SOCIAL STUDIES REMEDIATION FOR THE ALABAMA HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATION EXAM GROWTH OF A NEW NATION (1783-1860)

SOCIAL STUDIES SOCIAL STUDIES REMEDIATION FOR THE REMEDIATION FOR THE ALABAMA HIGH SCHOOL ALABAMA HIGH SCHOOL

GRADUATION EXAMGRADUATION EXAM

GROWTH OF A NEW NATION GROWTH OF A NEW NATION (1783-1860)(1783-1860)

LAND ACQUISITIONS AND LAND ACQUISITIONS AND EXPLORATIONSEXPLORATIONS

After the Revolutionary, the After the Revolutionary, the newly formed United States newly formed United States began expanding its territory in began expanding its territory in North America. The following North America. The following are important land acquisitionsare important land acquisitions

TREATY OF PARIS (1783)TREATY OF PARIS (1783)

After the Revolutionary War, Great After the Revolutionary War, Great Britain and the United States signed Britain and the United States signed the Treaty of Paris. In the treaty, the Treaty of Paris. In the treaty, Great Britain recognized the Great Britain recognized the independence of the United States independence of the United States and the border of the new nation. and the border of the new nation. The border extended to Canada in The border extended to Canada in the North, to the Mississippi River in the North, to the Mississippi River in the West, and the northern border of the West, and the northern border of Spanish Florida in the South.Spanish Florida in the South.

LAND ORDINANCE OF 1785LAND ORDINANCE OF 1785

Stated that the land area from Stated that the land area from the Ohio River to the Mississippi the Ohio River to the Mississippi River would be made into new River would be made into new states, each with the same states, each with the same rights as the original 13. When rights as the original 13. When each territory reached the each territory reached the required number of people, it required number of people, it could apply for statehood.could apply for statehood.

NORTHWEST ORDINANCE NORTHWEST ORDINANCE (1787)(1787) Allowed the creation of 3-5 Allowed the creation of 3-5

states in the Northwest Territory. states in the Northwest Territory. The law prohibited slavery in The law prohibited slavery in the territory and guaranteed the territory and guaranteed inhabitants freedom of religion, inhabitants freedom of religion, trial by jury, and access to free trial by jury, and access to free public education. Illinois, Ohio, public education. Illinois, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Michigan, Wisconsin, and Indiana were formed from this Indiana were formed from this territory.territory.

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE (1803)(1803) President Thomas Jefferson wanted to President Thomas Jefferson wanted to

secure trading on the Mississippi River so secure trading on the Mississippi River so he sent representatives to France to he sent representatives to France to negotiate the purchase of New Orleans. negotiate the purchase of New Orleans. Napoleon wasn’t interested in selling New Napoleon wasn’t interested in selling New Orleans because he planned to revitalize Orleans because he planned to revitalize the French colonial empire in the Western the French colonial empire in the Western Hemisphere. After Toussaint L’Ouverture Hemisphere. After Toussaint L’Ouverture led the people of Haiti to resist French led the people of Haiti to resist French control and Britain resumed its war with control and Britain resumed its war with France, Napoleon surprised Jefferson by France, Napoleon surprised Jefferson by offering to sell not only New Orleans but offering to sell not only New Orleans but the entire 900,000 square miles of the the entire 900,000 square miles of the Louisiana region for the small price of $15 Louisiana region for the small price of $15 million.million.

LEWIS AND CLARK LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITION (1804-1806)EXPEDITION (1804-1806) President Jefferson chose his personal President Jefferson chose his personal

secretary, Meriwether Lewis, to lead an secretary, Meriwether Lewis, to lead an expedition to find a water route to the expedition to find a water route to the Pacific Ocean. Lewis chose William Clark Pacific Ocean. Lewis chose William Clark to help him lead 48 others on this to help him lead 48 others on this adventure. They left from St. Louis in May adventure. They left from St. Louis in May 1804. Along the way they met a very 1804. Along the way they met a very talented Native American Shoshone talented Native American Shoshone woman named Sacajawea. She became woman named Sacajawea. She became their translator and guide. They reached their translator and guide. They reached the Pacific in November 1805. This led to the Pacific in November 1805. This led to rapid migration of settlers to the Pacific rapid migration of settlers to the Pacific Northwest.Northwest.

ALABAMAALABAMA

Alabama was declared a state in Alabama was declared a state in 1819. Alabama’s admission 1819. Alabama’s admission restored the balance of slave restored the balance of slave states and free states caused by states and free states caused by Illinois’ admission to the Union Illinois’ admission to the Union as a free state in 1818.as a free state in 1818.

PRESIDENT JAMES PRESIDENT JAMES MONROEMONROE Democratic-RepublicanDemocratic-Republican 55thth President President During his presidency, people During his presidency, people

began thinking of themselves as began thinking of themselves as citizens of a nation, instead of citizens of a nation, instead of citizens of a state.citizens of a state.

This national unity is known as This national unity is known as the the Era of Good FeelingsEra of Good Feelings..

THE MONROE DOCTRINETHE MONROE DOCTRINE

Declared that the United States Declared that the United States would not interfere in the would not interfere in the internal affairs of European internal affairs of European countries or independent countries or independent countries in the Americans.countries in the Americans.

IMPORTANT INVENTIONSIMPORTANT INVENTIONS

1793= Eli Whitney invented the 1793= Eli Whitney invented the cotton gincotton gin, a machine that , a machine that separated the seeds from the cotton. separated the seeds from the cotton. The gin made cotton the most The gin made cotton the most profitable crop in the South.profitable crop in the South.

1807= Robert Fulton used a steam-1807= Robert Fulton used a steam-powered boat to travel up the powered boat to travel up the Hudson River from New York City to Hudson River from New York City to Albany.Albany.

1829= British engineer George 1829= British engineer George Stephenson, won a competition with Stephenson, won a competition with his steam-powered locomotive, the his steam-powered locomotive, the Rocket.Rocket.

A PROTECTIVE TARIFFA PROTECTIVE TARIFF

Young U.S. manufacturing Young U.S. manufacturing industry could not compete with industry could not compete with low-priced imports from Great low-priced imports from Great Britain. Henry clay proposed a Britain. Henry clay proposed a protective tariff (a tax on import) protective tariff (a tax on import) to keep American manufacturing to keep American manufacturing growing. growing. The Tariff of 1816The Tariff of 1816 was passed by Congress to was passed by Congress to raise tariffs on imports by 20%.raise tariffs on imports by 20%.

INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTSINTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS

To facilitate interstate To facilitate interstate commerce, Clay proposed commerce, Clay proposed internal improvementsinternal improvements (better (better canals and roadways) funded by canals and roadways) funded by the federal government’s tariff the federal government’s tariff revenue.revenue.

ROADS AND CANALSROADS AND CANALS During Thomas Jefferson’s presidency, During Thomas Jefferson’s presidency,

Congress approved funding of the Congress approved funding of the National RoadNational Road which stretched which stretched westward from Cumberland, Maryland, westward from Cumberland, Maryland, to Wheeling, Virginia. The National to Wheeling, Virginia. The National Road was crude and often impassable, Road was crude and often impassable, but by standards of that time, it was of but by standards of that time, it was of high quality.high quality.

Completed in 1825, the Completed in 1825, the Erie CanalErie Canal provided a new shipping route from provided a new shipping route from Buffalo, New York, to Albany, New Buffalo, New York, to Albany, New York. The canal’s success contributed York. The canal’s success contributed to establishing New York City as the to establishing New York City as the major commercial center of the United major commercial center of the United States.States.

PRESIDENT ANDREW PRESIDENT ANDREW JACKSONJACKSON His presidency became known as His presidency became known as

Jacksonian DemocracyJacksonian Democracy because because property qualifications for voting property qualifications for voting white males were dropped white males were dropped supporters to have high positions in supporters to have high positions in government office. Jackson openly government office. Jackson openly allowed his friends and supporters to allowed his friends and supporters to have high positions in government have high positions in government office. This became known as the office. This became known as the Spoils SystemSpoils System..

DOCTRINE OF DOCTRINE OF NULLIFICATIONNULLIFICATION Senator of South Carolina, John Senator of South Carolina, John

Calhoun promoted it.Calhoun promoted it. ““If Congress passes a bill that is very If Congress passes a bill that is very

harmful to a particular state, that harmful to a particular state, that state is not obligated to enforce the state is not obligated to enforce the federal law. In addition, if three-federal law. In addition, if three-fourths of the states believe such a fourths of the states believe such a law to be unconstitutional, the law law to be unconstitutional, the law will bull and void.”will bull and void.”

INDIAN REMOVAL ACTINDIAN REMOVAL ACT

In 1830, at Jackson’s urging, In 1830, at Jackson’s urging, Congress passed the Indian Congress passed the Indian Removal Act, which authorized Removal Act, which authorized the President to give Native the President to give Native Americans land in parts of the Americans land in parts of the Louisiana Purchase (present Louisiana Purchase (present day Oklahoma) in exchange for day Oklahoma) in exchange for land taken from them in the land taken from them in the East.East.

U.S. LITERATUREU.S. LITERATURE Noah WebsterNoah Webster= distinguished the language = distinguished the language

used in the United States from the used in the United States from the language of Britain when he produced the language of Britain when he produced the first first American Dictionary of the English American Dictionary of the English LanguageLanguage in 1828. in 1828.

Ralph Waldo EmersonRalph Waldo Emerson was a poet and was was a poet and was a leader in the a leader in the transcendental transcendental movementmovement. Transcendentalists believed . Transcendentalists believed truth could be found beyond the physical truth could be found beyond the physical world and that all humans share in the world and that all humans share in the spiritual unity of creation. They believed in spiritual unity of creation. They believed in individualism and self-reliance and had a individualism and self-reliance and had a reverence for nature.reverence for nature.

Henry David ThoreauHenry David Thoreau was a writer, was a writer, philosopher, and a naturalist. He wrote philosopher, and a naturalist. He wrote about his motivation for living apart from about his motivation for living apart from society, his simple lifestyle, and his society, his simple lifestyle, and his observance of nature. His famous works observance of nature. His famous works are are WaldenWalden and “Civil Disobedience”. and “Civil Disobedience”.

U.S. LITERATUREU.S. LITERATURE Walt Whitman=Walt Whitman= was a poet who was a poet who

emphasized the great worth of each emphasized the great worth of each individual. His break from the traditional individual. His break from the traditional poetic styles of his day had a major poetic styles of his day had a major influence on American Literature.influence on American Literature.

Nathaniel Hawthorne=Nathaniel Hawthorne= was a novelist who was a novelist who wrote about sin, punishment, and wrote about sin, punishment, and atonement. Two of his famous novels are atonement. Two of his famous novels are The Scarlet LetterThe Scarlet Letter and and The House of Seven The House of Seven GablesGables..

Washington Irving=Washington Irving= wrote the short stories wrote the short stories “Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of “Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”Sleepy Hollow”

Edgar Allen Poe=Edgar Allen Poe= poet and master of the poet and master of the short story. Wrote “The Tell-Tale Heart” short story. Wrote “The Tell-Tale Heart” and his poem “The Raven”and his poem “The Raven”

James Fenimore Cooper=James Fenimore Cooper= wrote wrote The Last The Last of the Mohicansof the Mohicans

U.S. LITERATUREU.S. LITERATURE

Emily DickinsonEmily DickinsonWrote more than 1800 poems. Wrote Wrote more than 1800 poems. Wrote about love, death, and immortality, about love, death, and immortality, but only a few were published before but only a few were published before her death.her death.

Herman MelvilleHerman Melville Based his novels on his experiences Based his novels on his experiences in the U.S. Navy.in the U.S. Navy.Wrote Wrote Moby DickMoby Dick, dedicated to his , dedicated to his friend Nathaniel Hawthorne.friend Nathaniel Hawthorne.

Henry Wadsworth LongfellowHenry Wadsworth LongfellowWas a very popular poet in the early Was a very popular poet in the early 1800s.1800s.Wrote “Paul Revere’s Ride”Wrote “Paul Revere’s Ride”

SOCIAL UTOPIASSOCIAL UTOPIAS

During the time of Westward During the time of Westward Expansion, many social thinkers Expansion, many social thinkers started creating started creating utopianutopian communities. In theory, these communities. In theory, these communities would be harmonious communities would be harmonious and provide the world with the best and provide the world with the best example of how to live. Several example of how to live. Several important communities that were important communities that were started at this time included started at this time included the the Amish, the Mennonites, the Amish, the Mennonites, the Shakers, and the QuakersShakers, and the Quakers..

AMISH AND MENNONITESAMISH AND MENNONITES

*Established in parts of *Established in parts of Pennsylvania, the Midwest, and Pennsylvania, the Midwest, and Canada.Canada.*Kept religious purity by living life of *Kept religious purity by living life of simplicity and hard work.simplicity and hard work.*Used the German language in *Used the German language in worship.worship.*Live in agricultural communities.*Live in agricultural communities.

SHAKERSSHAKERS

Established in 1776Established in 1776 Shakers followed the leadership Shakers followed the leadership

of Ann Lee.of Ann Lee. All Shakers believed in All Shakers believed in

renouncing marriage in favor of renouncing marriage in favor of celibacy (single life without sex).celibacy (single life without sex).

QUAKERSQUAKERS

Founded by George FoxFounded by George Fox Started as a group of individuals Started as a group of individuals

who believed that each person who believed that each person was gifted with “the inner light.”was gifted with “the inner light.”

Gained many followers in the Gained many followers in the English Colonies in North English Colonies in North America. America.

Noted for their belief in personal Noted for their belief in personal divine revelationdivine revelation

TEMPERANCE MOVEMENTTEMPERANCE MOVEMENT

Members of this movement Members of this movement wanted to moderate the use of wanted to moderate the use of alcohol.alcohol.

Later, they advocated total Later, they advocated total abstinence from alcohol. abstinence from alcohol.

In the 1850s, they supported the In the 1850s, they supported the Maine laws which regulated or Maine laws which regulated or prohibited the sale of alcohol.prohibited the sale of alcohol.

THE ABOLITION THE ABOLITION MOVEMENTMOVEMENT Gained momentum to put an Gained momentum to put an

end to slavery.end to slavery. Abolitionists believed slavery Abolitionists believed slavery

was wrong, and they advocated was wrong, and they advocated laws to abolish it.laws to abolish it.

HARRIET TUBMANHARRIET TUBMAN

Hero of the abolition movement.Hero of the abolition movement. She escaped slavery by running She escaped slavery by running

away to the North.away to the North. She returned to the South secretly, She returned to the South secretly,

nineteen times in order to lead other nineteen times in order to lead other slaves to freedom by using the slaves to freedom by using the Underground RailroadUnderground Railroad. The . The Underground Railroad was not Underground Railroad was not actually a railroad but a network of actually a railroad but a network of people who helped slaves escape to people who helped slaves escape to the northern United States or the northern United States or Canada.Canada.

FREDERICK DOUGLASSFREDERICK DOUGLASS

Was so smart and well-spoken Was so smart and well-spoken that people refused to believe that people refused to believe he was a slavehe was a slave

Educated himself and became Educated himself and became the most prominent African the most prominent African American speaker for the American speaker for the abolition of slaveryabolition of slavery

HARRIET BEECHER STOWEHARRIET BEECHER STOWE

Furthered the abolitionist cause Furthered the abolitionist cause through her novel through her novel Uncle Tom’s Uncle Tom’s CabinCabin

She was white and had never She was white and had never been a slavebeen a slave

Her book motivated people in Her book motivated people in the North and in Britain to the North and in Britain to support the movement to support the movement to abolish slaveryabolish slavery

SOJOURNER TRUTHSOJOURNER TRUTH

Was born into slavery but was Was born into slavery but was freed once New York freed once New York emancipated slaves in 1828emancipated slaves in 1828

She was illiterate but became She was illiterate but became well-known for her speakingwell-known for her speaking

Spoke for women’s rights and Spoke for women’s rights and for equality of people of all for equality of people of all colorscolors

WOMEN’S RIGHTS WOMEN’S RIGHTS MOVEMENTMOVEMENT This movement also began to This movement also began to

gain momentum in the 1850’s. gain momentum in the 1850’s. Two women, Elizabeth Cady Two women, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, are best known for starting and are best known for starting and supporting this movement.supporting this movement.

ELIZABETH CADY STANTONELIZABETH CADY STANTON

Organized the first women’s Organized the first women’s rights convention known as the rights convention known as the Seneca Falls ConventionSeneca Falls Convention

Believed women and men were Believed women and men were created equal and fought for created equal and fought for women’s right to votewomen’s right to vote

Also advocated the abolition of Also advocated the abolition of slaveryslavery

SUSAN B. ANTHONYSUSAN B. ANTHONY

Supported the temperance Supported the temperance movement to ban alcoholmovement to ban alcohol

Supported the abolition Supported the abolition movement to free slavesmovement to free slaves

Supported the women’s rights Supported the women’s rights movementmovement

WOMEN’S RIGHTSWOMEN’S RIGHTS

Women who supported the right Women who supported the right to vote were known as to vote were known as suffragettessuffragettes

It was their efforts that changed It was their efforts that changed the constitution with the 19the constitution with the 19thth amendment in 1920amendment in 1920