SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDY OF THE NEIGHBOURHOOD AREA OF PANKI THERMAL POWER STATION Report prepared for UPRVUNL Submitted to: Executive Engineer, 1 X 660 MW Panki Extension Project Panki Thermal Power Station, Kanpur, UP Submitted by: Dr. Deep Mukherjee Dept. of Humanities & Social Sciences Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur JANUARY 31, 2016
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SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDY OF THE NEIGHBOURHOOD AREA OF PANKI THERMAL POWER STATION
Report prepared for UPRVUNL
Submitted to:
Executive Engineer,
1 X 660 MW Panki Extension Project Panki Thermal Power Station, Kanpur, UP
Submitted by:
Dr. Deep Mukherjee
Dept. of Humanities & Social Sciences
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
JANUARY 31, 2016
Socio-economic Study of the Neighbourhood Area of Panki Thermal Power Station
IIT Kanpur 31 January, 2016 1
Index with covered items under TOR Compliance
Section No.
Particulars Sr. No. of item covered under offer letter / action taken
Page No.
1 Introduction I 2 2 Methodology I 4
3 Socio-Econ. Data Analysis - Urban I 7 4 Socio-Econ. Data Analysis - Slum I 18 5 Socio-Econ. Data Analysis - Rural I 29 6 Comparative Analysis I 41 7 CSR Proposal II, IV, V 46
8 Conclusion III, V 52
Socio-economic Study of the Neighbourhood Area of Panki Thermal Power Station
IIT Kanpur 31 January, 2016 2
Section1: Introduction
With the United Nations proposing the Millennium Development Goals, it is evident that
poverty alleviation and pro-poor development is not a choice but a necessity. In 2012, the
United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development met to discuss and develop a set of
goals to work towards, that grew out of the Millennium Development Goals, which included
amongst other things: (i) To eradicate poverty and food insecurity, (ii) Better standards of
education and healthcare - particularly as it pertains to water quality and better sanitation,
(iii) To achieve gender equality, (iv) Sustainable economic growth while promoting jobs,
(v) Sustainability to include health of the land, air and sea.
It is evident that the underdeveloped localities and communities have lower level of
education, which prohibits them from taking benefit from the various opportunities arising
around them during the process of growth and development. The developing nations have a
large population in the working age, which is a boon. However, to reap the benefits it is
imperative that they are provided the required knowledge and skills. The growing youth
unemployment crisis in developing countries requires to take immediate and targeted action
toward employment generation. As a measure, the International Labor Organization
suggested to invest in education and training to enhance employability and facilitate the
school-to-work transition. For young people who left school early, second-chance initiatives
can be particularly relevant as they facilitate the acquisition of basic knowledge and
competencies for the labor market. Another way could be to provide career options to
disadvantaged young people by supporting entrepreneurship and self-employment in rural
and slum areas. Health is another major concern. Lack of proper health and sanitation
facilities increases the chances of household getting sick. It has multiplicative and
degenerative affect on poor households making them even poorer. Any development idea
cannot be conceived without the understanding that half of the population is comprised of
women who have not received equal importance in the underdeveloped societies as their male
counterparts. Now that more women have joined the labor force and more outgoing, there is
the need to recognize their importance in the decision making both at the household level and
at the society level. Women empowerment is necessary for a healthy and balanced society
with higher income level.
Socio-economic Study of the Neighbourhood Area of Panki Thermal Power Station
IIT Kanpur 31 January, 2016 3
Last but not the least, access to modern energy is also essential for the provision of reliable
and efficient lighting, heating, cooking, mechanical power, transport and telecommunications
services, and improving the living standards. It is an alarming fact that today billions of
people lack access to the most basic energy services. Energy poverty is lack of access to
modern energy services. It refers to the situation of large numbers of people whose well-
being is negatively affected by very low consumption of energy, use of dirty or polluting
fuels, and excessive time spent collecting fuel to meet basic needs.
As the idea of development is multi-faceted thus, quest for development can not achieved
with a single line of action, rather requires multi-pronged strategy. A good policy or
corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiative will need to act on the issues of education,
health, women empowerment, renewable energy, natural conservation etc., not
separately but concurrently, if it is to be effective and sustainable. Keeping this philosophy in
mind, the present socio-economic survey aims to assess the current livelihood conditions in
the neighborhood area of the Panki Power Plant and the needs of the residents of that locality
such that some developmental measures could be taken through the CSR initiative of the
UPRVUNL.
The purpose of the study are:
To assess the problem due to pollution and subsequent need for development in the
nearby area of Panki Power Plant.
Based on the survey develop a plan of action for CSR activities in the nearby area of
Panki Power Plant.
Socio-economic Study of the Neighbourhood Area of Panki Thermal Power Station
IIT Kanpur 31 January, 2016 4
Section 2: Methodology For the action plan to be effective it is necessary to have a clear picture to the ground reality.
The first task was to finalize (i) the study area, and (ii) the range of potential intervention
through CSR project and design survey questionnaires accordingly. Panki power plant is
situated almost at the borderline of the urban area and rural area of the Kanpur (Urban)
district. Following the MOEF mandate, a circle with radius of 12 kilometers is drawn keeping
Panki at the center to identify the study area in Google Earth platform. A small part of the
area that came within the circle but fell in the neighboring district Kanpur (Rural) was
excluded from the study area. Out of the total Kanpur (Urban) district population for 2011
census, 65.83 percent lives in urban regions of district and rest 34.17 percent population lives
in rural areas. Likewise, in our study area the urban part is more populated compared to the
rural and the nature of the developmental issues and policy/project intervention needs would
be quite different. Thus, to have good understanding of socio-economic conditions of the
study area we decided to design separate questionnaires for urban and rural areas to conduct
survey of about 800 and 200 urban and rural households respectively. Apart from detailed
demographic questions on household members, questions on income generation, assets and
household expenses are also kept. Emphasis is given on collection of meticulous information
on the current health status of the household and health related expenditure. Questions on
participation in any existing developmental program, and demand for vocational training and
any other particular program requirement are also part of the survey. Last but not the least,
public view on the quality of air and water available in their locality has also been captured.
Some common parts of these questionnaires are discussed here. Those who are interested in
details of the questions asked, please refer to the attached questionnaires.
Once the questionnaires were ready, a team of eight surveyors were first given training on the
urban version of the questionnaire for three days and pilot survey has been conducted for two
days. Similar strategy was applied for the questionnaire administered in the rural area.
Sampling design The study comprises the population of Kanpur district. Final sample size for the study is
1098. For the study the sample was drawn using systematic sampling with stratification. For
Socio-economic Study of the Neighbourhood Area of Panki Thermal Power Station
IIT Kanpur 31 January, 2016 5
better representation of the population in the first stage, stratification was done across three
categories:
1. Urban normal
2. Urban slum
3. Rural
Urban population sample: For the urban population the sample was drawn from different wards with identification of
areas with dominance of normal population or slum population. For randomization the voter
list as obtained from the Election Commission website was used. Systematic sampling was
done to draw a sample with provision for replacement sample unit (1:2) if the initial
respondent was not available. Shramik Bharati, an NGO, was consulted to conduct surveys in
slum areas.
The ward-wise breakup of sample from urban population is as under: Table 1: Ward wise breakup of urban sample
Socio-economic Study of the Neighbourhood Area of Panki Thermal Power Station
IIT Kanpur 31 January, 2016 41
Section 6: Comparative Analysis This section gives a visual depiction of comparative figures of some key indicators across the
three categories- urban, slum and rural area.
Figure 1: Comparison of monthly expenses per household across the three categories
Monthly expenses per household
16811
69766670
3874
9501
4442
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
Total expenses Expenses on food
In R
up
ees Urban
Slum
Rural
Figure 2: Comparison of per capita expenses
Per capita per month expenses3216
13351224
711
1656
774
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Total expenses Expenses on food
In R
up
ee
s
Urban
Slum
Rural
Socio-economic Study of the Neighbourhood Area of Panki Thermal Power Station
IIT Kanpur 31 January, 2016 42
Figure 3: Comparison of perception about air quality
22
7
96
62
73
4
16 20
45
0
20
40
60
80
100
% o
f R
esp
on
den
ts
Good Medium Poor
Perception abour air quality in the surrounding area
Urban
Slum
Rural
Figure 4: Experience of smog
7162
99
2938
10
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
% o
f re
sp
on
de
nts
No Yes
Experience smog in the surrounding area
Urban
Slum
Rural
Socio-economic Study of the Neighbourhood Area of Panki Thermal Power Station
IIT Kanpur 31 January, 2016 43
Figure 5: Air pollution as major health problem
Consider air pollution as major health problem in the
surrounding
49
2922
42
2731
70
5
25
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
No Yes Don't Know
% o
f re
sp
on
den
ts
Urban
Slum
Rural
Figure 6: Water quality in the surrounding area
Perception about water quality
42 42
1618
58
24
83
14
3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Good Medium Poor
Opinion
% o
f re
sp
on
de
nts
Urban
Slum
Rural
Socio-economic Study of the Neighbourhood Area of Panki Thermal Power Station
IIT Kanpur 31 January, 2016 44
Figure 7: Water pollution major health problem in the surrounding area
42
29
56
41
51
1217
20
32
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
% o
f re
po
nd
en
ts
No Yes Don't know
Opinion
Water pollution as major health problem
Urban
Slum
Rural
Figure 8: Instance of household illness
Per household instances of illness in past
year
0.480.51
0.39
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Households
Ind
ivid
uals
per
HH
Urban
Slum
Rural
Figure 9: Loss f work days due to illness
Socio-economic Study of the Neighbourhood Area of Panki Thermal Power Station
IIT Kanpur 31 January, 2016 45
Work days lost due to illness
2.71
0.52
3.25
0.59
1.24
00
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Per Household Per capita
In d
ay
s Urban
Slum
Rural
Figure 10: Expenditure on medical facility due to illness
Expenditure on medical facility due
to illness12456
2388
7631
1394
11982
2094
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
Per Household Per capita
In R
up
ees
Urban
Slum
Rural
Socio-economic Study of the Neighbourhood Area of Panki Thermal Power Station
IIT Kanpur 31 January, 2016 46
Section 7: CSR Proposal
We propose to allocate 0.04% of the total project cost, which amounts to Rs. 15 Crores,
towards Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities. These amount will be spent in five
years (July’2016-June’2021). Tables and figures below represent further details on our CSR
planning.
Table 84: Distribution of the CSR budget (Rs. 15 Crore) in various items
Items / Major heads Sub item / Sub heads Budget (Rs. Lakhs)
Health, Sanitation &
Water
Budget: Rs. 340 Lakhs
Health camps (in slum & rural areas) 10 Ambulance (to local hospitals) 60 Tricycle (in slum & rural areas) 20 Toilet in slum & rural area 90 Decentralized Sewage Treatment 60 Water ATM 50 Bio-sand Filter (in slum & rural areas) 50
Education & Training
Budget: Rs. 290 Lakhs
School building repairing 75 Toilet in school (building & renovation) 50 Library in schools 10 Infrastructure in schools (blackboard etc.) 25 Winter clothes & uniform distribution 30 Scholarship 10 Vocational training (through course enrollment in tech. & eng. colleges)
50
Vocational training (for small scale business)
40
Women empowerment
Budget: Rs. 110 Lakhs
SHG formation & training 30 Gifting machines to SHGs 60 Bicycle (to girls in villages) 20
Environmental
sustainability
Budget: Rs. 250 Lakhs
Conservation project in ravine villages 125 Urban forestry (and gardening) 15 Groundwater recharge (rain harvesting) 100 Seminar/Conference on Sust. Develop. 5 Provide solar lamps & LED bulbs
5
Social business projects
Budget: 460 Lakhs
Social infrastructure building 180 Biomass Pallet Production Micro Units in Urban Slums 35 Solar Micro Grids - 1 KVA 245
Slum development
Budget: 50 Lakhs Program for school drop-outs 50
Socio-economic Study of the Neighbourhood Area of Panki Thermal Power Station
IIT Kanpur 31 January, 2016 47
Please note that
(i) About 25-30 percent of the budget allotment towards health, sanitation, vocational
training and women empowerment will go to slum areas.
(ii) Three percent of the proposed budget should be kept separate for managerial expenses
(fee charged by NGO) while implementing the schemes.
Figure 11: Pie Chart depicting amount (in Rs. Lakhs) and percentage of major CSR
heads
Next two tables will shed light on the phase-wise allocation of funds for the proposed CSR
activities outlined above.
Table 85: Annual distribution of the CSR budget (Rs. 15 Crore)
Phases Budget (in Lakhs) Phase I (July'16-June'17) 389 Phase II (July'17-June'18) 389 Phase III (July'18-June'19) 269 Phase IV (July'19-June'20) 254 Phase VI (July'20-June'21) 199
Socio-economic Study of the Neighbourhood Area of Panki Thermal Power Station
IIT Kanpur 31 January, 2016 48
Figure 12: Pie Chart depicting amount (in Rs. Lakhs) and percentage of CSR budget
for different phases
Socio-economic Study of the Neighbourhood Area of Panki Thermal Power Station
IIT Kanpur 31 January, 2016 49
Table 86: Distribution of the CSR budget over 5 year period
Items Sub item / Sub heads Budget in Phases (Rs. Lakhs) I II III IV V
Health,
Sanitation &
Water
Budget:
Rs. 340 Lakhs
Health camps (in slum & rural areas) 2 2 2 2 2 Ambulance (to local hospitals) 20 20 20 Tricycle (in slum & rural areas) 4 4 4 4 4 Toilet in slum & rural area 45 45 Decentralized Sewage Treatment 30 30 Water ATM 10 20 20 Bio-sand Filter (in slum & rural areas) 10 10 10 10 10
Education &
Training
Budget:
Rs. 290 Lakhs
School building repairing 15 15 15 15 15 Toilet in school (building & renovation) 10 10 10 10 10 Library in school 2 2 2 2 2 Infrastructure in school (blackboard etc.) 5 5 5 5 5 Winter clothes & uniform distribution 6 6 6 6 6 Scholarship 5 5 Vocational training (through course enrollment in tech. & eng. colleges) 10 10 10 10 10
Vocational training (for small scale business) 8 8 8 8 8
Women
empowerment
Budget:
Rs. 110 Lakhs
SHG formation & training 6 6 6 6 6 Gifting machines to SHGs 12 12 12 12 12 Bicycle (to girls in villages) 4 4 4 4 4
Environmental
sustainability
Budget:
Rs. 250 Lakhs
Social forestry project in ravine villages 50 50 25 Urban forestry (and gardening) 5 5 5 Groundwater recharge (rain harvesting) 50 50 Seminar/Conference on Sust. Develop. 5 Provide solar lamps & LED bulbs 5
Social business
projects
Budget:
Rs. 460 Lakhs
Social infrastructure building 20 20 20 60 60 Biomass Pallet Production Micro Units in Urban Slums 15 5 5 5 5
Solar Micro Grids - 1 KVA 70 70 70 35 Slum
development
Budget:
Rs. 50 Lakhs
Program for school drop-outs
10 10 10 10 10
Total 389 389 269 254 199
Socio-economic Study of the Neighbourhood Area of Panki Thermal Power Station
IIT Kanpur 31 January, 2016 50
Two salient features of the proposed CSR activities are women empowerment and
employment generation. Some more detailed thoughts on these issues are presented below.
An experienced an able NGO will initiate the process of identifying the interested
women for forming the SHGs. The women SHGs will be formed as per the norms
formulated by the Government. To the extent possible, the SHG will be formed among
the women from same village/slum, but in case of number of women are less than the
minimum number required for forming a group, they will be merged with women from
other village. The skill development program and financial assistance will be distributed
through the SHGs.
Small capital assistance program will be developed particularly for women headed
households. An agreed amount of money will be allocated as a revolving fund to provide
machines for small income generating projects. Co-ordination and links will be
established with the local credit groups, cooperatives or field offices of the Lead Bank to
ensure long term sustainability of the program. Besides, the following measures need to
be undertaken to ensure that women's livelihoods are restored or even improved compared
to what existed before project implementation.
Income generating program will be designed to ensure that women derive a reliable
income by engaging in activities that are within their capacity, taking into account the
availability of resources and the type of enterprises that they are already engaged in.
Capacity enhancing assistance will be provided that improve the access of women to
skills training for off-farm employment such as tailoring and weaving, small goods
shops; marketing - buying and selling local produce; processing of locally produced
products. Social awareness campaigns and training opportunities will be organized to
increase women’s integration into social and economic mainstream.
Vocational training would be imparted to the women beneficiaries as provided for in the
entitlement matrix. These training programs would be imparted by NGO through the
existing government schemes specifically meant for the development and welfare of the
women community. The NGO appointed for implementation of CSR will identify
preferred training areas and ascertain the interest of the women Beneficiaries before
preparing a proposal to the CSR monitoring for implementation of the training program.
Socio-economic Study of the Neighbourhood Area of Panki Thermal Power Station
IIT Kanpur 31 January, 2016 51
The selection of eligible Beneficiaries for training is done based on several conditions.
Women beneficiaries above the age group of 18 years and below the age group of 35
years would be considered as prospective candidates. Training on beautician courses,
weaving etc. would be imparted to female Beneficiaries who are educated till class 8 or
below.
The NGO appointed for the implementation of CSR for the project will be responsible
for the following activities specific to gender development. The ToR issued for the
NGO for implementing the CSR projects will include the following activities in their
scope of work:
Identify the roles of women beneficiaries and their roles and opportunities;
Forming Self Help Groups among the women beneficiaries;
Prepare the skill development programs for women beneficiaries; and
Identify the institutions involved in women development schemes.
Social Audit: While formulating and implementing CSR schemes it shall be ensured that an in-built
monitoring mechanism for the schemes identified are in place. An experienced faculty
with involvement in rural development research and familiarity with the study area
should be given the charge of conducting annul social audit. Indian Institute of
Technology Kanpur being the nearest government institute of repute may be involved in
this social audit.
Socio-economic Study of the Neighbourhood Area of Panki Thermal Power Station
IIT Kanpur 31 January, 2016 52
Section 8: Conclusion
Over 1000 households were surveyed in the surrounding area of Panki thermal power
station in the month of December 2015.
The sample covers urban, slum, and rural areas.
The study area does not have tribal population or community.
Majority of the sample did not say that local air and water quality is poor. Most
reported medium air and water quality.
The study assessed the health condition of the household members. Insignificant
presence of air and water pollution borne diseases is noticed.
The study also assessed the need for developmental projects in the area.
A detailed plan for developmental activities and CSR budget of Rs. 15 Crores has
been proposed.
A competent NGO partner needs to be involved while implementing this CSR plan.
To maintain transparency and conduct a program evaluation, it is advised that an
independent mentor should also be appointed.
IIT Kanpur being the nearest government institute of international repute may be
given the task of social audit for the proposed CSR scheme.
1
Inception Report
HYDRO-GEOLOGICAL STUDY OF PANKI
THERMAL POWER PROJECT, UTTAR PRADESH
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HYDROLOGY
(An ISO 9001:2008 Institute under MoWR, RD and GR, Govt. of India)
ROORKEE – 247667 (UTTARAKHAND)
December, 2015
2
CONTENT
S.N. Page No.
1 Introduction 1
2 Objectives 2
3 Scope of Work 3
4 Data Requirement 4
5 Study Area 5
6 Methodology 8
7 Preliminary Investigations 12
1
1. INTRODUCTION
M/s UP Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Limited (UPRVUNL) has an existing
2x105 MW Thermal Power Plant at Panki, Kanpur. The 2X105 MW units are
more than 35 years old and were planned to be phased out and replaced with
1x660 MW STP in 2010. But due to high air pollution in the Kanpur area, the
clearance for the same was not accorded. Based on the assessment report 2013
submitted by UPPCB to CPCB, Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF) had
lifted moratorium from Kanpur, a critically polluted area on 17.09.2013.
The water requirement for the proposed project has been estimated to be 1927
m3/hr (18.9 Cusec) and would be met from the existing allocation for the Panki
TPS of UPRVUNL from lower Ganga Canal. The ash water from the ash dyke
shall be re-circulated with the help of AWRS. All the plant liquid effluents shall
be mixed in CMB and finally will be used for Green Belt Development in the
plant premises.
The (MoEF) has yet to accord the Environmental Clearance (EC) for Panki TPS
(1x660 MW). MoEF has asked the M/s UPRVUNL, PSTP to comply with the
general guidelines for the EC clearance of the proposed plan.
Keeping this in view, Sh. Ranjan Srivastava, Superintending Engineer (Civil),
PTPS, Panki, Kanpur approached National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee vide
email dated 09.10.2015 to provide an offer for conducting hydrogeological
study for the project in compliance to MOEF conditions for 1x660 MW Super
Thermal Project, Panki.
Keeping in view the above, a proposal was submitted to Superintending
Engineer (Civil), PTPS, Panki, Kanpur on 14.10.2015. The proposal was
accepted by M/s UPRVUNL and the project was awarded to national Institute
of Hydrology Roorkee vide letter 63/PTPS/1x660 MW New Project dated
04.11.2015. (Annexure I).
2
2. OBJECTIVES
The main objectives envisaged for the present consultancy study are as
follows:
1. Hydrogeological investigations and suggestions for mitigation
measures to be taken up.
2. Isotopic study in the direction for groundwater flow and the
remediation plan.
3. Design of rainwater scheme for the built-up and open area.
4. To design the piezometers around ash pond area to check leach ability
from ash pond
5. To analyze the surface and groundwater quality around the ash pond.
6. To analyze the radioactivity and heavy metal content of the coal and
ash.
3
3. SCOPE OF WORK
To achieve the objectives, scope of work shall include:
A. Surface Water Hydrology:
1. To ascertain the interconnectivity of the aquifer system and surface
water - groundwater interaction
2. To suggest the remediation measures for protection of groundwater
from pollution.
3. Collection of samples from groundwater, surface water and, ash pond
water (Total 20 -25 samples) during pre and post monsoon seasons.
4. Isotopic analysis (δD and δ18O) for finding the interaction of ash pond
water with groundwater, if any.
5. Prepare Bill Of Quantity(BOQ) for the total scheme
6. Render technical support during implementation of the project
7. Layout plan of piezometer network shall be provided
8. Design of the piezometers including depth, diameter, position of
screen etc shall be provided
9. Six piezometers shall be constructed in the ash pond area (Depth of
piezometer 30 m, dia 4”).
10. Leach ability shall include the chemical constituents present in the
groundwater vis-à-vis ash and soil chemical properties
B. Ground Water Hydrology:
1. Preparation of subsurface aquifer geometry based on borehole drilling
data.
2. Preparation of groundwater flow direction map
3. Pumping test in the existing bore well to determine the aquifer
characteristics
4. Prepare a Master Plan/Layout of the Rainwater Harvesting Scheme
5. To identify the potentials and measures for rain water harvesting and
regeneration of degenerated water bodies, if any.
6. Prepare a Detailed Project Report on Rainwater Harvesting after
surveying and assessing the total project area, studying the General
Layout Plan and other documents related to Rainwater harvesting.
4
4. DATA REQUIREMENT
Following data are required for undertaking various studies to decipher the
hydro-geology of the study area:
a) Physiographic Data /Maps
1. Topographical map of the study area
2. Location map showing the location of the plan site, villages etc.
3. Land use map
4. Cross-sections and Longitudinal section of the source river.
5. Map showing location of various surface and ground water sources.
6. Drainage map of the area.
b) Geological Data
1. Geological map of the area
2. Structural map of the area along with details of fractures, joints etc.
3. Litho logs/geological information surrounding area
c) Surface Water Data
1. Daily/Monthly rainfall and evaporation data (for at least past 10
years),
2. Gauge and discharge data of the source River and/or streams flowing
within/nearby the plan area, if any.
3. Water Levels of the reservoir.
4. Water quality data of surface water sources
d) Groundwater data
1. Water level data at different observation wells for unconfined /
confined aquifers,
2. Aquifer parameters such as; hydraulic conductivity and storage
coefficient of each layer and thickness of each layer,
3. Existing groundwater practices such as; withdrawal and uses
4. Pumping data - groundwater withdrawal through pumping which
should include existing and new tube wells, bore wells, large diameter
wells, screen depth, duration of pumping and capacity of the wells
etc.
5. Isotopic data of groundwater
6. Water quality data of ground water
5
5. STUDY AREA
The Kanpur Nagar district lies in middle of Uttar Pradesh State. It lies between 25°55’ and 27° North latitude and 79°30’ and 80°35’ East longitudes in Survey of India Toposheet No. 54N and 63B. The proposed site is located in Kanpur district of Uttar Pradesh. This Thermal Power Plant is centralized among the places Surar from West, Vijaya Nagar-Kalyanpur Road from North- East, Bhimsen from South West and Kalpi Road from East from direction. The satellite image of the study area is shown in Figure-1.
Figure-1: Satellite image of the study area. PHYSIOGRAPHY
Kanpur district forms a part of Ganga sub -basin in the Central Indo-Gangatic Plain. It exhibits more or less a flat topography with the master slope from north-west to south-east. The average elevation of land surface is 125 m.a.m.s.l. The area is drained by the river Gange and its tributary
6
Pandu. The area of city has been geomorphologically divided into two units, i.e., (i) Low lands or Younger Alluvial Plain, and (ii) Up lands or Older Alluvial Plain. The Low land or Younger Alluvial Plain is a flat to gently sloping and slightly undulating terrain of large areal extent, formed by river deposition, and is limited along river Ganga with the breadth not exceeding 5 km. The sediments comprise of Recent unconsolidated alluvial material of varying lithology. The fluvial land-forms such as palaeochannel, meander scar and oxbow lakes are common features. Further west of Younger Alluvial Plain is the area of stable upland which has been produced by extensive deposition of older alluvium comprising of coarse to fine sand, silt and clay. The patches of salt encrustations have been reported in the area around Panki and Chakeri. CLIMATE
The area experiences sub-tropical climate with average normal annual rainfall as 833.50 mm which is mostly received through the south-west monsoon. (Monsoon-771.0 mm and Non-monsoon-62.5 mm). The mean maximum monthly temperature (41.7oC) has been recorded during May and minimum (22.8oC) in January, the average annual maximum and minimum being 32.1oC and 19.3oC, respectively. During peak summer the temperature sometimes shoots upto 46oC while in peak winter it becomes as low as 4oC. HYDROGEOLOGY
Kanpur district forms a part of Central Ganga Alluvial Plain, underlined by unconsolidated sediments of Quaternary age comprising silt, clay, sand of various grades, gravel and kankar in varying proportion. The Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) has undertaken exploratory drilling of 7 wells upto a maximum depth of 500 m out of 7 wells, 6 wells have been converted into production wells. Study of the boreholes drilled by C.G.W.B. under its exploratory/deposit well programme and a subsequent perusal of sub -surface geological cross-sections, reveal the following scenario of sub-surface configuration.
1. The unconsolidated alluvial sediments deposited over the undulatory surface of the basement rock, (encountered in borehole at Panki at the depth of 505 mbgl) show alternative clay and granular beds. The sandy horizons at different depths form the main repository of ground water.
2. The thick pile of sediments down to bed rock broadly, consist of 3 tier aquifer system as below:-
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Aquifer Group Hydrological condition 1st Group of Shallow Aquifers (upto 150 m depth bgl)
Ground Water occurs under unconfined to semi confined conditions. The aquifers of this group do not appear to hold good promise for ground water development due to their lensoidal nature. Shallow tubewells ranging upto 100m depth tapping 7 to 20 metres of saturated granular zones, yield 7 to 20 lps at drawdown ranging between 4 to 7 metres. The tubewells, 101 to 175 meter deep and tapping 10.5 to 49.0 m of saturated granular zones, yield 12 to 27 lps at drawdown ranging between 5.85 and 10.45 m. Static water level in these wells varies from 6 to 14 meters. Generally, the tubewells tapping the 1st Group of aquifers are moderately yielding but do not give sustained water supply during the peak summer period.
2nd Group of Moderately Deep Aqufiers (Existing between 150-250m depth):
Ground water occurs under confined conditions. This particular aquifer group has not been exclusively tapped in any tubewell due to its poor quality of formation water. However, it has been observed that whenever even partly this aquifer group has been tapped in any tubewell along with overlying aquifer group, the yield of the well has remarkably increase, which confirms its potentialities. It appears that the confineness of this aquifer group due to overlying and underlying clay beds has restricted its flushing, resulting in the occurrence of poor quality of water in the aquifer.
3rd Group of Deep Aquifers (below 250 m depth):
Ground water occurs under confined conditions. The piezometric level of the deep aquifers ranges between 12.00 an 19.00 mbgl. The aquifers of this group are holding good promise for ground water development. Deep tubewells, 338 to 400m deep, tapping 34 to 89m of saturated granular zones, yield 31 to 60 lps at drawdown ranging between 4 and 17m.
Depth to Water Level:
Depth to water level in Kanpur metropolis generally varies from 6 to 16 mbgl during pre-monsoon period all along the vicinity of river Ganga, and in the range of 12 and 16 mbgl in the other part of City. The depth gradually reduces towards western direction. During Postmonsoon period water level shows a minor rise due to replenishment of aquifer by monsoon precipitation. Ground Water Flow
The pre-monsoon water table elevation contours shows the highest water level elevation of 122 m in the western parts of Metropolis and lowest i.e. less than 107 m along river Ganga. The gradient of ground water table is steeper along the Ganga. The pattern of contours indicates that
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the ground water flow is, generally in eastern direction confirming the effluent nature of river Ganga.
6. METHODOLOGY
A brief of the methodology to be adopted for achieving various objectives and scope elements of the study is given below in Table 1:
Table 1: Methodology vis-a-vis objective/scope of the study
S.
No.
Objective/Scope Methodology
LITERATURE REVIEW
L1 Detailed review of documents/reports already available
All the data / reports / literature available with organizations such as GSI, CWC, CGWB, IMD, State WRD and Groundwater Department etc. shall be collected and reviewed for various hydrological and hydro-geological aspects. Report of Groundwater Estimation committee shall also be referred.
SURFACE WATER HYDROLOGY S1. Review available study
on water availability from the identified source.
All the available data / reports / literature available with CGWB and other organizations shall be collected and reviewed for various aspects such as source water availability, allocation, downstream users, trends in water utilization in the past etc. Long term discharge data and meteorological data shall be analysed for assessment of sustainability of source.
S2. To study drainage pattern of the study area
Top sheets / Satellite data shall be used for preparation of drainage map of the study area. Satellite data for pre- and post-monsoon periods shall be procured from National Remote Sensing Centre, Hyderabad.
S3. Identification of surface water bodies (including degenerated water bodies) within study area
Surface water bodies shall be identified from Satellite data. Field survey shall be carried out for ground verification and to check the health of the water bodies. Efforts shall be made to include information related to their location detail, present status, exploitation and potential for development etc.
S4. Review available study on surface water quality and current sources of contamination, if any
Available literature/studies shall be reviewed for water quality assessment and contamination of surface water sources. Water samples shall be collected and analysed. Interrelationship between surface water quality and current
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sources of contamination, if any, shall be evaluated based on water quality characteristics
S5. Review the available study on overall impact of construction structures and drawl of water for operation of power on surface water hydrology
All available studies/literature shall be reviewed. Impact of construction activity on surface water hydrology shall be studied based on the impact on runoff generation from the area.
S6. To identify the potential and measures for rain water harvesting and regeneration of degenerated water bodies, if any
Rainwater harvesting potential shall be computed based on rainfall and terrain characteristics of the area. Coefficients for runoff generation from various types of land uses shall be used. Rainwater harvesting measures shall be suggested for possible regeneration of degraded ground water quality, if any. Standard water harvesting techniques shall be used.
S7. To develop a plan for annual review and monitoring of surface water systems in the study area
Monitoring network shall be developed /suggested based on the possible impact on water quality of surface water systems in the study area, if any. Specific locations of source for monitoring, parameters to be monitored, methodology for monitoring and assessment and frequency of monitoring shall be suggested.
GROUND WATER HYDROLOGY
G1. Define the present hydro-geological scenario of the study area through water table contour map
Available data on ground water levels shall be collected and used for preparation of contour map. This map along with other hydro-geological data shall be used to analyse the present hydro-geological scenario of the study area.
G2 Identify aquifers, their characteristics and present levels of exploitation, assessment of groundwater depletion, if any
Aquifers shall be identified based on field surveys, bore logs/litho logs data, pumping tests data etc. Draft of groundwater shall be evaluated based on sample survey. Information/data from available reports and other literature shall be used. The aquifer disposition shall be prepared using Rockworks software.
G3 To establish hydraulic characteristics of aquifers present in project area, especially ash pond area
Pumping tests shall be carried out in and around ash pond area to establish the hydraulic characteristics of the project area in general and ash pond area in particular
G4 Estimation of annual recharge and utilization of ground water in pre-project and post-project condition, as per GEC
Groundwater recharge and groundwater availability in the area will be determined based on hydro-geological conditions and available data/literature. Infiltration tests shall also be carried out.
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norms G5 To identify the potential
and measures for rain water harvesting and augmenting ground water recharge
Rainwater harvesting potential shall be computed based on rainfall and terrain characteristics of the area. Coefficients for runoff generation from various types of land uses shall be used. Rainwater harvesting measures shall be suggested based on aquifer characteristics/ hydro-geology of study area. Standard water harvesting techniques shall be used.
G6 Review the available study on groundwater quality and current sources of contamination, if any
Available literature shall be reviewed and interrelationship between ground water quality and current sources of contamination, if any, shall be evaluated based on water quality characteristics and isotopic characterization of ground water
G7 To evaluate overall impact of construction and operation of power project on the ground water systems
The impact shall be assessed based on ground water level data, water quality assessment and hydro-geological conditions in ash pond area.
G8 To develop a monitoring network for annual review and monitoring of ground water levels and quality
Monitoring network shall be developed/ suggested based on the variation in water levels and water quality data of groundwater. Specific locations of source, parameters to be monitored, methodology for monitoring and assessment and frequency of monitoring shall also be suggested.
G9 Measures for prevention of groundwater contamination from the ash pond area
The measures suitable for prevention of seepage contamination, such as type of ash pond lining (if required) or construction of toe drain to arrest the seepage water (if any) shall be suggested based on hydro geological conditions.
FIELD STUDIES
F1. Detailed geological mapping of the study area including identification of litho units, structural features, fracture patterns etc.
This shall be done based on the well logs/litho logs data, available reports and satellite imageries.
F2. Well logging for water level measurements as well as water quality monitoring to determine hydraulic gradients and groundwater flow
Water levels shall be measured using water level indicators. The RL of the wells shall be measured either through differential GPS or ground surveys. For determination of water quality, samples will be collected and analysed using standard methods. Water level and water quality shall be measured both in pre and post
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characteristics using flow net analysis: Pre-monsoon and post monsoon seasons
monsoon seasons
F3. Pumping tests to estimate variation in hydraulic characteristics
Pumping tests shall be carried out in the ash pond area to establish the hydraulic characteristics which should include existing and new test well (at least one pumping and three observation wells of varying depth)
F4. Infiltration studies for determining rate of infiltration in and around ash disposal site
Infiltration tests shall be carried out using double ring infiltrometer or mini disc infiltrometer at minimum 10 locations in and around ash disposal site both in pre and post monsoon seasons
F5. Monitoring of surface and groundwater quality.
Water quality parameters like, pH, EC, DO, BOD, COD, NH3, Major cations (Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Fe), major anions (CO3, HCO3, Cl, SO4, NO3, and PO4), Heavy metals (Cd, Zn, Hg, As, Cr, Pb) during pre and post monsoon seasons.
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7. PRELIMENARY INVESTIGATIONS
Preliminary investigations for hydrogeological studies were started in the
month of January and a field visit was under taken by Dr. Sudhir Kumar,
Principal Investigator of the project. Visit was made to the ash dyke and the
plant area and also to the water intake point from the Lower Ganga Canal.
Some preliminary groundwater levels were also monitored in the buffer area.
The elevation of the measuring points were measured using GPS. Based on the
preliminary groundwater level monitoring, depth to groundwater and water
level maps have been prepared and are given in Figure 2 and 3.
Figure 2: Groundwater Level Map (amsl) of the Buffer area.
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Figure 3: Depth to groundwater map of the Buffer area
Figure 2, the groundwater level map, indicates that the water table is
sloping towards East and Northeast, the direction in which river Ganga flows.
Figure 3, the depth to groundwater map, indicates that the water table is
shallow in the western p[art of the area than in the eastern and northeastern
part of the area. This increase in depth of groundwater may be due to heavy