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Social Structure and Social InteractionCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Essentials of Essentials of
SociologySociology
9th Edition
Chapter 4: Social Structure Chapter 4: Social Structure and Social Interactionand Social Interaction
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Social Structure and Social InteractionCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Two Levels of Sociological Analysis
Components of the Macrosociological Perspective
Societies and their Transformation
What Holds Society Together?
Components of the Microsociological Perspective
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Chapter OverviewChapter Overview
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Social Structure and Social InteractionCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
M
acrosociology Large-Scale Features of Social Life
M
icrosociology Focus on Social Interaction
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Two Levels of Two Levels of Sociological AnalysisSociological Analysis
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Social Structure and Social InteractionCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Sociological Significance of Social Structure Guides Our Behavior Behavior Decided by Location in Social
StructureC
ulture Group’s Language, Beliefs, Values,
Behaviors, Gestures Material Objects
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The Macrosociological PerspectiveThe Macrosociological Perspective
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Social Structure and Social InteractionCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
S
ocial Class Divides People by…
1. Income
2. Education
3. Occupational Prestige
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The Macrosociological PerspectiveThe Macrosociological Perspective
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Social Structure and Social InteractionCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
S
ocial Status – Position a person occupies
Ascribed –a status one is born with
Achieved –a status one earns
Master Status-cuts across all other statuses one
holds
Status Set-all of the statuses one holds
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The Macrosociological PerspectiveThe Macrosociological Perspective
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Social Structure and Social InteractionCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
R
oles – Behaviors associated with ones status
You Occupy a Status
You Play a Role
Ones role will change as ones status changes
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The Macrosociological PerspectiveThe Macrosociological Perspective
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Social Structure and Social InteractionCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
G
roups – People Who Regularly and Consciously Interact and
think of themselves as belonging together
S
ocial Institutions – Means Developed by Societies to Meet
Basic Needs
•T
he more industrialized the society the more formal the institution
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The Macrosociological PerspectiveThe Macrosociological Perspective
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Social Structure and Social InteractionCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Hunting and Gathering Societies-few social divisions and little inequality. Today, only about 300 hunter-gathering groups exist today
Pastoral and Horticultural Societies-based on the pasturing of animals, division of labor developed as well as social inequality
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Societies and Their TransformationSocieties and Their Transformation
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Social Structure and Social InteractionCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Agricultural Societies-people developed cities and what is known as culture; sometimes referred to as the “dawn of civilization”.
Industrial Societies-people flocked to the cities and the pattern of growing inequality was reversed
Postindustrial Societies-basic components are information and services
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Societies and Their TransformationSocieties and Their Transformation
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Social Structure and Social InteractionCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Durkheim
Early on, people were connected by Mechanical solidarity
Organic solidarity is present today
Tonnies
Gemeinschaft (close-knit, personal) societies once existed
Today, we live in a Gesellschaft (impersonal) society
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What Holds Society Together?What Holds Society Together?
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Microsociological Microsociological Perspective: Perspective:
Social Interaction in Everyday Social Interaction in Everyday LifeLife
Microsociological Microsociological Perspective: Perspective:
Social Interaction in Everyday Social Interaction in Everyday LifeLife
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Social Structure and Social InteractionCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
S
tereotypes –
Assumptions about the
characteristics of certain
individuals which leads
to generalizations
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The Microsociological The Microsociological PerspectivePerspective
Figure 4.5 How Self-Fulfilling Stereotypes WorkSource: By the author.
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Social Structure and Social InteractionCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Personal Space (Edward Hall) – a invisible bubble by which we surround ourselves
4 Levels:
Intimate Personal Social Public
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The Microsociological PerspectiveThe Microsociological Perspective
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Social Structure and Social InteractionCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
E
rving Goffman
Dramaturgy – Life is like a play
Impression Management – Face Saving
Behavior
Front and Back Stages
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The Microsociological PerspectiveThe Microsociological Perspective
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Social Structure and Social InteractionCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Role Conflict – a conflict between two separate roles
The more roles you play, the more conflict you may experience
Role Strain – a strain within the same role
Dramaturgy (Role Conflict and Role Strain)
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Dramaturgy Dramaturgy (Role (Role Conflict and Role Strain)Conflict and Role Strain)
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Figure 4.6 Role Strain and Role ConflictSource: By the author.
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Social Structure and Social InteractionCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
E
thnomethodology - The study of how
people use background assumptions to
get through everyday life
H
arold Garfinkle’s Experiments
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The Microsociological Perspective The Microsociological Perspective
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Social Structure and Social InteractionCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
T
homas Theorem – W.I. Thomas
O
ur behavior depends not on the objective but on
the subjective interpretation of reality.
W
e behave according to the way we perceive the
world19
The Microsociological Perspective The Microsociological Perspective