.htm>.

Carpi, Anthony. Atomic Structure. 1999. March 2011 <http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/3-atoms.htm>.

Wikipedia. Atomic Structure. February 2011 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom>.

Wikipedia. Dmitri Mendeleev. March 2011 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmi-tri_Mendeleev>.

Wikipedia. Periodic Table. March 2011 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table>.

Wikipedia. Sodium. March 2011 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium>.

Wikipedia. Sodium Bicarbonate. April 2011 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So-dium_bicarbonate>.

WolframResearch. Periodic Table. Febru-ray 2011 <http://periodictable.com/>.

Wikipedia. Morton Salt. May 2011 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor-ton_Salt>.

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Cover:Morton Salt Logo digitally altered byautherpg 7A drawing of Dmitri Mendeleev, Iain Ruth-erford, http://iainrutherford-drawings.blogspot.com/

pg 12-13Sodium under oil, http://theodoregray.com/periodictable/Samples/011.9/in-dex.s12.html

pg 15-14Oxidized Sodium Sulfate, http://www.geelychem.com/productshow.aspx?pId=67

pg 16-17Sodium Structure, http://www.eduys.com/photo/sm_72b28f7a2b3dfbc28262c9c90080eb55/Sodium-Chloride-Molecular-Structure-Model.jpg

pg 18-19Sir Humphrey Davy, http://horowhenua.kete.net.nz/en/site/images/show/6113-sir-humphrey-davy-b1778-d1829-sketch?view_size=large

pg 20-21 Sodium Explosion, http://chemistry.about.com/b/2010/03/06/sodium-in-water-explosion.htm

pg 22-23Sodium Chloride & Sodium Carbonate, http://www.oasisfinechem.com/chemi-cals.html

pg 24-25Toothpaste Tube, http://dherbs.com/blog/2008/06/26/toothpaste-harmful-to-your-health/Teeth, http://cricksters.blogspot.com/2010/09/and-cue-bad-teeth-dreams.htmlLemon,

pg 26-27Banana Bread, http://whats4dinner-tonite.wordpress.com/2011/01/20/how-to-make-banana-bread/

pg 28-29Cleaning Supplies, http://ourgreenlife-biz.com/

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