Socio economic status and environmental issues of kaptai, rangamati by abu khairul bashar

Socio-economic Status and Environmental Issues of Kaptai, Rangamati.

Socio-economic Status and Environmental Issues of

Kaptai, Rangamati.

The goals of the Bachelor of Environmental Science Degree are to: Offer a rigorous science-based

preparation for careers in environmental science; Prepare students for graduate studies in

environmental science. Environmental Sciences is a kind of subject where only theoretical lessons

cannot provide hundred percent of knowledge. The earth is a mysterious planet and to gain

knowledge about the earth, visual observation through tour is must. Environmental science is the

scientific investigation of human interactions with natural systems. The department of

environmental sciences of Jahangirnagar University runs a course on field work as an academic

study course each year. For the students of Environmental Sciences, field work is a part and parcel

of academic study. It plays a very significant role in understanding complicated environmental

concepts and their impact on biodiversity and sustainability. To evaluate the natural and artificial

processes of the study areas and finding it’s role on environment. As a student of 3rd year of

environmental sciences of Jahangirnagar University in the session 2011-2012 carried out a field

work for 4 days from 14th November 2015 to 18th November 2015 at Kaptai, Rangamati. Kaptai

has enormous geological and biological resources to identify, understand and need to protect from

anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic threats. It needs more study to gather knowledge about these

beautiful sites.

Acknowledgement

Practical implementation of analyzed knowledge is very important for developing the

problem solving ability of a student. Environmental science, like all other brunches of science

requires a proper practical knowledge and ability to implement knowledge in environment to

minimize possible adverse environmental degradation and maximizing possible beneficial

events. If an environmental scientist doesn’t have a good knowledge about problems and

possibilities in implementing environmental knowledge, he/she will have to suffer a lot. By

realizing this fact, the department of environmental sciences of Jahangirnagar University runs

a course on field work as an academic study course each year. As a student of B.sc (hons) 3rd

year, we went on a field trip in Rangamati and Kaptai region.

First and foremost I offer my deepest gratitude and I’m cordially grateful to my almighty

Allah and may His peace and blessings be upon all his prophets for granting me the chance

and the ability to successfully complete this field tour in Rangamati region.

It is a matter of great pleasure for me to thank from the core of the heart to my honorable

teacher A H M Saadat, Associate Professor, Department of Environmental Sciences,

Jahangirnagar University. I want to give special and heartiest thanks and also acknowledge

the excellent support from my honorable sir Mirza A.T.M. Tanvir Rahman, Assistant

Professor, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University. I am very much

grateful to them all for their precious information and important guidelines and their

spontaneous inspiration and friendly discussion about various difficult topics. And thanks to

Md. Abdul Halim (Office Assistance) of the department of environment sciences.

Finally heartiest thanks are extended to my friends who joined with me and helped anyhow to

complete the task successfully.

Contents

Topic Name Page No

Chapter One: Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study Tour 02

1.2 Study Area Selection 02-04

1.3 Aim and Objectives 05

1.4 Limitations 06

Chapter Two: Data Collection and Methodology

2.1 Methodology 08

2.2 Data Collection and Data Sources 09

Chapter Three: Discussion and Findings

3.1 Plywood Industry 12-16

3.2 Bangladesh Forest Industries Development Corporation 16-21

3.3 Karnaphuli Paper Mills 21-28

3.4. Karnaphuli River 28

3.5 Kaptai Dam 28-32

3.6 Karnaphuli Hydro Power Station 32-34

3.7 Scio-economic Scinario 34-37

3.8 Kaptai Lake 37-41

3.9 Sheikh Rashel Aviary and Ecopark 41-43

Chapter Four: Conclusion and Recommendation

4.1 Conclusion 45

4.2 Recommendation 46

Chapter Five: Reference 47-48

Chapter Six: Appendix 49-51

List of Figures

Figure No Page No

Figure-1.1 03

Figure-1.2 04

Figure-3.1 12

Figure-3.2 15

Figure-3.3 17

Figure-3.4 19

Figure-3.5 20

Figure-3.6 22

Figure-3.7 23

Figure-3.8 24

Figure-3.9 30

Figure-3.10 33

Figure-3.11 38

Figure-3.12 41

Figure-3.13 42

List of Table

Table No Page No

Table No-3.1 14

Table No-3.2 19

Table No-3.3 29

Table No-3.4 35

Table No-3.5 36

Table No-3.6 37

List of Graph

Graph No Page No

Graph No-2.1 08

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Socio-economic Status and Environmental Issues of Kaptai, Rangamati. By Abu Khairul Bashar

Chapter One: Introduction

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1.1 Background of Study Tour

Due to the Environmental significance of Chandraghona, Rangunia, Kaptai & Rangamati, we

have visited this area for our field tour this year.

Kaptai is an Upazila of Rangamati District in the Division of Chittagong, Bangladesh. Notable

landmarks are the Karnaphuli Hydroelectric Power Station, the only Hydro-electric power

plant of Bangladesh. The Kaptai Dam, built for this purpose on the Karnaphuli River, created

the Kaptai Lake, the largest man-made dam in Bangladesh.

Rangamati is the administrative headquarters of Rangamati Hill District in the Chittagong Hill

Tracts of Bangladesh. It is also a Capital city of Chittagong Hill Tracts. The town is located at

22°37'60N 92°12'0E and has an altitude of 14 metres (49 feet). The district is administered by

an office named as District Administration, Rangamati. From Chittagong a 77 km road leads

to Rangamati. The township is located on the western bank of the Kaptai Lake. Rangamati is a

holiday destination because of its landscape, scenic beauty, lake, colourful indigenus groups

(Chakma, Marma etc.), its flora and fauna, indigenous museum, hanging bridge etc.

1.2 Study Area Selection

Study area selection is a very important fact for a study tour. Because, which kind of knowledge

we want to learn, fully depends on the site of the tour. So I would like to thank our honorable

teachers because before starting our tour they selected our tour site. Our main site was

Rangamati Hill tracts district & adjacent area. The sites of this tour were-

Kaptai

Chandraghona

Rangunia

Rangamati

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upazila

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangamati_District

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong_Division

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaptai_Dam

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnaphuli_River

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaptai_Lake

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangamati_Hill_District

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts




https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Administration,_Rangamati

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaptai_lake

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakma_people

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marma_people

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Kaptai is located at 22.5000°N 92.2167°E . It has 12992 units of house hold and total area

259 km².At the 2001 Bangladesh census, Kaptai had a population of 66,135. Males constituted

55.45% of the population, and females 44.55%. The population of those aged 18 and older was

32,352. The average literacy rate was 49.9% (7+ years). Kaptai has 5 Unions/Wards, 10

Mauzas/Mahallas, and 144 villages.

Figure-1.1: Map of Kaptai Upazila

https://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Kaptai_Upazila&params=22.5000_N_92.2167_E_

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Bangladesh_census

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Rangamati is a district in South-eastern Bangladesh. It is a part of the Chittagong Division

and the town of Rangamati serves as the headquarters of the district. Area-wise, Rangamati is

the largest district of the country. Rangamati was a contesting ground for the kings of Tripura

and Arakan. This region came under the Mughal Empire after the Muslim invasion in 1566. In

1737 Sher Mosta Khan, a tribal leader, took refuge with the Mughals. After this the Chakma

settlement began along with various other settlements of varying ethnicity.[2] From 1760 to

1761, this land was leased to the East India Company.[2] The district of Rangamati consists of

10 upazilas, 1 municipality (9 wards and 35 mahallas), 50 union parishads, 162 mouzas and

1347 villages.

Figure-1.2: Map of Rangamati District


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong_Division

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangamati

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripura

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakhine_State

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company

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1.3 Aim and Objectives

Behind any work, there have must some aim & objective. With the great deal of importance

the main aim of this study tour is to observe the environmental condition of Rangamati district

& adjacent areas and their impact on surrounding area. We must also keep into consideration

that what is the thinking & idea of local people about their environment. In Kaptai,

Chandraghona, Rangunia, and Rangamati area; our main objectives -

The geological of Geological structure observation of the study areas

Geomorphological change detection

Ecological observation (deforestation, types of plants and biodiversity)

The natural processes occurred in the island

Find a suitable way to promote eco-tourism in the Kaptai Lake and in different Tile.

Environmental impact assessment

Salt cultivation process and their impacts on human life and cultivation land

Observation of Flora and Fauna of study areas

The importance of corals and hazards related to the lacking of corals

Physical, socio economic and cultural aspect of the study areas

To see the marine coastal mangrove forest in the coastal belt

Soil and water condition (constituents of soil, elemental analysis)

To know and familiar with the Natural resources

To know the Lifestyle of the people of coastal Areas.

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1.4 Limitations

The data sources of the study tour were basically based on secondary data sources. That’s why

in this tour there were some limitations-

Time was limited, so it was difficult to collect more information within these short time.

Limitation of budget

Different people gave different information so we were confused about actual

information.

Underground sites were not allowed for investigation due to risky conditions.

Time was not sufficient to investigate these two large projects.

Rainy weather hampered the total fieldwork.

For some technical problem it was restricted

We were 30 students, so it was difficult to move with this he number of people.

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Chapter Two: Data Collection and Methodology

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2.1 Methodology

Methodology is the systematic, theoretical analysis of the methods applied to a field of study,

or the theoretical analysis of the body of methods and principles associated with a branch of

knowledge. It, typically, encompasses concepts such as paradigm, theoretical model, phases

and quantitative or qualitative techniques. A methodology does not set out to provide solutions

but offers the theoretical underpinning for understanding which method, set of methods or so

called “best practices” can be applied to a specific case. Methodology does not describe specific

methods, even though much attention is given to the nature and kinds of processes to be

followed in a particular procedure or in attaining an objective. When proper to a study of

methodology, such processes constitute a constructive generic framework; thus they may be

broken down in sub-processes, combined, or their sequence changed.

Graph-2.1: Flowchart showing the methodology of the study

Choosing a study topic

Literature Review

Formulating the problem for the

study

Choosing the variables to study

Data Collection

Sorting of necessary information Data Analysis and Interpretation

Finding the Multicultural Variation

Drawing Conclusion and

Recommendation

Documentation

Report Presentation

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2.2 Data Collection and Data Sources

Every work has some purposes and method of completing those purposes. After complete

purpose than need the processing of data which is collected from field. We know that data is a

body of information in numerical form and it is a collection of statistical information of values

of the variable of interest in a study. On the Basis of sources, data is two types. In this report

we use both type data. The sources of both data are given below-

2.2.1 Primary Data Sources

Primary data are obtained from the organization or institution that originally collected the

information. The data collected for the first time by the investigator as original data are known

as primary data. In this study tour we have collected the primary data by the following ways-

Visual observation: By visiting a particular place and after observe that we get some

data which is helping us to make a report.

Questionnaire: At first we select a particular place or particular topics, then to know

everything about that place all related question contain on a sheet of paper and in this

way be collect all types of information.

Discussion: Group discussion is a very important process of reporting. By this process

many view idea develops and those can help to make a successful report. According to

this process we collect all types of information.

Interview: By interview we can gather more different and much knowledge which help

us to collect information and data. In this study tour, we have got a seminar presentation

in tribal cultural institute of Cox’s Bazar. By this seminar we knew details about tribal,

lifestyle and other phenomena.

Data Sources

Primary Sources Secondary Sources

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Map Reading: We came to know about the location and area of our traveling area from

map. We know the road to Cox’s bazaar from route map.

Photograph: We snapped various charming natural sceneries. These photographs

helped us in observation and research. They are also a great source of our enjoyment.

Literature Review: A comprehensive literature study was done to gain an exact

scenario of the two mine. Various important and necessary data are collected from

already published books, journal, previous works, newspaper, internet etc. By gathering

all the information the field report of our study tour is made. We come to know about

the previous condition of the area and can identified the difference with present

situation.

2.2.2 Secondary Data Sources

We know that if an investigator is using data which have been collected by someone else, then

such data are known as secondary data. For make a successful report we have followed some

secondary data sources such as:-

Different published Books

Banglapedia

Different Journals

Encyclopedia

From different organization

From related books

Internet

Satellite image

From map

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Chapter Three: Discussion and Findings

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3.1 Plywood Industry

Plywood is a sheet material manufactured from thin layers or "plies" of wood veneer that are

glued together with adjacent layers having their wood grain rotated up to 90 degrees to one

another. It is an engineered wood from the family of manufactured boards which includes

medium-density fibreboard (MDF) and particle board (chipboard).

All plywoods bind resin and wood fibre sheets (cellulose cells are long, strong and thin) to

form a composite material. This alternation of the grain is called cross-graining and has several

important benefits: it reduces the tendency of wood to split when nailed at the edges; it reduces

expansion and shrinkage, providing improved dimensional stability; and it makes the strength

of the panel consistent across all directions. There are usually an odd number of plies, so that

the sheet is balanced—this reduces warping. Because plywood is bonded with grains running

against one another and with an odd number of composite parts, it is very hard to bend it

perpendicular to the grain direction of the surface ply.

Figure-3.1: Bangladesh Timber Plywood Industries Co Ltd. at Kaptai Upazila.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_veneer

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_grain

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineered_wood

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium-density_fibreboard

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_board

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_material

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3.1.1 Raw Materials

The outer layers of plywood are known respectively as the face and the back. The face is the

surface that is to be used or seen, while the back remains unused or hidden. The center layer is

known as the core. In plywoods with five or more plies, the inter-mediate layers are known as

the crossbands. Plywood may be made from hardwoods, softwoods, or a combination of the

two. Some common hardwoods include ash, maple, mahogany, oak, and teak. The most

common softwood used to make plywood in the United States is Douglas fir, although several

varieties of pine, cedar, spruce, and redwood are also used.

Composite plywood has a core made of particleboard or solid lumber pieces joined edge to

edge. It is finished with a plywood veneer face and back. Composite plywood is used where

very thick sheets are needed. The type of adhesive used to bond the layers of wood together

depends on the specific application for the finished plywood. Softwood plywood sheets

designed for installation on the exterior of a structure usually use a phenol-formaldehyde resin

as an adhesive because of its excellent strength and resistance to moisture. Softwood plywood

sheets designed for installation on the interior of a structure may use a blood protein or a

soybean protein adhesive, although most softwood interior sheets are now made with the same

phenol-formaldehyde resin used for exterior sheets. Hardwood plywood used for interior

applications and in the construction of furniture usually is made with a urea-formaldehyde

resin.

Some applications require plywood sheets that have a thin layer of plastic, metal, or resin-

impregnated paper or fabric bonded to either the face or back (or both) to give the outer surface

additional resistance to moisture and abrasion or to improve its paint-holding properties. Such

plywood is called overlaid plywood and is commonly used in the construction, transportation,

and agricultural industries. Other plywood sheets may be coated with a liquid stain to give the

surfaces a finished appearance, or may be treated with various chemicals to improve the

plywood's flame resistance or resistance to decay.

http://www.madehow.com/knowledge/Resin.html

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Table -3.1: Summary of the principal operations performed in the factory examined. The table

also shows the type of risk they might encounter.

Operation Type of Risk

Log tally and cross-cutting

Chemical agents (preservatives)

Dust, Microclimate

Load handling

Physical agents (noise and vibrations)

Steaming and debarking Dust

Physical agents (noise)

Rotary cutting Physical agents (noise)

Clipping Load handling


Drying* Microclimate

Dust

Trimming and joining of veneer Chemical agents (formaldehyde)


Sliced veneer processing Load handling

Gluing, assembly and pressing* Chemical agents (miscellaneous)

Microclimate

Patching*

Chemical agents (formaldehyde)

Microclimate

Load hadling

Finishing, testing and shipment

Load handling

Dust

Physical agents (noise and vibrations)

Laboratory Chemical agents (miscellaneous)

Maintenance

Chemical agents (miscellaneous)

Physical agents (noise, vibrations, UV)

Dust

Electric cabin and electric plant Microclimate

Administrative offices Risks connected with the use of

videoterminals (VDT)

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Figure-3.2: Manufacturing and Products

3.1.2 Environmental Issues of Plywood Industry

Environmental impacts of ply wood industries may be classified as onsite impacts and offsite

impacts. Onsite impacts are those which are felt at the location of manufacturing while offsite

impacts are those associated with harvesting of timber used as input for the plywood industry.

A. Onsite Impacts

B. Offsite Impacts

3.1.2.1 Air pollution from plywood industry

a. Particulate pollution from sawing of wood

b. Process air pollution from drying of wood and application of glue

c. Hydrocarbon and particulate pollution from generators

d. Key air pollutants of concern in ply wood industry

e. Wood dust

f. Diesel Range Hydrocarbons

http://www.hess.com/docs/us-safety-data-sheets/dieselfuel_alltypes_includingultralowsulfur_diesel%28ulsd%29.pdf?sfvrsn=2

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3.1.2.2 Water pollution from plywood industry

a. Urea

b. Formaldehyde

c. Soaking of timber and associated leaching of tannins and other organics

d. Leaching from open storage of wood, barks and saw dust

e. Leakage and run off of process chemicals and diesel fuel

f. surface water around the industry by runoff

g. ground water within the premises and outside by infiltration

3.1.2.3 Soil Pollution from plywood industry

a. Leaching of organic substances from the storage of timber, bark and saw dust

b. Run off and drainage from process chemicals and hydrocarbons.

3.1.2.4 Noise Pollution from plywood industry

a. Transport of raw wood and finished products

b. Operation of the peeling machine

c. Operation of generators

3.2Bangladesh Forest Industries Development Corporation

The Govrnment of Pakistan by its Ordinance No. LXVII dated 3rd October 1959, established

East Pakistan Forest Industries Development Corporation. After independence, the name of the

corporation was changed to Bangladesh Forest Industries Development Corporation (BFIDC),

under Presidential Order No .48 of 1972. Its head office is located at 73, Motijheel C/A, Dhaka-

1000. To be a sustainable and profitable corporate institution in this field of Rubber and Wood

industries. To make BFIDC a competitive corporate institution by sustainable development of

Rubber and Wood industries through research and development, use of innovative technology,

skill development and service delivery.

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Figure-3.3: Recycling Products of BFIDC

3.2.1 Objectives and Goals

To extract timber/rubber wood & other Forest produces from forest land & BFIDC's rubber

garden. To establish Industries/Factories for Commercial use of forest produces & rubber

wood. Treating, Seasoning of wooden extracted/collected timber and manufacturing of office

and household furniture, dunnage, railway slipper, etc. Cultivation of Rubber/ raising of

Rubber garden on commercial basis in the forest land leased out by the Govt. in favour of

BFIDC. Promoting Rubber cultivation in Bangladesh through Private Sector/Multinational

companies in the Govt. khas and protected land of Hilly areas. Value addition, Employment

generation.

Best utilization of forest produces by the creation of employment. Establishing Factories/

Industries to meet the growing need of wooden items by facing market competitiveness.

Raising of profitable & sustainable Rubber garden under BFIDC, Promoting rubber cultivation

in Private Sector, creation of employment opportunities to alleviate the poverty of the rural

poor, caring environment, protect degradation & erosion of land. To produce highest quality of

natural rubber to meet the local requirement of rubber based Industries to ensure value addition

& creation of indirect employment. To take part in macro-economic activities of the country &

playing vital role in augmenting GDP by generating economic activities in producing of natural

rubber, addressing import & saving of foreign exchange.

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3.2.2 Reform Program

Refrom & updating of BFIDC s regulations and acts.

Rationalization of manpower.

Enhancement of working capabilities of officer, employees & workers through in-

service training.

To ensure the security & safety of rubber gardens, protect rubber trees, latex & govt.

properties from theft/trafficking.

To improve the quality of rubber, promotion of marketing & extension of rubber

cultivation with a view to meet the domestic need and save foreign currency.

Determination of production target achievement and sale of natural rubber.

Use of the rubber tree as A-class timber after their economic life cycle.

3.2.3 Industrial Sector

7 industrial units has been running profitabely under BFIDC. These are as follows:

1. Cabinet Manufacturing Plant, Mirpur-2, Dhaka. Phone : 9003486.

2. Estern Wood Works, Tejgaon, Dhaka. Phone : 9893163.

3. Sango Matamuhuri unit, Kalurghat, Chittagong. Phone : 670325.

4. Cabinet Manufacturing Plant (CMP), Kalurghat, Chittagong. Phone : 670920.

5. FIDCO Furniture Complex, Kalurghat, Chittagong. Phone : 670923.

6. Wood Treating Plant (WTP), Kalurghat, Chittagong, Phone : 670922.

7. Lumber Processing Complex (LPC), Kaptai, Rangamati Hill Tracts, Phone : 03529-

271.

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Figure-3.4: Selling Products of BFIDC

Table-3.2: Profit & loss in Industrial Sector

Financial Year Profit/Loss

in Lac Taka

2006-2007 (-)29.18

2007-2008 +197.49

2008-2009 +465.12

2009-2010 +1365.81

2010-2011 +634.96

2011-2012 +717.00

2012-2013 +1108.00

2013-2014 +866.63

(Provisional)

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3.2.4 Rubber Sector

First attempt to grow Rubber in Bangladesh was made in 1952 when Forest department planted

some thousands of seed & budded stamps in chittagong imported from Malaysia & Srilanka.

In 1959 FAO expert investigated the possibilities of producing rubber in large scale &

recommended to cultivate Rubber extensively. In the year 1959 BFIDC (the then EPIDC) was

established by the then Govt. In 1962 Forest Department handed over Rubber Planting

Activities to BFIDC. Under an agreement signed between the Govt. of the then East Pakistan

(now Bangladesh) & EPIDC (now BFIDC) on 13-04-1963 & BFIDC was mandated to get

forest land on lease to raise Rubber Garden.

Figure-3.5: Rubber Plantation project of BFIDC

3.2.4.1 Positive Impact of Rubber Plantation

Rubber is a very useful crop preferred fast growing multi-purpose species for quick

afforestation.

Rubber plantation protect soil erosion and environment by carbon sequestration,

conserve water and nutrients and give good economic yield.

Rubber plant is capable of storing carbon in a higher rate in comparison to many other

tree species.

In Bangladesh, the rubber plantations can be a remarkable source of carbon trading.

Overall, rubber planting generates the highest economic and social benefits in terms of

profitability, employment, foreign exchange savings, land use and a positive

environmental impact

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3.2.5 Challenges in Industry and Rubber Sectors

Shortage of skilled manpower.

Non- availability of Quality Timber.

Out dated machineries, factories, smoke houses etc.

Lack of expertise in marketing

Prevention of theft & trafficking of rubber trees and latex.

Low yielding rubber clone.

Non-disposal of rubbertrees after their productive life cycle

Scarcity of land for new plantation.

3.3 Karnaphuli Paper Mills

Karnaphuli Paper Mills is a Government-owned paper pulp and paper manufacturer is

Chittagong, Bangladesh. The factory is the largest paper producing factory in Bangladesh and

operates as a subsidiary of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation. Karnaphuli Paper

Mills was the first paper manufacturing industrial establishment registered under the Factories

Act. At the time of its establishment, it was the biggest paper mill in Asia, with over 3,000

workers. It was established under a World Bank loan supported by a consortium of suppliers

from the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Sweden and Italy. The factory went into

production in 1953 with an installed capacity of 30,000 tons of paper per year. The capacity

utilization, however, went down within a few years of its establishment. In 1964, Karnaphuli

Paper Mills was sold to the Dawood Group of Pakistan, which undertook a balancing,

modernization and rationalization program. Karnaphuli Paper Mills sold its paper to both East

and West Pakistan. The price of its paper was the same in both wings. As a result, users of

Karnaphuli Paper Mills paper in East Pakistan paid a price higher than its actual cost plus a

normal profit. They compensated for the cost of transportation of the paper to West Pakistan

and thus implicitly financed the subsidy enjoyed by its users in that province.

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Figure-3.6: Karnaphuli Paper Mills Co Ltd.

3.3.1 Raw Materials

The main source of wood fibre used in the manufacture of paper is harvested from scientifically

grown plantations of either hard, (gum), or softwoods, (pine) for conversion into a number of

varying grades of paper. No indigenous trees are used and the siting and planning of plantations

takes cognisance of the fact that they need to co-exist with the indigenous environment with

minimum impact. Fibre for papermaking is also sourced from sawmills in the form of wood

chips from off-cuts as well as from the recovery of used paper of all types. This “recycled fibre”

ensures that the cellulose content, carbon, remains in a form that postpones degradation, (and

hence carbon dioxide generation), for as long as possible. In addition to fibre, a number of

chemicals are used to convert the raw cellulose into a form that can be converted into the

plethora of paper grades required by the end user: Other materials used in the paper making

process are listed below:

Pulping chemicals consisting of sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphate, sodium carbonate

and calcium oxide are the main constituents. The bulk of these chemicals are recovered

in the recovery section of the pulp mill and re-used in the process.

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Water – the bulk of the water is used in the paper making process to dilute cellulose

fibre to be formed on the paper machine. Virtually all this water is recovered and

recycled back to the machine

Paper making chemicals – such as starches, dyes, and strengthening and water proofing

agents – impart a number of different and important properties to the sheet of paper

being formed on the machine.

Figure-3.7: Raw materials of Karnaphuli paper mills

3.3.2 How Paper is made

Paper is simple material. It is essentially a mat held together by the fiber’s roughness, and can

be made from almost any fibrous material like wood or recycled paper. The process for making

paper was invented in China in the second century A.D., and all paper was made one sheet at

a time until 1798. To learn more about the history of paper. The process of making paper has

not changed – at least, fundamentally – since its discovery. But with almost two centuries of

improvements and refinements, modern papermaking is a fascinating, high tech

industry. Wisconsin has led the nation in papermaking for more than 50 years.

http://web.archive.org/web/20120503022329/http:/www.wipapercouncil.org/history.htm

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Figure-3.8: Paper Producing Flowchart

Step 1: Forestry

Typically, trees used for papermaking are specifically grown and harvested like a crop for that

purpose. To meet tomorrow's demand, forest products companies and private landowners in

Wisconsin plant millions of new seedlings every year.

Step 2: Debarking, Chipping and/or Recycling

To begin the process, logs are passed through a debarker, where the bark is removed, and

through chippers, where spinning blades cut the wood into 1" pieces. Those wood chips are

then pressure-cooked with a mixture of water and chemicals in a digester. Used paper is another

important source of paper fiber.

http://wipapercouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/paper-making-graphic.jpg

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Step 3: Pulp Preparation

The pulp is washed, refined, cleaned and sometimes bleached, then turned to slush in the beater.

Color dyes, coatings and other additives are mixed in, and the pulp slush is pumped onto a

moving wire screen. Computerized sensors and state-of-the-art control equipment monitor each

stage of the process.

Step 4: Paper Formation

As the pulp travels down the screen, water is drained away and recycled. The resulting crude

paper sheet, or web, is squeezed between large rollers to remove most of the remaining water

and ensure smoothness and uniform thickness. The semidry web is then run through heated

dryer rollers to remove the remaining water. Papermakers carefully test for such things as

uniformity of color and surface, water resistance, and ink holding ability.

Step 5: Paper Finishing

The finished paper is then wound into large rolls, which can be 30 feet wide and weigh close

to 25 tons. A slitter cuts the paper into smaller, more manageable rolls, and the paper is ready

for use.. The largest papermaking machines are over 32 feet wide, 550 feet long and can

produce over 1,000 miles of paper a day.

3.3.3 Environmental Impacts of the Paper Industry

Contaminated Sediments

The paper industry has been a major source of accumulated toxic chemicals in several rivers in

Wisconsin, most notably of PCBs to the Fox River and Green Bay system in northeast

Wisconsin. As a result of recycling PCB-containing carbonless copy paper, area mill operations

discharged about 250,000 pounds of PCB’s contaminating Lower Fox River

sediment. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), an estimated

160,000 pounds of PCB’s have already left the river and entered Green Bay and Lake

Michigan. The EPA further estimates that on average, 300-500 additional pounds are flushed

from River sediment each year.

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Continuing Toxic Pollution

The paper industry is a major source of toxic chemical pollution in Wisconsin. The federal and

state Toxic Release Inventories shows releases of approximately 14 million pounds of known

toxic substances in 1996. Modest reductions in chemical use over the years (per unit of

production) seem to be countered by increased production.

Many toxic chemicals are used in paper making, especially toxic solvents and chlorine

compounds used to bleach and delignify pulp. Additional toxins are used as biocides to prevent

bacterial growth in the pulp and finished paper products. (In the past, toxic mercury compounds

were used as biocides, contributing to Wisconsin's mercury contamination problems in fish.)

Conventional Air Pollution

Pulp and paper mills are large sources of standard air pollutants, such as carbon dioxide, nitrous

oxides, sulfur dioxides, carbon monoxides and particulates. These contribute to ozone

warnings, acid rain, global warming and respiratory problems. Many of the mills are large

enough to have their own coal-fired power plants, raising additional concerns about mercury,

arsenic and radioactive emissions.

Energy Consumption

Paper making is energy intensive, drawing larges amount of electricity from public utilities, or

forcing mills to build their own power plants. This is a signficant contributor to the air pollution

in our region, and to the hidden damages due to fuel extraction at the source (oil drilling, oil

spills, coal mining, pipelines, transmission lines, etc.)

Water Consumption

Paper-making is energy intensive, drawing a large amount of electricity from public utilities,

or forcing mills to build their own power plants. This is a significant contributor to the air

pollution in our region, and to the hidden damages due to fuel extraction at the source (oil

drilling, oil spills, coal mining, pipelines, transmission lines, etc.)

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Solid Waste

Paper-making generally produces a large amount of solid waste. Unfortunately, landfilling

costs in northeast Wisconsin are relatively cheap (often less than $27 per ton), so the industry

has little incentive for making more efficient use of its materials. Because we have so many

paper recycling industries in our area, an even larger quantity of waste is generated. Paper

fibers can be recycled only a limited number of times before they become too short or weak to

make high quality paper. This means the broken, low-quality fibers are separated out to become

waste sludge.All the inks, dyes, coatings, pigments, staples and "stickies" (tape, plastic films,

etc.) are also washed off the recycled fibers to join the waste solids. The shiny finish on glossy

magazine-type paper is produced using a fine kaolin clay coating, which also becomes solid

waste during recycling.

Deforestation

Worldwide, enormous tracts of virgin forest are being felled for paper pulp production,

contributing to the world's tragic deforestation trends. Many Wisconsin mills import their pulp

and undoubtedly some of this pulp came from old-growth endangered forests. Citizen networks

have formed worldwide in an effort to save the last of these precious, irreplaceable places.

(Trees may be renewable, but ancient forest plant and animal communities are often not

renewable because of the complex ecological balance that was built over thousands, even

millions, of years in some of these forests.)

3.3.4 Scope of improving KPM'S Performance

Some suggestions are listed below for improving KPM'S Performance-

Look for new fibre source, new plantation area, new and unique fast growing pulp-

wood species, etc

Improvement of the share of recycle fibre in place of virgin fibre and RF handling

facilities, etc.

To keep intact the current improvement of the filler content with the addition of a

fraction of SBKP

Efficient

Operation of chemical recovery plant aiming at producing chemicals for kraft pulp.

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Reuse the white/back water will improve the usages ratio and overall productivity of

the mill

Addition of one more pulper only for PM-3 can increase the total pulp production and

productivity,

Operation of screening units can improve the PM performance, paper quality and

productivity.

3.4 Karnaphuli River Karnaphuli, the largest and most important river in Chittagong and the Chittagong Hill Tracts,

is a 667-metre (2,188 ft) wide river in the south-eastern part of Bangladesh. Originating from

the Lushai hills in Mizoram, India, it flows 270 kilometres (170 mi) southwest through

Chittagong Hill Tracts and Chittagong into the Bay of Bengal. The mouth of the river hosts

Chittagong's sea port, the main port of Bangladesh. Chittagong is situated on the banks of the

Karnaphuli River between the Chittagong Hill Tracts and the Bay of Bengal. The city is a

noteworthy seaside seaport city and monetary focus in southeastern Bangladesh. A water

treatment plant has been set up by Chittagong Port Authority to source water from the

Karnaphuli River for its uses. The plant will make the port self-reliant in its water needs.

3.5 Kaptai Dam

Kaptai dam is the one and only dam of Bangladesh that is used to generate hydro-electric

power. The only hydropower plant in the country is located at kaptai, about 50 km from the

port city of chittagong. This plant was constructed in 1962 as part of the 'Karnafuli

Multipurpose Project', and is one of the biggest water resources development project of

Bangladesh. The water storage capacity of the Kaptai dam is 11000 km2.

The earth-filled dam Kaptai is an earth-fill dam. It is 45.7m (36m MSL or mean sea level) high

and 670.6m long. The maximum width is 7.6m and width at the foot is 45.7m. The 16-gated

spillways, each 12.2m by 11.3m, can together pass a flow of 625,000 cusec. The average annual

flow in the reservoir is approximately 15,646 MCM. The flood absorption capacity is 8.25

million Ac-ft and the flooded area at 33m MSL is 777 sq km.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lushai_hills

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizoram

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong_Port_Authority

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In 1962, the the dam, spillway, penstock and two units of powerhouses were built. Each of the

powerhouses was capable of generating 40MW of electricity. In November 1981 another

50MW generating unit was completed. In October 1988 the 4th and 5th generating units were

installed which raised the total generation capacity to 230MW. The total cost of Unit 1, Unit 2

and a part of Unit 3 was Rs. 503 million and the total cost of extension was Tk. 1,900 million.

The spillways was constructed on the left side of the main dam. The 16 gated (each 12.2 m X

11.3 m) spillway have discharge capacity of 625000 cusec. The construction of these system

(dam, spillways and others) required to excavate 113400 cubic m. The dead storage at 23.16m

above MSL is 1.18 million ac-ft. Flood storage capacity is 0.83 million ac-ft.

Table -3.3: Basic features of the Kaptai dam

Feature Size/type

Body of the Dam Earth

Length 670.6 m

Height 45.7 m

Crest width 7.6 m

Maximum water level 33. 5 [110 feet above mean sea level (MSL)]

Minimum water level 20.1 m (66 feet MSL)

Capacity 33 m MSL 6477 10 6 m3

Reservoir at 33 m MSL 777 km2

Spillway length 227 m

Maximum spillway discharge 16 000 cumecs

Installed capacity (five units) 230 MW

3.5.1 Issues of noncompliance in the past

The dam was constructed without any consultation with local indigenous comminutes. There

was no informed prior consent from the communities. The issues of resettlement of the

displaced were done in an abominable way. The Pakistan government and donor agency

USAID did not paid adequate attention to understand the culture and lifestyle of the indigenous

communities. The authority wrongly assumed that local indigenous communities were

“nomadic” hill people practicing jhum (slash and burn) cultivation and it was unnecessary to

design a permanent resettlement program for them. Though the indigenous people did move

from hill to hill but they had a long cycle of jhum cultivation. Before the submergence of the

area by the reservoir, the average cycle of jhum cultivation was 7-10 years, in some cases 10-

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15 years. After the inundation of the river valleys, which took away 40% of the fertile land,

this cycle was shortened to 3-5 years as thousands of people, who used to grow rice, were

forced to take back jhum cultivation.

This lack of understanding of local indigenous culture contributed non-compensation. The dam

project did not have any adequate budgetary provision for resettlement. Initially, some

compensation was paid for the loss of land, trees and structures, most of which never reached

the people.

Figure-3.9: Kaptai Dam of Karnaphuli River

3.5.2 Biodiversity loss due to the Dam

The reservoir created by the dam has submerged a vast area of vegetation with rich biodiversity.

The reservoir has been home to a number marine species. Highlighted here will be one of them.

Locally know Shushuk, Platanista gangetica, or the dolphin is an endangered species

according to IUCN (IUCN, 1996). These dolphins have been reported from Kaptai reservoir

(Ahmed et al. 2001). In a recently conducted survey no dolphins were observed. This is a matter

of concern. The reservoir has been gathering silt. There has been no known study to assess the

loss of biodiversity and degradation of the reservoir.

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3.5.3 Uses of dams

1. Recreation

2. Flood control

3. Irrigation

4. Water storage

5. Mine tailings

6. Debris control

7. Water diversion

8. Land reclamation

9. Electrical generation

10. Navigation

3.5.4 Negative impact of dams

1. Reduce biodiversity

2. Lower crop production

3. Blocks fish migration

4. Releases greenhouse gases

5. Degrades water quality

6. Disrupt water and sediment flow

7. Displace community

8. Increase water-borne disease

3.5.5 The issues of compliance

1. There has to be complete resettlement and compensation to the people displaced by the

dam.

2. There is committee to operate the reservoir. It is called Reservoir Operation Committee

(ROC).

3. There should be no extension without prior informed consent of the community

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Figure-3.9: Karnaphuli river basin –before and after dam

3.6 Karnaphuli Hydro Power Station

Karnafuli Hydro Power Station the only hydropower plant in the country is located at kaptai,

about 50 km from the port city of chittagong. This plant was constructed in 1962 as part of the

'Karnafuli Multipurpose Project', and is one of the biggest water resources development project

of Bangladesh.

After being commissioned in 1962, the plant could feed the national grid with 80 MW of

electricity. In later years, the generation capacity was increased in two phases to a total of 230

MW. The plant not only plays an important role in meeting the power demand of the country

but is also vital as a flood management installation for the areas downstream.

http://www.ebanglapedia.com/en/K_0081.HTM

http://www.ebanglapedia.com/en/C_0208.HTM

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Figure-3.10: Karnaphuli Hydro Power Station, Kaptai

3.6.1 Principle of Hydroelectric Power plant

In hydroelectric power plants the potential energy of water due to its high location is converted

into electrical energy. The total power generation capacity of the hydroelectric power plants

depends on the head of water and volume of water flowing towards the water turbine.

The water flowing in the river possesses two type of energy:

(1) The kinetic energy due to flow of water and

(2) Potential energy due to the height of water.

In hydroelectric power and potential energy of water is utilized to generate electricity.

Turbines: The next step is to convert this kinetic energy of water into mechanical energy. The water flows

from a height throw the penstocks which are the channeled vessels to the turbines which have

blades. The falling water has enough kinetic energy that when they strike hard with the blades

of the turbines, they start spinning which means that the kinetic energy is converted into

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mechanical energy. The turbines resemble a lot with the windmills in which wind energy is

used instead of water. But the turbines use potential and mechanical energy of falling water to

convert into work.

Generators:

The shafts of the turbines convert the mechanical energy into electric energy. Basically, the

generators work on the principle of magnets which is that when you pass a magnet near a

conductor, electric current flows through it.

Rotor and stator: The rotor having field pole rotates on a specific speed. When it rotates it passes the field poles

across the stator to make sure that it has the same effect of electric field. The water should keep

on moving constantly to make sure that the amount of electricity produced is great. Static water

cannot generate electricity

Transmission lines: The electricity via power lines is transferred to substation which provides it to the consumers.

3.7 Socio-Economic Scenario or Status

Remoteness and poor communication in the part of the Hill Tracts has made it difficult to

integrate and mobilize the population as well as to provide basic services to the marginalized.

The illiteracy rate has been high due to low awareness of any benefits of education, long

distance of primary schools and language barriers. Poor health, malnutrition and inappropriate

hygiene were some of the prevailing phenomena among CHT population, and poverty has been

prevailing in the area. The status of the socio-economic indicators regarding, education, health

& nutrition and water & sanitation are described below in brief.

3.7.1 Education: Access and Utility

The literacy rate in the Hill districts is considered to be very low, compared to the average

national rate in Bangladesh. Previously, the enrolment rate of children in primary schools was

low, The dropout rate in primary schools was high, especially during the traditional Jhum

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harvesting time, when many people shift to places away from their Paras/villages. But now

education is perceived as an essential element in the socialization and development process of

the CHTs region.

Table-3.4: Educational Status of Rangamati District comparing with Ctg Division and National

level.

Indicator National Ctg Division total Rangamati

Pre-school Attendance

Rate: % 22.9 26.8 40.8

Net Attendance Rate in

primary school: %

Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls

80.2 82.5 77.6 79.2 74.3 75.7

Net Attendance Rate in

Secondary school: 45.5 53 41.8 49.6 42 41.2

Primary school drop-out

rate: 1.4 1 1.5 1.1 0.7 1.1

Literacy rate of women 72 72.4 52.7

Source: MICS 2009 (BBS & UNICEF)

3.7.2 Health & Nutrition: Life is at risk

In the CHT, it is very difficult to the access to maternal health care services, lack of skilled

providers, and the low uptake of services, particularly by poor women are factors that

contribute to a relatively high rate of maternal deaths.In the Hill Districts approximately all

births take place at home, attended by family members or untrained traditional birth attendants.

trained and skilled health workers attend only about 4% of home deliveries. In cases of obstetric

complications transport to maternal wards is long and difficult.

Malnutrition rates for children aged 24-59 months are very high. Households have greater

difficulty in having micronutrient-rich foods compared to other parts of rural Bangladesh, and

small-scale localized famine like situations are reported each year, especially among poorer

ethnic groups living in the more remote areas. Preliminary findings of the World Food

Program’s Vulnerability Analysis Mapping (VAM) assessment in 2004 show that more than

50% of Unions (Local Administrative unit) have a high or very high level of food insecurity

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compared to the rest of Bangladesh. Road networks and access to transport in CHT are

particularly difficult and contribute to household food insecurity.

Maternal and newborn health is linked with one another. A malnourished mother is at risk of

giving birth to a low weight baby. Low awareness among men women about nutrition,

requirements for iodine and Vitamin A and prevalence of infectious diseases, has contributed

to a high prevalence of infants born with low birth weight. Anemia has been a severe public

health problem among children and pregnant women. Malaria is the main cause of morbidity,

disability, and mortality in the CHT. The three districts have remote hilly and forested border

areas with intense perennial transmission of malaria. The people came here living from the

plain areas of the country are non-immuned and hence are more prone to malaria infection.

Table-3.5: Health and Nutrition Status of Rangamati District comparing with Ctg Division and

National level.


Timely initiation of

breastfeeding (with in 1

hr of birth

50.2 50.2 49.2

Under 5 Mortality Rate 64 57 45

Infant Mortality Rate 49 44 36

Assisted at delivery by.. TBA: 58.4 Doctor:20.5 TBA: 70.8 Doctor:17 TBA: 79.7 Doctor: 8.6

Source: MICS 2009 (BBS & UNICEF)

3.7.3 Water and Sanitation: An unmet problem

Low awareness of safe water and sanitation has also contributed to high rate of water-borne

infections. Before the ICDP intervention, the majority of people in CHT had low awareness

about safe water and sanitation. People collected their drinking water from unsafe sources such

as surface water and rivers that often were contaminated. Knowledge about water-borne

infections was scanty, and most of the villagers used hanging latrines or resorted to open

defecation, which in turn caused contamination of drinking water sources.From 2006 onwards

the situation had improved especially in Khagrachari and Rangamati district concerning

drinking water source and use of hygiene latrines. However the proportion still using hanging

latrines or open air defecation was reported to be relatively high in Bandarban (43%).

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Table-3.6: Water and Sanitaion Status of Rangamati District comparing with Ctg Division and

National


Use of improved drinking

water source 97.8 97.2 66.5

Use of improved sanitary

facility 54.1 59.1 48.6

Sourch: MICS 2009 (BBS & UNICEF)

So, there was, and still is, a high demand for increased community awareness about early

childhood development and education, health and nutrition and about water and environmental

sanitation. The major threat to health is still malaria, as well as water-borne infectious diseases

like pneumonia and diarrhea. The awareness and use of safe water and sanitation has increased

but are still in many areas worrying low. The nutrition status of under-five children is estimated

to be below the national rural average. The total literacy rate is low, due to previous lack of

education facilities. Hence, there is still dearth of skilled health human resources and limited

health service facilities.

3.8 Kaptai Lake

Kaptai Lake, beautiful blue watery lake was made by man. Kaptai Lake is the largest man made

artificial freshwater body in Bangladesh.Its total surface area is about 68,800 hectar and

average water depth is about 9 meter and maximum depth of 32 meters.It is confined within

Rangamati district and embraces the upazilas of RangamatiSadar, Kaptai, Nannerchar,

Langudu, Baghaichari, Barkal, Jurachari and Belaichari. Since 1965 BFDC (Bangladesh

Fisheries Development Corporation) managed this lake for the fish production.

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Figure-3.11: Partial View of Kaptai Lake

3.8.1 Fish Diversity in the Kaptai Lake

There are about 76 species of fish fauna found in Kaptai Lake.Out of 76 species, 68 species

are indigenous and 8 species are alien.There are about 42 fish species are commercially

harvested from this Lake such as:

Rui(Labeo rohita)

Catla(Catla catla)

Mrigel(Cirrhinus mrigale)

Black Rohu/Kalbasu(Labeo calbasu)

Humped Featherback/Chital(Notopterus chitala)

Gonia(Labeo goinus)

Shark catfish(Wallago altu)

Giant Snakehead(Channa marulius)

Tilapia (Tilapia sp.)

Indian River Shad/Chapila(Gudusia chapra)

Ganga River-spart/Keski(Corica soborna)

Pholi(Notopterus notopterus)

Bacha(Entropiichthys vacha)

Baim(Mastacembelus sp.)

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3.8.2 Extincted Fish from Kaptai Lake

Tor Mahseer(Tor tor)

Pabdah Catfish(Ompok pabda)

Pama(Pama pama)

Gangetic Hairfin Anchovy(Setipinna phasa)

Tele Gulusa(Local Name)

ShadaGhonia(Local Name) etc.

3.8.3 Birds in the Kaptai Lake

Common Kingfisher(Alcedo atthis)

White -breasted Waterhen(Amaurornis phoenicurus)

Common Moorhen(Gallinula chloropus)

Purple Swamphen(Porphyrio porphyrio)

Marsh Sandpiper(Tringa stagnatilis)

Bronje-winged Jacana(Metopidius indicus)

Little Tern(Sterna albifrons)

Oriental Dartar(Anhingo melanogaster)

Great Cormorant(Phalacrocorax carbo)

Little Cormorant(Phalacrocorax niger)

Asian openbill(Anastomus oscitans)

Fulvous Whistling-Duck(Dendrocynna bicolor) etc

3.8.4 Biodiversity of Kaptai Lake at risk

Biodiversity of the Kaptai Lake has been severely affected due to climate change and lack of

proper preservation, which resulted in low fish production in the lake. The Kaptai Lake

comprises 68,800 hectare area. Different indigenous fish species along with aquatic animals

are gradually disappearing from the lake day by day. Moreover, the catch of carp variety fish

is reducing day by day due to destruction of its natural habitat, following adverse effect of

climate change. Researchers and scientists of fisheries sector have raised their concern over the

destruction of biodiversity of lake.

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The Kaptai Lake is familiar as an abode of diversified local species of fish. In the initial stage

of commercial procurement, two species of shrimp, one species of dolphin and two species of

turtle along with around 78 species of fresh water fish were available in the lake. Out of those,

only 24 species of local fish are netted commercially now. In a latest joint research conducted

by Fisheries Research Centre and River Research Centre revealed that the change in

biodiversity created a negative impact on fish resources and aquatic animals of the Kaptai Lake.

Due to massive production of foreign species of fish like silver carp, tilapia, and bighead carp

the quantity. One of the main reasons behind reduction of local species is the shortage of food

for the species in the lake. In the meantime, local species named Sylon, Swarputi, Ghaora,

Bagha Air, Mohini, Bata and local Pangash have already abolished. Mohashole, Madhu Pabda,

Poa, Faishya, Tele Gulsha and Sada Ghonia are on the track of extinction. Day by day the

quantity of Rui, Katla, Bacha, Puti Pabda, Chitol are decreasing. On the other hand, the catches

of Taki, Puti, Bansh Pata, Bata, Koi, Magur, Bailya, Chela, and Champa are reducing at an

alarming rate.

M. A. Bashar, scientific officer of Rangamati District Fisheries Research Centre, told The Daily

Observer that joint and collaborative efforts are essential for the existence of fish species and

aquatic animals in the Kaptai Lake. Due to random use of current nets and massive catch of

fish fingerlings, the habitat of fish species in four main natural breeding places; Kachalong

channel, Maini Mukh channel, Barkol Channel, and Changi Channel, are becoming extinct.

Experts said in 1965-66, availability of Rui, Katal, Mrigel was 82 per cent of the total catch,

but now in 2014-2015, it has decreased to less than 5 per cent. On the other hand, availability

of small fish was 5 per cent in 1965-66 but now it is almost 90 per cent of the total fish catch.

According to a recent research, the production capacity of the Kaptai Lake is near about 15,000

metric tons.

Md. Saiful Islam, chief scientific officer of Rangamati District Fisheries Research Centre

informed that a special project has been initiated to revive national breeding places of carp fish.

It will increase the production of carp fish in near future, the officer expected.

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3.8.5 Hanging Bridge

Hanging Bridge is 335 feet long bridge across a portion of the Kaptai Lake is an icon of

Rangamati. Actually Rangamati is famous for this bridge. It’s really a very beautiful bridge.

Every year thousands of people come here to visit this bridge and lake.

Figure-3.12: Hanging Bridge of Kaptai Lake

3.9 Sheikh Rashel Aviary and Eco-Park

An eco- friendly park is established for facilitate tourism and recreation.“Sheikh Rashel Aviary

and Eco-Park, Rangunia” is situated at Nischintapur Mouza of Kodala beat of Rangunia Range

at Rangunia Up-Zilla in Chittagong district under the control of Chittagong South Forest

Division near to the hill tracts’ border within an area of 210.0 ha.It is 35.0 Km away from and

easternly to Chittagong city and nearer to the Chittagong-Kaptai Highway. The project is

nearby Chandraghona town and the renowned Karnafuly paper mill and Kaptai hydroelectricity

project. And also due to good communication system, a large number of tourists usually will

visit this place round the year. So, the project is already established an attractive eco-Park

within this forest area by established a required infrastructures and modern tourism facilities

(Ropeway-cable car, Artificial lake, Bird aviary, Deer park, Children park etc) for the nature

loving tourist from home & abroad.

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Figure-3.13: Sheikh Rashel Aviary and Eco-Park

The projects objectives are in line with the national and sectoral objectives. Considering the

country’s objectives and sectoral targets, proposed actions focus on:

Establishment of plantations in the park area to enrich bird stock and variety of the

trees, herb and shrubs and

Establish and enrich facilities to attract tourists, recreation and nature lovers.

The area is characterized by natural hill forests, artificial plantations, hillocks, foot hills, tilas

and scattered baid (elevated) lands. Once this hilly area was very rich in natural and valuable

herbs, shrubs, trees, medicinal plants, birds and wild lives. Many of these species in course of

time have become rare/extinct due to high demographic pressure, land and environmental

degradations. As a result, some of the hills now are degraded. Some areas are now covered by

the old Teak plantations and the recent participatory SF plantations of exotic, indigenous and

native species e.g. akashmony, gamar and different long rotation species. Once upon a time the

area to habitat destruction and encroachment by man. A good numbers of birds are also found

there, which include doves, pigeons, magpie robin, red jungle fowl, wood peekers, owls, eagles,

vulture etc. Efforts are undertaken to protect and conserve the existing, rare and endangered

birds and to welcome the seasonal alien birds by establishing an aviary park as a shelter and

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nursing place for those birds, the ever charming part of the nature’s beauty.Versatile plantations

are raised to create and develop sources of foods and proper for birds (e.g existing, rare and

endangered birds) in the available vacant area and during the second rotation of the existing

participatory Social forestry plantation. Birds enclosures and other aviary facilities are already

established while a sound habitat will exist for birds.

At present time major attraction of the park

Ropeway-Cable car: The round trip of the Ropeway is already installed for the

observation of the whole the natural topographic view of the park.

Bird Sanctuary: Already established bird aviary and abundance with different varieties

of colorful birds. Their melodious songs look like a natural paradise for bird habitat.

Artificial lake: Large water bodies are created in the park where abundant with large

number of colorful duck species and wetland migratory bird species.

Other Infrastructure: Deer park. hildren park. Rest corner, watch tower, Information

centre, Park entrance gate with model mural, veterinary treatment centre etc.

The Bangldesh Forest Department has successfully achieved the project. All the development

activities will be continuing until and unless the aviary facilities are fully established. So The

“Sheikh Rashel Aviary and Eco-Park, Rangunia” – An Unique place for Biodiversity

Conservation and Recreation and the outputs of the project:Establishment of an aviary park of

International standards for the preservation of birds, animals, trees, herbs and shrubs including

endangered and rare species of them is to support education, research and recreations.

Figure: Partial View of Sheikh Rashel Aviary and Eco-Park

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Chapter Four: Conclusion and Recommendation

04

04

04

04

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4.1 Conclusion

Kaptai dam is an earth-fill embankment dam. This embankment dam means that is made of

compacted earth and rely on their weight to hold back the force of water. Here it does not mean

that it is used to manage or prevent water flow into specific land region. Prime objective of

Kaptai Lake is Hydroelectric power generation.For this Kaptai Dam was constructed

in1961.There are five units exist in the Karnaphuly Hydroelectric Project for power

generation.At present three units are under repaired.Generally 45 to 50 megawatt power

generated from each unit.So power generation capacity is aound 230 megawatt.

Karnafuli Hydro Power Station the only hydropower plant in the country is located at kaptai,

about 50 km from the port city of chittagong. This plant was constructed in 1962 as part of the

'Karnafuli Multipurpose Project', and is one of the biggest water resources development project

of Bangladesh. After Bangladeshi independence from Pakistan in 1971, indigenous leaders’

appeals to the new government for autonomy and constitutional recognition were rejected.

Subsequent governments opted for a military escalation of the area that triggered a protracted

armed conflict. The government resettled more than 400,000 landless Bengalis into the region

to outnumber the indigenous population and overwhelm the resistance. This changed the

demographics completely. In a series of massacres and other human rights violations thousands

of indigenous people were killed and women raped and vast lands were grabbed by settlers and

vested interests. Hanging Bridge is 335 feet long bridge across a portion of the Kaptai lake is

an icon of Rangamati. Actually Rangamati is famous for this bridge.It's really a very beautiful

bridge. Every year thousands of people come here to visit this bridge and lake. “Sheikh Rashel

Aviary and Eco-Park, Rangunia” is situated at Nischintapur Mouza of Kodala beat of Rangunia

Range at Rangunia Up-Zilla in Chittagong district under the control of Chittagong South Forest

Division near to the hill tracts’ border within an area of 210.0 ha.

http://www.ebanglapedia.com/en/K_0081.HTM

http://www.ebanglapedia.com/en/C_0208.HTM

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4.2 Recommendation

Plywood Industries should be introduced modern Technology and Management

Systems

Karnaphuli Paper mills can be a model of paper industries in Bangladesh.

Working Health Safety requirement must be improved.

To improve the quality of rubber, promotion of marketing & extension of rubber

cultivation

Most wood products can be reused and recycled

All mills and industries have certified ISO 14001 environmental management system.

Establishment of plantations in the park area to enrich bird stock and variety of the

trees, herb and shrubs

A committee should be founded for the proper management of Kaptai Lake

Kaptai Lake may be the biggest aquatic reservoir of surface of Bangladesh.

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Chapter Five: References

05

05

05

05

05

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Reference

2003, Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB), Completion (Final) Report,

Consulting Services for Social Impact Assessment (SIA) Study for Kaptai

Hydroelectric Power Plant Extension Project (6th and 7th). Unpublished report.

A field level study in Chittagong Hill Tracts by Mahzabeen Anannya

Geological report on Rangamati-Chittagong road cut section by Md. Sadman Ahsan.

State of the Environment-2001 by UNEP, DOE, BCAS, SACEP and NORAD.

Status and Dynamics of Land Rights, Land Use and Population in Chittagong Hill

Tracts of Bangladesh by Abul Barkat, Sadeka Halim, Asmar Osman, Md. Ismail

Hossain and Manzuma Ahsan.

Socio-economic BaseLine Survey of Chittagong Hill Tracts by Abul Barkat, Sadeka

Halim.

2011. Rangamati Hill District Council.

“Rangunia: An unique place for biodiversity conservation and recreation-Sheikh

Rashel Aviary and Eco-Park”-- Bipul Krishna Das and Mohammad Ali.

Bangladesh Forest Industries Development Corporation (BFIDC)

Karnafuli Hydro Power Station by Sifatul Quader Chowdhury.

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Chapter Six: Appendix

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Appendix

Some Picture of Kaptai Field Work- Group 05

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Socio economic status and environmental issues of kaptai, rangamati by abu khairul bashar

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