Social Structure and Social Change

DSOC201

Social Structure and Social Change

Edited by:Dr. Sukanya Das

;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosBSOCIAL STRUCTURE AND SOCIAL CHANGE

Edited By:Dr. Sukanya Das

Printed byUSI PUBLICATIONS

2/31, Nehru Enclave, Kalkaji Extn.,New Delhi-110019

forDirectorate of Distance Education

Lovely Professional UniversityPhagwara

gkmeqwgkmeqwgkmeqwgkmeqwgkmeqw(((((SYLLABUS)

;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosBSOCIAL STRUCTURE AND SOCIAL CHANGE

1. Gkosh ;wkiL Gkos ft~u J/esk ns/ ftftXsk, Gkosh ;wki dh Xkofwe, GkPkJhl ;z;feqfsens/ y/soh ftftXskl Gkosh ;wki dk T[dGtL ;wkfie ;z;feqfse nk:kw (Indian Society: Unityand Diversity in India; Evolution of Indian Society-Socio-Cultural Dimensions)

2. Gkosh ;wki d/ wj~stg{oD s~sL Gkos ft~u iBiksh ihtBl Gkos ft~u g/Av{ ns/ Broh ;w[dkJ/(Major Segments of Indian Society: Tribal life in India; Village and Urban Communitiesin India)

3. ftnkj, gfotko, Bks/dkohL ftnkj d/ gqeko, fjzd{nK ft~u gfotko ns/ Bks/dkoh , w[;fbw ns/fJ;kJh ftnkj ns/ UBK d/ gfotofss gqubBl;z:[es gfotko d/ gsB d/ ekoD ns/ T[; d/ Bshi/(Marriage, Family and Kinship: Forms of Marriage, Family and Kinship among Hindus,Muslims and Christians and their changing trends; Decline of joint family: causes andconsequences)

4. Gkos ft~u iksh ftt;EkL ftP/PsktK, Gkos ft~u iksh dk gqGktPkbh y/so, gftsosk ns/ ngftsosk,gqpb iksh, nzsoiksh ;zpzX, iiwkBh^ftt;Ek, iksh^ftt;Ek dk Gft~y ns/ gfotofss gqftoshnK .(Caste system in India: Characteristics, Power Dimensions of Caste in India, Pollutionand Purity, Dominant Caste, Inter- Caste Relations, Jajmani system, Changing trendsand Future of caste system )

5. fJ;sqhnK dh gfo;fEshL fbzr G/d, n"osK d/ fto[~X fjz;k, ;wsk dh y'i, fJ;sqhnK dh ;fEsh ftupdbkn. (Status of Women: Gender discrimination, violence against women, quest forequality, changing status of women)

6. ;wkfie gfotosDL noE, ;wkfie gfotosD dh gqfeqsh, ns/ YKuk^T[dftek; gqrsh, o{gKsoDns/ ekfJnk ebg . (Social Change: Meaning, nature and forms of social change- Evolution,Progress, Diffusion, Transformation, Revolution )

bVbVbVbVbVh Bz.h Bz.h Bz.h Bz.h Bz.Sr. No. ftPk ftPk ftPk ftPk ftPk (Topics)

T[d/PT[d/PT[d/PT[d/PT[d/P

1H ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ ;wkiPk;so d/ ;zouBkswe gfjb{nK pko/ ikD{ eotkUDk

2H ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ fJj ;wMkUDk fe fe; soK nkofEe ekoe ns/ iB;zfyneh gfotosB ftfGzB;wkiK ft~u wj~stg{oD ;wkfie gfotosB fbnk oj/ jB.

Objectives

1. To familiarize the students about the Structural aspects of Sociology.2. To make students understand how economic factors and demographic change are

causing significant social change in various societies.

7. ;wkfie gfotosB d/ f;XKsL o/fye, ueqhJ/, teohJ/ (Theories of Social Change: Linear,cyclical and curvilinear)

8. gfotosD dhnK gqfeqnktKL ;zouBk ftu gfotosD ns/ ;zouBk dk gfotosD ;z;feqsheoD,g~SwheoD, nkX[fBeheoD, Xow fBog/ysk, t?PtheoD. (Processes of Change: Change instructure and change of structure, Sanskritisation, Westernisation, Modernisation,Secularization and globalisation)

9. ;wkfie gfotosD d/ ekoeL ;wkfie gfotosD d/ iBnzeeh, nkofEe ns/ Xkofwe, i?t gq'fd:'freh,;{uBk g'qfd:'freh ns/ whvhnk. (Factors of Social Change: Demographic, economic,religious, technological bio-tech, infotech and media)

10. ;wekbhB Gkos ft~u ;wkfie gfotosBL gfotosB dh gqftq~sh, nkofEe ftek; ns/ ;wkfiegfotosB, T[d:'rheoD ns/ PfjoheoD. (Social Change in Contemporary India: Trends ofchange , Economic development and social change- Industrialisation, urbanisation)

bVbVbVbVbVh Bz.h Bz.h Bz.h Bz.h Bz.Sr. No. ftPk ftPk ftPk ftPk ftPk (Topics)

fJekJh–1L Gkosh ;wki (Indian Society) 1

fJekJh^2L Gkosh ;wki d/ wj~stg{oD s~s (Major Segments of Indian Society) 28

fJekJh–3L ftnkj (Marriage) 45

fJekJh^4L gfotko (Family) 64

fJekJh^5L Bks/dkoh (Kinship) 83

fJekJh^6L Gkos ft~u iksh ftt;Ek (Caste System in India) 95

fJekJh^7L iksh^ftt;Ek dk GftZy ns/ gfotofss gqftoshnK (Changing Trendsand Future of Caste System) 115

fJekJh–8L iiwkBh ftnt;Ek (Jajmani System) 129

fJekJh–9L fJ;sqhnK dh gfo;fEsh (Status of Women) 138

fJekJh^10L ;wkfie gfotosD (Social Change) 173

fJekJh^11L ;wkfie gfotosB d/ f;XKs (Theories of Social Change) 191

fJekJh^12L gfotosD dhnK gqfeqnktK (Processes of Change) 200

fJekJh^13L ;wkfie gfotosD d/ ekoe (Factor fo Social Change) 226

fJekJh^14L ;wekbhB Gkos ft~u ;wkfie gfotosB (Social Change inContemporary India) 250

ftPk^t;s{ ftPk^t;s{ ftPk^t;s{ ftPk^t;s{ ftPk^t;s{ (Contents)

Sukanya Das, Lovely Professional University

Rosy Hastir, Lovely Professional UniversityKirandeep Singh, Lovely Professional University



Rosy Hastir, Lovely Professional UniversitySonia Sharma, Lovely Professional Universit

Satyabrata Kar, Lovely Professional UniversityRipudaman Singh, Lovely Professional University

Sukanya Das, Lovely Professional UniversityRipudaman Singh, Lovely Professional University

Rosy Hastir, Lovely Professional UniversityRipudaman Singh, Lovely Professional University







fJekJh^1L Gkosh ;wkifJekJh^1L Gkosh ;wkifJekJh^1L Gkosh ;wkifJekJh^1L Gkosh ;wkifJekJh^1L Gkosh ;wki

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LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 1

fJekJh^1L Gkosh ;wki fJekJh^1L Gkosh ;wki fJekJh^1L Gkosh ;wki fJekJh^1L Gkosh ;wki fJekJh^1L Gkosh ;wki (Indian Society)

ftP/ t;s{ftP/ t;s{ftP/ t;s{ftP/ t;s{ftP/ t;s{ (Contents)

T[d/P (Objectives)

ikDekoh (Introduction)

1H1 Gkos ft~u J/esk ns/ ftftXsk (Unity and Diversity in India)

1H2 Gkosh ;wki dh Xkofwe, GkPkJh, ;z;feqfse ns/ y/soh ftftXsk (Religious, Linguistic,Cultural and Regional Diversities of Indian Society)

1H3 Gkosh ;wki dk T[dGtL ;wkfie ;z;feqfse nk:kw (Evolution of Indian Society-Socio-Cultural Dimensions)

1H4 ;ko nzP (Summary)

1H5 Ppde'P (Keywords)

1H6 nfGnk;^gqPB (Review Questions)

1H7 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

T[d/P T[d/P T[d/P T[d/P T[d/P (Objectives)

fJ; fJekJh d/ nfXn?B sØA pknd ftfdnkoEh :Ør j ØDr/L

• Gkos ft~u J/esk ns/ ftftXsk dh ftnkfynk eoB ft~u.• Gkosh ;wki dh Xkofwe, ;z;feqfse ns/ y/soh ftftXsk Bz{ ikDB ft~u.• Gkosh ;wki dk T[dGtL ;wkfie ns/ ;z;feqfse nk:kw Bz{ ;wMD ft~u.

ikDekoh ikDekoh ikDekoh ikDekoh ikDekoh (Introduction)

Gkos f;XKs ns/ tk;sfte o{g ft~u fJ~e pj[b ;wki j?. Gkos Bz{ fJ; dh J/esk ns/ ftfGzBsk d[nkok;wMDk T[fus j't/rk. ftd/Ph jwfbnK, w[rb ns/ fpqfNP Pk;B s'A pknd th Gkos ft~u ;z;feqshnK, XowKns/ GkPktK dk fwPoD ns/ ftfGzB ikshnK ns/ ;w[dktK d/ b'eK d/ ft~u J/esk ns/ ;wo{gsk pDh ojh.ukj/ fs~yhnK nkofEe ns/ ;wkfie n;wkBsktK B/ ;w ;wkfie ;zpzXK d/ T[do Gkt ft~u o[ektN g?dk ehsh,fco th okPNoh J/esk ns/ nyzvsk nN[~N pDh ojh. fJ;/ ;fwPoDsk d/ d[nkok Gkos fJ~e nd[~sh guekoh;wki pfDnk j'fJnk j?. n;b ft~u Gkos fJ~e nB{mk fdqP^gNb j? fi; dk ;wkBKso ;o{g j'o wjKdhgKft~u fdqPNhr'uo BjhA j[zdk j?.

ftd/Ph jwb/, ;z;ko d/ j'o GkrK s'A ngqtk;B, ftfGzB GkPktK, ;z;feqshnK ns/ XowK d/ n;fsst d/ ekoDGkosh ;z;feqsh Bk e/tb ;fjPD{ jh j?, pbfe nkgDh ftfPPNsk ns/ fJfsjkf;esk Bz{ ;zi'J/ j'J/ fJ~e nd[~shfBozso ns/ ihtzs ;z;feqsh th j?.

fjzd{, p[~X, fJ;bkw, f;~y, i?B ns/ Jh;kJh Xow gqw[~y Xow jB. ;?AefVnK b'e GkPktK s'A fJbktk gzdoKokPNoh GkPktK jB. ftfGzBsk Bk e/tb gqiksh ;zouBk, Xkofwe ns/ GkPkJh ftG/dK d/ ;zdoG ft~u jh gkJhiKdh j?, ftfGzBsk ;kBz{ ihtB gqDkbhnK, G{wh ftt;EktK, ;zgsh j;sKsoD ns/ T[ZsokfXeko d/ fB:wK ns/iBw, ftnkj ns/ w"s ;zpzXh gqEktK ns/ nkuoDK ft~u th gkJh iKdh j?. nkw s"o s/, Gkos fJ;/ gqekodh ftfGzBsk ft~u nB[;oD :'r J/esk dk fJ~e T[dkjoD j?. Gkos B/ fpqfNP Pk;B d/ fto[~X fJ~e ;zrfmsfJekJh d/ o{g ft~u ;zxoP ehsk ;h.


;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB

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2 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

nB/eK w[;hpsK ns/ o[ektNK d/ ofjzd/ j'J/ th ;[szso Gkos fJ~e ;zrfms okPNo j?. nkgDh ;wkfieftok;s d/ nB[o{g J/esk dh XkoDk jo fJfsjkf;e ezw ns/ ;wkfie^;z;feqfse s~EK ft~u fdqPNhr'uo j?.Gkos fJ~e Xow fBogZy oki j?. Gkos dk fJ~e ;zftXkB j? fi; ft~u ftfGzB y/soK, XowK, ;z;feqshnKns/ GkPktK d/ b'eK Bz{ nkPtk;B gqdkB ehsk frnk j?. ;zftXkB ft~u ftfGzB ;wkfie ns/ nkofEe ;soKd/ b'eK d/ fjsK Bz{ fXnkB ft~u o~fynk frnk j?. rohp ns/ ewI'o torK d/ T[ZEkB d/ bJh gzi ;kbk :'iBktKns/ j'o ftek; ;zpzXh :'iBktK Bz{ feqnkftzs ehsk frnk j?.

1H11H11H11H11H1 Gkos ft~u J/esk ns/ ftftXsk Gkos ft~u J/esk ns/ ftftXsk Gkos ft~u J/esk ns/ ftftXsk Gkos ft~u J/esk ns/ ftftXsk Gkos ft~u J/esk ns/ ftftXsk (Unity and Diversity in India)

Gkos d[BhnK dk ;~stK t~vk ns/ d{ik ;G s'A ;zxDh nkpkdh tkbk d/P j?, i' d[BhnK d/ g{o/ y/socb dk 2H4#nfXG'r eodk j?. fJ~E/ ftPt iB ;zfynk dk brGr 15# Gkr ftftX ;wkfie, nkofEe, G{r'fbe ns/gfo;fEfse jkbksK (ecological conditions) ft~u ofjzdk j?. fJ; d/ Bkb jh fJ~e 5000 jIko ;kb dhntXh dk wkBt ihtB dk nshs th j? fi; ft~u Jh;k s'A 3000 ;kb gfjbK d/ ns/ 2000 ;kb pknd d/;kb Pkfwb jB. fJ; d/P e'b Uj ;z;feqfse ftok;s th j?, i' fJ; Bz{ ngqtk;h, nkfonk b'eK s'A (i'fjwkub gko s'A fJ~E/ nkJ/ ;B) ns/ w{b dqftVK ns/ jwbktoh ;fGnsktK s'A gqkgs j'Jh. Gkos dhnK;wkfie, nkofEe ns/ ;z;feqfse ftftXsktK fJ~E'A dhnK g/Av{ ns/ Pfjoh fBtk; dhnK dPktK ft~u ;kcfdqPNhr'uo j[zdh j?. fJ~E'A d/ Pfjoh y/so dh e[b 21H718 eo'V iB^;zfynk (1991 dh iBrDBk d/ nB[;ko)ns/ fJ~E'A s~e fe uko wjk BroK (fd~bh, wdok;, ebe~sk, pzpJh) dh e[b iB^;zfynk (brGr uko eo'V)fInkdkso ftek;Phb okPNoK dh iB^;zfynk s'A fes/ fInkdk nfXe j?. fJ~E/ fJ~e jIko ftneshnK dhnKp;shnK th jB, sK fJ~e eo'V s~e dh iB^;zfynk tkbhnK p;shnK th jB.

1H1H1 ftftXsk dh gqfeqsh1H1H1 ftftXsk dh gqfeqsh1H1H1 ftftXsk dh gqfeqsh1H1H1 ftftXsk dh gqfeqsh1H1H1 ftftXsk dh gqfeqshftftXsk ftftX gqikshnK, XowK, ikshnK, iBikshnK, GkPktK, ;wkfie gqEktK, ;z;feqfse ns/T[g^;z;feqfse ftPtk;K, okiBhfse doPB ns/ ftukoXkoktK ft~u gfobefPs j[zdh j?. ftPkb fdqPNhe'Ds'A ftftXsktK fJBQK y/soK ft~u ;gPN jBL

GkPktK GkPktK GkPktK GkPktK GkPktK (Languages)^̂̂̂̂ukj/ Gkos d/ ;zftXkB ft~u 18 gqw[~y GkPktK Bz{ (UjBK fszB GkPktK ;fjs fiBQK Bz{nr;s 1992 ft~u wkBsk fd~sh rJh ;h) wkBsk gqkgs j?, gqzs{ brGr 1652 GkPktK ns/ p'bhnK ;kv/ d/P ft~up'bhnK iKdhnK jB. fJj GkPktK fszB GkPk gfotkoK Bkb ;zpzfXs jBL fJzv'̂ nkfonB, dqkftV ns/ :{ogh.fJzv'̂ nkfonB GkPktK ft~u fjzdh, pzrbk, wokmh, r[ioksh, T[Vhnk, gzikph, fpjkoh, oki;EkBh, n;wh,;z;feqs, f;zXh ns/ ePwhoh GkPktK Pkfwb jB i' Gkos dh fszBû"EkJh iB^;zfynk d[nkok p'bhnK iKdhnK jB.dqkftV GkPktK ft~u sfwb, s/br{, wfbnkbw ns/ ezBV GkPktK Pkfwb jBl ns/ :{ogh GkPktK ft~u nzro/Ih,g[osrkbh ns/ |q?Au GkPktK Pkfwb jB. nkyoh d' GkPktK fInkdkso r'nk ns/ gKvhuoh ft~u p'bhnK iKdhnKjB.

fjzdh Gkos dh ;oekoh GkPk j? ns/ nzro/Ih ;fj:'rh GkPk. 1991 d/ nzefVnK d/ nB[;ko fjzdh ;otkfXeb'eK d[nkok p'bh iKdh j? (24H78 eo'V), T[; s'A pknd s/br{ (7H20 eo'V), pzrbk (7H17 eo'V), wokmh(6H72 eo'V), sfwb (6H06 eo'V), T[od{ (4H61 eo'V), r[ioksh (4H13 eo'V), wfbnkbw (3H53 eo'V),ezBV (3H47 eo'V), T[Vhnk (3H17 eo'V), G'ig[oh (2H31 eo'V) ns/ gzikph (2H24 eo'V) p'bh iKdh j?.pkeh GkPktK p'bD tkb/ ftneshnK dh ;zfynk d; b~y ns/ d' eo'V d/ ftueko j?. e[M oki sK nkIkdhs'A pknd GkPk d/ nkXko s/ jh g[Bo rfms ehs/ rJ/ ;B, fit/A gzikp d' GkrK gzikp ns/ jfonkDk ft~utzfvnk frnkl wjkokPNo d' GkrK wjkokPNo ns/ r[ioks ft~u tzfvnk frnk. e[M oki fit/A fwI'ow ns/Bkrkb?Av ;z;feqfse nkXko s/ pDkJ/ rJ/.

Xow Xow Xow Xow Xow (Religions)^̂̂̂̂ukj/ Gkos dk e'Jh oki Xow BjhA j?, fco th fJ~E/ ;G gqeko d/ XowK d/ gkbD ns/ftPtk; dh ;[szsosk dh g{oh rkozNh j?. gqw[~y XowK ft~u fjzd{ Xow (fi; d/ 1991 dh iBrDBk d/ nB[;ko69H77 eo'V b'e, fi; ft~u nB[;{fus iksh ns/ iBiksh d/ b'e th Pkfwb ;B, iK d/P dh brGr 82H69#iB^;zfynk nB[:kJh j?), fJ;bkw (fi; d/ 11H35# iB^;zfynk iK 9H58 eo'V b'e nB[:kJh jB), Jh;kJh


B ØN


Xow (fi; d/ 2H43# iB^;zfynk iK 2H05 eo'V b'e nB[:kJh jB), f;~y Xow (fi; d/ 1H96# iB^;zfynkiK 1H65 eo'V b'e nB[:kJh jB), p[~X Xow (fi; d/ 0H71 # iB^;zfynk iK 0H41 eo'V b'e nB[:kJh jB),ns/ j'o Xow (fi; d/ 0H38# iB^;zfynk iK 0H38 eo'V b'e nB[:kJh jB) nkT[Ad/ jB.

fjzd{ Xow eow (eos~t gkbD), Xow, g[BoîBw (ftnesh 84 b~y iBw b?Adk j?), nkswk dh nwosk,fsnkr ns/ w'eP (iBw ns/ w"s s'A S[Nekok) nkfd f;XKsK dk nfXtesk j?.

fJ;bkw Xow Gkos ft~u w[;fbw jwfbnK d/ Bkb nkfJnk. fJj g{oB o{g ft~u fJ~e/P/totkdh Xow j? i'‘y[dk dh woIh’ Bz{ jh Gkr wzB e/ T[gd/P fdzdk j?. fJj Xow w{osh g{ik ft~u ftPtk; BjhA eodk j? ns/jIos w[jzwd ;kfjp Bz{ g?rzpo ns/ ‘e[okB Poh|’ Bz{ ;G s'A gft~so g[;se wzBdk j?. fJ; d/ nB[;ko joXow Phb w[;bwkB d/ gzi gqw[~y eos~t jBl n~bk ft~u ftPtk;, gzi tko BwkI ndk eoBk, dkB$Ieksd/Dk, jo ;kb fJ~e wjhB/ dk o'Ik o~yDk ns/ ihtB ekb ft~u x~N s'A x~N fJ~e tko w~ek dh shoE^:ksokeoBk.

f;~y Xow dk T[d/ gzdQothA Pskpdh ft~u j'fJnk. fJ; Xow d/ ;z;Ekge r[o{ BkBe d/t ns/ UjBK d/ u/b/ gozgokd/ B"A j'o r[o{nK B/ Xow ft~u egN, nkvzpo, fwfEnk d/ fto[~X T[gd/P fd~s/. f;~y Xow d/ gzi Xkofwe fuzBQjB^ e/P, ezxk, eVk, feogkB ns/ e~Sk.

ikshnK ikshnK ikshnK ikshnK ikshnK (Castes)^̂̂̂̂ikshnK tzPkB[eqw T[Zs/ nkXkfos nzsofttkjh ;w{j jB fiBQK d/ fBPfus ezw j[zd/ jB,ykD^gkD ;zpzXh fBP/XK dk gkbD eod/ jB ns/ nzso^feqnk T[Zs/ ;wkfie gqshpzXK Bz{ wzBd/ jB. Gkos ft~ubrGr 3000 ikshnK jB. fJBQK ikshnK Bz{ fszB Pq/DhnK ft~u tzfvnk frnk j?̂ T[Zu ikshnK (fit/A pqkjwD,okig{s, pkDhnk, ekfJ;E nkfd), w~X ikshnK (fit/A njho, ;[fBnko, e[owh nkfd) ns/ fBwB ikshnK(fit/A X'ph, BkJh nkfd). fJ; s'A fJbktk nS{s ikshnK th jB (fit/A u{V/, Gzrh, o?ro nkfd). ikshnK ukotoDK Bkb i'VhnK rJhnK jB (pqkjwD, y~soh, t?P, P{do nkfd) fi; Bkb ;z;kfoe ;z;eoD ft~u UjBK dh;fEsh dk fBoDk j[zdk j?.

iBikshnK iBikshnK iBikshnK iBikshnK iBikshnK (Tribes)^̂̂̂̂iBiksh fJ~e nfijk ;w[dkJ/ j?, i' fJ~e ;kXkoD G{r'fbe y/so ft~u ofjzdk j?, ns/ fJ~e'fijh GkPk ns/ ;z;feqsh Bz{ wzBdk j?. Gkos dh e[b iBiksh iB^;zfynk 1991 dh iBrDBk nB[;ko 5H20 eo'Vj? i' fe Gkos dh e[b iB^;zfynk dk 7H8# j?. gqw[~y iBikshnK fJ; soK jB^ ;zEkb, Ghb, whDk, r"Av, Bkrk,yk;h, n'oKt, rko' ns/ ‘j'’. d/P dh brGr d' fsjkJh iBiksh iB^;zfynk gzi okiK ft~u gkJh iKdh j?L w~Xgqd/P, T[Vh;k, fpjko, r[ioks ns/ wjkokPNo. fszB okiK (oki;EkB, g~Swh pzrkb, ns/ nKXok gqd/P) ft~u20 b~y s'A nfXe iB^;zfynk tkbhnK iBikshnK gkJhnK iKdhnK jB. gzi nfij/ oki ns/ e/Ado Pkf;sgqd/P jB, fi~E/ e[b iB^;zfynk d/ 70 s'A 95# iBiksh d/ b'e jB. fJj jB fwI'ow, Bkrkb?Av, w/xkfbnk,no[Bkub gqd/P ns/ fsqg[ok.

gqikshnK gqikshnK gqikshnK gqikshnK gqikshnK (Races)^̂̂̂̂Gkosh iB^;zfynk pj[îDBh (polygenetic) iK ftftX gqikshnK dk fwPoD j?. phHn?;H r[jk d/ nB[;ko Gkosh iB^;zfynk S/ gqiksh iB^;w{jK s'A pDhnK jBL BhfrqN', gq'N' nk;Nq/bkfJv,wKr'bkfJv, w?fvNo/BhnB iK dqkftV, pqkuh;/ckb ns/ B"ofve nkfonk. pqkuh;/ckfbe BhrqkJhv n|ohek s'AnkJ/ Gkos nkT[D tkb/ ;G s'A gfjb/ b'e jB. Uj j[D d~yD Gkos dhnK gjkVh iBikshnK d/ o{g ft~uns/ nzv/wkB dhg ;w{j ft~u gkJ/ iKd/ jB fi~E/ UjBK B/ nkgDh GkPk Bz{ j[D s~e poeoko o~fynk j?. ;zfynkd/ wkwb/ ft~u j[D Uj x~N jB. gq'N' nk;Nq/bkfJv; iK nk;fNqe; i' fe w~X T[ukJh tkb/, ekb/ ozr tkb/, bzp/f;o tkb/, w'N/ ipkV/ tkb/, S'Nh m'vh tkb/ ns/ ugNh B~e tkb/ b'e jB, g{o/ Gkos ft~u c?b/ j'J/ jBlftP/P o{g Bkb g{oph, w~X ns/ d~yDh Gkos ft~u ns/ fJ~E'A jh Uj powk ns/ wbkfJnk s~e rJ/. n;bft~u, fJBQK b'eK B/ Gkosh ;~fGnsk dh BhAj o~yh ns/ fJBQK B/ jh rzBk, uktb ns/ ;kr^;pIhnK dh y/sh P[o{ ehsh. UjBK dh GkPk j[D th w[zvk ns/ e'b GkPktK ft~u puh j'Jh j?. dqkftV iK w?vhNq/fBnB gqikshft~u fszB T[g gqeko jBL n;bh w?vhNq/fBnB, gb/U w?vhNq/fBnB ns/ Ufon?ANb w?vhNq/fBnB. fJBQK b'eKB/ Broh f;zX{ xkNh ;~fGnsk Bz{ gqf;~Xh d/ f;yo s~e gj[zukfJnk fi; d/ ntP/P ;kBz{ w'jBi'dV' ns/ jV~gks'A gqkgs j'J/ jB. dqkftV b'e g{o/ Gkos ft~u c?b/ j'Dr/. wzr'bkfJv gqiksh d/ b'eK d/ f;o u"V/, e~dw~Xb/, uwVh dk ozr G{ok iK ghbk, B~e S'Nh ns/ pZ[bQ w'N/, ugNk fujok, r~bK dhnK j~vhnK T[ZGohnKj[zdhnK jB ns/ fJj n;kw, Bkrkb?Av ns/ fwI' gjkVhnK ft~u gkJ/ iKd/ jB. Bkofve nkfonk b'e Jh;k


B ØN


s'A 2000 s'A 15000 ;kb g{op d/ ftueko w~X J/Phnk s'A nkJ/ ns/ T[Zso g~Swh gzikp ft~u ;Ekfgs j'rJ/ ns/ T[ZE'A rzrk d/ w?dkBK s~e c?b rJ/. fJBQK nkfonK B/ fJBQK s'A t;/ j'J/ nfsnfXe ;ZfGnk f;zX{ xkNhd/ b'eK Bkb ;zxoP ehsk. BhfrqN' gqiksh d/ b'e nkfonK Bkb fwbî[b rJ/ ;B ns/ UjBK B/ j"bh^ j"bhUjBK d/ ;z;feqfse b~SDK Bz{ th ngDk fbnk.

1H1H2 J/esk1H1H2 J/esk1H1H2 J/esk1H1H2 J/esk1H1H2 J/eskfJBQK ftftXsktK d/ ftueko fJ~e w"fbe J/esk dk ;{so j? i' g{o/ Gkosh ;wki Bz{ fJ~e t~v/ ;wki ns/ okPNoBz{ fJ~e wjK okPNo d/ o{g ft~u fgo'J/ j'J/ j?. n?wH n?BH PqhfBtk; dk ws j? fe Gkos dh J/esk Io{oho{g Bkb Xkofwe J/esk j?. ukj/ b'e nb~r nb~r d/th^d/tfsnK dh g{ik eoB, gqzs{ XowrqzE^g[okD, pqkjwD,wjKekft ns/ t/d^ftftX ftPwo{gh ;w{jK Bz{ fJ~e skD/^pkD/ ft~u fgo'J/ j'J/ fJ~e ftPkb Xkofwe ;wkipDkJ/ j'J/ jB ns/ UjBK Bz{ nkgD/ d/P dh gft~sosk dk nkGk; eokUAd/ ofjzd/ jB. Grs iB ftftXshoE^;EbK dk GqwD eod/ jB, gqzs{ ;G dk T[d/P gft~so ;EbK d/ doPB dk Xkofwe g[zB nofis eoBkj?. ftftX y/soK, GkPktK ns/ ohsh^fotkiK d/ b'e shoE^;EbK ft~u fJeZm/ d/y/ ik ;ed/ jB ns/ ;Gdk fJ~e jh T[d/P j[zdk j?, ‘w'eP dh gqkgsh’.

Gkos B/ fJ~e J/ehfeqs fJekJh d/ o{g ft~u ;[szsosk ;zrokw ehsk. ;[szsosk s'A pknd Gkos B/ fJ~e okPNod/ o{g ft~u uhBh jwb/ ns/ fszB tko gkfe;skBh jwb/ dk ;kjwDk ehsk. ;kvh nkofEe, ;wkfie ns/okiBhfse ftukoXkoktK Xow fBogZysk, soe, fBnK, nkIkdh ns/ ;wkBsk T[Zs/ nkXkfos jB. ;kv/ekBz{B fpBK G/d^Gkt d/ ;G s' fJ~e' fij/ bkr{ j[zd/ jB. ;kvk ;zftXkB ;G Bz{ ;wkB o{g Bkb ;[o~fynk gqdkBeodk j?. ;kvhnK :'iBktK ;G gqeko d/ ewI'o torK d/ T[EkB d/ T[d/P Bkb pDdhnK jB. ;wkB fotkins/ ;wkfie wZ[bK d/ gqsh fJ~ews ;kvh gozgokrs ;z;feqsh Bz{ ;[o~fyns eodk j?. fjzd{nK ft~u thiks^gqEk d/ fBP/XK d/ gkbD eoB ft~u J/esk dk gfou/ fwbdk j?.

fJ; soK b'e Gkt/A fJj efjD fe Uj fJ~e ftP/P y/so ft~u ofjzd/ jB, gqzs{ y/so dk ftuko gq;zre j?.fJ~e jh y/so d/ ft~u S'N/ S'N/ ;wo{g y/so j[zd/ jB, i' nB/e noEK ft~u fJ~e d{i/ s'A fGzB j[zd/ jB. fJ~eGkPkJh y/so fJ; gqeko T[Zdw (vertical) J/esk gqdofPs eo ;edk j? i' T[; y/so ft~u ofjD tkbhnK;G ikshnK ft~u (pqkjwD s'A b? e/ nS{s s~e) ;wkB j[zdh j?l id'A fe iksh, yfsih (horizontal) J/eskdh gfoukfJe j? i' fe GkPkJh y/so Bz{ e~N e/ fBeb iKdh j?. fJ~e oki (wzB bU T[Zso gqd/P) ft~u pqkjwD;EkfBe dfbs (fit/A Gzrh, gk;h nkfd) b'eK d/ nkdoPK ft~u Gkrhdko ukj/ Bk j'D, gqzs{ Uj g{o/ Gkosft~u T[Zso s'A d~yD s~e ns/ g{op s'A g~Sw s~e pqkjwDK d/ Bkb e[M ;z;feqfse w[~bK ft~u Gkrhdkoh Io{oeoBk j?. fJ;/ soK b'e ukj/ nb~r nb~r y/soK ft~u nb~r nb~r GkPktK p'bd/ jB, gqzs{ fJZe d{i/ s'A ftuko;zgq/PD (communication) d/ bJh fjzdh iK nzrq/Ih fijhnK nkw GkPktK dk gq:'r eoB/ jB. fjzdh Bz{nfjzdhGkPh y/soK ft~u ;theko ehsk frnk j?. fJBQK nzrq/Ih GkPk Bz{ fJj wkD gqkgs ;h i' d/P d/ ftfGzBGkrK d/ p[~XhihthnK ft~u ;zgq/PD d/ wkfXnw d/ o{g ft~u G{fwek fBGkUAdh ;h, ukj/ fJj gqp[~X ns/ ;kXkoDiB d/ ft~u pkXk th T[sgzB eoBh ;h. GkPkJh okiK dh ebgBk ns/ ;e{bK, ekbiK ns/ ftPt ftfdnkfbnKft~u y/soh GkPk d/ wkfXnw Bkb gmB^gkmB ;[szsosk dk jh cb j?. gqzs{ fJj BjhA fejk ik ;edk feGkPkJh nzso ;wki ft~u nftt;Ek g?dk eo/rk.

iks^gqEk B/ th GkoshnK Bz{ nkw ;z;feqfse ftukoXkok gqdkB ehsh j?. ukj/ fJj th ;~u j? fe iks^gqEkB/ nzsoîksh ;zxoPK Bz{ iBw fd~sk j?, S{sSks fijh ;w~f;nk Bz{ yVQk ehsk j?, ns/ T[Zu ns/ nS{s ikshnKft~u dokoK g?dk ehshnK jB, gqzs{ fJj th ;~u j? fe ‘iiwkBh’ gqEk B/ g/Av{ y/soK ft~u fGzB^fGzB ikshnKft~u ;jkB{G{sh ns/ ;fj:'r pDk e/ o~fynk j?. fgSb/ e[M dPeK ft~u fGzB fGzB ikshnK d/ Pesh ;zpzXK

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' Jh;kJh Xow dk gqt/P Gkos ft~u g[osrkbhnK d/ r'nk ns/dwB, dht ft~u gqt/P d/ Bkb j'fJnk.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j'


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ft~u gfotosB nkfJnk j?. fgSb/ 47 ;kbK ft~u nkJ/ nkofEe PeshnK ns/ ;wkfie okiBhfsegfotosBK B/ pj[^;zfyne ikshnK dh Pesh Bz{ tXkfJnk j?. fJBQK ikshnK d/ B/sktK Bz{ ;EkfBe, y/sohns/ e/Adoh g~Xo s/ j'D tkb/ okiBhfse Pesh ;zxoP ft~u nkgDh ;wkfie ;fEsh (strategic position)dk uzrh soK frnkB j?. fJBQK ikshnK d/ B/sk t~v/ gqeoBK Bz{ T[ikro eoB/ jB ns/ UjBK dh g?oth eoB/jB, fit/A ewI'o torK dk T[EkB, S{sSks, G{wh^;[Xko nkfd d/ gqeoB. fJj iksh J/esk ed/ ed/ okPNohiK y/soh gqeoBK Bz{ u[~eD ft~u Io{oh j' iKdh j? ns/ ngqs~y o{g Bkb okPNo d/ ftek; dh gqfeqnk ft~u:'rdkB eoBh j?. fJ; soK ukj/ Xow, iks ns/ GkPk ;wki ft~u e[M ;w~f;nktK g?dk eoB/ jB, fco thGkos dh J/esk fJBQK fszBK ekoeK ft~u fBfjs j?. fJjh fszB/ jh Gkos d/ b'eK Bz{ ftftX ;soK s/ fJ~e ;{soft~u pzB e/ o~yd/ jB. ukj/ fJj dktk BjhA ehsk ik ;edk fe fJj fszB/ ekoe (Xow, iksh ns/ GkPk)Gkostk;hnK d/ J/eheoB ft~u fBoDkfJe ns/ wj~stg{oB j'Dr/, gqzs{ fJj ;[Mkn Io{o fd~sk ikD b~rk j?fe ekbKso ft~u b'e fJ; r~b dh gqPz;k eoBr/ fe Gkos d/ ;G XowK, ikshnK ns/ GkPkJh ;w{jK d/ b'eBkrfoeK d/ o{g ft~u fJ~e ;wkB jB. fJ; Bkb ;fjPD{sk T[sgzB j't/rh, ns/ Xow^fBog~ysk Bz{ fJ~enkdoP w[~b d/ o{g ft~u pb fwb/rk.

d/P ft~u ‘ftGkiB’ d[Pfeqnkswed[Pfeqnkswed[Pfeqnkswed[Pfeqnkswed[Pfeqnkswe (dysfunctional) j' ;ed/ jB, gqzs{ Gkos d/ Bkrfoe j'D ft~u UjBKd/ w[~b Io{oh o{g Bkb n;zrs ns/ ;zs[bBjhD;zs[bBjhD;zs[bBjhD;zs[bBjhD;zs[bBjhD (inconsistent) BjhA j'Dr/. fJBQK ftGkfis yzvK d/ gqshfBPmk dk b[gs j'Dk, ;zGt Bk j' ;e/, gqzs{ fJBQK Bz{ okPNo fto'Xh efjDk ;jh BjhA j't/rk. i/eo e'Jhftnesh fJj ;wMdk j't/ fe Uj fe;/ iksh, fgzv, y/so iK Xow dk j?, sK Uj fJj th ;'udk j? fe UjfJ~e Gkosh j? ns/ fJ~e Bkrfoe d/ o{g ft~u T[; dhnK fIzw/tkohnK ns/ coI th pDd/ jB. fJ; soK dhnKGktBktK jh T[Zu ;so s/ ftneshnK ft~u J/esk pDk e/ o~ydhnK jB ns/ ;wki Bz{ th ;zrfms eoBhnKjB. J/esk d/ fJ; ftuko Bkb ftnesh Bz{ ;wki ft~u ftftXsktK s'A voB dh io{os BjhA j?.

;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD (Self Assessment)1H ykbh ;EkB Go' 1H ykbh ;EkB Go' 1H ykbh ;EkB Go' 1H ykbh ;EkB Go' 1H ykbh ;EkB Go' (Fill in the Blanks)

(i) HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH d[BhnK dk ;G s'A t~vk ns/ d{ik ;G s'A xDh nkpkdh tkbk d/P j?.(ii) Gkos ft~u brGr HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ns/ p'bhnK p'bhnK iKdhnK jB.

(iii) HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH eow, Xow, g[BoiBw, nkswk dh nwosk, fsnkr ns/ w'eP nkfd f;XKsK dknfXtesk j?.

(iv) HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH pj[ iDBh iK ftftX gqikshnK dk fwPoD j?.

(v) iksh^gqEk B/ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ;zxoPK Bz{ iBw fd~sk j?.

1H21H21H21H21H2 Gkosh ;wki dh Xkofwe, GkPkJh, ;z;feqfse ns/ y/soh ftftXskGkosh ;wki dh Xkofwe, GkPkJh, ;z;feqfse ns/ y/soh ftftXskGkosh ;wki dh Xkofwe, GkPkJh, ;z;feqfse ns/ y/soh ftftXskGkosh ;wki dh Xkofwe, GkPkJh, ;z;feqfse ns/ y/soh ftftXskGkosh ;wki dh Xkofwe, GkPkJh, ;z;feqfse ns/ y/soh ftftXsk(Religious, Linguistic, Cultural and Regional Diversities ofIndian Society)

Gkosh ;z;feqfse gozgok nd[~sh j?. Xow (wkDeh ftt;Ek), eow (ftnefse B?fse tuBp~Xsk) ns/iksh ;wkfie ;soheoB d/ ;'gkfBe o{g ft~u Gkosh ;z;feqsh dhnK w[~y ntXkoDktK jB. fJBQK s~sK d/;zo{gD ns/ fJ~ews d/ ekoD Gkosh ;wki ft~u ;zs[bB ns/ ;EkJhst fdqVQ pD/. fJjh ekoD j? fe Gkosh;z;feqsh ft~u e'Jh w[~y o[ektNK g?dk BjhA j'JhnK. fJj fejk iKdk j? fe gfotosB ;z;feqfse ftt;Ek d/nzsors j'fJnk j?, Bk fe ;z;feqfse ftt;Ek dk. d{i/ PpdK ft~u efj ;ed/ jK fe e[M ;zP'XBK Bz{ S~ve/ w{b o{g ft~u ;z;feqfse ns/ ;wkfie ns/ ;z;feqfse feqnktK dk wkor doPB eoB/ jB. fJ; bJh fejkiKdk j? fe gfotosB ftt;Ek ft~u j'fJnk j? Bk fe ftt;Ek dk.

Gkosh ;wki d/ nd[~shgD dk noE e/tb fJ; dh r{VQ gqfeqsh s'A BjhA j?, fJ; dk ;jh noE ;wMD bJhfJ; dh fJfsjkf;e ns/ ;zdoGsk dk rfjok nfXn?B eoB dh Io{os j?. ;wkfie ns/ ;z;feqfse gfotosBdhnK gqftoshnK nksw;ks ns/ ;kswheoB dhnK gqfeqnktK d[nkok fdykJh fdzdhnK jB. nkfonk ns/dqkftV fJeZm/ oj/. fjzd{ ns/ w[;bwkB ;wkfie ns/ ;z;feqfse y/soK ft~u fJ~e d{i/ d/ B/V/ oj/ jB. fJ;


B ØN


s'A pknd Jh;kJh th fJBQK d'jK d/ ;zgoe ft~u oj/. n~i fjzd{, w[;bwkB, f;~y, i?B, Jh;kJh ns/ j'o XowKd/ b'e ;oeko, Pk;B^szso ns/ ;kotifBe ihtB d/ j'o y/soK ft~u ;fjGkrh jB. fJ; soK n;hA efj;ed/ jK fe Gkos ft~u nfsnfXe ftfGzBsk ft~u th fBozso J/esk gkJh iKdh j?. fJj ftfGzBsk jIkoKiksh ;w{jK ft~u gqshfpzfps j[zdh j?, jo iksh d/ t~y t~y Xkofwe ezw, fB:w, ;z;eko ns/ ohsh^fotkijB. ftfGzBsk dh nB[G{sh n;hA GkPkJh, Xkofwe ns/ iksh ftG/dK d[nkok eo ;ed/ jK. jo y/so d/ b'eKd/ s"o^sohfenK ft~u nzso gkJ/ iKd/ jB, fJ~E'A s~e fe fJ~e fgzv ft~u ftfGzB ikshnK ns/ Xkofwe ;w{jKft~u nfij/ nzso fd;d/ jB. ;wokN nP'e B/ ;z;feqfse, Xkofwe ;zs[bB ns/ gqPk;fBe e[Pbsk gqkgseo e/ Gkos ft~u J/esk fbnkT[D dh e'fPP ehsh.

w[rb pkdPkj nepo B/ dhB^J/^fJbkjh BK d/ oki;h Xow dh ntXkoDk Bz{ feqnKfts ehsk i' fjzd{ Xowns/ fJ;bkw dk ;zPb/PD ;h. fgzvK ft~u fInkdkso w[;bwkB fJzB/ gfotofss j' rJ/ ;B fe UjBK dhnb~r gfjukD eoBk w[Pfeb j' frnk ;h. ftnkj ;zpzX s'A fJbktk ;wkfie ihtB d/ jo y/so ft~uw[;bwkB fjzd{nK d/ Bkb ;[szso o{g Bkb x[b^fwb e/ ofjzd/ ;B. fjzd{ okfinK ns/ w[;fbw pkdPkjK B/ d'jK;w[dktK ft~u ;kfjfse ns/ ebkswe gqfsGk dk nkdo ehsk. epho ns/ BkBe T[Zs/ fJ;bkw d/ T[gd/PKdk pj[s gqGkt fgnk. fJ;bkw, Jh;kJh ns/ p[~X Xow d/ ngDkT[D d/ ekoD Gkos ft~u ‘fwPfos’ ;z;feqshdk T[d/ j'fJnk. okPNo fgsk wjkswk rKXh B/ ihtB Go ;zgodkfJe fw~so^Gkt, rohpK ns/ dfbsK d/T[EkB ns/ fBnKfus ;wkfie ftt;Ek Bz{ tXkUD d[nkok okPNoh J/esk ns/ nyzvsk gqkgs eoB dh e'fPPehsh.

T[gfBt/Pe Gkos d/ d' fJfsjk; ;B. fJ~e fJfsjk; T[gfBt/PeK d[nkok fBofws T[gfBt/Ptkd dk ns/ d{ikGkos dh ;z;feqsh ns/ ;~fGnsk dk ;h i' fJ; d/ p"fXe ns/ dkoPfBe i'P s/ nkXkfos ;h. Gkos dkfJfsjk; fi; ft~u fJ; dh t;s{ fPbg fBXh, ;kfjs ns/ dfoPB, ;zrhs, BkNe^ft~fdnk, fBqs ns/ bfbsebk nkfd dk ;wkt/P j? fi;dk Gkos d/ ;wkfie ihtB ft~u fBPfus :'rdkB j?, fpqfNP oki T[; Bz{ BPNBjhA eo ;fenk. fJj d{ik fJfsjk; nzrq/Ih ekb ft~u ;[gs nt;Ek ft~u fojk.

wjkswk rKXh Gkos dh gozgok ns/ ;z;feqfse ftok;s Bz{ fXnkB ft~u o~yd/ j'J/ nkw{b gfotosB fbnkT[Dkukj[zd/ ;B. nkX[fBe Gkos d/ fBowksk itkjo bkb Bfjo{ nkX[fBe ns/ Xow^fBog~y ftukoXkok d/ftnesh j[zd/ j'J/ th Gkos dh gozgok dh fJ~Is eoB/ ;B. Bfjo{ d/ nB[;ko “ftrs ;dk ;kv/ Bkb j? ns/i' th n;hA jK ns/ i' th ;kv/ e'b j? Uj ;G ;kv/ G{sekb dh d/D j?. n;hA fJ; dh d/D jK ns/ fJ; ft~uv[~p/ j'J/ ofjzd/ jK. ftrs Bz{ toswkB Bkb i'VBk ns/ Gft~y s~e b? ikDk fi~E/ fJj fwbB ;zGt BjhA j?,T[ZE/ fJ; Bz{ S~v d/Dk, ns/ fJ; ;G Bz{ ftuko ns/ ekoi bJh ;zgkfds ns/ gqd'fbs eoBk jh ihtB j?.”

fJ~e j'o EK s/ Bfjo{ B/ Gkos dh ;z;feqfse ftok;s d/ pko/ ft~u fbfynk j?L “T[ZGod/ j'J/ w~X tor;z;feqfse ftok;s Bkb i[V e/ ofjDk ukj[zd/ ;B, feUAfe fJ; Bkb UjBK Bz{ nkgD/ wj~st dk nfj;k; ofjzdk;h ns/ e[M ;hwk s~e jko ns/ ngwkB dh GktBk ft~u th ewh nkUAdh ;h i' UjBK ft~u ftd/PhnK dhfi~s ns/ Pk;B d/ ekoD g?dk j' rJh ;h. Gkos dk nshs i' ;z;feqfse fGzBsk ns/ wjkBsk Bkb Gog{oj?, Uj fjzd{, w[;bwkB, Jh;kJh ns/ j'o ;koh Gkosh iBsk dh fJ~e nkw ftok;s j?, ns/ fJ; dh UjBKft~u fJBQK ;GBK d/ g{otiK dk :'rdkB fojk j?.” gqzs{ Bfjo{ G{sekb d/ fBokoEe s~sK d/ toswkB T[Zs/nkfXgs d/ fto[~X ;B. n;b ft~u Bfjo{ nfsnfXe iBsKsfoe GktBk ns/ nkX[fBe fdqPNhe'D tkb/ftnesh ;B.

;wki Pk;soh PqhfBtk; d/ nB[;ko “J/esk dh ntXkoDk fjzd{ Xow ft~u nzso fBfjs j?. Gkos d/ e'B/ft~u fjzd{nK d/ gft~so ;EkB jB. g{o/ d/P d/ jo Gkr ft~u Pk;soh ;z;feqsh d/ e[M ftfPPN gfjb{fdqPNhr'uo j[zd/ jB. Gkos Bk e/tb fjzd{nK bJh jh gft~so G{wh j?, pbfe fJj f;~y, i?B ns/ p[~X Xowd/ nB[:kJhnK bJh th gft~so ;Eb j?. w[;bwkB ns/ Jh;kJhnK d/ th Gkos ft~u nB/eK shoE ;Eb jB.ftfGzB Xkofwe ;w{jK ft~u iksh gqEk gkJh iKdh j? ns/ fJ; Bkb fJBQK ;GBK ft~u fJ~e ;wkB ;wkfie:[esh fdykJh fdzdh j?.”

PqhfBtk; B/ fJj th fejk j? fe Gkos fJ~e Xow fBogZy oki j'D d/ ekoD ftfGzBsk dk jkwh j?. gzi^;kbk:'iBktK ns/ ;wsktkdh nkdoP, g{o/ d/P bJh fJ~e ;oeko ns/ fJ~e Bkrfoe ns/ c"idkoh ekBz{B ;zfjsk


B ØN


Gkos dh J/esk ns/ pj[ ;w[dkfJe ;wki j'D d/ ek|h gqwkD jB. fjzd{ Xow ns/ ftP/Peo iksh ftt;Ek d/pko/ ft~u PqhfBtk; d/ T[go'es ws Bkb ;fjws j'Dk e'Jh Io{oh BjhA j?. fJBQK d'jK ftt;EktK dh e~NogzEskd/ ekoD ed/ ed/ Gkos dh J/esk \so/ ft~u g? rJh j?, ns/ fJ; s'A fJbktk ;wki d/ ewI'o torK (fi; ft~un"osK th Pkfwb jB) d/ dwB ns/ P'PD eoB bJh fJBQK ftt;EktK dk d[oT[g:'r ehsk frnk j?.

;[szso Gkos d/ ;zftXkB ft~u g{o/ d/P d/ bJh “ftXh dk Pk;B” dk gqktXkB ehsk frnk j?. ;G Bkrfoe;wkB jB ns/ fJ~e jh ;~sk d/ nXhB jB. tzPkB[rs ftP/PkfXekoK dk T[Bw{bB eo fd~sk frnk j?. Xow,GkPk, y/so, iks iK ;w[dkJ/ j[D ftP/P ;[ftXktK iK ftP/PfXekoK dk nkXko BjhA jB. T[ZuîkshnK, torKns/ fBwBîkshnK ns/ ewI'o torK d/ ft~u nzso Bz{ ysw eoB bJh nB[;{fus ikshnK, nB[;{fusiBikshnK ns/ j'o fgSV/ torK Bz{ ftP/P ;[ftXktK fd~shnK rJhnK jB. n~i e'Jh th iks iK ;wkfie;w{j fe;/ th gqeko dh ;wkfie n:'rsk Bkb rq;s BjhA j?. jo y/so ft~u n"osK Bz{ g[oPK d/ pokponfXeko gqkgs jB. fpqfNP Pk;B d[nkok fBofws “c[~N gkU ns/ oki eo'“ dh Bhsh j[D ysw j' uZ[ehj?. T[gfBt/Ph P'PD dk ;EkB ftek; gqfefonktK ns/ ;wsktkdh ftukoXkok B/ b? fbnk j?.

;fwq~X ;z;feqfse ftok;s, ;wsktkdhnK BhshnK, ekoieqwK ns/ “ftXh^Pk;B” d/ pkti{d ;[szsosk s'Apknd Gkos ft~u ;ze[fus fBPmktK, ;ze[fus ;zpzX ns/ nkfd fjs tX/ jB. Gkos d/ eJh GkrK ft~u ;kBz{ftGkie gqftoshnK fdykJh fdzdhnK jB. Gkos fJ~e nfijk d/P j?, fi; ft~u ;gPN G/d jB^T[dkjoDbJh fJ~e S'o T[Zs/ pj[s XBh, T[Zu iksh ns/ T[Zu tor d/ b'e jB ns/ d{i/ gk;/ nfsnfXe rohp, fBwBiksh ns/ fBwB tor d/ b'e jB. ftfGzB ikshnK, XowK, y/soK ns/ GkPktK d/ ;zpzX ;w{j g{o/ d/P ft~uc?b/ j'J/ jB.

nbg;zfyne ;w{j th Xow, GkPk, y/so, gqEk ns/ gozgoktK d/ nkXko s/ pD/ j'J/ jB. fJ~E'A s~e fesEkefEs pj[ ;zfyne fjzd{ th nB/eK ;zgodktK, ikshnK, r'soK ns/ GkPkJh ;w{jK ft~u ftGkfis jB.nkgD/ w?ApoK d/ bJh p/jso f;~fynk, o[Irko ns/ ihtB ;so gqkgs eoB dh fJ~Sk fJBQK ;w{jK ft~u gkJhiKdh j?. fJBQK ;w{jK d/ ;G w?ApoK Bz{ ;wkB w"e/ ns/ gj[zu gqkgs BjhA j?. fJ; bJh Uj ‘ftsoe fBnK’s'A tzfus ofjzd/ jB. ihtB ft~u fJ; gqeko d/ n;wkB nt;oK dh iV, ;wki d[nkok ;zofus n;wkBsktKjB, ns/ fJBQK d/ ekoD sBkt, nkg;h nftPtk; ns/ e[zmk tXh j?.

nfijhnK gfo;fEshnK d/ ekoD nzdo{Bh J/esk, ;zpzX u/sBk ns/ Gkoshnsk dh GktBk Bz{ rzGho nxksgj[zfunk j?. fJj ;w~f;nk n~i Gkos ft~u ;wkfie ;zouBK d/ ;o{g ns/ t;s{ ;fEsh ft~u skbw/b d/ nGktd/ ekoD pDh j'Jh j?. nkdoP ns/ tk;sfte d/ ftueko dh ykJh Bz{ ysw eoB dh pj[s Io{os j?. okPNohJ/eheoB fJ; nzso Bz{ ysw eo e/ jh gqkgs ehsk ik ;edk j?. fi; dk n;b ft~u noE ;pb ns/ fBopb,XBh ns/ rohp, f;~fyns ns/ nf;~fyns, T[Zu iksh^T[Zu tor ns/ fBwB iks^fBwB tor d/ ft~u d/nzso Bz{ ysw eoB s'A j?.

“;ziksh^;w{j” dk Pkpfde noE okPNo s'A j?, ns/ “;zikshtkd” dh T[sgsh fJ;/ Ppd s'A j'Jh j?. gqzs{“;zikshtkd” dk noE okPNohnsk Bkb BjhA i'fVnk ik ;edk. ;zikshtkd dk noE b'eK d/ fJ~e ;w{js'A brkfJnk iKdk j?, fi; dh gqfeqsh fJ; dh gqiksh, tzP ns/ ;z;feqsh d/ nkXko s/ fJ~e ftfPPN gqekodh ejh ik ;edh j?. fJ; bJh fJ~e ;ziksh ;w{j Uj ;wkfie ;w{j j?, fi; d/ w?ApoK dh fJfsjkf;eskns/ e[M b~SD fit/A gqiksh, iBiksh, GkPk, Xow, t/;^G{Pk ns/ ykD^gkD nkfd fJ~e' fij/ jB. fJBQK ft~u'Ae[M b~SDK d/ g[zi Bz{ fJ~e ;w{j ft~u gkJ/ ikD s/ T[; Bz{ fJ~e ;ziksh ;w{j efj ;ed/ jB. fJ; dh nB[G{sh;w{j d/ w?ApoK ns/ j'o ;w{jK d/ w?ApoK Bz{ j'Dh Io{oh j?. gq;fEsh ns/ wkBsk Bz{ fJ~e ftfPPN ;wkfien;fsst d/ o{g ft~u gkUD bJh fJ; nksw^ gqfso~fynD Bz{ ;ziksh u/sBk fejk ik ;edk j?. ;zikshtkdfJ~e ;fEo iK g{ot^fBoXkfos e'fN BjhA j?. fJ~e pj[b ;wki ft~u e[M w?ApoK d[nkok nkw, nkofEe,okiBhfse, ;wkfie ns/ ;z;feqfse fjsK dh nfGftnesh ns/ UjBK d/ pukn Bz{ ;zikshtkd dk BK fd~skik ;edk j?. fJ; soK ed/ ed/ ;zikshtkd Bz{ ;wkfie, nkofEe ns/ okiBhfse T[d/PK Bz{ gqkgs eoB bJhi[Nkt d/ fJ~e ;kXB d/ o{g ft~u ezw ft~u fbnKdk ik ;edk j?.

;z;feqsh dk ;zpzX b'eK s'A j?, ns/ ;G b'e nkgDh ;z;feqsh Bz{ g;zd eoB/ jB. JhH phH NkJhbo d/ nB[;ko“;z;feqsh Uj ifNb ;ot:'r j?, fi; ft~u frnkB, nk;Ek, ebk, nkukoBhsh, ftXh, gqEk ns/ j'o


B ØN


ywsktK ns/ nkdsK Pkfwb jB i' wB[~y B/ ;wki d/ fJ~e w?Apo j'D d/ Bks/ nofis ehshnK jB.” “;z;feqshgfonktoD dk wkBt^fBofws Gkr j?.” fJ; bJh ;G ;ziksh fJekJhnK ;z;feqfse ;w{j jB, ns/ fJ;bJh ftfGzB b'eK dh wkDeh wkBsktK d/ ;zdoG ft~u UjBK dh ;fEsh ;wkB j?. fJ; bJh ;zikshtkd fJ~e;z;feqfse s~E j?, ns/ fJ; gqeko e'Jh th ;z;feqsh “Pq/Pm” iK “fBwB” BjhA j?. ;zftXkB d/ nB[;ko,Gkos fJ~e Xow^fBog~y oki j? fi; ft~u iksh, ws, y/so, GkPk ns/ Xow nkfd d/ nkXko s/ ftG/d ns/G/dGkt d/ bJh e'Jh EK BjhA j?. b'eK Bz{ “w{b^nfXeko” gqdkB ehs/ rJ/ jB fiBQK d/ nB[;ko nkfd iKgqd~s ftukoK bJh nkX[fBe Gkos ft~u e'Jh ;EkB BjhA j?.

1H2H1 ;zikshtkd ns/ ;z;feqsh1H2H1 ;zikshtkd ns/ ;z;feqsh1H2H1 ;zikshtkd ns/ ;z;feqsh1H2H1 ;zikshtkd ns/ ;z;feqsh1H2H1 ;zikshtkd ns/ ;z;feqshfJ~e ;ziksh ;w{j d/ w?Apo fJj ;'u ;ed/ jB fe UjBK dk ;w{j fJ~e nd[~sh gqeko dk j?. Uj nkw s"os/ ;wkB tzPkeqw, ;z;feqfse ftok;s, GkPk, Xow ns/ nkofEe fjsK d/ nkXko s/ tk;sfte iK ekbgfBe;w{fjesk d/ ;zdoG ft~u ;'ud/ jB. ;G ;ziksh ;w{j ;w{fjesk j'D d/ dkt/ s'A pknd th nzdo{Bh o{g Bkb;sohfeqs jB. ;zikshtkd Gkos dh ;wkfie ;zouBK dk fJ~e Gkt[e gfjb{ pD u[ek j?, ns/ fJ; bJh n~i;ziksh dokoK, MrV/, fjz;k ns/ nkg;h B|os gkJh iKdh j?. eh ;ziksh ;w{j tor jB< eh Uj iksh;w{j dh soK jh jB< Gkos ft~u pj[ ;w[dkfJe iK pj[;ziksh iks ns/ tor T[Zs/ nkXkfos ;w{jgo;go^ftnkgs jB. ;wkfie ;soheoB ns/ nfGfrnkB d/ fszB nkXkoK noEks ;zikshtkd, iks ns/tor ft~u ftG/d ;wMD bJh fJBQK ;w{jK dh ;zdoGsk Bz{ ;wMDk wj~stg{oB j?.

fJ~e d/P ft~u nB/eK ;w[dkJ/ gkJ/ iKd/ jB, fJBQK dh T[sgsh ns/ gqt;B d/ pko/ ft~u s~EK s'A fJBQK dh;~fGnsk d/ fJfsjk; dk p'X j[zdk j?. n~i Gkos dh iB^;zfynk 100 eo'V s'A fInkdk j?. n~i s'A brGr80 ;kb gfjbK ;o jopoN foIb/ B/ Gkos ft~u fjzd{nK ft~u 2378 w[~y ikshnK d/ pko/ ft~u ikDekoh fd~sh.ftyzvB ns/ ;wkfie rshPhbsk d/ ekoD fJj ;zfynk j[FD sK Io{o jh 3000 s'A nfXe j' rJh j?. ftfGzBikshnK ft~u ftnkj ;iksh, n;zr'soh ns/ wksk^fgsk d/ ;whg ;zpzXhnK d/ fB:wK dk gkbD eoB/ j'J/ehs/ iKd/ jB. fJBQK iksh ;w{jK s'A fJbktk w[;bwkB, Jh;kJh, f;~y, gko;h, i?B ns/ nB/e iBiksh ;w{j;w[dkJ/ jB fiBQK ft~u ftnkj ns/ j'o ;wkfie feqnktK nkgD/ nkgD/ ;w[dkJ/ s~e jh ;hfws jB.

ed/ ed/ ;ziksh ;w{j nkgD/ sEkefEs tk;sfte fjsK d/ ekoD fJ~e d{i/ d/ fto[~X j' iKd/ jB. fJ; soKdk NeokU ;zgodkfJesk dk o{g th XkoD eo b?Adk j?. nfijh nt;Ek ft~u e[M ;w{j nkgDh pj[;zfynkPesh iK Pq/Pm ;wkfie T[drs dk bkG T[mk e/ okPNoh ;kXBK d/ nfXesw Gkr Bz{ nkgD/ bJh jfEnkT[Dft~u ;cb j' iKd/ jB. j'o bx{ ;w[dktK Bz{ UjBK dk T[fus fj~;k BjhA fwb gkUAdk. fJ; ekoD ftfGzB;ziksh ;w{jK ft~u nkg;h nftPtk;, ftoesh ns/ o[~y/gD dhnK gfo;fEshnK g?dk j' iKdhnK jB. ;ziksh;w{jK Bz{ “nkfd ;w{j” fejk iKdk j?. fJ~e ws sK fJj j? fe ;ziksh ;zxoP dk w{b ekoD “;kg/y tzuB”j?. “ftoD^fBnK” ftG/de nfGrwsk ns/ ;z;feqfse ftG/d ;ziksh ;w~f;nk d/ w[~y nk:kw jB. ed/ ed/;ziksh ;zxoP “nzsozrh” ns/ “pkjoh” d/ ft~u G/d eoB d/ ekoD th T[sgzB j[zdk j?. ;G ;wkiK ft~u“jw^GktBk” “Uj” iK pkjoh d/ fto[~X gkJh iKdh j?. ngqtk;hnK d/ Bkb “ftd/PhnK” fijk fttjko ehskiKdk j?. fJ; soK dh ;w~f;nk T[; ;w/A T[ZGodh j? id'A n;wh, pzrkbh, r[ioksh, T[Vhnk, fjzdh, ePwhoh,gzikph, T[od{, wokmh ns/ f;zXh GkPh b'e okPNoh ;zdoG ft~u fJ~e d{i/ s'A fGzB ;wMd/ jB. fJ~e okid/ b'e d{i/ oki d/ w?ApoK Bz{ pkjoh ;wMD brd/ jB. fJjh ws nzdo{Bh ns/ pkjoh d/ ft~u G/d eoB bJhskofee s"o s/ T[g^y/soK, PfjoK, e;fpnK ns/ fgzvK T[Zs/ bkr{ j' ;edk j?. gqPB fJj j? feL eh n;hAfJ; Bz{ ;zikshtkd efj ;ed/ jK< T[Zso ;kcL Bekokswe j?. Gkos fJ~e pj[;ziksh ;wki j? fi; ft~ugqiksh, iks, GkPk, Xow ns/ y/so d/ nkXko s/ fGzBsktK gkJhnK iKdhnK jB.

1H2H2 Gkosh ;wki ns/ Xow1H2H2 Gkosh ;wki ns/ Xow1H2H2 Gkosh ;wki ns/ Xow1H2H2 Gkosh ;wki ns/ Xow1H2H2 Gkosh ;wki ns/ Xow1931 dh iBrDBk d/ nB[;ko Gkos ft~u 10 Xkofwe ;w{j ;B. fJBQK ft~u fjzd{, f;~y, i?B, p[~X,I'ok;fNqnB, w[;fbw, Jh;kJh, :j{dh ns/ j'o iBiksh ns/ r?oiBiksh Xkofwe ;w{j Pkfwb jB. 1961dh iBrDBk ft~u e/tb ;~s Xkofwe e'NhnK Bz{ nzfes ehsk frnk j?. fJj jBL fjzd{, w[;fbw, Jh;kJh,f;~y, p[~X, i?B ns/ j'o Xow ns/ ;zgodkJ/. Gkos ft~u Xow tk;st ft~u fJ~e ifNb s~E j?. T[dkjoD


B ØN


bJh ftfGzB ;soK s/ ;z;feqfse ns/ iBiksh Xow d/ s~s fwPfos o{g ft~u gkJ/ iKd/ jB. fJjh r~b dhoxns/ bx{ gozgoktK ft~u nzso^feqnk dh gqfeqsh d/ pko/ ft~u ejh ik ;edh j?. ;z;feqfse fjzd{ Xow ns/iBiksh Xow dk J/eheoB th gkfJnk iKdk j?. T[dkjoD bJh ;zEkb T[Zu iksh d/ eJh fsUjkoK Bz{ wBkUAd/jB, Uj fBwB ns/ “nS{s” ikshnK d/ fsUjko th wBkUAd/ jB. e[M iBikshnK fPt dh g{ik eoBhnKjB. n?wH n?BH PqhfBtk; d/ nB[;ko ftfGzB iBikshnK ft~u fJ~e ;wkB ;z;feqsheoB BjhA j[zdk. fJ~e jhiBiksh d/ ftfGzB torK ft~u th ;wkB o{g ft~u ;z;feqsheoB BjhA gkfJnk iKdk.

fgSb/ eJh dPeK s'A Jh;kJh ns/ fJ;bkw Xow Bz{ ngDkT[Dk fJ~e fttkd Gfonk gqPB pfDnk j'fJnk j?.fJj fejk iKdk j? fe fJ; ;dh d/ d{i/ dPe ns/ ;[szsosk s'A pknd fgSV/ torK ns/ iBikshnK d/ w?ApoKB/ Xow gfotosB eo e/ Jh;kJh, fJ;bkw ns/ f;~y Xow Bz{ ngDk fbnk. fpjko, pzrkb, n;w ns/ j'oGkrK ft~u pj[s ;ko/ nkfd^tk;hnK B/ fjzd{ Xkofwe ekoiK ns/ fttjko gqshwkBK Bz{ ;theko eo fbnk.jIkoK johiBK B/ T[Zso gqd/P ns/ wjkokPNo ft~u p[~X Xow Bz{ ngDk fbnk. bkbu d/ e/ iK dpkn gke/ Xow gfotosB Gkos d/ ;zftXkB ns/ d/P d/ ekBz{B d/ fto[~X j?. Xow gfotosB d/ nB/eK ekoDT[ZsodkJh j' ;ed/ jB. gqzs{ fInkdkso b'eK B/ Xkofwe e~NogzEsk s'A w[esh gkUD bJh Xow gfotosBehsk j?.

nbg^;zfyne XowK d/ b'eK ft~u ;kyosk dk gqshPs pj[^;zfyne Xow d/ b'eK s'A nfXe j?. nfijkgko;h, i?B, :j{dh ns/ Jh;kJh ;w[dktK ft~u t/fynk frnk j?. Jh;kJhnK Bz{ S~v e/ fJBQK ;w[dktK d/ w?Apofjzd{nK ns/ w[;fbwK s'A nfXe ;zfynk (nB[gkfse nkXko) ft~u tgko ns/ eko'pko ft~u b~r/ j'J/ jB. fJ~enfXn?B d/ nB[;ko ukj/ gko;h, :j{dh ns/ i?B ftftX XzfdnK ft~u BjhA jB, fco th tgko ft~u Uj j'o;w[dktK s'A n~r/ jB. feUAfe fjzd{ ns/ w[;bwkB ;zfynk ft~u nfXe jB ns/ g{o/ d/P ft~u t;/ jB, fJ;bJh Uj ftftX eko'pkoK ft~u b~r/ j'J/ jB. nbg^;zfyne ;w{j ftfPPN y/soK, T[g^y/soK ns/ PfjoKft~u e/Adfos jB, fJ; bJh Uj tgko eoB bJh bkGekoh ;fEsh ft~u jB. ;hohnB Jh;kJh, w'gbk,gko;h ns/ d{i/ ;w{j e/ob ns/ wjkokPNo ft~u wj~stg{oB ;EkB T[Zs/ ofjD d/ ekoD ckfJd/ ft~u oj/ jB.

n?wH n?BH PqhfBtk; B/ Xow dh G{fwek dh iKu ftneshnK ns/ ;w{jK d/ ft~u fJ~e pzXBekoh Pesh d/o{g ft~u ehsh j?. gqzs{ fJ; s'A th nfXe wj~stg{oB d/yD dh r~b fJj j? fe Xow fJj ezw fet/A eoBkj?, ns/ Xow fet/A feqnkPhb ofjzdk j?. ekob wkoe; dh :[esh “Xow iBsk dh n|hw j?”, ;jh gkJhik ;edh j?, i/eo Xow e[M u[D/ j'J/ b'eK d/ j~EK ft~u P'PD dk fJ~e :zso pD e/ ofj iKdk j?. gqzs{ PqhfBtk;Xkofwe fttjko Bz{ ;wkfie ihtB dk fJ~e nzr wzBd/ jB. UjBK B/ fszB r~bK dk fIeo ehsk j?L (1) g/Av{ ns/j'o ;EkfBe ;soK s/ ftfGzB ikshnK ns/ Xkofwe ;w{jK ft~u ;zpzX, (2) d/P d/ nkofEe ftek; ft~u Xow dhnkw G{fwek, ns/ (3) Xow ns/ ;wkfie^nkofEe ftP/PkfXeko.

Gkos ft~u pj[iksh fgzvK dh soK pj[sks BjhA j?. fco th, T[Zso gqd/P ft~u fjzd{ ekPseko ns/ w[;fbwG{^;tkwh, ns/ fjzd{ G{^;tkwh ns/ w[;fbw ekPseko fwbd/ jB. eoBkNe d/ okwg[o fgzv ft~u e[M pVe/fjzd{ fIwhdkoK d/ ekPseko ns/ B"eo w[;bwkB ;B, ns/ w[;bwkB fIwhAdko d/ ekPseko ns/ B"eo fjzd{;B. feUAfe w[;bwkBK e'b IwhB fInkdk BjhA ;h, Uj nB/eK soK d/ nkofEe ezwK ft~u b~r/ j'J/ ;B.fjzd{ nzpK d/ prhfunK d/ wkfbe ;B, gqzs{ w[;bwkB nzpK dk tgko eoB/ ;B. fjzd{ ns/ w[;bwkB fsUjkoK,ftnkjK ns/ j'o nt;oK T[Zs/ fJ~e d{i/ Bkb feqnkPhb gkJ/ rJ/ jB. id'A th fe;/ ;w[dkJ/ d/ b'e nkofEey/so ft~u e[Pbsk gqkgs eoB/ jB, sK d{i/ Xow d/ b'e T[;d/ T[gG'rsk iK rqkje pD iKd/ jB.

j'bh, dhtkbh, d;fjok, Jhd, BtK ;kb nkfd nB/eK nt;oK s/ PfjoK ft~u fjzd{ ns/ w[;bwkB fJ~e d{i/dk nfGtkdB eoB/ jB. dzfrnK ns/ ;zeN dhnK gfo;fEshnK ft~u UjBK B/ fJ~e d{i/ dh o~fynk ehshj?. Btzpo 1984 d/ fd~bh ft~u ns/ j'o PfjoK ft~u j'J/ dzfrnK ft~u fjzd{nK B/ pj[s ;ko/ f;~yK dk puknehsk ns/ UjBK Bz{ PoD fd~sh. gzikp ft~u f;~y ns/ fjzd{ ;dhnK s'A PKsh Bkb oj/ jB.

Xkofwe ;w[dktK ns/ UjBK d/ eko'pkoK ns/ XzfdnK ft~u ;zpzX j[zdk j?. T[dkjoD bJh Pokp d/ tgkogko;hnK d/ j~EK ft~u jB. w'gbk tgkoh nkw s"o s/ e/ob, w?;{o, wdok; ns/ pzpJh ft~u gkJ/ iKd/ jB.fJ;/ soK i?B tgkoh pzpJh, r[ioks, oki;EkB, eoBkNe ns/ pzrkb ft~u ofjzd/ jB. fJ; soK dk ;zpzXfgzvK ft~u th gkfJnk iKdk j?. fjzd{ Xow ft~u r[ioksh, pkDhnk, s/br{, e'wsh, sfwb, u/fNnko ns/


B ØN


oki;EkBh pkDhnk ;w[dktK B/ nkofEe rshftXhnK ft~u wj~stg{oB G{fwek ndk ehsh j?. fco th, eJhBt/A iksh ;w{j tgko ns/ j'o eko'pko eoB b~r/ jB. iksh d/ pzXB ewI'o g? rJ/ jB. ns/ ;EkfBershPhbsk j'o s/I j' rJh j?. g{o/ d/P ft~u ftfGzB ;w[dktK d/ c?bkU ns/ UjBK d/ nkofEe ekoiK dhftftXsk d/ cb;o{g ;wkfie J/eheoB dh gqfeqnk Bz{ pb fwfbnk j?.

w?e; t/po gfjb/ ;wki ftfrnkfBe ;B fiBQK B/ fjzd{ Bhshgoe ns/ fJ; d/ d' f;XKsK ;w;ko (g[BoiBw ft~uftPtk;) ns/ eow (jkBhg{osh f;XKs) dk T[b/y ehsk. fJBQK d'jK f;XKsK d/ d[nkok iksh ftt;Ek dk JhPtohfBnK^wzvb pfDnk. fJ; d/ cb;o{g iksh ftt;Ek ft~u fJBQK b'eK dh ftt/e g{oB Bhsh T[ZGo e/ BjhA nkJh.t/po d/ ftPb/PD dk nkXko fjzd{ Xow rqzEK ft~u ftnkgs XkoDktK dk pfjot/PB ;h. PkfJd, t/po B/ fjzd{Xow ft~u gozgoktkd ns/ nskofeesk dh ftnkfynk, T[;d/ nkgD/ ;wki ft~u gq'N/;N/AN nkuko g{zihtkd d/ ;zpzXKdh fdqPNh d/ nkXko s/ ehsh ;h. fwbNB f;zro d/ nB[;ko toDîksh ftt;Ek, gzE ns/ iBikshtkd ns/nkX[fBeheoB, okPNotkd, T[d:'rheoB ns/ Pk;Bszso d/ Bkb ;zpzX dk nkXko Xkofwe$ftukoe j?. gqzs{ fJ;Bshi/ s/ gj[zuDk fe fjzd{ Bhsh ns/ iksh ftt;Ek B/ nkofEe ftek; ft~u ukb{ :'rdkB fd~sk j?, fJ; bJh T[;ft~u gfotosB fbnkT[D dh Io{os BjhA j?, fJ~e fpbe[b rbs ws j?. Gkosh noEftt;Ek ns/ Bhsh d/ nB[o{gfjzd{ Xow ns/ iks ftt;Ek ft~u nB[PhbBekoh gfotosB nkJ/ jB.

fjzd{ Xow dh gqfeqsh ;fEo BjhA j?. ftfrnkfBe frnkB, T[d:'fre gqrsh, ;zuko d/ ;kXB ns/ XowfBogZysk dh gqfeqnk d/ gq;ko d/ ekoD fjzd{ Xow ft~u th pj[s ;ko/ gfotosB nkJ/ jB. gfotosB d/fJBQK ekoDK d/ pkti{d fjzd{ Xow fJ~e ifNb gqxNBk pDh j'Jh j?. g{o/ Gkos ft~u f;~fynk, iB^;zuko,gq?; ns/ gqt;B Bkb Xow^fBog~y w[~bK Bz{ tXktk fwfbnk j?. gqzs{ ;EkfBe ;so s/ Xkofwe gqftoshnKpj[s j~d s~e T[;/ soK jh jB.

Gkos Bz{ fJ~e “gqkoEfwe” iK “nkfdifDs” ;~fGnsk dk BK fd~sk frnk j?, feUAfe ftd/Ph jwfbnK ns/ d/P d/ nzdo ftfGzB Pk;eK d/ ft~u :[~X j'D s'A pknd th Gkosh ;~fGnsk ft~u fBozsosk j?. fJ; dk fJfsjk;nto'X ftjhD j?. Gkosh gozgok d/ ftfGzB nzrK ft~u nzso feqnk fJ; dh Pesh dk w[~y ;o's j?. i' gozgoktKfbfys jB ns/ fiBQK dk T[b/y fjzd{ iK w[;fbw ;kfjs, Xkofwe g[;seK ns/ rqzEK ft~u fwbdk j?, UjBK Bz{ “dhoxgozgoktK” efjzd/ jB. i' gozgoktK nfbfys jB, ns/ fJ~e ghVh s'A d{ih ghVh s~e nBgVQ iB ;w{jK d[nkok;zukfos ehshnK iKdhnK jB, UjBK Bz{ “bx{ gozgoktK” fejk iKdk j?. fJBQK d'jK gozgoktK ft~u fBozso nzsofeqnk gkJh iKdh j?. id'A fJ~e dhox gozgok d/ s~s b'e ;w{jK s~e ;zukfos j[zd/ jB sK fJ; gqeko dh gqfeqnkBz{ ;zehoDskeoB iK ;EkBheoB efjzd/ jB, ns/ id'A fJ~e bx{ gozgok d/ s~s dhox (;z;feqfse) gozgok d/ nzrpD iKd/ jB sK fJ; gqfeqnk Bz{ ;kofteheoB iK ;kotG"wheoB efjzd/ jB. fe;/ gozgok Bz{ dhox iK bx{ efjDdk noE b'eK Bz{ dhox iK bx{ efjD s'A j? feUAfe b'e jh f;~fyns iK nf;~fyns jB. gozgoktK nkgD/ nkgft~u dhox iK bx{ BjhA jB. gozgoktK dk wsbp fttjko d/ wkDeK ns/ nkg;h ;zpzXK s'A j?. nf;~fyns b'eKBz{ “bx{“ ns/ f;~fyns Bz{ “dhox” dk BK d/D ft~u fJ~e w[~b fBoDk fBfjs j?. fJ; gqeko Xow fJ~e pj[sifNb xNe j?. fJj T[fus j't/rk fe UjBK Xow^;{soK d/ pko/ ft~u n;hA ikDekoh d/JhJ/ fiBQK d/ nkXko s/(iksh, y/so, ;z;feqfse ftok;s, nkofEe ;fEsh ns/ f;~fynk gq;fEsh nkfd d/ ofjzd/ j'J/ th) ;G b'eK Bz{fe;/ G/d^Gkt s'A fpBK ;wkB ;so s/ nKfenk iKdk j?.

ukj/ Xow J/eheoB dk fJ~e :zso j?, fco th fJ; dk T[g:'r ;zehoD ;wkfie ns/ okiBhfse T[d/PK dhg{osh bJh ehsk frnk j?. ftfPPN Xkofwe ;w{j d/ w?ApoK dk ;woEB gqkgs eoB bJh nB/eK ;zrmBKns/ ;w{jK d/ Xkofwe BK o~y/ rJ/ jB, sK fe UjBK ft~u Xkofwe u/sBk ikr ;e/. fjzd{ wjK ;Gk ns/ w[;fbwbhr fJ; gq:'r d/ fiUAd/ ikrd/ T[dkjoD jB. fJ~E'A s~e fe f;~fynk ;z;EktK d/ BK th fjzd{, w[;fbw,Jh;kJh, i?B ns/ f;~y XowK Bkb i[V/ j'J/ jB. Xkofwe ;w{jK dh soK nB/eK ikshnK B/ okiBhsh ft~uth nkgD/ w?ApoK Bz{ ;feqn ehsk j?.

1H2H3 GkPk^;wkfie J/eheoB ft~u GkPk dh G{fwek1H2H3 GkPk^;wkfie J/eheoB ft~u GkPk dh G{fwek1H2H3 GkPk^;wkfie J/eheoB ft~u GkPk dh G{fwek1H2H3 GkPk^;wkfie J/eheoB ft~u GkPk dh G{fwek1H2H3 GkPk^;wkfie J/eheoB ft~u GkPk dh G{fwek“GkPk ftt/ekXhB w[yfos gqsheK dh fJ~e ftt;Ek j? fi; d/ d[nkok fJ~e ;w{j d/ w?Apo nzso feqnk ns/;fj:'r eoB/ jB.” GkPk ft~u fJ~e ftt;Ek d/ o{g ft~u nB/eK gqshe gkJ/ iKd/ jB. i' b'e T[; GkPk


B ØN


dk T[g:'r eoB/ jB, UjBK Bz{ UjBK gqsheK dk noE ;wMDk ukjhdk j?. GkPk ;z;feqsh dk fJ~e gfjb{j?, fi; d/ d[nkok f;~yD dh gqfeqnk gqGkfts j[zdh j?. ns/ ihtB g~Xsh ft~u fBozsosk ns/ gfotosB dk;wkt/P j[zdk j?. frnkB ;zuD GkPk s'A fpBK n;zGt j?.

e[M b'eK dk GkPk d/ fbfys ns/ w"fye d'jK g~yK T[Zs/ nkfXgs j?, id'A fe ;kXkoD iB ;wki dh e/tbw"fye gfjb{ s~e jh gj[zu ofjzdh j?. ;z;feqfse GkPk iK j'o e'Jh GkPk e[M ftneshnK bJh fJ~e ;kXBpD ;edh j? id'A fe j'o b'eK bJh GkPk d/ frnkB dh ewh ;wkfie ns/ ;z;feqfse rshPhbsk ft~u fJ~epkXk gqwkfDs j' ;edh j?. ed/ ed/ GkPkJh ;w{j iK ;zrmB fdqVQ nkfd Pesh pD e/ fJ~e ;ziksh iK;zgodkfJe ;w{j ft~u gfotofss j' e/ j'o nfij/ jh ;w{j dk fto'X eo ;ed/ jB.

GkPk fJ~e ihtB^Pesh j?. fJj fJ~e ;fEo gqxNBk BjhA j?. ;wkfie ;zouBKtK, Pk;e torK ns/ ftfPPNfJfsjkf;e gfo;fEshnK ft~u gfotosBK d/ nB[o{g GkPk ft~u th gfotosB j'fJnk j?. gqkuhB ekb ft~ugkbh ns/ gqkfeqs GkPktK dk wj~st ;h. ;z;feqs GkPk B/ g{o/ d/P ft~u fjzd{ Pk;soh ;z;feqsh d/ tkje dkezw ehsk. ;z;feqs s'A pknd n;wh, pzrkbh, r[ioksh, fjzdh, ePwhoh, wokmh, T[Vhnk, gzikph, f;zXh ns/T[od{ nkfd nkX[fBe Gkosh nkfonk GkPktK dk ;EkB ;h. wokmh s'A fJbktk Gkosh T[g^wjKdhg ft~u ;GGkPktK dqkftV tzP dhnK jB, fJBQK ft~u w[~y sfwb, s/br{, wfbnkbw ns/ ezBV jB. fJBQK d'jK soK dhnKGkPktK ft~u eJh b'e^p'bhnK jB fiBQK Bz{ ftfGzB GkPkJh y/soK d/ b'e p'bd/ jB.

gqkuhB ;z;feqsh ns/ ;~fGnsk dh s[bBk ft~u w~XekbhB Pk;eK B/ Bt/A gqeko d/ Xow, GkPk, fttjko d/ Yzrns/ gqEktK nkozG ehshnK. ;wkfie ftt;Ek ns/ nkofEe ;zouBK dk ;z;EkfBe nkXko pj[s j~d s~engfotofss fojk. iksh ftt;Ek ns/ g/Av{ noEftt;Ek w~XekbhB Gkos ft~u fpBK fe;/ j;sy/g d/ ezweoBhnK ojhnK. gqzs{ Gkosh ;z;feqsh ns/ okiBhfse ;~sk dk o{gKsoD j'fJnk fi; dk gqGkt GkPk, ;z;feqshns/ Xow s/ th fgnk. T[Zso Gkos ft~u “fjzd[;skBh” ihtB^g~Xsh dk T[d/ j'fJnk. fJ;bkwh d/PK s'AnkJ/ ftd/Ph :ksohnK d[nkok fbfys toDBK s'A noph ns/ gofPnB GkPktK dk ftek; j'fJnk. ftd/PhPk;B d/ pkti{d fjzd{ ;z;feqsh, iksh^gqEk ns/ g/Av{ noEftt;Ek fBozso pDh ojh. Gkosh nkfonk GkPktKibd jh ;kfjfse GkPktK pD rJhnK. fJBQK GkPktK d/ ftek; d/ cb;o{g T[Zu iksh nkfXgs ft~u froktN,;z;feqs GkPk dh ntBsh, iB;kXkoD dh GkPk ns/ b'e^fgqnk w[jktfonK d/ gq:'r d/ Bkb Xkofwe ns/;wkfie ;[Xko dhnK bfjoK nkfd ;z;feqfse gfotosB j'J/. fjzd{ ns/ w[;fbw ;z;feqshnK d/ NeokU d/ekoD eJh o[uhg{oB Bshi/ fBeb/, fiBQK ft~u'A T[Zso Gkos ft~u fJ~e fwbh i[bh ;z;feqsh dk iBw w[~y Bshik;h.

frqno;B d/ nB[;ko Gkos ft~u 179 GkPktK ns/ 544 b'e GkPktK jB. gqzs{ fJ; nB[wkB Bz{ nfXfeqs BjhAwzB ;ed/ feUAfe “GkPktK” d/ nzsors b'e p'bhnK dh frDsh th ehsh iKdh j?. Gkosh ;zftXkB d/8t/A nB[S/d d/ nB[;ko 15 wkfDs GkPktK jB. fJj jBL n;wh, pzrkbh, r[ioksh, fjzdh, ezBV, ePwhoh,wfbnkbw, wokmh, T[Vhnk, gzikph, ;z;feqs, f;zXh, sfwb, s/br{ ns/ T[od{. nzrq/Ih d/ Bkb fjzdh Bz{ okiGkPk dk doIk fd~sk frnk j?. oki;EkBh, w?fEbh, wDhg[oh ns/ B/gkbh GkPktK p'bD tkb/ b'eK B/ wzr ehshj? fe UjBK dhnK GkPktK Bz{ th 8t/A nB[S/d ft~u Pkfwb ehsk ikt/. pj[s ;ko/ b'eK dh GkPk ;zEkbh, w[zvkohns/ j' j?. nftGkfis Gkos ft~u 73# Gkosh nkfonk GkPktK, 20# dqkftV GkPktK, fJBQK fszB GkPk^;w{jKd/ ft~u nzso^feqnk j[zdh ojh j?.

Gkos d/ okiK dh toswkB ;zouBK Gkos d/ GkPkJh BefPnK d/ ;wkB j?. oki g[BormB nk:'r B/ GkPkJhfJeo{gsk ns/ B/Vsk d/ nkXko s/ okiK d/ fBowkD dh f;ckfoP ehsh ;h. gqzs{ fjzdh GkPh okiK noEksfpjko, w~X gqd/P, T[Zso gqd/P, oki;EkB, fjwkub gqd/P ns/ gzikp d/ pko/ ft~u fJ~e ftvzpDk j?. fJBQKokiK ft~u b'eK dhnK p'bhnK Bz{ fjzdh Bkb fwbk fd~sk frnk j?. fJ; soK g{ok y/so fjzdh y/so j? fi; ft~u6 oki jB. j'o okiK noEks n;w, pzrkb, T[Vh;k, nKXok gqd/P, r[ioks, wjkokPNo, eoBkNe,sfwbBkv{ ns/ e/ob ft~u UjBK b'eK dh ;zfynkswe pj[bsk j? i' nkw s"o s/ nkgD/ gqd/P dh GkPk p'bd/jB.

T[Zso gqd/P, fpjko, w~X gqd/P ns/ oki;EkB nkeko ft~u t~v/ oki jB. fJBQK okiK d/ b'eK B/ ;w/A ;w/As/ S'N/ oki pDkUD dh wzr ehsh j?. fpjko ft~u S'Nk Bkrg[o ns/ ;zEkb gorBk ns/ pzrkb, T[Vh;k ns/


B ØN


w~X gqd/P d/ ;N/ j'J/ y/soK d/ nkfdtk;h nkgDh ftfPPN GkPk, ;z;feqsh, gqPk;fBe ywsk ns/ G{r'fbeB/Vsk d/ nkXko s/ fJ~e nb~r Mkoyzv oki dh ;EkgBk dh wzr eoB/ oj/ jB. fve{nK (P'PeK) d[nkok P'PDeoB d/ nkXko s/ fJBQK nkfd^tk;hnK B/ Mkoyzv oki dh ;EkgBk dh wzr ehsh j?. fJBQK P'PeK ft~u Ujr?o^nkfdtk;h fIwhAdkoh, Pkj{ekoK ns/ j'o pkjoh P'PeK Bz{ Pkfwb eoB/ jB.

Gkos ft~u fpqfNP Pk;B d[nkok nzrq/Ih dk nko'gD GkPk dh ;w~f;nk dk w[~y ekoD j?. bkov w?ekb/ B/ fejkL“;kBz{ fJ~e nfij/ tor Bz{ pDkUD dh e'fPP eoBh ukjhdh j? i' ;kv/ ns/ ;kv/ d[nkok Pkf;s b~yK b'eKd/ ftu d[GkfPs dk ezw eo ;e/. fJj fJ~e nfijk tor j't/ i' y{B ns/ ozr s'A Gkosh j't/, gqzs{ ;[Gkn,ftuko, B?fsesk ns/ p[~Xh ft~u nzrq/I fijk j't/.” w?ekb/ B/ n~r/ fejk, “d/P dhnK d/;h GkPktK Bz{ ;[XkoDbJh UjBK GkPktK ft~u g~Swh Bkwktsh s'A ftfrnkfBe Ppd b? e/ gqftPN eoBk T[; tor dh fIzw/tkoh;h. fJ; tor d/ b'eK Bz{ T[gkXhnK d/ e/ iB^;w[dkJ/ Bz{ frnkB d/D dk ezw th ehsk frnk ;h.” fJ;soK nzrq/Ih GkPk d/ wkfXnw Bkb f;~fynk d/D dh Bhsh Bkb fpqfNP oki Bz{ bkG j'fJnk Bk fe Gkos dhiBsk Bz{. ftPt ftfdnkb/ ns/ wjKftfdnkb/, nXhB;E gdK T[Zs/ ezw eoB bJh b'eK Bz{ f;~fynk d/D d/T[d/P Bkb ;Ekfgs ehs/ rJ/ ;B. okPNoh B/sktK B/ fJ; Bhsh Bz{ nzrq/IK dh “pkp{ tor” pDkUD dh fJ~esoehp ;wMh ;h. Bfjo{ B/ fbfynk j?L “nzqr/Ih f;fyns tor fJ~e Bt iksh iK tor d/ o{g ft~u fpqfNPoki B/ g?dk ehsk ;h. fJj tor nkgDh jh d[BhnK ft~u ofjzdk ;h. iBsk Bkb fJ; dk e'Jh ;zpzX BjhA;h ns/ jw/Pk fJ~E'A s~e fe fto'X eoB bJh th nkgD/ Pk;eK s/ fBoGo ofjzdk ;h. fJ; soK d/;h nfGiksBz{ 19thA Pskpdh d/ gfjb/ gzikj ;kbK ft~u Gkos ft~u w?ekb/ dh nzrq/Ih GkPk dh f;~fynk Bhsh d[nkokfbfgeK d/ fJ~e tor ft~u o{gKsfos eo fd~sk frnk ;h.”

gqqshws fJj th j? fe nzrq/Ih f;~fynk d[nkok Gkos dk ;zpzX ftPt ;w[dkJ/ Bkb i[fVnk. d/;h GkPktK dktXktk Gkos dh J/esk d/ bJh ysok j' iKdk j?. nzr/qIh GkPk ikDB d/ bkG d/ ekoD Gkos B/ ftfrnkBns/ gq'd:'freh dk nfXn?B gqGktekoh Yzr Bkb ehsk. “GktBkswe J/eheoB” ns/ “okPNoh ;w/eo” ft~ud/;h GkPktK dh G{fwek fBPfunkswe BjhA j?^fJ; ws dhnK ;hwktK d/ pko/ ft~u n;hA gfjbK d~; uZ[e/jK fe fJj ws ;jh BjhA j?. othAdo BkE N?r'o d/ nB[;koL “GkPk fJ~e Ssoh iK Utoe'N dh soK BjhAj? fi; Bz{ nDiKD/ iK ikD^p[~M e/ rbsh Bkb T[Xko b? ;ed/ jK, fJj sK ihfts uwVh d/ ;wkB j?.”

GkPk ft~u ;dk pj[GkPkJh ;~fGnsk ojh j?. fi; ft~u nfGiks b'eK dh nkgDh ftfPPN GkPk ;h ns/ fJ;ft~u ;EkfBe, y/soh ns/ nfyb Gkosh GkPktK ft~u fBozso nzso^feqnk ojh j?. Gkosh T[g^wjKdhg dhftfPPN ftP/Psk nzso^feqnkJh ;soK T[Zs/ J/esk ns/ ;kswheoB dk gkfJnk ikDk j?. ftfGzBsktK d/ ekoDokPNoh gfjukD ;zpzXK ns/ J/esk d/ bJh fJ~e GkPk d/ f;XKs Bz{ ;w/A ;w/A s/ u[B"sh fd~sh rJh j?. oiBhe'mkoh dk ;[Mkn j? fe GkPk dh T[bMD dk T[gkn “pj[btkdh jb” jh j?.

brGr 90# b'e 15 “okPNoh GkPktK” Bz{ nkgDh wks GkPktK d~;d/ jB. Gkos d/ ;zftXkB d/ 8t/A nB[S/dfjzdh ns/ nzrq/Ih GkPk n~i th bkGekoh ns/ gqfsPmktkB B"eohnK gkUD bJh fJ~e nkfrnk^gZso wzfBnkiKdk j?. nzrq/Ih d/ ekoD nfGiks ns/ iB^;kXkoD d/ ft~u fJ~e ykJh g? rJh j?. eJh tko y/soh ns/;EkfBe B/sktK B/ “GkPkJh ;t?ssk” dh wzr ehsh j? sK fe Uj nzrq/Ih Bz{ jNk e/ T[; d/ ;EkB s/ fjzdhiK e'Jh j'o okPNoh (y/soh) GkPk gqsh ;Ekfgs eo ;eD. GkPk d/ nkXko s/ okiK d/ fBoXkoD Bkb y/soh GkPkJh ;t?ssk Bz{ tXktk fwfbnk j?. “f;o| fjzdh” GkPk dh wzr dk gqsheko eoB bJh “fsq̂ GkPkJh;{so” ;'funk frnk ;h, fjzdh ns/ nzr/qIh dh EK s/ fJ~e oki ft~u fJ~e “okPNoh” (y/soh) GkPk d/ T[g:'rdh r~b th ejh rJh ;h. T[dkjoD bJh fJBQK fszB GkPktK ft~u fjzdh, nzrq/Ih ns/ s/br{ iK sfwb Pkfwbehsh rJh ;h.

GkPk fJ~e ;wkfie gqxNBk th j? feUAfe ftfGzB ;wkfie ;soK d/ Bkb T[; dk ftG/dekoh;zpzX j[zdk j?.

B'N;


B ØN


nKXok gqd/P, sfwbBkv{, e/ob, eoBkNe, pzrkb n;w d/ r?o^fjzdh okiK ft~u fjzdh Bz{ oki GkPk pDkUDdh dbhb T[Zs/ fs~y/ fto'X gqrN ehs/ rJ/ jB. pbfe d/;h GkPktK dk gfoo~yD ns/ ;ztoXB eoB bJhpj[s T[sPkj gqdofPs ehsk frnk j?. fJ~e ws sK fJj j? fe d/;h GkPktK d/ T[g:'r Bz{ tXkUD Bkb“GktBkswe J/eheoB” ns/ “okPNoh ;wJ/eD” fbnKdk ik ;edk j? feUAfe fJ; gfotosB Bkb T[;nbg^;zfyne T[Zu tor T[Zs/ gqs~y nxks j't/rk i' nzrq/Ih GkPk Bz{ ;zuko dk ;kXB pDk e/ gqPk;B, ftXh,tgko, T[d:'r ns/ ekBz{B^gqGkth eko'pkoK ft~u ;z;Ekfgs j?. ukj/ gqshfBXh BjhA wzB/ ik ;ed/. fJ; bJhd/;h GkPktK dk T[g:'r gqPk;B ns/ nk:'iB ft~u nfXe j'Dk ukjhdk j?. T[Zgoh s"o s/ fJj wsnftPtk;:'r gqshs j[zdk j?, gqzs{ fJ; dh feqnktzfssk Bkb ftfGzB “okPNoh GkPktK” d/ ;woEeK ft~uT[fus ;zuko j'D ft~u nto'X g?dk j' ;edk j?. fJ; soK dh rbke~N gqsh:'frsk Bkb nzsoGkPkJh Jhoykth T[ZGo ;edh j?.

fJ; soK Gkos ft~u GkPk ;zpzXh gfo;fEsh okPNoh ;wJ/eD ns/ ftek; d/ bJh pj[s T[bMh j'Jh ns/;zeN Goh j?. Gkos ft~u GkPkJh okiK dk fBowkD pj[s nfXe eN[sk ns/ Jhoyk d/ tksktoD ft~u ehskfrnk ;h. nftGkfis wjkokPNo ft~u j'J/ GkPkJh dzr/ ns/ sfwbBkv{ ft~u fjzdh fto'Xh T[gdqt n~i th;kvh :kd ft~u skIk jB. Gkos d/ gfjb/ gqXkB wzsoh ;torh itkjo bkb Bfjo{ B/ fJ~e tko ;[Mkn fd~sk;h fe ;t?^fJ~Sk Bkb T[Zso Gkos d/ b'eK Bz{ fJ~e d~yDh Gkosh GkPk ns/ d~yDh Gkosh b'eK Bz{ fjzdh GkPkf;~yDh ukjhdh j?.

T[Zso Gkos ft~u (i' fjzdh dk BkfGe j?) ;[szsosk d/ 40 ;kb pknd th ;c/dg'P B"eohnK, eko'pkoK, gqPk;Bns/ j'o gqGktekoh ;/tktK ft~u nzr/qIh GkPk ikDB tkb/ b'eK Bz{ gfjb fd~sh iKdh j?. nzrq/Ih d/ gsB Bkbd/;h GkPktK dk T[EkB ;[fBPfus j?. J/eheoB dh Pesh d/ o{g ft~u fJ~e nfyb Gkosh GkPk d/ nGkt d/ekoD GkPkJh okiK dh ouBK B/ d/P Bz{ ;zehoD y/sohnsk, gqKstkd ns/ ;zehoDsktkd t~b w'V e/ okPNohJ/eheoB Bz{ \so/ ft~u gk fd~sk j?. Gkos ft~u pj[s j~d s~e iksh, y/so ns/ GkPk dk ;z:'r gkfJnk iKdkj?. nkw s"o s/ iksh ;zouBK y/soh ns/ GkPkJh ;hwktK d/ nB[o{g j?. T[dkjoD bJh nKXok gqd/P ft~upj[s ;kohnK T[gîkshnK jB, Uj nKXok gqd/P s'A pkjo dhnK pokpo dhnK ikshnK ft~u ftnkj BjhAeoBhnK jB. Uj fGzB fGzB GkPktK th p'bd/ jB. fJ; soK iksh, y/so ns/ GkPk ftP/P ;hwktK d/ nB[o{gj?. Gkos ft~u fJ~e fbgh d/ nGkt d/ ekoD nB/eK tko GkPkJh T[gdqt j'J/ jB.

GkPk b'eK d/ ihtB dk fJ~e GktBkswe gfjb{ j?. 1963 d/ okiGkPk ekBz{B d/ nzsors id'A 26 iBtoh,1965 d/ fdB fjzdh Bz{ okiGkPk x'fPs ehsk frnk sK sfwbBkv{ ft~u dzr/ P[o{ j' rJ/ i' pknd ft~u j'or?o^fjzdh GkPh okiK ft~u c?b rJ/. cb;o{g nzrq/Ih Bz{ ;jkfJe okiGkPk d/ o{g ft~u o~fynk frnk, id'As~e r?o^fjzdh GkPh b'e nfijk ukj[D. fJ; ;zeNêkb ft~u fsqGkPh ;{so Bz{ ukb{ ehsk frnk.

;zikshtkd ns/ y/so dh soK GkPk th ;w{fjesk dk fJ~e nkfd nkXko j?. fJ; bJh ;wkfie ihtB d/ ftfGzBy/soK fit/A ;wkfie ;soheoB, nkofEe ftek;, f;~fynk ns/ okiBhsh ft~u GkPk dh G{fwek UdK jh j?fit/A ;zikshtkd ns/ y/so dh j?. GkPk fJ~e ;z;feqfse gqxNBk j'D d/ ekoD eJh tko fJ~e Gkt[e gqPBpD iKdh j?. GkPkJh eN[sk, MrfVnK ns/ dzfrnK d/ ekoD ed/ ed/ okPNoh J/esk ns/ J/ekswesk Bz{ thysok g?dk j' iKdk j?. fsqGkPh ;{so nfijhnK ;w~f;nktK Bz{ x~N eoB ns/ okPNoh J/esk ns/ nyzvskdhnK skesK Bz{ fdqVQ eoB bJh bkr{ ehsk frnk ;h. GkPk i' ;zuko ns/ frnkB ftqXh dk ;kXB j?, T[;Bz{ e[M b'eK d/ j~EK ft~u ;~sk dk ;kXB BjhA pDB d/Dk ukjhdk. GkPk s~e gj[zu UjBK ;G b'eK Bz{ gqkgsj'Dh ukjhdh j? i' T[; Bz{ f;~yDk ukj[zd/ jB.

;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD (Self Assessment)2H fd~s/ rJ/ eEBK d/ ;kjwD/ iK dk fBPkB brkU2H fd~s/ rJ/ eEBK d/ ;kjwD/ iK dk fBPkB brkU2H fd~s/ rJ/ eEBK d/ ;kjwD/ iK dk fBPkB brkU2H fd~s/ rJ/ eEBK d/ ;kjwD/ iK dk fBPkB brkU2H fd~s/ rJ/ eEBK d/ ;kjwD/ iK dk fBPkB brkU (State whether the following

statements 'Right' or 'Wrong')-(i) Gkosh ;z;feqsh dhnK w[~y XkoDktK Xow, eow ns/ iksh ;wkfie ;soheoB jB.(ii) ;tkwh ftt/ekBzd B/ ;z;feqfse, Xkofwe, ;zs[bB ns/ gqPk;fBe e[Pbsk gqkgs eo e/

Gkos ft~u J/esk fbnkT[D dh e'fPP ehsh.


B ØN


(iii) ;wki Pk;soh PqhfBtk; d/ nB[;ko “J/esk dh ntXkoDk fjzd{ Xow ft~u nzso fBfjs j?.”(iv) nbg^;zfyne XowK d/ b'eK ft~u ;kyosk dk gqshPs pj[^;zfyne Xow d/ b'eK Bkb'A

nfXe j?.(v) bkov w?ekb/ d/ nB[;ko Gkos ft~u 179 GkPktK ns/ 544 b'e^GkPktK jB.

1H31H31H31H31H3 Gkosh ;wki dk T[dGtL ;wkfie^;z;feqfse nk:kw Gkosh ;wki dk T[dGtL ;wkfie^;z;feqfse nk:kw Gkosh ;wki dk T[dGtL ;wkfie^;z;feqfse nk:kw Gkosh ;wki dk T[dGtL ;wkfie^;z;feqfse nk:kw Gkosh ;wki dk T[dGtL ;wkfie^;z;feqfse nk:kw (Evolution ofIndian Society-Socio-Cultural Dimensions)

Gkos ftftX ;wkfie ns/ ;z;feqfse s~sK dk ;zPb/PD fejk iKdk j?. fJj nkfonk ns/ dqkftV ;z;feqshnKdk ;zfwPoD j?. fJ; ;zPb/PD d/ cb;o{g fgzv, gfotko, iksh ns/ ftXh ftt;Ek ft~u J/esk gkJh iKdhj?. gqkuhB ekb s'A n~i s~e Gkosh ;wki dh fBozsosk fJ; ;zPb/PD d[nkok pDh j'Jh j?. w'jBi'dV' (2500Jh;k g{ot) s'A b? e/ p[~X, i?B, fJ;bkw ns/ fpqfNP Pk;B ns/ ;[szsosk s'A pknd ebk, fu~soekoh, ;zrhsns/ Xow nkfd d/ y/soK ft~u ;kswheoB ns/ ;zPb/PD dh gqfeqnk d[nkok fBozsosk gkJh iKdh j?.

e/H n?wH gfDeo i' fJ~e fBPmktkB okPNotkdh ;B, ;zPb/PD ns/ ;kswheoB dh fJfsjkf;esk Bz{ fXnkBft~u o~yd/ j'J/ fbyd/ jBL “w?A ;z;feqsh Bz{ ftukoK, XkoDktK, ftef;s r[DK ns/ ;zrfms ;zpzXK ns/fPPNsktK dh fJ~e rqzEh wzBdk jK i' nkw s"o s/ fJ~e ;wki ft~u gkJh iKdh j?.” gfDeo fJ; ;zdoG ft~uefjzd/ jB fe ftukoK dh ;wkBsk, nkuoD ns/ fttjko ft~u fJeo{gsk ns/ nkXko G{s ;wZf;nktK Bz{;wMD dk ;ot wkDe T[gkrw ;KMk gozgoktK ns/ nkdoPK T[Zs/ nkXkfos j[zd/ jB. Gkosh ;z;feqsh dhfJ~e ihtB^g~Xsh ojh j?, pkjoh ;zgoe j'D Bkb fJ; ft~u fBozso ;zP'XB j[zd/ jB, gqzs{ d/;h f;XKsK ns/ftukoK T[Zs/ nkXkfos j'D d/ ekoD fJj g~Xsh “Gkosh” pDh ojh. Gkosh ;z;feqsh d/ fJj o{g ns/T[gkrw ;kfjs, ebk ns/ t;s{ ebk ft~u fdykJh fdzd/ jB. Gkos ft~u Xkofwe ns/ ;wkfie ;fjPD{skdh gozgok ojh j?. fJ; gozgok B/ Gkos ft~u ;wkfie ns/ ;z;feqfse ihtB ft~u ;fwq~Xh ns/ nB/e o{gskfbnkT[D ft~u :'rdkB fd~sk j?.

gqkuhB ekb d/ w[~y ;kfjfse ;o's jBL (1) ;z;feqs GkPk ns/ ;z;feqshgoe GkPktK ft~u, ns/ (2) dqkftVGkPktK. t/d, g[okD ns/ wjKGkos ns/ gqkfeqs ns/ gkbh GkPktK dk T[b/y fJBQK ft~u ehsk iKdk j?. ;qhbzekd/ fJshftqs, p[~Xhufos ns/ i?B ;kfjs w[~y fJfsjkf;e b/yD jB. efbnkD d/ ukb[e usowkB; ns/ pzrkbd/ gkb d/ pko/ ft~u nB/eK fJfsjkf;e feqshnK wZX :Z[r dhnK ;z;feqfse GkPktK ft~u Pkfwb ehshnKrJhnK jB. fJBQK fszB okitzPK d/ pko/ ft~u gqf;~X feqshnK ft~u fteqwkd/t ufos, fgqEthoki fti/ ns/okwufos jB. ePwho dh okisozfrDh ns/ r[ioks d/ fJshftqs j'o w[~y feqshnK jB. 1206 s'A 1761Jh;th d/ nzsors sfwb, ezBV, s/br{ ns/ wfbnkbw GkPktK ft~u wj~stg{oB rqzE fby/ rJ/. gko;h ns/noph GkPktK Bz{ pj[s gq's;kjB fwfbnk. gqrfsjkf;e ns/ nkfd^fJfsjkf;e ekbK Bz{ gq;so^:[r, skwo:[r ns/ b"j^:[r ft~u ftGkfis ehsk frnk j?. fJ; gqeko d/ torheoB Bkb wB[~y dh GKfse ns/gq'd':'fre gqrsh dk p'X j[zdk j?. wB[~y dh nkofEe ns/ ;wkfie gq;fEsh ns/ T[; d/ gfonktoD d/ pko/ft~u frnkB gqkgs eoB dh nfXe Io{os j?. fJ; :[r torheoB Bkb gfonkgs ;wM gqkgs BjhA ehshik ;edh. wB[~y dh gqrsh dhnK nt;EktK Bz{ ;wMD bJh fBwBfbys T[dGth gqfeqnk nfXe ;{uBKekohj?̂

1H nkfdw G'iB ;zrqfjD nt;Ek iK nkfd ns/ w~X gq;so :[r.

2H T[ZBs G'iB^;zrqfjD nt;Ek iK T[Zso gq;so :[r$g~Eo ekb.3H nkozfGe G'iB T[sgkdB ;zeowD iK Btgq;so :[r.4H ;EkJh g/Av{ ;w[dkJ/ iK T[ZBs Btgq;so :[r$skwo g~Eo.

5H Broh eoB iK eK;k :[r.

fJ~E/ n;hA f;zX{ ;~fGnsk d/ pko/ ft~u ;zy/g ft~u toDB eoKr/. f;zX{ ;~fGnsk Broh j?, ns/ fJ; dk y/so BhbBdh iK fNrohI^ :{cq?N/I xkNhnK iK ghs Bdh xkNh dh ;fGnsktK d/ y/so s'A nfXe ;h. g~Sw s'A g{op


B ØN


s~e f;zX{ xkNh dh ;~fGnsk 1,550 feb'whNo ft~u, ns/ T[Zso s'A d~yD ft~u 1,100 s'A nfXe feb'whNod/ y/so ft~u c?bh j'Jh ;h. fJ; ;~fGnsk dh j?okBhiBe ftP/Psk ;[ftt;fEs Bro^nk:'iB j?. o;s/,rbhnK ns/ T[g^rbhnK ns/ xoK ft~u ;wfwsh ;h, ns/ Uj ;G G~fmnK ft~u g~ehnK j'JhnK fJ~NK BkbpD/ ;B. Gkos d/ rI/fNno Gkr d' ft~u fbfynk j?L “fJ~e xo ft~u fJ~e e/Adoh ftjVk, fszB s'A uko s~eofjD bJh ewo/, fJ~e ;BkBxo ns/ fJ~e o;'Jh xo j[zd/ ;B. t~v/ xoK ft~u shj s~e ewo/ ns/ nkw s"os/ d' wzfibQk j[zdhnK ;B. eJh wekBK ft~u y{j th j[zd/ ;B, ns/ PkBdko G{whrs ib fBek; ftt;Ek ;h.”PkfJd Pfjo “fBwB” ns/ “T[Zgoh” GkrK ft~u tzv/ j'J/ ;B. fJ~e “gfoPd”, fJ~e ;kotifBe ;BkBxo,fJ~e ftPkb XkB^Gzvko ns/ g~ehnK fJ~NK Bkb pD/ d[or ns/ fJ~e ekPm nfXouBK gkJ/ rJ/ jB.

wNo, sop{I ns/ e/b/ s'A fJbktk r/Aj{z^ i"A dh Gog{o y/sh j[zdh ;h. egkj th T[rkfJnk iKdk ;h. b'ewSbh, w[ork, p~eok, rK ns/ ;{o dk wk; yKd/ ;B. fp~bhnK, e[~s/ ns/ jkEh nfXe gkJ/ iKd/ ;B. X'shiK Pkb dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk ;h. n"osK pV/ P"e Bkb tkb ;ztkodhnK ;B ns/ jko, pkI{pzd, nzr{mh, tk+h,eoXBh ns/ gkfJb nkfd I/toK Bkb nkgDk fPzrko eoBhnK ;B. f;zX{ xkNh d/ b'e g{oB eK;/ :[r ft~u;B, feUAfe fJj nkoh, jz;hnk, S?Dh, wSbhêKNk, fgB ns/ PhP/ nkfd xo/b{ t;sK d/ T[g:'r j[zdk ;h,gqzs{ ;EkfBe ;so T[Zs/ T[sgkdB BjhA j[zdk ;h. g{ik dhnK t;sK s'A gsk ubdk j? fe f;zX{ xkNh ft~uG{^w~X ;kroh, n?bfge, gq'N'^nk;Nq/fbnkJh ns/ wzr'fbnkJh iB th ofjzd/ ;B. n;b ft~u f;zX{;~fGnsk ;otd/Ph ;h.

pknd d/ nB[;zXkBK s'A th fJ~e ftt;fEs Bkrfoe ihtB d/ n;fs~st d/ pko/ ft~u frnks j[zdk j?. fJ;d/ nzsors fi; ft~u ;zg{oB Pfjo dk nk:'iB, fJ~e fB:fws ib^fBek; ftt;Ek, tIB ns/ wkg dkwkDeheoB ns/ b/yB g~Xsh Pkfwb ;B, ebk ns/ j;sebk th fte;s j'D b~rh ;h. fJBQK ;G d/ j[zd/j'J/ th b'e “nkfdw” :[r ft~u jh ;B. nEott/d d/ ;w/A s~e nkfonk g{oh soK Bkb Xks{ d/ pko/ ft~uikDB b~r rJ/ ;B ns/ b'j/, eK;/ ns/ sKp/ ft~u G/d ;wMd/ ;B.

Gkosh ;wki ft~u j'o ;~fGnsktK dh s[bBk ft~u gfotosB j"bh j'J/ jB.” ;z;feqfse ftek; dh jont;Ek nfrqw nt;Ek ft~u go;go ftnkgs ofjzdh ;h, fJ; bJh fezfus fBozsosk ns/ ;EkJhst pfDnkofjzdk ;h.” y/soh fGzBsktK ns/ ftd/PhnK d/ Bkb fBozso ;zgoe ofjD s'A pknd th f;zX{ ;~fGnsk nkgD/;o{g ft~u “Gkosh” j?. fJ; ws d/ pko/ ft~u t?fde ;kfjs, g[okDK, i?B ns/ p[~X Xow^g[;seK ft~u toDBfwbd/ jB.

w"fonk ;kwoki ns/ nB/e y/soh ns/ ;EkfBe ;z;feqshnK d/ pko/ ft~u ;w[fus g[oks~sth gqb/yB T[gbpXjB. ;zg{oB Gkos ft~u b'j/ d/ pko/ ft~u ikDekoh ;h. ;z;feqshnK d/ torheoB ft~u ;z;feqs GkPk d/ gq;koBkb th pj[s :'rdkB fwfbnk j?. g[oks~sth ns/ GkPkJh nfXn?B s'A ;ot^Gkosh ;z;feqsh d/ T[dGt dkgqwkD fwbdk j?. G{r'fbe nbrkt s'A th ;ze/s fwbd/ jB fe fJj T[g^wjKdhg tk;st ft~u “Gkosh” j?.“ftfGzB ;w{jK d/ b'e i' fJ; d/P ft~u pkjo s'A nkJ/, UjBK d/ jIkoK ;kbK d/ ;zxoP ns/ nzso^feqnkdk gfoDkw ;zPb/PD j?.” ftd/PhnK d/ Bkb ;zgoe dk ;G s'A nfXe gfoDkw GkPkJh J/eheoB ;h. g[okDKft~u tofDs eEktK ns/ dzd eEktK ft~u gqiksh ns/ ;z;feqfse ;zPb/PD gqshfpzfps j[zdk j?. “nkfonke-oB@ fpjko ns/ pzrkb d/ e[M GkrK ft~u pj[s c?b frnk ;h. Bkb^Bkb ftd/Ph ;z;feqshnK dk th“GkosheoB” j'fJnk. “nkfonkeoB” dk wsbp nkfonK (ftd/PhnK) dk d/;h b'eK s/ gqGkt g?D s'A j? ns/“GkosheoB” dk noE nkfonK d[nkok w{btk;hnK d/ ihtB P?bhnK dk nB[eoB eoB dh gqfeqnk s'A j?.gfotosB dhnK fJBQK d'jK gqfeqnktK d[nkok ftt;EkgB T[ZGo e/ nkfJnk ns/ nzs ft~u nkfonk ns/ d/;h ;z;feqshnK dk ;kswheoB j'fJnk.

1H3H1 t?fde ;~fGnsk1H3H1 t?fde ;~fGnsk1H3H1 t?fde ;~fGnsk1H3H1 t?fde ;~fGnsk1H3H1 t?fde ;~fGnskf;zX{ xkNh ;z;feqsh dk Gkosh^nkfonk ;~fGnsk d/ Bkb eh ;zpzX j?< nkoH ;hH wi{wdko, n?uH ;hH okJ/u"Xoh ns/ ekbhfeAeo d~sk B/ nkgDh g[;se n?B n?vtK;v fj;Nqh Uc fJzvhnk ft~u fbfynk j?L “T[Zgohs"o s/ d'jK ft~u pj[s nzso j?. t?fde nkfonk g/Av{ ;B, id'A fe f;zX{ xkNh ;~fGnsk d/ b~SDK d/ nB[;koT[ZE/ ftef;s Pfjoh ihtB dhnK ;[ftXktK ;B. t?fde nkfonk PkfJd b'j/ ns/ o~fynk P;soK d/ pko/ ft~u


B ØN


ikDd/ ;B. t?fde ;~fGnsk ft~u x'V/ dh G{fwek pj[s ;h, gqzs{ f;zX{ xkNh ft~u fJ; d/ n;fs~st d/ pko/ft~u Pzek ;h. d'jK ;~fGnsktK ft~u Xkofwe ftPtk;K ns/ nfGnk;K d/ ;zdoG ft~u th wj~stg{oB nzso;B.”

Gkos ft~u nkfonK d/ pko/ ft~u frnkB dk t/d jh fJ~e wkso ;kfjfse ;o's jB. nkfonK d/ pko/ ft~ufort/d^;zfjsk ;G s'A g[okDk rqzE j?. t?fde ;wki g/Av{ ns/ fe;kBh ;h. ftfGzB ;wkfie^;zfeqfse ns/f;~fyne feqnkêbkgK dhnK w[~y ;z;EktK wzfdo ns/ ftfdnkb/ ;B. fgzv fJ~e nkIkd fJekJh ;h.w?r;EBhI d/ nB[;ko Jh;k^g{ot u"Eh ;dh ft~u ;~s ikshnK ;B. nzsoîksh ftnkj nkw fotki ;h.Pokp ghDk, i{nk y/bDk ns/ t/fPnkftq~sh dhnK p[okJhnK Bz{ oki d[nkok fB:zsfos ehsk iKdk ;h.

t?fde :[r ft~u n"osK Bz{ jo y/so ft~u frnkB gqkgs eoB dh S{N ;h. UjBK B/ t?fde GiBK dh ouBKth ehsh. T[gfBPd ekb ft~u rkorh ns/ w?soh gqf;~X dkoPfBe ;B. T[Zu iksh dhnK n"osK nkgD/gshnK d/ Bkb :Zr ft~u Gkr b?AdhnK ;B. UjBK Bz{ ;zgsh d/ ;tkfw~st dk nfXeko ;h. ftXtktKg[Bo^ftnkj eo ;edhnK ;B. fJ~e g[oP fJ~e s'A nfXe n"osK Bkb ftnkj eo ;edk ;h, id'A fe fJ~en"os Bz{ fJ~e jh g[oP Bkb ftnkj eoB dk nfXeko ;h. gqzs{ p"X ekb ft~u t/dK dk nfXn?B eoB dknfXeko n"osK s'A y'j fbnk frnk ;h. r[gs ekb ft~u ;fEsh ft~u pj[s gfotosB j'fJnk. ;t:zto(Pesh gqhfynk s'A pknd ezfBnk to dk u[Bkt eodh ;h) ns/ rzXot (;[szso nkg;h g;zd) ftnkj gqEktKewI'o g? rJhnK. n"os s'A ;zgsh d/ ;tkfw~st dk nfXeko b? fbnk frnk, ns/ ftXtktK Bz{ g[Bo^ftnkjdh nkIkdh BjhA fd~sh rJh. godk ns/ ;sh gqEktK T[ZGohnK.

1H3H21H3H21H3H21H3H21H3H2 T[Zso^t?fde ;wki ns/ ;z;feqshT[Zso^t?fde ;wki ns/ ;z;feqshT[Zso^t?fde ;wki ns/ ;z;feqshT[Zso^t?fde ;wki ns/ ;z;feqshT[Zso^t?fde ;wki ns/ ;z;feqshJh;k :[r dh nkozfGe ;dhnK ft~u ftd/Ph jwbkto Gkosh Pk;e gfotkoK Bkb x[b^fwb e/ UjBK d/ gqGktft~u nk rJ/. ftd/Ph okitzPK dhnK okiXkBhnK ;z;feqfse ;zPb/PD dk e/Ado pD rJhnK fi; Bkb Gkosh;~fGnsk Bz{ fJ~e ftfPPN ;otd/Ph ;o{g gqkgs j'fJnk. r[gs ekb ft~u g[okDK ft~u tofDs fjzd{ Xow dkT[mkt j'fJnk. wjkswk p[ZX Bz{ GrtkB ftPBz{ dk ntsko wzBd/ ;B. pqkjwDtkd ns/ p"Xtkd fJ~e d{i/d/ B/V/ nkJ/. fjzd{ Xow, nkfdw nk;EktK, nfGnk; ns/ ftd/Ph Xkofwe gqshe th B/V/ nkJ/. “fjzd{ ;wki;z;feqfse ns/ ;wkfie ;w{jK dk fJ~e ;zx pD frnk fi; ft~u ftukoK ns/ gqEktK dk ;[szso nkdkB^gqdkBns/ uzr/ gV';h ;zpzX gkJ/ iKd/ ;B.”

ckfj:kB d/ nB[;ko gzithA ;dh ft~u r[gs ;kwoki d/ nzsors T[Zso Gkos ft~u ;G gk;/ ;zgzBsk ;h.tgkohnK e'b y{p ;zgsh ;h. tgko ns/ p?Afezr gqrsh T[Zs/ ;B. XBh b'e ;e{b, p"X wm, wzfdo, j;gskbns/ Ghy^xo pDKUD bJh T[dkosk Bkb XB you eoB/ ;B. gkNbhg[~so ft~u p"X wm fJ~e gqf;~X f;~fynke/Ado pfDnk j'fJnk ;h. b'e PrBK ft~u ftPtk; o~yd/ ;B. UjBK dk ftPtk; i'sP ft~u th ;h. ;wkfiefsUjkoK ns/ T[s;tK T[Zs/ fBqs, ;zrhs ns/ dkts dk nkw fotki ;h. p;zs T[s;t y[Ph Bkb wBkfJnkiKdk ;h.

;wki d/ ftfGzB nzrK d/ PKshg{oB ns/ ;[ftt;fEs ezw d/ bJh Xow fJ~e tk;sfte nkuko ;zfjsk ;h,Bk fe ekBz{B. “Xow Pk;so iK ;fwqshnK ft~u jo iksh ns/ eko'pko, ;wki ft~u jo ;zpzX^ okik ns/gqik, gsh ns/ gsBh, r[o{ ns/ u/bk d/ pko/ ft~u fB:w fd~s/ rJ/ ;B. fB:w em'o BjhA ;B, ns/ BthnKgfo;fEshnK d/ nB[o{g ;zP'fXs ehs/ iKd/ ;B. ed/ ed/ ekBz{B fBowksk ns/ g[o'fjs tor nkgD/ ftukogqftPN eo e/, BthnK ;zouBKtK ns/ fBP/X ;[MkUAd/ ;B.” fJ~e uhBh :ksoh j/B;Kr ;~sthA ;dh ft~uGkos nkfJnk. T[; d/ nB[;ko b'e JhwkBdko ;B ns/ tkd/ d/ g~e/ ;B. b'eK dk ftPtk; ;h fe p[ok ezweoB T[Zs/ ;Ik Io{o fwbdh j?.

Pk;soK ft~u T[b/fys fB:wK d[nkok ;wkfie ihtB Pkf;s j[zdk ;h. fjzd{ ;wki ikshnK ns/ T[gîkshnKft~u ftGkfis ;h. ;wkfie nzso^feqnk ns/ ftnkj (;fjG'fi~st ns/ fttkfjs) d/ fB:wK dk ;ysh BkbgkbD ehsk iKdk ;h. y/bê[~d, fsUjkoK ns/ T[s;tK Bz{ wBkUDk ns/ iB/T{ XkoD eoBk nkw r~b ;h.gkPfte iksh fB:wK d/ cb;o{g Gkosh ;wki gsB t~b tfXnk. fBwB ns/ nS{s ikshnK Bz{ ngwkfBsehsk frnk. n"osK Bz{ dpk e/ o~fynk frnk. rD (e[bhBszso oki) Pq/Dh (fPbg;zx) ns/ ;zx (p"Xwm


B ØN


Pq/DhnK) nkfd ;w{fje ;zrmB ftxfNs j'D b~r/. iksh gqEk d/ T[d/ d/ ekoD nkofEe Pq/DhnK d/ ;EkB s/;wkfie Pq/DhnK fInkdk wj~stg{oB pD rJhnK. nb^po{Bh B/ fbfynk j? fe 11thA ;dh ft~u Gkosh ftd/PhnK s'A B|os eoB b~r/ ;B.

fwjBs dh wfjwk nksw;BwkB dh ;{ue BjhA ojh. ;wki nfsnfXe ftG/fds j' frnk. eoI/ dk G[rskBBk eo gkUD eo e/ r[bkw pDkUDk fJ~e nkw fotki j' frnk. nfij/ b'eK Bz{ uzvkb, g[beoki ns/ fBPkdd/ BKtK Bkb ikfDnk iKdk ;h. “nS{sK” Bz{ T[Zu ikshnK s'A nb~r o~fynk iKdk ;h. iksh gqEk ns/ dk;skft~u d~yD ns/ T[Zso Gkos ft~u e'Jh nzso BjhA ;h. T[Zso dh s[bBk ft~u d~yD ft~u g/Av{ ihtB ns/fPbg^;zxK Bz{ nfXe nkIkdh gqkgs ;h.

1H3H31H3H31H3H31H3H31H3H3 toD ftt;EktoD ftt;EktoD ftt;EktoD ftt;EktoD ftt;EkfJj efjDk rbs j't/rk fe gqkr?fsjkf;e ;wki iksh ftjhD, ;wsk, ;fwq~Xh ns/ XowgokfJDsk g{oB;j;sokftd ;h. fort/d ft~u toDB d/ nB[;ko nkfonK ns/ nD^nkfonK ft~u ;wki dk ftGkiB;sohfeqs ;wki dk gqEw ;{ue j?. nkfonk iK iBiksh ftfGzB noE^g{oB ezwK fit/A y/sh, gP{̂ gkbD ns/tgko nkfd d/ nkXko s/ uko ;w{jK ft~u ftGkfis ;B. nkofEe ezw eoB tkfbnK Bz{ t?P fejk iKdk ;h.t/PhXB Bz{ pqkjwD ns/ y~soh toDK d/ oZyôykn T[Zs/ you ehsk iKdk ;h. fJj fszB toD (pqkjwD, y~sohns/ t?P) nkgD/ eko'pkoK s'A Bk fe nkgD/ ;oho d/ ozr s'A gfjukD/ iKd/ ;B.

;wki efbnkD d/ bJh pqkjwD Xkofwe ns/ nB[PmkfBe ezw, t/dK dk nfXn?B ns/ ;wki d/ ;G torKbJh wkD (Xow) pDkUD d/ coI Bz{ g{ok eoB/ ;B. d/P dh o~fynk, ekBz{B ns/ ftt;Ek Bz{ pDk e/ o~yDky~soh dk ezw ;h. ;wK phsD Bkb fJBQK fszB toDK B/ nkgD/ ezw ft~u e[Pbsk gqkgs eo bJh ns/ fJ~e;wkfie ;'gkB ft~u Yb rJ/ fi; Bkb pqkjwD, y~soh ns/ t?P dk gfjbk, d{ik ns/ shik ;EkB fojk. u"Ek;EkB P{do iK dk; dk fojk i' fszB torK d/ b'eK dh ;/tk eoB/ ;B. fort/d d/ g[oP;{es ft~u fJ~e g[okDhejkDh d/ nB[;ko GrtkB pqjwk d/ w[y s'A pqkjwD, G[iktK s'A y~soh, g~NK s'A t?P ns/ g?oK s'A P{do dhT[sgsh j'Jh.

toD iksh ;w{jK s'A fGzB j? feUAfe toD fjzd{ ;wki d/ ftPkb Gkr jB, id'A fe ikshnK ftfPPN nzso^fttkfje;w{j jB fiBQK dh ;zfynk jIkoK ft~u j?. toD nfyb^Gkosh ;kXkoD xNe j? id'A fe ikshnK ;EkfBe ;w{jjB. ftfGzB ikshnK i' e/ob iK sfwbBkv{ ft~u gkJhnK iKdhnK jB, Uj r[ioks ns/ oki;EkB ft~u BjhAgkJhnK iKdhnK. fJ~e jh G{r'fbe y/so ft~u ofjD tkb/ fJ~e jh iksh d/ w?ApoK ft~u ftnkj eoB/ ;B feUAfed{i/ y/soK ft~u ofjD tkb/ b'eK d/ g{ottqsK d/ pko/ ft~u ikDeko BjhA j[zd/ ;B.

nkozG ft~u toDK d/ eko'pko tzPkB[rs BjhA ;B. Bk e/tb eko'pko d/ gfotosB dh S{N ;h, pbfe i/eofe;/ ftnesh ft~u Io{oh p[ZXh ns/ r[D ;B sK Uj nkgDh gq;fEsh Bz{ th T[Zgo u[~e ;edk ;h. T[Zu s'AfBwB iksh dh gd^ntBsh th j[zdh ;h. ;fwqshnK s'A pknd ft~u iksh ns/ eko'pko ;fEo ns/ tzPkB[rspDd/ rJ/. ;wkfie ns/ nkofEe feqnktK dk ftGkiB ;wkfie ftXkB dk fJ~e wkDe ns/ Gkr pD frnk.ftnesh T[Zdw d/ T[d/ Bkb ftnefse ;zgsh dk o;sk yZ[b frnk. fJ; soK iksh ns/ ;zgsh o{gh ;z;EktKB/ oki dk T[doGkt Io{oh pD fd~sk. nkofEe ns/ okiBhfse ezwK Bz{ g{ok eoB bJh d/P, e[bgshns/ G{^;tkwh gqw~[y ;zdoG ;so pD rJ/. okik oki dk e[bgsh pfDnk ns/ T[;B/ nB/eK nfXekoh ns/;bkjekoK Bz{ fB:[es ehsk. oki B/ oki;t ns/ j'o eo t;{b eoB/ P[o{ eo fd~s/. toD ftt;Ek Bz{ ;wkidhnK Io{osK Bz{ g{ok eoB bJh fJ~e bkGekoh ftt;Ek d/ o{g ft~u gq;s[s ehsk frnk.

nB/eK foPhnK B/ nkgDhnK ;zfjsktK ft~u ftfGzB ;w{jK d/ ft~u ;wkfie ;zpzXK ns/ ftnkj T[Zs/ gqshpzXbrkUD d/ wj~st T[Zs/ pb d/ e/ toD ftt;Ek Bz{ em'o pDkUD ft~u wdd ehsh. owkfJD, wjKGkos ns/ikse eEktK ft~u fbfynk j? fe pqkjwD Bk e/tb toD ftt;Ek d/ nzsors ;otPq/Pm ;B, pbfe UjBKe'b ;zgsh ns/ ;~sk th ;h. okik B/ nkgD/ ftP/PkfXeko Bkb pqkjwDK Bz{ fgzvK ft~u'A oki;t t;{b eoBdh S{N iK eo^w[es IwhBK (pqjwkd/t) fd~shnK ;B. id'A pqkjwD nB[dkBrqkjh t/dK d/ nfXn?B ft~uftn;s BjhA ;B. UjBK ft~u'A nB/e t?PnK dk ezw eoB/ ;B. j'o eko'pkoK dh soK pqkjwDK B/ th nkgD/;zx pDkJ/. Uj nkgD/ fj~f;nK d/ bJh MrVd/ th ofjzd/ ;B. pqkjwD Xow^fBog~y BjhA ;B feUAfe UjBK


B ØN


Bz{ okfinK ns/ iB;kXkoD d'jK s'A pj[s ;kok dkB fwbdk ;h. wB{ ns/ Bkod d/ nB[;ko Uj “fGqPN” pDrJ/ ;B.

y~sohnK ns/ t?PnK T[Zs/ toD dk tzPkB[rs nkXko bkr{ BjhA j[zdk ;h. “Pk;B ebk ns/ ;?fBe eko'pkofJ~e ;w{j s~e ;hfws BjhA ;B. Gkos d/ fJfsjk; ft~u pqkjwD, t?P ns/ P{do Pkjh okitzPK d/ T[b/yKdh ewh BjhA j?. ;kstkjB pqkjwD ;B, r[gs t?P ;B ns/ Bzd okik P{do ;B. fJ; s'A fJbktk :tB, Pens/ e[PkB okitzP fe;/ iksh d/ BjhA ;B.”

t?P fJ~e pj[s nfXe ftG/fds iksh ;w{j ;h feUAfe T[; ft~u e[M gfotko XBh ;B ns/ j'o S'N/ fe;kB,ekohro, c/oh tkb/ ns/ fBwB eowh ;B. P{do b'eK dk gqs~y o{g ft~u fJ~e tor ;o{g ;h. Uj fszBKtoDK dh ;/tk eoB/ ;B ns/ UjBK dh nkofEe ;fEsh fBwBsw ;h. n;bhns ft~u Uj T[Zu ikshnKd/ B"eo ;B. fco th Uj toD ftt;Ek s'A pkjo ;wM/ iKd/ ;B. ftG/dheoB d/ tXD ns/ ftfGzB ikshnKft~u ftnkj d[nkok fwPoD j'D ekoD T[gîkshnK pDhnK.

eh iksh ns/ tor gqkuhB Gkos ft~u go;go ftnkgs ;B< wB[~y dh nkofEe ;fEsh ft~u gfotosBj'D Bkb T[; dh iksh gfo;fEsh gqGkfts BjhA j[zdh ;h. iksh ns/ tor, fJj d' ;'gkB w/b BjhA yKd/;B. tor ;'gkB ft~u T[Zgo s'A Bhu/ s~e fBwBfbys tor ;BL (1) T[Zu nfXekoh, tgkoh, Pkj{eko ns/G{^;tkwh, (2) bx{ T[Bw[es G{whXo, ekohro ns/ ;kXkoD nfXekoh, (3) nfXeko ns/ ;zgshftjhDwId{o ns/ (4) T[g/fyns ns/ t~yo/ ehs/ wId{o. nkyoh d' e'NhnK ft~u P{do ns/ wb/S b'e ;B. gqzs{gfjbhnK d' Pq/DhnK pqkjwDK ns/ y~sohnK d/ ;wkBKso BjhA ;B, feUAfe fiBQK b'eK B/ nkgD/ eko'pko brBBkb ehs/, Uj nkofEe o{g Bkb ed/ th ;zgzB BjhA j' ;e/. pqkjwDK ns/ y~sohnK Bz{ pj[s ;BwkB ns/gqG[~st gqkgs ;h feUAfe UjBK d/ eko'pkoK dh T[Zu ;wkfie ns/ ;z;feqfse wjZssk ;h. fco th ;wkid/ ftfGzB torK d/ fjsK dk ;zs[bB ns/ nkgDk nKfre ;o{g iksh ftt;Ek B/ pDk e/ o~fynk. p[~X Xowd/ T[EkB Bkb iksh gqEk Bz{ rfjok nxks gj[zfunk.

1H3H41H3H41H3H41H3H41H3H4 toDkPqw ftt;EktoDkPqw ftt;EktoDkPqw ftt;EktoDkPqw ftt;EktoDkPqw ftt;Ekfjzd{ ;wki dk w[~y ;szG toDkPqw Xow ;h. toDkPqw ft~u uko toDK (fiBQK dk T[b/y T[Zgo ehsk ik uZ[fenkj?) ns/ wB[~y d/ ihtB ft~u uko nt;EktK (nkPowK) dk ;wkt/P ehsk frnk j?. uko nkPow (nt;EktK)pqjwkuo, rqfj;E, tkDgq;E ns/ ;zfBnk; ;B. pqjwkuo ft~u f;~fynk, ufo~so ns/ ftnefsst d/ fBowkDdk ezw ehsk iKdk ;h. rqfj;E^nkPow ft~u wB[~y ftnkj eo e/ nkgD/ gfotko dk gkbD fJ~e Xkofwe coI;wM e/ eoBk j?. shi/ ns/ u"E/ nkPowK ft~u fJ; ;z;ko dk gfofsnkr eoBk j? ns/ nfXnksfwe frnkB ns/w'eP gqkgs eoB bJh nkgDk ihtB ;wofgs eoBk j?. nkPow ;wkBsk ns/ J/esk d/ f;XKs ;B. fJBQK dkT[d/P fJ~e Gog{o ihtB dh gqkgsh ;h.

fJBQK :'iBktK Bkb g[oPkoE dh :'iBk rfjokJh Bkb i[Vh ;h. g[oPkoE ihtB d/ w{b f;XKs ;B. g[oPkoEKd[nkok wB[~y Bz{ nkg, nkgD/ gfotko ns/ ftPkb ;w[dkJ/ d/ gqsh nkgD/ coIK dk p'X j[zdk ;h. Xow, noE,ekw ns/ w'eP uko g[oPkoE jB. fJBQK f;XKsK Bz{ fJ~e ;'gfBe eqw ft~u ftt;fEs w[~bGkt iK ihtB d/T[d/P fejk ik ;edk j?. Xow iK B?fse coI ;G wkBt^feqnktK ft~u w{bG{s jB.

;wki Pk;soh :'r/Ado f;zx B/ uko ;'gkBK dk T[b/y ehsk j?, noEks (1) G{fwek^;z;EkB (toD), (2) efoPwkJhgqfsGk (r[D), (3) T[d/P^nfGftfbnk; (g[oPkoE) ns/ (4) ihtB^nt;EktK ns/ w{b^pzXB (nkPow). fJjuko ;'gkB ;z;feqfse ftt;Ek ns/ T[; dh ;zouBk dh fjzd{ ntXkoDk d/ Gkr jB. :'r/Ado f;zx B/ ftt;Ekns/ gfotosB d'jK Bz{ Gkosh gozgok dhnK w[~y ftP/PsktK d~f;nk j?. ;'gkB, ;kebtkd ns/ fBozsosk (ftt;Ek)Bz{ ;ze/s eoB/ jB, ns/ “gfotosB” dh ftnkfynk “nB[Gtkshsk” iK o{gKsoD d/ ;zdoG ft~u ehsh iKdh j?.Gkosh gozgok ft~u jo t;s{ ;'gkBhfeqs j[zdh j?.

1H3H51H3H51H3H51H3H51H3H5 fJ;bkw dh gozgok ns/ ;z;feqshfJ;bkw dh gozgok ns/ ;z;feqshfJ;bkw dh gozgok ns/ ;z;feqshfJ;bkw dh gozgok ns/ ;z;feqshfJ;bkw dh gozgok ns/ ;z;feqshw[;fbw Xow ;z;feqsh eh j?< :'r/Ado f;zx d/ nB[;koL “fjzd{ dhox gozgok dh ;ozuBK d/ ftgohs, fJ;bkwdh dhox gozgok dk ihtB^fdqPNhe'D T[Zgoh s"o s/ n;'gkfBe j?, fJj gozgok fJ~e/P/totkdkswe ns/w;hjhfJfsjkf;e j?.” fJ;bkw d/ ihtB fdqPNhe'D ft~u Xow^gquko dk ftP/P ;EkB j?. fJ;bkw


B ØN


nB[Gtkshs ns/ ;wki e/Adfos th j?. f;XKs o{g ft~u fJ;bkw ft~u g[o'fjs BjhA j[zd/ jB. fJ;bkwnB[dko ns/ J/eKfse Xow j?. fJj w[;fbw T[bwk dh J/esk (GrsK dh ;w{fjesk) T[Zs/ nkXkfos j?. fJ;nB[Gtkshsk ns/ ;w{fjesk Bz{ e[okD (Xow^rzqE) ns/ ftfGzB fJ;bkw dhnK gozgoktK s'A :'rdkB fwfbnkj?. fJ; bJh fJ;bkw Xow ft~u ;wkBsk ns/ ;wsktkd d/ s~s jB. nkozG ft~u fJ;bkw dk gq;ko iBikshb'eK ft~u ;wsktkdh ;zd/P Bkb j'fJnk ;h. gqzs{ fJ; s'A pknd fJ;bkw ft~u ifNbsk nk rJh.ykBkpd'Ptkd s'A fJj fe;kBh ns/ tgkoe noEftt;Ek ft~u gfotofss j' frnk. fJ;bkw dhnK iVK eJhd/PK ft~u c?b rJhnK. fJ; dk ;o{g ;kwzs^;~sktkdh j' frnk.

Gkos ft~u ;zfynk dh fdqPNh Bkb w[;bwkB d{i/ ;EkB s/ nkT[Ad/ jB. fjzd{nK Bz{ S~v e/ UjBK dk ;G s'At~vk ;w{j j?. fJ~e ;j;sokpdh s'A fjzd{ ns/ w[;bwkB fJeZm/ ofjzd/ nkJ/ jB. d't/A ;z;feqshnK,ihtB^fdqPNhe'D ns/ ihtB g~XshnK fJ~e d{i/ s'A fGzB jB. fJ;bkw ns/ fjzd{ gozgoktK ft~u nzso^feqnkj'Jh j?, UjBK dk ;zPb/PD j'fJnk j? ns/ Uj fJ~e d{i/ s'A nb~r th ojhnK jB. :'r/Ado f;zx d/ nB[;kofJ;bkfwe gozgoktK dhnK fszB w[~y nt;EktK jB. fJj jBL (1) Gkos ft~u fJ;bkw Pk;B dh ntXh,(2) fpqfNP nkfXgs d/ d"okB ns/ (3) Gkosh ;[szsosk nzd'bB ns/ Gkos dh ;[szsosk ns/ d/P d/ ftGkiBdh ntXh ft~u. gfjbh nt;Ek ft~u fjzd{ ns/ fJ;bkw gozgoktK ft~u ;zxoP, sBkt ns/ ftt;EkgD ns/;zs[bB d't/A ;B. w[;fbw Pk;eK B/ T[bwk dh wdd Bkb Xow:[~X (fijkd) ngBkfJnk ;h. fJBQK ;zxoPKd/ pkti{d, gko;h ;wki d/ Bkb ;zgoe j'D d/ ekoD d'jK gozgoktK d/ iBiksh ;wsktkdh ;o{g ft~ugfotosB nk frnk ;h. fJ; ;w/A s~e fJ;bkw dh ;wkfie ;zouBk ft~u gq;fEsh ns/ ;BwkB T[Zs/nkXkfos G/dGktK dk ;wkt/P j' u[ek ;h.

fJ;bkfwe ;wki go'jsK, e[bhBtoD ns/ j'o ;G b'eK ft~u ftGkfis ;h. 12thA ;dh ft~u w[;bwkBK ft~utzPkB[rs T[ZsokfXeko th gkfJnk iKdk ;h. d/;h b'eK (ngfotofss ftd/Ph) ft~u nfGiks tor ;wkidk T[Zusw nzr ;h. nPoc w[;bwkBK ft~u uko Pq/DhnK (;?:d, P/y, w[rb ns/ gmkD) ;B. ;?:d ns/P/y fJ;bkw d/ e[bhB tor ft~u ;B ns/ T[Zu Xkofwe gdK T[Zs/ nk;hB ;B. w[rb ns/ gmkD :'Xk,;kwzsê[bhB ns/ Pk;e ;B. pknd ft~u fJj ;w{j iksh^s[~b ;zouBK ft~u gfotofss j' rJ/, ns/ fJ;bkwdh gozgok d/ ;zo~fyne pD rJ/. ;{|h gozgok ft~u ;skoK Pq/DhnK ;B. fJ; ft~u skgf;e Bhsh ns/s~sfwwK;k T[Zs/ pb d/D d/ ekoD fjzd{ ;{ch gozgok s'A gqGkfts j'J/.

1H3H61H3H61H3H61H3H61H3H6 fJ;bkw dk Gkosh ;wki T[Zs/ gqGktfJ;bkw dk Gkosh ;wki T[Zs/ gqGktfJ;bkw dk Gkosh ;wki T[Zs/ gqGktfJ;bkw dk Gkosh ;wki T[Zs/ gqGktfJ;bkw dk Gkosh ;wki T[Zs/ gqGktfJ;bkw d/ T[d/ s'A gfjbK ns/ joP d/ Pk;B ekb s'A pknd Gkos ft~u okiBhfse ftxNB ns/ p"fXe nto'Xdk fJ~e d"o nkfJnk. d/P nB/eK S'N/ okiK ft~u tzfvnk frnk ns/ b'eK ft~u ;zehoD fdqPNhe'D ns/nfGfrnkB T[sgzB j' rJ/. Xkofwe ns/ ;z;feqfse ihtB ft~u n"gukfoetkd ns/ ;~sktkd jkth ;B.P?ttkd ns/ t?PDtkd ftfPPN Xkofwe gzEK d/ o{g ft~u T[ZGo e/ nkJ/. p[~Xihth nfGiks B/ e'Jh BtkukfoeXkofwe b/yD, ftuko iK fN~gDhnK BjhA fbyhnK. r[gs okitzP d/ ;toD :[r dk nzs Pe, j{D ns/ r[oioPk;eK d/ j~EK ft~u j'fJnk. gqzs{ fJBQK ftd/PhnK B/ j"bh^j"bh fjzd{ Xow ns/ ;z;feqsh Bz{ ngDk fbnk. fJjjwbkto nkgD/ nkg Bz{ y~sohnK d/ tzPi efjzd/ ;B. fJjh ;wK okig{s ;z;feqsh, ebk, ;kfjs, ekt^gkmns/ BkNe dh P[o{nks ;h. wkbtk, eB"i, pzrkb, ePwho, niw/o, rtkfbno, fus"V, oDEzG"o ns/ wKv{Bk e/tb okig{s pjkdoh d/ bJh jh gqf;~X ;EkB ;B, pbfe BthA ;z;feqsh, t;s{ebk ns/ ;kfjs d/ bJhth gqf;~X ;B. d~yD Gkos fJ; ntXh ft~u fBPub fojk, ns/ fJ; bJh T[ZE/ T[Zso Gkos dh soKokiBhfse ftxNB BjhA j'fJnk. g{o/ gqkdhg ft~u u"b tzP dk Pk;B ;h.

fJfsjk;eko skok uzd B/ nkgDh g[;se, Gkosh ;z;feqsh T[Zs/ fJ;bkw dk gqGkt (nzrq/Ih) ft~u fbfynkj? fe fJ;bkwh ;z;feqsh d/ gqGkt d/ ekoD d~yD Gkos ft~u ;wkfie ns/ ;z;feqfse g[BoikroDnkfJnk. Gkos ft~u fJ;bkw d/ nkgD/ s'A eJh ;dhnK gfjbK nop d/ w[;bwkBK d/ d~yD Gkos Bkbtgkoe ;zpzX ;B. Gkos ns/ JhokB ft~u ;w[zdoh tgko uow ;hwk s/ ;h. e[M ftd/Ph tgkoh sK;qhbzek ns/ wkbkpko sN T[Zs/ t; th rJ/ ;B. e[M noph w[;bwkB f;zX ns/ r[ioks ft~u th nkJ/gqzs{ UjBK dk gqGkt ;hfws ;h. 12thA ;dh s'A Gkosh ;wki T[Zs/ fJ;bkwh ;z;feqsh dk gqGkt ;gPNfdykJh fdzdk j?.


B ØN


n?uH ghH PqhfBtk; w{osh ns/ n?;H :{H ekEw B/ Gkosh ;wki T[Zs/ fJ;bkw d/ gqGkt d/ Bekoksfwe ns/;ekoswe d'jK gfjb{nK T[Zs/ gqekP gkfJnk j?. UjBK d/ nB[;ko “fjzd{ ;wki Bz{ x'o ikshtkd ns/ nBzBpDkUD ft~u fJ;bkw go'y o{g ft~u T[ZsodkJh j?. fjzd{ n"osK ft~u godk gqEk fbnkUAdh rJh ns/ ;shgqEk Bz{ nfXe em'o pDkfJnk frnk. pkb ftnkj nfXe iBfgqn j'J/.”

1H3H71H3H71H3H71H3H71H3H7 fjzd{ ns/ w[;fbw ;z;feqshnK dk ;zPb/PDfjzd{ ns/ w[;fbw ;z;feqshnK dk ;zPb/PDfjzd{ ns/ w[;fbw ;z;feqshnK dk ;zPb/PDfjzd{ ns/ w[;fbw ;z;feqshnK dk ;zPb/PDfjzd{ ns/ w[;fbw ;z;feqshnK dk ;zPb/PDfjzdh ft~u ;{|h b/yeK d/ b/yD Bkb fjzdh dk ftek; j'fJnk. fjzdh ns/ gko;h GkPktK s'A fwb e/ T[od{fJ~e fwPfos GkPk d/ o{g ft~u T[ZGo e/ nkJh. Gkosh ;zrhs th fJ;bkw s'A pj[s gqGkfts j'fJnk.gko;h ;zrhs d/ gqGkt Bkb fjzd[;skBh ;zrhs ft~u fynkb fijh BthA P?bh dk T[d/ j'fJnk. spbk ns/f;sko fij/ Bt/A tkd :zso th ftef;s j'J/. t;s{ebk d/ y/so ft~u Gkosh^w[;fbw P?bh, fi; ft~ut~v/ ftjV/, nfsftPkb r[zpd, dotkI/ ns/ whBko T[Zs/ I'o fd~sk iKdk j?, T[ZGo e/ nkJh. fjzd{nK d/oj~;tkd s'A ;{chtkd pj[s gqGkfts j'fJnk. fJ;bkw d/ J/e/Potkdh ftukoK B/ fjzd{ ;wki Bz{ gqGkftsehsk, ftP/P eo e/ epho fij/ Grsh nzd'bB d/ e[M nrqDhnK Bz{. w[rb ekb ft~u Grsh nzd'bB dkT[d/ fJ~e wj~stg{oB xNBk ;h. Grsh nzd'bB d/ B/sk oj~;tkdh ;zs ;B. UjBK B/ fejk fe gowkswkfJ~e j?. JhPto d/ pko/ ft~u ;kotG"fwesk, gq/w ns/ ;wkBsk fij/ r[DK dk UjBK B/ gquko ehsk. fJ;;zgodkJ/ d/ w[~y ;woEe t?PDtkdh ;B. d~yD Gkos Grsh nzd'bB dk w[~y e/Ado ;h. sfwbBkv{ d/B:Bko (P?ttkdh) ns/ nkbkto (t?PDtkdh) ;w[dktK B/ Grsh^;zrhs rk rk e/ fJ; nzd'bB Bz{ iBfgqnpDkfJnk. ;zs okwkB[i ns/ wkXt fJ; d/ w[~y eoBXko ;B. okwkB[I B/ ftfPPN ndt?s (;hfwsndt?stkd), ns/ wkXt B/ dt?stkd dh f;~fynk fd~sh. 12thA ;dh ft~u ;zs p;ktk B/ thoP?ttkd(fJ~e T[s;kjh P?t ;zgodkJ/) dk gquko ehsk. okwkBzd (okwGrsh d/ fJ~e gqukoe) epho frnkBd/tns/ o?dk; j'o Grsh ;zs ;B fiBQK B/ T[Zso Gkos ft~u ndt?stkd dk gquko ehsk. ftPD{ ns/ okwGrsh d/ gquko ft~u Uj b'e w[~y s"o s/ b~r/ oj/. Grsh dk e'Jh fJ~e Xow BjhA ;h. epho gzE B/;kotG"few ftPt^pzX[st, gq/w ns/ fjzd{ ns/ w[;bwkBK ft~u PKsh dk gquko ehsk. u?szB wjKgqG{,s[b;hdk;, ;{odk; ns/ whok B/ Grsh nzd'bB ns/ fjzdh ;kfjs Bz{ wIp{s pDkfJnk.

fJ~e Bt/A Xow dhB^J/^fJbkjh dk gquko eo e/ w[rb pkdPkj nepo B/ fjzd{, fJ;bkw, i?B ns/ gko;hXowK d/ th ;zPb/PD Bz{ gkUD dh e'fPP ehsh. ;kfjseko nwho y[;o' B/ w[;fbw ;z;feqsh ft~u fjzd{tkdBz{ gqftPN eotkUD dh e'fPP ehsh. nB/eK ethnK B/ fjzdh ft~u ouBktK ehshnK. nB/eK b'eK B/ fJBQKd'jK XowK d/ ;z;feqfse J/eheoB bJh :kuBktK ehshnK. fJ; ;zPb/PD d/ Bkb Bkb fJ;bkw, gqPk;B ns/w[;fbw g[o'fjs tor d/ ;woEB Bkb o{VQhtkdh o;s/ T[Zs/ ubdk fojk. w[;bwkB ekIh (fBnKXhP), w[|sh(T[gd/Pe), cDhdko (fiBQK gqPk;B) ns/ dopkoh (gfjo/dko) nkofEe bkG ns/ ;~sk d/ gdK T[Zs/ ezw eoB/;B. UjBK B/ fJ;bkwh ;z;feqsh Bz{ tXkUD ft~u :'rdkB fd~sk.

fpqfNP ekb ft~u w[;bwkBK dh gqfsPmk ns/ Pesh ft~u ewh nkJh. okiBhfse Pesh ns/ t?Xsk d/ gsBd/ ekoD w[;bwkB nfGiks tor ns/ fJ;bkwh gozgok Bz{ rfjok X~ek b~frnk. w[;bwkBK ft~u rohph B/xo eo fbnk ns/ UjBK dh f;~fynk g~Xsh ft~u th rfjo/ gfotosB j'J/. fJ;bkw dhnK ;wBttkdh ns/T[dko gqftoshnK ewI'o g? rJhnK ns/ 8thA ;dh dh soK dh o{Vhtkfdsk ns/ g[BoikroD B/ UjBK dk;EkB b? fbnk. :'r/Ado f;zx d/ nB[;ko, 19thA ;dh d/ Xow ;[Xko nzd'bB d/ pko/ ft~u d' fto'XkGk;hwskftbzph ;BL (1) T[dkotkd ns/ PKshg{oB ;[Xko d/ bJh, (2) nfXe e~NogzEsk ns/ ;?fBetkd d/ bJh.d{i/ ws^;woEe PkfJd gkfe;skB d/ fBowkD d/ bJh T[ZsodkJh ;B. 20thA ;dh d/ nkozG ft~u ;[szsosk;zrqkw d/ ;zdoG ft~u ;zpzX d' ;soK s/ ;BL (1) fJ;bkwh gozgok d/ Bkb Xow^fBog~y ftukoK tkb/ ns/eZNVgzEh w[;fbw nfGiks tor d/ w~X ns/ (2) fjzd{ nfGiks dk w[;bwkB nfGiks d/ Bkb ;zpzX. ;[szsoGkos ft~u w[;bwkBK B/ fjzd{nK d/ ;wkB ;~sk ns/ okiBhfse pokpoh dh wzr ehsh. UjBK Bz{ vo ;h feUjBK d/ Bkb ;[szsosk s'A pknd gfjbK fijk fttjko BjhA ehsk ikt/rk. fJ; bJh UjBK B/ fJ~e w[;fbwoki gkfe;skB dh ;EkgBk bJh nzd'bB ehsk. UjBK B/ ;'funk fe w[;fbw oki dh ;EkgBk Bkb Bk e/tb UjBK Bz{ y'Jh j'Jh ;~sk ns/ gqfsPmk jh gqkgs j't/rh, pbfe Uj fJ;bkwh gozgok, ;z;feqsh ns/okPNotkd dk g[BoikroD th eo gkUDr/.


B ØN


:'r/Ado f;zx B/ bx{ ns/ dhox gozgoktK ft~u fBwB ftG/d ehsk j?. bx{ gozgok g/Av{, iB^nkXkfos j?.fJ; Bz{ wzBD tkb/ nf;~fyns ns/ x~N ohshp~X ftnesh jB, id'A fe dhox gozgok nfGiks^nkXkfos,Pfjoh, wBDPhb ns/ ohshp~X j?. fJ;bkwh bx{ gozgok ft~u w[~y s"o s/ fjzd{ Xow s'A nkJ/ BtXowh jB.fJ; ft~u UjBK w[;bwkBK d/ tzPi th jB fiBQK dh ;wkfie gfo;fEsh fBwB j' rJh ;h. x~N s'A x~NfszB soK Bkb fJ;bkwheoB fJ~e tk;sftesk pDh j'Jh j?L (1) fJ;bkw Bz{ Xow gfotosB d[nkok ngDke/ eJh ;w{j dh nkgDh gq;fEsh ft~u ngfow[yh ;z;feqfse ns/ ;wkfie rshPhbsk, (2) Bt^XowhnKft~u e~NogzEsk Bz{ gqsh ;Ekfgs eoB bJh nzd'bB ns/ (3) r?o^w[;bwkBK d[nkok e[M fJ;bkwh ;z;feqfsew[~bK Bz{ ngDkT[D d/ ;zdoG ft~u.

fpqfNP Pk;B d/ nkozG j'D s~e fJ;bkwheoB fJ~e gqeko dk ;z;feqsheoB ;h. fpqfNP ekb ns/ ;[szsosks'A pknd d/ Gkos ft~u fJj g[BoikroDekoh nzd'bB d/ o{g ft~u gkfJnk iKdk j?. fco th Xow gfotosBs'A ;wkfie^;z;feqfse gfo;fEsh ft~u gfotosB nkUAdk j?. ns/ :dk edk nkofEe bkG ns/ wkBf;e;zs[PNh th gqkgs j[zdh j?. nkw s"o s/, nX'gfss gfo;fEsh tkb/ fBwB fjzd{ ikshnK d/ w?ApoK B/ fJ;bkwBz{ iK fgSb/ e[M dPeK ft~u Jh;kJh Xow Bz{ gq;fEsh dh ;wkBsk ns/ nkofEe bkGK bJh ngDkfJnk.gqzs{ Bt^XowhnK Bz{ g[okD/ Xow^nB[:kJhnK d/ ;wkB ;EkB BjhA fd~sk frnk j?. ns/ Bk jh UjBK Bz{ T[Zu;EkB fd~sk frnk j? fiBQK Bz{ S~v e/ Uj Bt/A Xow ft~u Pkfwb j'J/ jB. nzso^ftnkj ns/ nB[b'w ftnkjd/ ;zdoG ft~u, Uj nkgDhnK g[okDhnK ikshnK$;w[dktK d/ fB:wK d/ nB[;ko jh gfotosB s'A pknd thezw eoB/ jB.

Gkos ft~u w[;bwkB n~i th fJ~e nB[dko ;w[dkJ/ j?. nkofEe n;wkBsktK w[;bwkBK ft~u nfXe jB.Uj ftnefse ekBz{B, godk gqEk ns/ gfotko fB:'iB d/ pko/ ft~u pj[s Gkt[e jB. ;z;feqfse wkwfbnKft~u w[;bwkB fjzd{nK dh s[bBk ft~u nfXe ‘fgSV/’ j'J/ jB, feUAfe fjzd{nK ft~u nB[PhbB ywsktK nfXegkJhnK rJhnK jB. w[;bwkB fjzd{nK d/ pj[^;zfynk ft~u j'D d/ ekoD th vo ns/ P~e Bkb rq;s ofjzd/jB. gkfe;skB ihtB dh w[~y Xkok ft~u nkgD/ nkg Bz{ nksw;ks eo b?Dk ukjhdk j?. w[;bwkBK ft~unksw^ftPtk; T[sgzB eoB ft~u fjzd{ ;w[dkJ/ fJ~e ouBkswe G{fwek ndk eo ;edk j?.

1H3H81H3H81H3H81H3H81H3H8 fpqfNP ekb ft~u ;wkifpqfNP ekb ft~u ;wkifpqfNP ekb ft~u ;wkifpqfNP ekb ft~u ;wkifpqfNP ekb ft~u ;wkifpqfNP x[;g?m d/ ;w/A Gkosh ;wki brGr fBPub ;h. fpqfNP Pk;eK Bz{ ;bkj fd~sh rJh ;h fe UjBKBz{ fjzd{nK d/ ;wkfie fotkiK ns/ Xkofwe nk;EktK ft~u j;sy/g BjhA eoBk ukjhdk. n?bH n~p/ v[p'Jhdk ws ;h fe fi; fdB fpqfNP Pk;B B/ j;sy/g ehsk, Ujh fJ~e okiBhfse Pesh d/ o{g ft~u fJ; d/n;fsst dk nzfsw fdB j't/rk. w[rb Pk;e th nkw s"o s/ Xow gfotosB Bz{ ;wkfie gfotosB dkfJ~e ;kXB wzBD d/ g~y ft~u BjhA ;B. fJ; gkm d/ gfjb/ nB[Gkr ft~u n;hA fejk j? fe w~XekbhB :[rft~u fJ~e gqeko d/ ;zPb/PD dk T[d/ j'fJnk. g/Av{ Gkos ft~u iksh ns/ tor ;zouBKtK fpqfNP Pk;B d/nkozG ft~u em'o ns/ fBPub ;B. ftnesh Bz{ iksh, gfotko ns/ fgzv d/ nXhB ;wfMnk iKdk ;h.noEftt;Ek g[oksB ;h. b'eK ft~u okPNoh u/sBk dh ewh ;h. nfij/ ;w/A fpqfNP Pk;B d/ nkrwB BkbBthA ;fEsh T[sgzB j'Jh.

fpqfNP ;oeko, Jh;kJh fwPBoh ns/ nzrq/Ih f;~fynk d/ wkfXnw Bkb Gkosh ;wki T[Zs/ gqGkt fgnk j?.fpqfNP ;oeko B/ d/;h gqPk;B ns/ nfGPk;B dh EK rqfjD eo bJh. fwPBK B/ GkoshnK Bz{ Jh;kJh Xowft~u gfotofss eoB dh e'fPP ehsh. d/;h iBsk d/ fdqPNhe'D ft~u fJ~Sk gfotosB j/s{ f;~fynk gq;kodhnK e'fPPK ehshnK rJhnK. Gkos ft~u nzrq/I ;w[dkJ/ B/ th d/P d/ ftfGzB GkrK ft~u b'eK Bz{ nb~r nb~rsoK Bkb gqGkfts ehsk. fpqfNP Pk;B d/ e[M m'; gfoDkwK ft~u okPNoh u/sBk dk T[d/, ;zrmB d/ wj~stBz{ ;wMDk ns/ fJ; s'A pknd nzd'bB d/ wj~st Bz{ ;wM e/ 1885 ft~u Gkosh okPNoh eKro; dh ;EkgBkj'Jh. e/H n?wH gfDeo d/ nB[;ko, “fpqfNP Pk;B dh ;G s'A wj~stg{oB T[gbpXh Gkos dk J/eheoB ;h.”Gkosh b'eK d/ fjs Bz{ fXnkB ft~u o~y e/ fpqfNP Pk;B B/ ikD^p[~M e/ nfijk BjhA ehsk. n;b ft~u UjBKdh o{uh g{o/ Gkos ft~u nkgD/ Pk;B d/ gq;ko ns/ T[; Bz{ fdqVQ eoB ft~u ;h. g~Swh f;~fynk, :ksk:ksns/ ;zuko d/ ;kXB, gq'T[d:'freh ns/ fBnKgkfbek d/ nkozG eoB ft~u th fpqfNP Pk;B dk nkgDk jh fjsgqw[~y ;h.


B ØN


:'r/Ado f;zx d/ nB[;ko, “g~Sw d/ Bkb Gkosh (fjzd{) gozgok dk ;zgoe fGzB ns/ w"fbe ;wki Pk;sohwj~st dk ;h. fJfsjkf;e fdqPNh Bkb fJj ;zgoe fJ~e g{op^nkX[fBe ns/ nkX[fBehfeqs ;z;feqsh ftt;Ekd/ ft~u dk ;h.” g~Swh gozgok ft~u soeDktkd, ;wkBsk ns/ ;[szsosk T[Zs/ nkXkfos ftfrnkfBe ns/gq'd[:'fre ftPt^fdqPNh gkJh iKdh j?. cb;o{g, Gkosh gozgok, fi; ft~u gfjbK jh fJ~e gqeko dk‘ftrkV’ nk frnk ;h, yZ[bQh, Tdko, ;wkBsktkdh ns/ wkBtsktkdh pDh. fJ; gqeko g~Swh (fpqfNP)gozgok Gkosh gozgok d/ ;kjwD/ fJ~e u[B"sh pD e/ nkJh. ;'gkB, i' fJ~e iksh ;w{j ft~u iBw T[Zs/nkXkfos ;wkfie ;'gkB dk f;XKs ;h, ns/ ;kebtkd i' ftfGzB ;w{jK Bz{ gqd~s gqekoK ns/ eos~tK d/ ;zgzBeoB d/ wkDeK T[Zs/ nkXkfos fGzB ^fGzB iksh ;w{jK d/ ft~u ;kt:th nzso^fBoGosk ;h, g~Swh gozgokd[nkok pj[s gqGkfts j'J/.

1H3H91H3H91H3H91H3H91H3H9 g ~SwheoBg~SwheoBg~SwheoBg~SwheoBg~SwheoBn?wH n?BH PqhfBtk; d/ nB[;ko g~SwheoB Uj gfotosB j? i' Gkos ft~u fpqfNP Pk;B d/ gqGkt d/ ekoDnkfJnk j?. fJj gfotosB seBhe, t/;^G{Pk, ykD^gkD ns/ b'eK dhnK nkdsK ns/ ihtB^P?bhnK nkfdft~u fdykJh fdzdk j?. fszB ;soK T[Zs/ g~SwheoB dh gqfeqnk ezw eoBh j?L (1) gqkoEfwe, (2) d{ih ns/(3) shih. gqkoEfwe ;so T[Zs/ e[M b'e ;B i' g~Swh ;z;feqsh d/ Bkb ;zgoe ft~u nkJ/, ns/ fJ; s'A bkGb?D tkfbnK ft~u th gqEw ;B. d{i/ ;so d/ g~SwheoB dk noE Gkosh ;wki d/ UjBK torK s'A j? i'gqEw bkG^G'rhnK d/ Bkb gqs~y ;zgoe ft~u nkJ/. shi/ ;so s/ Uj b'e jB i' fpqfNP d[nkok P[o{ ehshnKrJhnK soehpK d/ pko/ ft~u ngqs~y o{g Bkb ikDekoh gqkgs eo gkJ/. fJ; soK g~SwheoB dh gqfeqnkd/ fszB ;so jB. Gkosh ;wki d/ ftfGzB nB[GkrK ft~u fJ; gqfeqnk dk gq;ko n;wkB ns/ n;wkBsktkdhth fojk j?. ukj/ PqhfBtk; B/ fJ; gqfeqnk dh n~SkJhnK ft~u wkBtsktkd ns/ ;wsktkd dk T[b/y ehskj? gqzs{ j'o ftdtkBK d/ nB[;ko g~SwheoB ;z;feqfse ns/ frnkBkswe T[gfBt/Ptkd dh gqfeqnk j?, ns/“nftnefse n;z;feqqfse ns/ n;kotG"w oki dk fJ~e Bw{Bk j?.”

g~SwheoB B/ Bt/A nkXkoK T[Zs/ fJ~e nfyb Gkosh ;z;feqsh d/ g[BLT[d/ ft~u :'rdkB fd~sk j?. g~SwheoBdk gqGkt f;~fynk, ekBz{B, ftfrnkB ns/ seBheh okiBhsheoB d/ Bt/A gqekoK, BroheoB T[d:'freheoB,gq?; ns/ :ksk:ks ns/ ;zuko d/ ;kXBK d/ y/soK ft~u j'fJnk j?. fJBQK ;z;Ekge e/AdoK d/ T[d/ Bz{ :'r/Adof;zx B/ “;z;feqfse nkX[fBeheoB” dh gqfeqnk dk BK fd~sk j?. g~Swh gqGkt d[nkok, nkX[fBeheoB dh fJ~ewjkB gozgok T[sgzB j'Jh j?. fBPu/ jh, fJ; d/ ekoD d/;h gozgok ns/ g~Swh gozgok d/ ft~u ;zxoP dh;w~f;nk pD rJh j?. Gkosh ;wki d/ nfGiks nB[GkrK d/ ;zdoG ft~u fJBQK d'jK gozgoktK ft~u ;zPb/PD gkfJnkiKdk j?.

nkozfGe nt;Ek ft~u g~Swh gqGkt gfoXhfeqs ns/ ;EkBhfeqs ;h feUAfe fJj ebe~sk, pzpJh ns/ wdok;PfjoK ft~u w~X torh b'eK s~e ;hfws fojk. f;~fynk ;z;EktK th fJBQK fszB PfjoK ft~u e/Adfos ;B.nzrq/Ih f;~fynk dk d[jok gqGkt fgnkL (1) f;~fyns b'eK ft~u g~Swh w[~bK ns/ ftukoXkoktK dk nzsofBt/PB, (2) ;wkfie ns/ ;z;feqfse ;[Xko nzd'bBK dk nko'j. ;[Xko nzd'bBK d/ pko/ ft~u n;hA fJ~e j'o gkmft~u uouk eoKr/. f;~fynk th T[Zu ns/ w~X torh Pfjoh b'eK s~e ;hfws ;h. fpqfNP Pk;B B/ fJ~e BthAu/sBk ns/ w[~bK dh ;zouBk dh ouBk ehsh. :'r/Ado f;zx d/ nB[;ko g~SwheoB d/ fBwB gqGkt jBL

1H fJ~e ;op^ftnkgh ftXh nfX^;zouBK dk ftek;2H f;~fynk gq;ko

3H BroheoB ns/ T[d:'freheoB4H ;zuko dk ftPkb ikb5H okPNohtkd dk ftek; ns/ ;wki dk okiBhsheoB

;zg{oB d/P ft~u fJBQK s~sK Bkb nkX[fBeheoB ft~u :'rdkB gqkgs j'fJnk. fBnKgkfbek, ndkbs, ekBz{B(pkb^ftnkj, pkb^j~fsnk ns/ ;sh nkfd Bz{ o'eD bJh), ftXh nk:'r pDkJ/ rJ/ ns/ ftnkj, gfotko,sbke, r'd b?D dh gqEk, ;zgsh j;sKsoD, nbg^;zfyne, G{wh^nfXeko, b?D^d/D, tgko, T[d:'r ns/fwjBs nkfd d/ pko/ ft~u Bt/A ekBz{B bkr{ ehs/ rJ/.


B ØN


1H3H101H3H101H3H101H3H101H3H10 f;~fynk T[Zs/ gqGktf;~fynk T[Zs/ gqGktf;~fynk T[Zs/ gqGktf;~fynk T[Zs/ gqGktf;~fynk T[Zs/ gqGktnzrq/Ih f;~fynk ns/ GkPk Bz{ tXkUD bJh 1835 dh w?ekb/ dh Bhsh, f;~fynk d/ gq;ko ft~u fwPBK dh G{fwekns/ 1882 dk gfjbK f;~fynk nk:'r fpqfNP ekb dhnK w[~y ftP/PsktK jB. fpqfNP Bhsh d/ nzsors T[Zuf;~fynk T[Zs/ nfXe pb fd~sk frnk ;h. gfjb/ ns/ d{i/ ;soK T[Zs/ f;~fynk dh ntj/bDk ehsh rJh ;h.gkmeqw ;kw~roh ns/ f;~fynk ;z;EktK d/ gqpzX d/ ;zdoG ft~u n~i th Gkos fpqfNP Bw{B/ dk nB[eoB eofojk j?. 1948 ns/ 1964 d/ f;~fynk nk:'rK B/ i' vkH nkoH n?;H okXkfeqPDB ns/ vkH vhH n?;H e'mkohdh nfXnePsk ft~u pD/ ;B, fJ~fSs cb g{osh BjhA ehsh j?. gqzs{ fgSb/ e[M ;kbK d/ d"okB e[MftPt^ftfdnkfbnK ft~u ;wki ftfrnkBK ns/ wkBfteh ft~u gkmeqw dk d/;heoB ehsk frnk j?.

Gkos ft~u BroheoB ns/ T[d:'freheoB ;fjtosh jB. nB/eK nfXn?BK s'A frnks j'fJnk j? fe fJjd't/A gqfeqntK Bz{ ;pb eoBhnK jB. ftef;s d/PK dh s[bBk ft~u Gkos ft~u BroheoB fJ~e Xhwh gqfeqnkj?. fco th Broh iB^;zfynk ft~u tkXk j?. PfjoK ft~u ;G gqw[~y ;z;kXBkswe ;[ftXktK ns/ T[ZugqfPefPs eko'pkohnK dk e/AdoheoB gkfJnk iKdk j?. fJj gqfeqnk ftfGzB PfjoK ns/ y/soK ft~u n;wkBojh j?, ns/ fJjh r~b T[d:'rheoB d/ pko/ ft~u bkr{ j[zdh j?. G{sekb ft~u T[d:'rheoB d/ s/I ftek;ft~u nB/e ;z;Ekswe ekoe pkXe oj/ jB. fouov b?ApoN, fwbNB f;Aro ns/ n?BH nkoH ;/m d/ nfXn?BKs'A gsk ubdk j? fe iksh, ;z:[es gfotko ns/ j'o gozgokswe w[~b eko\kfBnK ns/ T[d:'fre ;zrmBKft~u ;wkfie ;zpzXK d/ ;t;E gqshwkB ft~u pkfXs BjhA j'J/ jB.

:ksk:ks ;zuko d/ ;kXBK Bkb tk;st ft~u Bt/A ;wkfie ns/ ;z;feqfse ;zgoeK d/ :[r dk ;{sogks j'fJnkj?. Bt/A n\pko ns/ ftP/P eo e/ y/soh GkPktK ft~u, vke ;/tktK, ub fuZso ns/ o/vhU nkfd ;G fpqfNPd[nkok nkozG ehs/ rJ/ ;B. fJjh r~b o/bt/ ns/ jtkJh :ksk:ks d/ pko/ ft~u ;jh j?. fJBQK BthnK:[eshnK B/ iksh, gft~so^ngft~so dhnK ntXkoDktK ns/ gqt;B ft~u nkT[D tkbhnK efmBkJhnK Bz{ewI'o pDkfJnk. fB;ze'u ;EkfBe rshPhbsk fJBQK ;kXBK dh T[gbpXh d/ ekoD Io{o tXh, gqzs{ “wkBf;ershPhbsk” dh ihtB dk fJ~e Gkr pD rJh.

nzs ft~u n;hA efj ;ed/ jK fe fpqfNP Pk;B d/ cb;o{g okPNoh ns/ ;wkfie u/sBk nkJh. okik okww'jB okJ/ ns/ wjkswk rKXh B/ fpqfNP gozgok d/ nB/e wkBtsktkdh s~sK Bz{ ngDkfJnk ns/ UjBK Bz{okPNoh GktBktK ns/ okiBhfse u/sBk Bz{ T[GkoD bJh T[g:'r ft~u fbnkUAdk. g~Swh dkoPfBeK d/;zgodkfJesk, Xow^fBog~ytkd ns/ okPNotkd d/ ftuko pj[s bkGdkfJe f;~X j'J/.

1H3H111H3H111H3H111H3H111H3H11 ;[szsosk s'A pknd dk Gkos;[szsosk s'A pknd dk Gkos;[szsosk s'A pknd dk Gkos;[szsosk s'A pknd dk Gkos;[szsosk s'A pknd dk Gkosw[~y s"o s/ fsbe, rKXh, Bfjo{ ns/ p'; dh nrtkJh ft~u jIkoK b'eK d/ fsnkr ns/ sg~f;nk d/ cb;o{gGkos B/ fJ~e fBozso nfjz;e ;zxoP d[nkok ;[szsosk gqkgs ehsh.

Gkos 15 nr;s, 1947 Bz{ ;[szso j'fJnk. Gkos ftGkfis j'fJnk ns/ fJ; bJh nftGkfis Gkos d/w[;bwkBK bJh fJ~e Bt/A okPNo d/ o{g ft~u gkfe;skB dk fBowkD j'fJnk. Gkos B/ ftek; ns/ gqrshbJh gqisKsfoe^;wkitkdh o;sk ngDkfJnk. Gkos B/ fJ~e BtK ;zftXkB pDkfJnk fi; Bz{ 26 iBtoh,1950 Bz{ bkr{ ehsk frnk. ;zftXkB ft~u Gkos d/ BkrfoeK d/ fJbktk ;wkBsk, gfotosB Bz{ ;wkitkdhfdPk d/D bJh, w{b nfXekoK s'A fJbktk, oki bJh Bhsh fBod/Pe f;XKsK dk th ;zftXkB ft~u ;wkt/Pehsk frnk j?.

Gkos ft~u n~i “ekBz{B dk Pk;B” j?. ;G Bkrfoe ;wkB jB ns/ fJ~e jh ;~sk y/so ft~u ofjzd/ jB.fJ~E'A s~e fe okfinK^wjkokfinK ns/ ;kwzsK Bz{ fd~sk ikD tkbk oki G~sk th 1969 ft~u ysw eo fd~skfrnk. gq;fEsh ns/ Pesh dk fBoXkoD j[D iBw d/ nkXko s/ BjhA j[zdk j?. ;wkfie ;BwkB ns/ftP/PkfXeko gkUD bJh Xow, GkPk, iksh iK ;zikshtkd nkXko BjhA oj/ jB. gqzs{ Gkosh ;wki d/gqG{^nB[GkrK d/ d[nkok ehs/ ik oj/ G/d^Gkt ns/ P'PD s'A o~fynk eoB bJh ewI'o torK ftP/P eo e/nB[;{fus ikshnK, nB[;{fus iBikshnK ns/ j'o fgSV/ torK d/ T[EkB bJh ftP/P ;[ftXktK ns/ ftt;EktKfd~shnK rJhnK jB. n"osK Bz{ g[oPK d/ Bkb ;wkBsk fd~sh rJh j?. Gkos d/ ;G BkrfoeK Bz{ fgzv, ftXkB;Gk y/so, oki ns/ e/Adoh ;soK T[Zs/ ws d/D dk nfXeko gqkgs j?.


B ØN


f;~fynk d/ y/so ft~u Ipod;s gqrsh j'Jh j?. gqkoEfwe ;so T[Zs/ d; eo'V s'A th nfXe pkbe^pkfbektKf;~fynk gqkgs eo oj/ jB. fJ;/ soK d{i/ ;so T[Zs/ ;zfynk ft~u tkXk j'fJnk j?. wjKftfdnkb/ ns/ftPt^ftfdnkb/ ;soK T[Zs/ th f;~fynk ft~u nfsnzs gqrsh j'Jh j?. n~i Gkos ft~u brGr 200ftPt^ftfdnkb/ jB. Gkos ;oeko d[nkok ;hBhno ;e{b, wjKftfdnkb/ ns/ ftPt^ftfdnkb/ ;soK T[Zs/f;~fynk dk BkBk o{geoB ehsk frnk j?. gqkEfwe ;so T[Zs/ p[fBnkdh f;~fynk fd~sh ik ojh j?. f;~fynsB"itkB ns/ w[fNnkoK ft~u p/o[Irkoh dh ;w~f;nk Bz{ j~b eoB bJh n~i ;hBhno ;e{b ns/ ftPt^ftfdnkb/;soK T[Zs/ eko'pkoheoB, ezg:{No f;;Nw, nB[gq:[es ftfrnkB, gqpzX ns/ e[M j'o wj~stg{oB ns/bkGekoh frnkB d/ y/soK T[Zs/ pb fd~sk ik fojk j?.

Gkos ;oeko B/ 1986^87 s'A BthA f;~fynk Bhsh bkr{ ehsh j?. BthA Bhsh ft~u nB[;{fus ikshnK,nB[;{fus iBikshnK, n"osK ns/ fgSV/ torK Bz{ f;~fyns eoB bJh ftP/P gqktXkB ehsk frnk j?.

f;Zfynk d/ ekoD fgzvK s'A PfjoK ns/ e;fpnK ft~u gqt;B ft~u BroheoB dh gqfeqnk Bz{ tXktk fwfbnkj?. ;[szsosk gqkgsh s'A pknd fjzdh ns/ j'o okPNoh GkPktK d/ T[EkB T[Zs/ pb fd~sk frnk j?. ;e{b ;soT[Zs/ fszB GkPktK f;~yD dh Bhsh ;G okiK ft~u feqnKfts eo fd~sh rJh j?.

oki g[BormB nk:'r dhnK f;ckoPK d/ nkXko s/ 1955 ft~u okiK dk g[BormB ehsk frnk ;h. fJj ezwb'eK d[nkok p'bh ikD tkbh GkPk dh gfjukD T[Zs/ nkXkfos j?. jo oki ft~u e[M ;z;feqfse ;z;eshPhbskgkJh iKdh j?. Gkos ft~u fJ~e ndG[s gqeko dk ;kwzstkd ;h, fi; d/ nzsors okfinK, mkD/dkoK,ikrhodkoK ns/ fIwhAdkoK Bz{ wkJh^pkg dh soK wzfBnk iKdk ;h. ;oeko B/ ;G s'A gfjbK fJ; soK d/g?fsqe ;kwzstkd dk ykswk ehsk ns/ fJ; s'A pknd ;kwzsK Bz{ gqd~s okiG~sk ns/ w[nktIk ysw ehsk.fJj tk;st ft~u fJ~e eqKshekoh edw ;h feUAfe fe;kBK Bz{ wkfbe j'D d/ nfXeko ;thfeqs ehs/ rJ/ ;B.fIwhAdkoK Bz{ w~X;EK d/ o{g ft~u ekBz{B d[nkok ysw ehsk frnk. fJ; s'A pknd S'Nh iksK dh u~epzdhns/ nfXesw i'sK s/ ;hwk^fBoXkoD dk ezw G{wh^;[Xko T[gktK d/ nzsors ehsk frnk. fJBQK ;[XkoK d/cb;o{g “joh eqKsh”, BthA seBhe dk nfGrqfjD, T[gikT{gD ns/ phi nkfd y/sh d/ y/so ft~u ;zGtj'J/ jB. Gkos ykd^gdkoEK ft~u n~i nksw^fBoGo j? id'A fe 1950 ns/ 1960 d/ dPeK ft~u ;z:[esoki nwohek ns/ e[M j'o d/PK T[Zs/ nkgD/ ykd^gdkoEK dh Io{osK bJh fBoGo ;h.

;[szsosk s'A pknd d/P B/ T[d:'fre y/so ft~u th pj[s gqrsh ehsh j?. 1950 ns/ 1960 d/ ;kbK ft~ujNhnk, o[oe/bk, p'eko', f;zdoh, pzrb'o ns/ j'o ;EkBK T[Zs/ Gkoh T[d:'rK dh ;EkgBk ehsh rJh ;h.;oeko B/ bx{ ns/ e[Nho T[d:'rK dh gqrsh t~b th pj[s fXnkB fd~sk j?. feUAfe Gkos ft~u fB:'fisnkofEe ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB dk wkor ngDkfJnk frnk j?, T[d:'freheoB ;zGt j' ;fenk j?.nk:'iB ezw Gkos d/ :'iBk nk:'r d[nkok ehsk ik fojk j?. ;~sthA :'iBk Bz{ pDkUD dk ezw g{ok eo fbnkfrnk j?. ;oeko B/ fwPfos noE^ftt;Ek dh Bhsh ngDkJh j?, fi; d/ nzsors fBih ns/ ;kotifBed'jK y/soK ns/ ;z:[es y/so d/ ;zs[fbs ftek; T[Zs/ pb fd~sk frnk j?.

g/Av{ iBsk d/ T[EkB d/ bJh 2 nes{po, 1952 Bz{ bkr{ ehsh rJh ;w[dkfJe ftek; :'iBktK dh feqnktzshft~u nkT[D tkbhnK ;w~f;nktK T[Zs/ ekp{ gkUD bJh gzukfJsh oki :'iBk, 2 nes{po, 1959 Bz{ (nkozGft~u oki;EkB ns/ nKXok gqd/P ft~u) bkr{ ehsh rJh ;h. g/Av{ iBsk d[nkok fBotkfus gqshfBXh g/Av{,ftek; yzv ns/ fiBQK, fszB ;soK T[Zs/ b'eK dhnK nB[Gt ehshnK rJhnK Io{osK Bz{ fXnkB ft~u o~yd/ j'J/ftek; :'iBktK Bz{ feqnKfts eoB/ jB. eJh :'iBktK Pfjoh iBsk ns/ T[d:'rK ft~u ezw eoB tkfbnKd/ efbnkD bJh th bkr{ ehshnK rJhnK jB.

fpqfNP Pk;B B/ pkb^ftnkj, ;sh gqEk ns/ pkb^j~fsnk Bz{ o'eD ns/ ftXtk ftnkj Bz{ gq's;kfjs eoBbJh ;wkfie ftXkB gkfos ehs/ rJ/. Gkos ;oeko B/ fjzd{ ftnkj nfXfB:w, 1955 ns/ fjzd{ T[sokfXeko

toDkPqw ftt;Ek s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'<Nk;e


B ØN


nfXfB:w 1956 gkfos ehs/. pkb^wId{oh Bz{ fBo[s;kfjs eoB bJh ekBz{B gk; ehsk frnk. dj/i gqEkd/ fto[~X em'o ekBz{B gk; ehsk frnk j?. Gkos d/ ;zftXkB d/ nB[;ko S{s^Sks gfjbK s' jh fJ~e dzv :'rngokX j?. wId{oK Bz{ T[fus wId{oh d/D ns/ fIwhAdkoh gqEk Bz{ ysw eoB ns/ ftu'fbnK Bz{ jNkT[D ;zpzXhekBz{BK d/ gkfos eoB Bkb PfjoK ns/ e;fpnK ft~u wId{oK Bz{ fBT{Bsw wId{oh fwbD b~rh j?.

;[szso Gkos ft~u fJBQK T[go'es bkGekoh ftek; gqftoshnK s'A pknd th e[M E'V/ gfotkoK ns/ ftneshnKe'b nkofEe Pesh dk e/AdoheoB j'fJnk j?. rohp Bz{ T[; dk T[fus fj~;k BjhA fwb gk fojk. T[; dkihtB pj[s jh so;:'r j?. rohp n~i th T[Zu iksh ns/ tor d/ XBh b'eK d/ gqG[s~t dk fPeko j?. PfjoKft~u dj/i gqEk fJ~e rzGho ;w~f;nk pD rJh j?. fJBQK ;w~f;nktK d/ pko/ ft~u ;wkfie u/sBk dk nGktgkfJnk iKdk j?.

u[BktK ft~u Xow, ;zikshtkd ns/ iksh wj~stg{oB ekoe wzB/ iKd/ jB. u[BktK ft~u fi~s gqkgs eoB bJhnkgDh iksh d/ w?ApoK T[Zs/ fInkdk Go';k ehsk iKdk j?. iks, Xow ns/ ;w[dkJ/ T[Zs/ nkXkfos ;zpzXK T[Zs/fBofws ;fj;zpzXK d/ nkXko s/ rZ[NK d/ ft~u MrV/ g?dk j' iKd/ jB. fJ~E'A s~e fe Pfjoh ns/ f;~fyneb'e th fJBQK ;w~f;nktK s'A d{o BjhA jB.

;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD (Self Assessment)3H ;jh ftebg u[D' 3H ;jh ftebg u[D' 3H ;jh ftebg u[D' 3H ;jh ftebg u[D' 3H ;jh ftebg u[D' (Choose the correct option)^̂̂̂̂

(i) ;z;feqsh Bz{ ftukoK, XkoDktK, ftef;s r[DK ns/ ;zrfms ;zpzXK ns/ fPPNsk dh fJ~e ;zXh wzBd/jB^(a) bkov w?ekb/ (b) e/H n?wH gkfDeo(c) frqn;B (d) fJBQK ft~u'A e'Jh BjhA.

(ii) toD dk tzPkB[rs nkXko bkr{ BjhA j[zdk ;h^(a) y~sohnK T[Zs/ (b) t?PnK T[Zs/(c) a ns/ b d'jK T[Zs/ (d) fJBQK ft~u'A e'Jh BjhA.

(iii) fe; :[r ft~u n"osK Bz{ jo y/so ft~u frnkB gqkgs eoB dh S{N ;h^(a) t?fde :[r ft~u (b) Jh;k :[r ft~u(c) gqkuhB :[r ft~u (d) fJBQK ft~u'A e'Jh BjhA.

(iv) Gkos ft~u iB^;zfynk dh fdqPNh Bkb w[;bwkB fe; EK s/ nkT[Ad/ jB^(a) gqEw (b) d{i/(c) shi/ (d) fJBQK ft~u'A e'Jh BjhA.

(v) ;{|h b/yeK d/ b/yD Bkb fe; GkPk dk ftek; j'fJnk^(a) T[od{ (b) gko;h(c) fjzdh (d) fJBQK ft~u'A e'Jh BjhA.

(vi) Gkos d/ Bt/A ;zftXkB Bz{ ed'A bkr{ ehsk frnk^(a) 15 nr;s, 1947 (b) 26 iBtoh, 1950(c) 1 iBtoh, 1953 (d) fJBQK ft~u'A e'Jh BjhA.

11111.4 ;ko nzP (4 ;ko nzP (4 ;ko nzP (4 ;ko nzP (4 ;ko nzP (Summary)

• Gkos f;XKs ns/ fttjko d'jK ft~u fJ~e pj[ ;w[dkfJe ;wki j?, fJ; bJh Gkosh ;wki Bz{ ftftXskft~u J/esk ns/ J/esk ft~u ftftXsk o{gh ;wki efjDk T[fus j?. gqkuhB, w~XekbhB ns/ nkX[fBe ekbft~u Gkos B/ nDfrDs ftPwsktK d/ j[zd/ j'J/ th J/esk pDkJ/ o~yh. Gkos d/ jo fJfsjkf;e ns/;z;feqfse s~EK ft~u J/esk gkJh iKdh j?. n~i Gkos fJ~e Xow^fBog~y oki j?. fJ; dk fJ~e ;zftXkBj? ns/ j[D b'eK d/ bJh i' ftfGzB y/soK ft~u ofjzd/ jB, t~y^t~y GkPktK p'bd/ jB ns/ t~y^t~y XowK


B ØN


ft~u ftPtk; o~yd/ jB^ fJ~e jh ftXh dk Pk;B j?. n~i fjzd{, f;~y, Jh;kJh, i?B ns/ j'o XowK d/ b'egqPk;B, okiBhfse ns/ okiBhsh ft~u ;fjGkrh jB. ;zikshtkd, GkPkJh ns/ Xkofwe ftftXsktK ;kXkoDns/ okPNoh T[d/PK dh gqkgsh ft~u pkXe BjhA jB. Gkos dh ;z;feqfse ftok;s ftfGzB ;z;feqshnK d/ ;zPb/PD dk fJ~e ihfts T[dkjoD j?. ;G XowK B/ ;z;feqfse ;zPb/PD Bz{ T[s;kfjs ehsk j?.

• ;zftXkB s'A fJbktk gzi^;kbk :'iBktK, ;wsktkdh w[~bK dk gq;ko, fJ~e e/Adoh ;oeko ns/ Bkrfoe(f;ftb) ns/ dzv ftXh Gkos dh J/esk ns/ fJ; d/ pj[ ;w[dkfJe ;o{g dk gqwkD j?. ;wkfie ;~sk ns/ftP/PkfXekoK dk nfXeko j[D iks, gqiksh ns/ gzE T[Zs/ nkXkfos G/dGkt BjhA j?. ;wki d/ ewI'otor ftP/P eo e/ nB[;{fus ikshnK, nB[;{fus iBikshnK ns/ j'o fgSV/ torK Bz{ ftP/P fonkfJsK d/wkfXnw Bkb nkgDh fgSVh ;fEsh ns/ gd s'A T[Zuk T[ZmD bJh nt;o gqdkB ehs/ rJ/ jB. ;G y/soKft~u n"osK Bz{ g[oPK d/ ;wkB nfXeko gqkgs jB.

• fJBQK T[go'es w[~fdnK Bz{ fXnkB ft~u o~yd/ j'J/ n;hA ft;sko ft~u ;zikshtkd, Xow ns/ GkPk dh ftt/uBk ehsh j?. fJj ;kv/ ihtB d/ ;wkfie^;z;feqfse gfjb{ j'D d/ Bkb Bkb fJ; dh ihtB^Pesh thjB. ed/ ed/ fJBQK dk T[g:'r ;zehoD T[d/PK dh g{osh bJh ehsk iKdk j?. fi; d/ ekoD okPNoh J/eskBz{ ysok T[sgzB j' iKdk j?. ;ziksh ;zxoP, ;zgodkfJesktkd ns/ GkPkJh eN[sk fJ;/ ekoD ed/ ed/fdykJh fdzdh j?. fBfjs ;tkoEh s~s ns/ ;w{j ;zgodkfJe GktBktK c?bkUD bJh f;~fynk ;z;EktK,u[BktK ns/ okiBhfse dbK dk T[g:'r eoB/ oj/ jB.

• fJ; fJekJh ft~u n;hA Gkosh ;wki ft~u gqkuhB ekb s'A b? e/ nkX[fBe :[r s~e dh ;wkfie^;z;feqfserfsnswesk dk ftPb/PD ehsk j?. ;kvh e'fPP gfotosB fBozsotkd d/ gqshwkBK Bz{ ;wMD dh ojh j?.Gkos ft~u gozgokswe ;wki fwjBs ftGkiB, ;wkfie ihtB ft~u ;dr[DK ns/ ihtB d/ T[d/PK T[Zs/nkXkfos ;h. ihtB ;so BjhA ;h, fJ; ft~u ;fEosk ns/ gfotosB d't/A w[~y ftP/PsktK d/ o{g ft~u gkJ/iKd/ ;B. ;fEosk ns/ gfotosB d/ ;fj^n;fs~st d/ ekoD Gkosh ;wki ns/ ;z;feqsh ft~u ghVh doghVh ;z;feqfse ;zPb/PD ns/ ;z;feqfse ftP/PeK dk ;zuoD j'Dk ;zGt j' ;fenk. n~i th eJh ;dhnKgfjbK P[o{ j'fJnk fjzd{ ns/ w[;fbw ;z;feqshnK dk ;zPb/PD ;zrhs, GkPk, t;s{ebk d/ y/soK ns/ Grshnzd'bB ft~u fdykJh fdzdk j?. fJ; soK n;hA fJ;bkwh ns/ fjzd{ ;z;feqshnK ft~u nzso feqnk dk ftPb/PDehsk j?. j'o ;w[dktK ft~u fJ;bkwheoB dh ftnkfynk gfotosB dh fJ~e gqfeqnk d/ o{g ft~u ehsh rJh j?.

• Gkosh ;wki ft~u fpqfNP Pk;B, Jh;kJh fwPBK ns/ nzrq/Ih f;~fynk d/ ekoD wj~stg{oB gfotosB nkJ/jB. fpqfNP gozgok d/ ekoD Gkosh gozgok Bz{ fJ~e rzGho u[B"sh dk ;kjwDk eoBk fgnk. fpqfNP d/ gqGktd/ ekoD Gkosh ;z;feqsh ns/ ;wki dh gqfeqsh ft~u nkXko G{s gfotosB nkfJnk j?. G{̂ XkoD g~Xsh, BthAf;~fynk ftt;Ek, Brogkbek ns/ gqPk;B d/ ekoD Gkosh ;wki dh ;zouBk dk ekfJnk gbN j'fJnk j?.nB/eK b'eK B/ fJ; gqGkt Bz{ bkGekoh BshfinK dh fdqPNh Bkb wkfgnk j?. gqzs{ e[M b'e fJ; ws s'A ;fjwsBjhA jB. f;~fynk, fBnKgkfbek, BroheoB ns/ T[d:'freheoB, :ksk:ks ns/ ;zuko d/ ;kXB ns/okPNoh ns/ ;wkfie u/sBk d/ ;zdoG ft~u n;hA g~SwheoB dh gqfeqnk dk T[b/y ehsk j?.

• Gkos n~i fJ~e ;[szso d/P j?. fJ; dk nkgDk ;zftXkB j? fi; ft~u Gkos d/ ;G BkrfoeK Bz{ ekBz{B d/oki dh rkozNh fd~sh rJh j?. f;~fynk, T[d:'r, ewI'o torK ns/ n"osK d/ T[EkB d/ bJh gzi^;kbk:'iBktK ns/ j'o ftek;Phb :'iBktK bkr{ ehshnK rJhnK jB. gqzs{ j[D s~e Gkos d/ ;G BkrfoeK Bz{ftsoD^fBnK, gqdkB eoBk ;zGt BjhA j' ;fenk j?. d/P dh gqrsh Bz{ :dkêdk ikshtkd, r[Ntkd,;zgodkfJesktkd ns/ y/sohtkd d/ ekoD jkBh gj[zuh j?. e[M Io{oswzd ns/ dfbs b'eK Bz{ bkG BjhAfwb gkJ/ jB. ;wkfie ekBz{B pj[s e[M ngqGktekoh f;~X j'J/ jB. fJBQK ;w~f;nktK d/ pko/ ft~u n;hA;[szsosk s'A pknd Gkos nB[Gkr ft~u ftPb/PD ehsk j?.

1H5 Ppde'P 1H5 Ppde'P 1H5 Ppde'P 1H5 Ppde'P 1H5 Ppde'P (Keywords)

• g[oksst^g[oksst^g[oksst^g[oksst^g[oksst^g[okD/ ;p{s• ftG/fds^ftG/fds^ftG/fds^ftG/fds^ftG/fds^G/dD eoBk, G/dDk


B ØN


• n;'gkfBen;'gkfBen;'gkfBen;'gkfBen;'gkfBe^p/soshp, fpBK eqw dk• nB[GtkshsnB[GtkshsnB[GtkshsnB[GtkshsnB[Gtkshsî' nB[Gt s'A go/ j't/, fi; dk nB[Gt Bk j't/

1H6 nfGnk; gqPB 1H6 nfGnk; gqPB 1H6 nfGnk; gqPB 1H6 nfGnk; gqPB 1H6 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

1. Gkos dh ftfGzBsk ft~u J/esk ns/ J/esk ft~u ftfGzBsk Bz{ ;wMkU. Gkos d/ b'eK d/ ;wkfie^;z;feqfseihtB s'A T[g:[es T[dkjoDK fdU.

2. n~i Gkos dh J/esk Bz{ feBQK PeshnK ns/ ekoeK s'A ysok pfDnk j'fJnk j?<

3. Gkosh ;wki ft~u Xow dh eh G{fwek j?<4. toDK d/ ;zdoG ft~u ;wki d/ ftGkiB ns/ wB[~y d/ ihtB dhnK uko nt;EktK Bz{ BIo ft~u o~y e/

toDkPqw ftt;Ek Bz{ ;wMkU.

5. fJ;bkwh ;z;feqsh ns/ gozgok s'A s[jkvk eh wsbp j?<6. Gkosh ;wki T[Zs/ fJ;bkw d/ gqGkt dh nkb'uBkswe ftnkfynk eo'.7. Gkos ft~u fpqfNP Pk;B d/ ekoD Gkosh ;wki Bz{ feBQK gqw[~y u[B"shnK dk ;kjwDk eoBk fgnk<

8. ;[szsosk s'A pknd w[~y ;wkfie ns/ ;z;feqfse gfotosB eh j'J/ jB<9. Gkosh ;wki ft~u d[opb torK d/ T[EkB dhnK BhshnK ns/ ekoiK dh feqnkPhbsk ft~u nkT[D

tkbhnK o[ektNK T[sgzB eoB tkb/ w[~y ekoeK dh ftnkfynk eo'.

T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD (Answers: Self Assessment)1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H (i) Gkos (ii) 1652 GkPktK (iii) fjzd{ Xow

(iv) Gkosh iB^;zfynk (v) nzsoîksh

2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)

3 H3 H3 H3 H3 H (i) (b) (ii) (c) (iii) (a) (iv) (b)(v) (b) (vi) (b)

1H7 ;zdoG g[;seK 1H7 ;zdoG g[;seK 1H7 ;zdoG g[;seK 1H7 ;zdoG g[;seK 1H7 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

1H n?wH n?BH PqhfBtk;, ;'Pb u/Ai fJB wkvoB fJzvhnk, poeb/L :{Bhtof;Nh Uc e?bhc'oBhnkgq?;, 1996

2H thA;/N J/H ;fwE, fj;Nqh Uc fJzvhnk bzdBL nke;c'ov :{Bhtof;Nh gq?;, 19703H P[eoh, nfjwd, w[jzwvB bk Uc w?foi n?Av fvt'o;, 1917

p[e;


B ØN


fJekJh^2L Gkosh ;wki d/ wj~stg{oD s~sfJekJh^2L Gkosh ;wki d/ wj~stg{oD s~sfJekJh^2L Gkosh ;wki d/ wj~stg{oD s~sfJekJh^2L Gkosh ;wki d/ wj~stg{oD s~sfJekJh^2L Gkosh ;wki d/ wj~stg{oD s~s(Major Segments of Indian Society)

ftP/ t;s{ftP/ t;s{ftP/ t;s{ftP/ t;s{ftP/ t;s{ (Contents)

T[d/P (Objectives)


2H1 Gkos ft~u iBiksh ihtB (Tribal life in India)

2H2 Gkos ft~u g/Av{ ns/ Broh ;w[dkJ/ (Village and Urban Communities in India)







• Gkos ft~u iBiksh ihtB, g/Av{ ns/ Broh ;w[dkJ/ dh ftnkfynk eoB ft~u.


Gkos dh ;wkfie ouBk d/ fszB gqw[~y nzr jB^ iBiksh nktk;, fgzv ns/ e;p/ ns/ Pfjo. iBiksh ns/fgzv, ns/ e;p/ d/ ft~u ;gPN nzso nk;kBh Bkb BjhA ehsk ik ;edk feUAfe fJBQK ;GBK ft~u e[M Bke[M ;wkB b~SD gkJ/ iKd/ jB. d/P d/ e[M GkrK ft~u t~v/ nkfd^tk;h fgzv jB ns/ fJj r?oîBiksh,pj[iksh fgzvK s'A pj[s fGzB BjhA jB. e[M iBikshnK ft~u Bks/dkoh ;zgsh ns/ ;~sk T[Zs/ nkXkfosftG/d UB/ jh ;gPN jB fizB/ r?oîBiksh ;zrmB dk nzr BjhA jB. gqzs{ Uj jw/Pk ftPkb ;wki d/ ;zgoeft~u oj/ jB. iBiksh y/soK ftu ofjD tkb/ r?o nkfd^tk;hnK B/ UjBK dk nkofEe ns/ ;wkfie P'PDehsk j?. nB/eK iBikshnK B/ fJ; P'PD d/ fto[~X ftdo'j ehs/ jB.

fgzv ns/ Bro dhnK e[M ;wkB ftP/PsktK jB. d't/A jh fJ~e d{i/ T[Zs/ nkPfos jB, yk; eo e/noEftt;Ek d/ y/so ft~u. fgzv s'A b'e BroK ft~u gqt;B eod/ jB ns/ Broh b'e UjBK dh ;ohfoefwjBs ns/ ykd^nzB, d[~X ns/ e~u/ wkb nkfd d/ T[sgkdB s/ fBoGo jB. d'jK ftu fJBQK ;wkBsktK d/j[zd/ j'J/ th UjBK dhnK e[M ftfPPNsktK jB, fiBQK d/ ekoD Uj ;z;feqfse gqshwkBK, ihtB gqDkbh, noEftt;Ek, o[Irko ns/ ;wkfie ;zpzXK d/ ;zdoG ft~u fJ~e d{i/ s'A fGzB jB. fJ; gkm ft~u n;hA g/Av{ ns/Broh ;wkfie ;zouBK, UjBK d/ nkg;h ;zpzX, g/Av{ ;w[dkJ/ ft~u gfotosBK ns/ BroheoD dh ftnkfynkehsh j?.

2H12H12H12H12H1 Gkos ft~u iBiksh ihtB Gkos ft~u iBiksh ihtB Gkos ft~u iBiksh ihtB Gkos ft~u iBiksh ihtB Gkos ft~u iBiksh ihtB (Tribal Life in India)

Gkos d/ ;zftXkB dh Xkok 46 ft~u fbfynk frnk j? fe oki ;oeko d/ ewI'o spfenK ftP/P eo e/nB[;{fus ikshnK ns/ nB[;{fus iBikshnK d/ f;~fyne ns/ nkofEe fjsK Bz{ ftP/P ;[ftXk d/t/rk ns/UjBK dh jo gqeko d/ ;wkfie nfBnK ns/ P'PD s'A o~fynk eo/rk. fco th nfijhnK iBikshnK jB i'nB[;{fus BjhA jB, gqzs{ Gkos dh iB;zfynk ft~u ewI'o wzBhnK iKdhnK jB. iBikshnK f;~fynk ns/nkofEe y/soK ft~u ftP/P o{g Bkb d[opb jB. Gkosh ;wki d/ gqG{ tor w[~y o{g Bkb fjzd{ fIwhAdkoK


fJekJh^2L Gkosh ;wki d/ wj~stg{oD s~sfJekJh^2L Gkosh ;wki d/ wj~stg{oD s~sfJekJh^2L Gkosh ;wki d/ wj~stg{oD s~sfJekJh^2L Gkosh ;wki d/ wj~stg{oD s~sfJekJh^2L Gkosh ;wki d/ wj~stg{oD s~s

B ØN


ns/ Pkj{ekoK B/ UjBK dk P'PD ehsk j?. T[d:'rgshnK B/ nkfd^tk;h y/soK ft~u eko\kB/ ;Ekfgs eoBbJh UjBK dhnK IwhBK yohd bJhnK. pkIko ft~u t/uD bJh nkfd^tk;hnK d[nkok fbnKUAdhnK rJhnKT[giK pj[ ;;shnK ehwsK ft~u yohd bJhnK iKdhnK jB.

nB/eK nkfd^tk;hnK B/ P'PD s'A w[esh gkUD bJh ns/ nkgDh ;fEsh ns/ ;~wkB Bz{ T[Zuk u[~eD bJh nkgDhiBiksh gfjukD ysw eo fd~sh ns/ fjzd{, Jh;kJh iK fJ;bkw Xow ngDk fbnk.

ed/ ed/ iBiksh ;w{j ns/ iksh ;w{j ft~u ;gPN nzso eoBk th w[Pfeb j' iKdk j?. iBikshnK ft~ufJ~e gk;/ sK fPekoh ns/ ykd^gdkoE ;zrqkje jB, ns/ d{i/ gk;/ nfij/ nkfd^tk;h jB, fijV/ fgzvK ft~ut;/ j'J/ jB ns/ tgkoe fdqPNh Bkb iksh ;w{jK dh soK ezw eod/ jB.

nkfd^tk;hnK ft~u nkgD/ nb~r j'D dk pj[s nkGk; j?. Uj nkgD/ nkg Bz{ r?o nkfd^tk;h ikshnK,w[;bwkBK ns/ Jh;kJhnK s'A nbZr wzBd/ jB. GkPk UjBK dh gfjukD dk fJ~e pj[s t~vk nkXko j?. j'ob~SDK s'A fJbktk p'bukb dhnK GkPktK d/ nkXko s/ w[zvk, ;zEkb ns/ j' iBikshnK dh ftP/P gfjukD ehshiKdh j?. pj[s ;kohnK iBikshnK nfij/ gjkVh ns/ izrbh y/soK ft~u ofjzdhnK jB fi~E/ iB^;zfynkfSsoh j'Jh j? ns/ ;zuko efmB j?. nkfd^tk;h g{o/ T[gwjKdhg ft~u c?b/ j'J/ jB, gqzs{ g~Swh pzrkb, fpjko,T[Vh;k, w~X gqd/P, oki;EkB, r[ioks ns/ wjkokPNo ft~u fJBQK dk w[~y nkXko j?.

2H1H12H1H12H1H12H1H12H1H1 iBiksh ;wki dh gfoGkPk iBiksh ;wki dh gfoGkPk iBiksh ;wki dh gfoGkPk iBiksh ;wki dh gfoGkPk iBiksh ;wki dh gfoGkPkw?Av/bpkw d/ nB[;ko^ ;zg{oD ;wki ft~u iBiksh ihtB dhnK eVhnK pzX[sk T[Zs/ nkXkfos jB. pzX[sk f;o|;wkfie ;zrmB dk jh f;XKs BjhA j? pbfe fJj T[ZsokfXeko, fwjBs ftGkiB, ;~sk ns/ ftP/PkfXekoK d/ftsoB dk f;XKs th j?. iBiksh ;wki nkeko ft~u S'N/ j[zd/ jB. nkgD/ ;wkfie ;zpzXK d/ nB[o{g iBikshb'eK Bz{ nkgDh B?fsesk, Xow ns/ ftPt fdqPNh j[zdh j?. ;zEkb, r"Av ns/ Ghb nkfd e[M iBikshnK dhiB;zfynk pj[s j?.

PkbhA; d/ nB[;ko “iBiksh ;wki@ Ppd yzvh ftt;Ek s~e ;hfws j?. yzvh ftt;EktK ft~u ;zpzX bx{;so T[Zs/ j[zd/ jB, UjBK ft~u ;t?:~ssk j? ns/ e[M ftP/P y/soK ft~u fJj ;wki fJ~e d{i/ s'A ;[szso jB.fJj r~b n;hA fpjko dh ;zEkb, T[oKt ns/ w[zvk ns/ oki;EkB dh Ghb, whDk ns/ rok;hnk iBikshnKd/ pko/ ft~u efj ;ed/ jK. ikshnK dh gqfeqsh ;kt:th j? feUAfe jo iksh iiwkBh ftt;Ek, ykD^gkDns/ ftnkj ;zpzXK d/ ;zdoG ft~u ;kt:th ;zg{oDsk dk fJ~e nzr j?. ;kt:th ;zpzXK d/ f;XKs d[nkok;wkfie ihtB ft~u ftfGzB ikshnK dh fJ~e d{i/ T[Zs/ nzso fBoGosk Bz{ ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?. iksh ;w{jftfPPN gqd~s e;"NhnK d/ nkXko s/ ;z;soDh o{g ft~u ftt;fEs jB.

Gkos ft~u iBikshnK Bz{ ;wMD bJh ‘iB’, ‘fe;kB’ ns/ ‘Bro’ iK ‘iBiksh’, ‘iB’ ns/ ‘nfGiks’d/ ft~u ftG/dK dk ftPb/PD yk; bkGdkfJe BjhA j?. G{r'fbe pkXk ns/ ;zuko dh ;w~f;nk, s[bBkswe;z;feqsh ;t?:~ssk ns/ nkofEe nkswfBoGosk d/ pkti{d fpjko dhnK iBikshnK ft~u nkg;h nzso feqnkns/ ;fj:'r j[zd/ oj/ jB feUAfe UjBK dk ftuko j? fe UjBK d/ gozgokrs G{wh ;zpzX, nkofEenksw^fBoGosk ns/ ;z;feqfse ;t?:~ssk Bz{ ;wkB pkjoh ysok j?.fjzd{ fIwhAdkoK, pzrkbh Pkj{ekoK ns/fpqfNP gqPk;B B/ fJBQK nkfd^tk;hnK dk ikB b/tk ns/ g{oB nwkBfte P'PD ehsk. nzso iBiksh nbrktns/ ;z;feqfse nbrkt ed/ th BjhA ;h. fpjko dhnK iBikshnK B/ nkgD/ P'PeK d/ fto[~X iBsk Bz{irkfJnk. UjBK B/ gqPk;B, Bro, nfGiks ns/ pkjoh b'eK d/ Bkb ;zgoe ;Ekfgs ehsk. Mkoyzvy/so fi; ft~u fpjko, pzrkb, w~X gqd/P ns/ T[Vh;k dhnK pj[s ;kohnK T[g ;z;feqshnK jB. w[zvk,T[dKt, j' ns/ ;zEkb fJ; y/so dhnK gqw[~y iBikshnK jB i' tD^;zgdk, ;fEo y/sh, T[d:'rK ns/ e'bkykDK ft~u o[Irko ns/ ;oekoh B"eohnK T[Zs/ fBoGo jB. e[M nkfd^tk;h PfjoK ft~u t; rJ/ jB, j'ofgzvK ft~u ofjzd/ jB ns/ fgzvK ft~u ofjD tkfbnK ft~u'A e[M dh nkofEe ;fEsh pj[s uzrh j?, fJ; soKiBiksh ;z;feqsh ft~u e[M nzP s~e fe;kBh ;z;feqsh d/ s~s ftfdnwkB jB.

iBiksh nB~Bsk ysw Bk j'Jh J/ekswesk, iBiksh u/sBk ns/ d{i/ gk;/ e;fpnK, PfjoK ns/ gqPk;B T[Zs/fBoGosk ns/ nkgD/ P'PeK d/ fto[~X ;zxNB iBiksh ;wki ft~u ;dk ft~fdnkwkB oj/ jB. iBikshnkdwsk d/ g[Bo ihfts eoB dh e'fPP th pkjoh j;sy/g ns/ fB:wK ns/ fB:wK d/ E'gD d/ fto'X ft~u


B ØN


nfGftnes ehsh rJh j?. fpjko d/ nkfd^tk;h w[~y s"o s/ fe;kB jB ns/ fJ; bJh UjBK dhnKnkofEe ;w~f;nktK Bz{ ;wMD dk nkXko UjBK dh y/sh j'Dh ukjhdh j?. fe;kB ;wkiK d/ pko/ ft~uE/Uv'o PkfBB d[nkok T[b/fys ftP/PsktK fpjko dhnK iBikshnK T[Zs/ g{oh soK bkr{ j[zdhnK jB. fJjftP/PsktK jB^ (1) fe;kB gfotko dh pj[nk:kwh ;wkfie ftt;Ek dh nkXko G{s fJekJh y/s jB,(2) G{wh gkbD ihtB:kgB dk w[~y ;kXB j? feUAfe fJ; d/ d[nkok fInkdkso T[gG'r dhnK Io{osKdh g{osh j[zdh j?, (3) ftP/P gozgokswe ;z;feqsh bx{ ;w[dktK dh ihtB gqDkbh Bkb i[Vh j'Jh j?,(4) fe;kBK dh ;fEsh P'fPsK d/ ;wkB j[zdh j? fiBQK T[Zs/ pkjoh b'eK dk gqG[st j[zdk j?. n?;H ;hHokJ/ B/ fpjko dhnK iBikshnK Bz{ “fe;kBK” dk BK fd~sk j?. 300 ;kbK s~e iBikshnK B/ ;kwzstkdd/ fto[~X ;zxoP ehsk j?. n~i UjBK dhnK ;w~f;nktK Mkoyzv y/so ft~u T[d:'fre BroheoD d/ ekoDth pDhnK j'JhnK jB.

2H1H22H1H22H1H22H1H22H1H2 iBiksh ;wkfie ;zouBK iBiksh ;wkfie ;zouBK iBiksh ;wkfie ;zouBK iBiksh ;wkfie ;zouBK iBiksh ;wkfie ;zouBKw?Av/bpkw B/ Gkosh iBikshnK Bz{ fBwB ftP/PsktK d~;hnK jB^ (1) pzX[sk ;wkfie pzXBK dk fJ~e ;kXB,(2) ftneshnK ns/ ;w{jK d/ ft~u ;'gkB dk nGkt, (3) fdqVQ ns/ ifNb n"gukfoe ;zrmBK dk nGkt,(4) G{whXkfosk dk ;w[dkfJe nkXko, (5) yzvh ;o{g, (6) nfsfoes g{zih d/ ;zrqfj ns/ T[g:'r, ns/ pkIkonkXkfos tgko dk x~N wj~st, (7) Xow d/ ;o{g ns/ ;ko ft~u ftG/d dk nGkt, ns/ (8) ihtB nkBzdgqkgs eoB dh ftfPPN wB'dPk.

fJBQK ftP/PsktK d/ nkXko s/ iBikshnK Bz{ j'o ;wkfie Pq/DhnK s'A nb~r ehsk frnk j?. 1930 d/ dPeft~u fpqfNP gqPk;B B/ iBikshnK dh ft;fsqs iBrDBk ehsh. iBikshnK Bz{ UjBK d/ Xkofwe ns/gfo;fEfse nkXkoK T[Zs/ ikshnK s'A ftG/fds ehsk frnk j?.

fco th iBikshnK fe;kB th jB feUAfe UjBK ft~u'A pj[s ;ko/ b'e fgzvK ft~u ofjzd/ jB ns/ y/sh ns/j'o ;zpzfXs eko'pkoK ft~u b~r/ j'J/ jB. fJj ftfGzB ikshnK ns/ ;w[dktK dh soK fdykJh fdzd/ jB. n~i427 iBikshnK jB fiBQK dh iB;zfynk 3 eo'V s'A nfXe j?. Uj ;zg{oD iB;zfynk dk brGr 7# jB.iBikshnK ft~u fBtk;, gfo;fEsh, nkofEe ezw, GkPk, Xow ns/ pkjoh ;z;ko d/ Bkb ;zgoe d/ nkXkos/ pj[s ;kohnK ftfGzBsktK gkJhnK iKdhnK jB. jo iBiksh nzdo{Bh s"o s/ ;sfos j?, ;zGt j? fe fe;/iBiksh d/ w?ApoK Bz{ nkgD/ nkg d/ n;fs~st ;zpzXh jkbksK dk ;gPN nkGk; Bk j't/ iK UjBK Bz{ fJ; ;zpzXft~u fJ~e ftfeqs iK ntk;sfte u/sBk j't/.

;zfynk dh pkj[bsk d/ nkXko s/ Gkos dhnK gqw[~y iBikshnK jB^ w~X gqd/P, wjkokPNo ns/ nKXokgqd/P d/ r"Av, oki;EkB, r[ioks, wjkokPNo, w~X gqd/P d/ Ghb, fpjko, T[Vh;k ns/ g~Swh pzrkb d/;zEkb. r"Av ns/ Ghb, jo fJ~e dh iB;zfynk 40 b~y s'A nfXe j?. ;zEkbK dh iB;zfynk 30 b~y s'A fInkdkj?. fJfsjkf;e, fBqiksh ns/ ;wkfie, ;z;feqfse ;zpzXK d/ nkXkoK T[Zs/ okJ/ powB B/ iBiksh ;w[dktKBz{ gzi y/soh ;w{jK ft~u ftGkfis ehsk j?. fJj ;w{j fBwB jB^

1H T[Zso^g{oph Gkos fi; ft~u n;w, no[Dkub gqd/P, Bkrkb?Av, wDhg[o ns/ fsqg[ok Pkfwb jB.2H T[Zso ns/ T[Zso^g~Sw Gkos dk T[g^fjwkfbnk y/so fi; ft~u T[Zso gqd/P d/ gjkVh fIfbnK ns/

fjwkub gqd/P Pkfwb jB.

3H e/Adoh ns/ g{oph Gkos fi; ft~u g~Swh pzrkb, fpjko, T[Vh;k, w~X gqd/P ns/ nKXok gqd/P Pkfwbehs/ rJ/ jB.

4H d~yD Gkos fi; ft~u sfwbBkv{, e/ob ns/ eoBkNe nkUAd/ jB.

5H g~Swh Gkos fi; ft~u oki;EkB, r[ioks ns/ wjkokPNo Bz{ Pkfwb ehsk iKdk j?.

gqiksh b~SDK, GkPk, ;wkfie ;zrmB ns/ ;z;feqfse gqshwkB nkfd d/ ;zdoG ft~u Gkos dhnK iBikshnKfJ~e d{i/ s'A fGzB jB. nkfd^tk;hnK ft~u nkfd nk;Nq/fbnkJh gqw[~y gqiksh e'fN jB. T[g fjwkfbnk g~Nhft~u wzr'b gqiksh dh gqXkBsk j?. G{w~X;kroh gqiksh ns/ BhrqhN' j'o y/soK ft~u ofjzd/ jB. iBikshnKdhnK GkPktK ;G gqeko s'A nk;fNqe, dqftVhnB ns/ fs~psh uhBh Bkb ;zpzfXs jB. G{fwi ns/ GhbfijhnK e[M iBikshnK dk fjzd{nK ft~u ;ksw j' frnk j?. e[M iBikshnK Jh;kJh Xow t~b gqGkfts j'JhnK


B ØN


jB. iBikshnK d/ w[~y Xzd/ fJ; soK jB^ (1) tkfDeh ns/ ykd ;w~roh ;zuD, (2) M{w y/sh, (3) ;EkJhy/sh, (4) y/s^wId{oh, (5) gP{^gkbD, (6) xo/b{ T[d:'r, Xzd/.

2H1H32H1H32H1H32H1H32H1H3 Gkos dhnK iBikshnK ft~u ;wkfie ;soheoD Gkos dhnK iBikshnK ft~u ;wkfie ;soheoD Gkos dhnK iBikshnK ft~u ;wkfie ;soheoD Gkos dhnK iBikshnK ft~u ;wkfie ;soheoD Gkos dhnK iBikshnK ft~u ;wkfie ;soheoDn?BH e/H p'; dh soK nKdq/ p/s/Jh B/ th iBikshnK d/ torheoD d/ w[~y nkXko, GkPk, Xow ns/ nbrkt Bz{d~f;nk j?. gqzs{ p/s/Jh B/ ihtB:kgB d/ sohfenK Bz{ th torheoD dk nkXko wzfBnk j?. p'; B/ iBiksh b'eKBz{ fszB w[~y Pq/DhnK ft~u torhfeqs ehsk j?̂ (1) fPekoh, wS/o/ ns/ ;zrqkje, (2) M{w fe;kB, ns/ (3) ;EkJhfe;kB i' jb ns/ jb fy~uD tkb/ gP{nK s'A ezw b?Ad/ jB. shih Pq/Dh ft~u ;zEkb, r"Av, Ghb, T[oKt ns/ w[zvknkfd iBikshnK d/ b'e jB. fJBQK iBikshnK d/ fe;kB ns/ r?o iBikshnK d/ fe;kBK ft~u fGzBsk BjhA j?.fJBQK iBikshnK Bz{ fe;kBK, y/sh wId{oK ns/ wId{oK ft~u th torhfeqs ehsk ik ;edk j?. d~yD fpjko, pzrkb,T[Vh;k ns/ w~X gqd/P ft~u nkfd^tk;h eko\kfBnK ft~u ezw eod/ jB. n?;H ;hH okJ/ B/ T[oKt ns/ w[zvk g/Av{nKBz{ fe;kB fejk j?. fcT{oo j?w/Bv'oc B/ nfdbkpkd d/ okir"Av nkfd^tk;hnK dh ;z;feqsh Bz{ fe;kB ;z;feqshdk BK fd~sk j?. n?cH ihH p?bh B/ th T[Vh;k d/ y"Av nkfd^tk;hnK Bz{ fe;kB fejk j?.

nB/eK wkBt Pk;sohnK B/ fJ~e ftfPPN iBiksh d/ w?ApoK ft~u ;wkfie ;soheoD d/fynk j?. ekPsekohdh ntXh d/ eko'pko ftG/dheoD d/ ;zdoG ft~u n?;H ;hH okJ/ B/ fJ~e T[oKt fgzv ft~u eJh ;w{jK dkT[b/y ehsk j?. okJ/ B/ fe;kB wkfbe ns/ oJhnsK dhnK ftfGzB Pq/DhnK dk T[b/y ehsk j?. fJ;/ nkfd^tk;h;w{j ft~u wjkbh, xk;h ns/ b'jok nkfd nB/e nzso fttkfje ;w{j gkJ/ iKd/ jB. w[zvk th ;EkJh s"os/ y/sh eod/ jB. UjBK d/ gfotko ft~u th fwjBs ftGkiB gkfJnk iKdk j?. w[zvktK ft~u y{zNe~Nh^G{̂ XkoDg~Xsh gkJh iKdh j?. y{zNe~Nh g~Xsh d/ nzsorsL (1) y{zNe~Nhdko, (2) gqik iK oJhns, ns/ (3) ;jkfJeikshnK (;/tkekoh ;w{j) gkJ/ iKd/ jB. ftnefse G{^wbfens bkr{ j'D ns/ fpqfNP oki d/ T[d/ BkbPkj{ekoK ns/ fIwhAdkoK dk iBiksh ihtB ft~u j;sy/g tfXnk. fJ;/ ekoD y{zNe~Nh g~Xsh dk wj~st yswj' frnk. X[fonk B/ nkfd^tk;h b'eK Bz{ fgSV/ fjzd{nK dk BK fd~sk j?.

2H1H42H1H42H1H42H1H42H1H4 iBiksh ns/ iksh iBiksh ns/ iksh iBiksh ns/ iksh iBiksh ns/ iksh iBiksh ns/ ikshw?Av/bpkw d/ nB[;ko iBiksh j"bh j"bh iksh t~b tX ojh j?. w?Av/bpkw d/ eEkB[;koL “;G iBikshnKns/ ;G ikshnK d/ b'eK ftueko e'Jh fBopkX ;z;feqfse iK ;wkfie nzso BjhA j? gqzs{ iBiksh ns/ ikshb~SDK d/ ft~u nzso dh fJ~e bVh j?.” ;z;feqfse gft~sosk ns/ ngft~sosk, ;EkfBe nkswktK dh g{ikns/ pzX[sk fttjkoK dh gqfeqsh d/ ;zdoG ft~u iBikshnK ns/ ikshnK ft~u e[M nkw ;z;feqfse b~SD gkJ/iKd/ jB. iBiksh ns/ iksh d/ ft~u nzso d/ w'N/ o{g ft~u gzi gfjb{ jB^ (1) ;wkfie, (2) okiBhfse,(3) nkofEe, (4) Xkofwe, (5) wB'ftfrnkfBe. fJBQK gfjb{nK ft~u ftG/dK s'A pknd th nkfd^tk;hnKdk iksh w[~bK t~b fy;ekt j?. ihtB gqDkbhnK, gqEktK, G'iB gqshwkBK, Xkofwe ;z;ekoK, ;'gkB, r[N ns/MrV/, ;z;feqsh, Xow ns/ ihtB^fdqPNhe'D nkfd d/ y/soK ft~u fJj fy;ekt ntb'fes j'fJnk j?. fJBQKy/soK ft~u iBikshnK B/ iksh ;w{jK dk nB[;oD ehsk j?.

fJfsjk;eko vhH vhH e';zph d/ nB[;ko Jh;k g{ot 6thA ;dh ft~u rzrk d/ w?dkB ft~u iBikshnK T[Zs/ e"Pbns/ wrX okiK B/ fi~s gqkgs eo e/ UjBK y/soK Bz{ nkgD/ y/soK ft~u nksw;ks eo fbnk ;h. gqkuhBekb s'A fpqfNP oki s~e iBikshnK B/ r?oîBikshnK T[Zs/ brksko jwb/ ehs/. iBiksh ;w{jK dh ftt;Ekft~u nksw;ks Bz{ fpqfNP oki B/ mhe BjhA ;wfMnk. UjBK B/ iBiksh ns/ iksh d/ fJ; fwPoD d/ Bshi/Bz{ oki d/ bJh fJ~e rzGho ysok wfj;{; ehsk. iBikshnK ns/ ikshnK d/ J/eheoD Bz{ o'eD dh fJj fJ~eokiBhfse ukb ;h. ;o jopoN n?uH foIb/ d/ ntb'eD d/ nB[;ko 1873 s'A jh iBikshnK ikshnK ft~ugfotofss j' ojhnK ;B. gfotosB dh fJ; gqfeqnk Bz{ ;z;feqsheoD iK fjzd{eoD fejk ik ;edk j?.

nB/eK nkfd^tk;hnK B/ P'PD s'A w[esh gkUD ns/ nkgDh ;fEsh ns/ ;~wkBBz{ T[Zuk u[~eD bJh nkgDh iBiksh gfjukD ysw eo fd~sh ns/ fjzd{, Jh;kJhiK fJ;bkw Xow Bz{ ngDk fbnk.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j'


B ØN


2H1H52H1H52H1H52H1H52H1H5 iBiksh ;w~f;nktK iBiksh ;w~f;nktK iBiksh ;w~f;nktK iBiksh ;w~f;nktK iBiksh ;w~f;nktKe[H ;[o/P f;zx d[nkok ;zgkfds g[;se NqkJhpb f;u[J/PB fJB fJzvhnk ft~u nb~r nb~r y/soK ft~u ftfGzBiBikshnK pko/ ;wkfie ns/ ;z;feqfse, ;zuko, Bhsh, okiBhsh ns/ gqPk;B, y/sh ;w~f;nktK ns/ nkofEeftek;, nzd'bB ns/ nrtkJh ns/ J/eheoD dhnK ;w~f;nktK dk ft;fsqs toDB ehsk frnk j?. phH e/H okJ/powB d/ ;ot/yD s'A gqshs j[zdk j? fe iBikshnK ;G s'A nfXe fgSVhnK j'JhnK jB. UjBK ft~u ;kyoskdh rsh Xhwh j? ns/ UjBK dh noEftt;Ek nkfdw j?. x~N s'A x~N 185 skb[ektK ft~u UjBK dh iB;zfynke[b iB;zfynk d/ 50# s'A nfXe j?. iBiksh ;fEsh Gkos d/ ;G GkrK ft~u ;wkB BjhA j?. T[Zso^g{opGkos ft~u eJh ;kbK s'A jkbs ftrVh j'Jh j?. w~X Gkos ft~u rohph, p/o[Irkoh, eoI/, fgSVkgB ns/nfrnkBsk nkfd dh ;w~f;nk fs~yh pDh j'Jh j?. T[Zso^g{op Gkos d/ nkfd^tk;hnK ft~u okiBhsheoD,f;~fynk ns/ ihtB dk ;so j'o GkrK dhnK iBikshnK dh s[bBk ft~u uzrk j?.

2H1H62H1H62H1H62H1H62H1H6 Gkos dhnK iBikshnK ft~u gfotosB dh gqfeqnk Gkos dhnK iBikshnK ft~u gfotosB dh gqfeqnk Gkos dhnK iBikshnK ft~u gfotosB dh gqfeqnk Gkos dhnK iBikshnK ft~u gfotosB dh gqfeqnk Gkos dhnK iBikshnK ft~u gfotosB dh gqfeqnkfBqiksh ns/ ;z;feqfse J/ekswesk pDk e/ o~yD ns/ fv~e{nK (pkjoh b'eK) d[nkok P'PD d/ fto[~X nkgD/nkg Bz{ fjzd{ ;w{jK d/ o{g ft~u puk e/ o~yD bJh iBikshnK ;wkfie ns/ okiBhfse fdqPNh Bkb ikro{ej' ojhnK jB. Uj nkgDh okiBhfse J/esk T[Zs/ pb d/ ojhnK jB. fJ; ekoD iBikshnK ft~u fJ~e Bt/A gqekodk gfo;fEfse^;z;feqfse ftbrB nk ;edk j?. fJ; soK dk edw iBikshnK B/ nkgD/ nkofEe fgSV/gBns/ ftcbheoD dh GktBk ekoD u[~fenk j?.

iBikshnK Bz{ okPNoh w[~yXkok ft~u J/ehfeqs eoB bJh UjBK Bz{ pj[s fInkdk nkofEe nt;o gqdkBeoB/ j'Dr/. iBikshnK Bz{ r?oîBikshnK d/ Bkb J/eheoD d/ nksw;kstkdh wkvb d/ nB[;koiBikshnK dhnK r?oîBikshnK d/ Bkb ;zouBKswe eVhnK dk j'Dk Io{oh j?. Gkosh ;wki ft~u fs~y/;wkfie gfotosBK d/ ekoD n~i ftbrkttkdh wkvb yk; T[g:[es BjhA j?. Gkos ft~u ftPkbgfotosB j'D s'A pknd th iBiksh u/sBk iBikshnK Bz{ Gkosh ;wki d/ fJ~e ftfPPN gqGkt d/ o{gft~u fdqVQ eoB bJh T[ZGo e/ ;kjwD/ nkJh j?. T[dkjoD bJh fpjko dh iBiksh gqyzv ft~uT[d:'freheoD d[nkok T[; y/so ft~u r?oîBikshnK d/ Bkb J/eheoD tfXnk j? ns/ iBiksh u/sBkBz{ tkXk fwfbnk j?. nkfd^tk;hnK d[nkok ;t?:~ssk dh fJj wzr UjBK ;z;feqfse ;t?:~ssk d/ y'Dd/ vo ns/ T[sgzB e[zmktK d/ ekoD g?dk j'Jh j?.

fBjko oziB o/ d/ nB[;ko iBikshnK, ngokXh iBikshnK, nB[;{fus iBikshnK ns/ nB[;{fus ikshnKGqwekoh Ppd jB. fJj Ppd pZ[XhwkBh g{ote fBofws BjhA ehs/ rJ/ jB. o/ fbyd/ jBL fJ; Bkb fJBQK;w[dktK d/ gqsh ;kvh wB'ftqsh fBoXkfos j' rJh j? ns/ UjBK dhnK ;w~f;nktK d/ gqsh ;kvk T[gkrw thfBoXkfos j' u[ek j?. UjBK dhnK ;wZf;nktK fizBhnK UjBK dhnK jB, UBhnK jh pkeh Gkosh iBsk dhnKth jB. Gkosh okPNotkd d/ fdqPNhe'D s'A o/ B/ fBwB ntb'eD gq;s[s ehs/ jB^

1H iBikshnK iB iK iBsk jB, Uj mhe U;/ soK jB fit/A Gkos d/ j'o G{̂ GkrK ns/ ;z;feqfse y/soKft~u b'e jB. nkfd^tk;h iB r?o nkfd^tk;h ;w[dktK, fiBQK ft~u iksh nkXkfos ;wkfie,Xkofwe ftt;Ek tkb/ fjzd{ ;w[dkJ/ th Pkfwb jB, s'A fGzB jB. o/ d/ eEkB[;ko iksh iksh BjhA j?ns/ Bk jh fJ~e ;wkfie^Xkofwe ftt;Ek jh j?. fJj fJ~e nkofEe ftt;Ek th j? i' iBw d/nkXko s/ tzPkB[rs ns/ ;'gfBe Yzr Bkb nk:'fis j?.

2H ;wkt/PD ns/ J/eheoD ft~u ;gPN nzso j?. iks ftt;Ek ft~u iBikshnK dk ;wkt/P ehsk frnkj? Bk fe J/eheoD. UjBK Bz{ fJ; ftt;Ek d/ ftfGzB ;soK, ftP/P eo e/, fBwB ;soK T[Zs/ Pkfwbehsk frnk j?. fJj gqfeqnk th Xhwh ojh j? ns/ fJ; dh wj~ssk th iksh ft~u fY~bkgD nkUD BkbfBokoEe j' rJh j?. fJ; bJh, iBikshnK Bz{ BthA seBheh noEftt;Ek, fJ~e BthA T[sgkdBftt;Ek ft~u Pkfwb eoB dh Io{os j?.

3H ibd gfotosBPhb nkX[fBe ihtB, BthA ekBz{Bh ftt;Ek ns/ gqPk;B ns/ BthA nkofEe ftt;Ekd/ ekoD nkfd^tk;hnK ft~u T[sgzB dpktK ns/ sBktK Bz{ ;wMD dh Io{os j?.


B ØN


4H nkofEe ns/ j'o efmBkJhnK d/ ekoD nkfd^tk;h nkgD/ iBw ;EkBK s'A j'o ;EkBK s/ gqt;B eorJ/ jB. UjBK ft~u'A e[M ;?Bk ft~u th Gosh j'J/ jB.

5H nB[;{fus iBikshnK, fBofdPN iBikshnK ns/ nB[;{fus ikshnK fij/ BktK ft~u ftGkiB d/ phinzso fBfjs jB.

6H iBikshnK nZi dh gfjukD dh y'i ft~u jB. BthA ;wki ftt;Ek d/ Bkb brkt ns/ nkswfBoXkoD dh GktBk dh UjBK Bz{ sbkP j?. g{op^T[Zso y/so ft~u Bt/A oki fBofws j'J/ jB.fpjko ft~u nkfd^tk;hnK d/ Mkoyzv ns/ j'o gV';h okiK ft~u e'b d/ fIfbnK ft~u nb~r oki dh;EkgBk dh wzr, UjBK dh gfjukD dh gfoukfJe j?.

o/ fbyd/ jB^ “;wekbhB ;zdoG ft~u nkfd^tk;hnK d/ ftbB bJh gko;gfoe fjzd{ g~Xsh dk e'Jh thftuko, w/o/ fdwkr dk f;o| gkrbgD j?. toswkB ;zdoG ft~u fJj f;o| ekb d'P j?.” gqzs{ fJj th;jh j? fe nB/e nkfd^tk;hnK B/ fjzd{, Jh;kJh iK fJ;bkw Xow Bz{ ngDk fbnk j?. gfotosB ns/rshPhbsk dhnK fJBQK gqfeqnktK d/ cb;o{g nkfd^tk;hnK ns/ j'o ;w[dktK ft~u nzso xfNnk j?.gqzs{ fJjth ;jh j? fe i' nkfd^tk;h gfotofss BjhA j'J/ jB ns/ fiBQK B/ j'o XowK Bz{ BjhA ngDkfJnk j?, UjBKd/ ft~u r[NpkIh ns/ MrV/ tX/ jB. fpjko ft~u UjBK nkfd^tk;hnK, fiBQK B/ Jh;kJh Xow Bz{ ngDkfJnkj?, ns/ r?o nkfd^tk;hnK d/ ft~u ;gPN ftGkie o/yk j?.


(i) w?Av/bpkw d/ nB[;ko ;zg{oD ;wki ft~u iBiksh dhnK eVhnK HHHHHHHHHH s/ nkXkfos jB. (ii) fpjko dh HHHHHHHHHHHHHH B/ nkgD/ P'PeK d/ fto[~X iBsk Bz{ irkfJnk.(iii) HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH d/ nkfd^tk;h w[~y s"o s/ fe;kB jB ns/ fJ; bJh UjBK dhnK nkofEe ;w~f;nktK

Bz{ ;wMD dk nkXko y/sh j'Dh ukjhdh j?.(iv) HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH B/ iBikshnK d/ torheoD dk w[~y nkXko GkPk, Xow ns/ nbrkt Bz{ d~f;nk j?. (v) ;o jopoN n?uH foIb/ d/ ntb'eD d/ nB[;ko HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH s'A jh iBikshnK ikshnK ft~u

gfotofss j' ojhnK ;B.(vi) HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ft~u iBikshnK dk ;wkt/P ehsk frnk j? Bk fe J/eheoD dk.

2H22H22H22H22H2 Gkos ft~u g/Av{ ns/ Broh ;w[dkJ/ Gkos ft~u g/Av{ ns/ Broh ;w[dkJ/ Gkos ft~u g/Av{ ns/ Broh ;w[dkJ/ Gkos ft~u g/Av{ ns/ Broh ;w[dkJ/ Gkos ft~u g/Av{ ns/ Broh ;w[dkJ/ (Village and UrbanCommunities in India)

Gkos w[~y o{g ft~u fgzvK dk d/P j?, feUAfe fJ; ft~u 6 b~y s'A nfXe fgzv jB. Gkos d/ ;wkfie ihtBdhnK fszB fBoDkfJe ;z;EktK^ fgzv, iksh ns/ ;z:[es gfotko jB. fJBQK B/ Bk e/tb ftd/Ph jwfbnKns/ nzdo{Bh fto'XkGk;K s'A T[sgzB nkxksK Bz{ jh M/fbnk j? pbfe ;wkfie ns/ ;z;feqfse gfotosBK dhnKskesK Bz{ nksw;ks ehsk j? ns/ ;kjwD/ nkJhnK j'JhnK Io{osK ns/ u/sktBhnK d/ nB[;ko nkgD/ nkgBz{ Ykb th fbnk j?. iksh ftt;Ek ns/ ;z:[es gfotko d/ pko/ ft~u uouk pknd ft~u ehsh ikt/rh. fJ~E/n;hA g/Av{ ;w[dkJ/ dhnK gqw[~y ftP/PsktK pko/ w'N/ s"o s/ toDB eoKr/.

2H2H12H2H12H2H12H2H12H2H1 gqkuhB Gkos ft~u g/Av{ ;w[dkJ/ gqkuhB Gkos ft~u g/Av{ ;w[dkJ/ gqkuhB Gkos ft~u g/Av{ ;w[dkJ/ gqkuhB Gkos ft~u g/Av{ ;w[dkJ/ gqkuhB Gkos ft~u g/Av{ ;w[dkJ/ng;szG Xow ;{so d/ nB[;ko okik BroK ns/ fgzvK bJh ;[gfoGkfPs nfXeko y/soK d/ Bkb okigd^nfXekohnK (nfXneP iK nfXg;) Bz{ fB:[es eod/ ;B. ftPD{ ;fwqsh ft~u T[b/y j? fe okik 1,10 ns/ 100 fgzvK ns/ g{o/ g/Av{ y/soK bJh nfXekohnK dh fJ~e bVh fB:[es eodk ;h. e"fNfbnk d/nB[;ko, g/Av{ ns/ Broh y/soK bJh fszB Pq/DhnK ft~u nfXekohnK Bz{ fIzw/tkoh ;"Agh iKdh ;h. ;wjosiK gqd/;sk fJ~e g/Av{ y/so iK iBgd dk w[yhnk j[zdk ;h. iBgd ft~u uko wzvb j[zd/ ;B ns/ jo wzvbBz{ ;zGkbD dh fIzw/tkoh fJ~e ;EkfBe T[Zs/ ofjzdh ;h. fJBQK nfXekohnK dk w[~y coI iBsk d/ ikB wkb


B ØN


dh o~fynk eoBk ;h. i/eo fBwB Pq/Dh dk nfXekoh nkgDh fIzw/tkoh fBGkUD ft~u ;cb BjhA j'fJnk sKT[; Bz{ nkgD/ s'A T[Zu nfXekoh Bz{ fog'oN d/Dh g?Adh ;h. e"fNfbnk d/ nB[;ko, fJj nfXekoh ftneshrso{g Bkb b'eK d/ ihtB dh o~fynk, oki;t pekfJnk ns/ xkN/ ;zpzXh nKeV/ o~yD ns/ 800, 400 ns/ 10fgzvK dhnK fJekJhnK d/ w[~y d|soK T[Zs/ f;tb ns/ c"idkoh w[edw/ fBgNkUD bJh T[ZsodkJh ;B.

Xow ;{soK d/ nB[;ko, w[yhnk dh fB:[esh okik eodk ;h. e"fNfbnk d/ noEPk;so d/ nB[;ko w[yhnk dkgd tzPkB[rs ;h, gqzs{ okik d[nkok T[; dh g[PNh j'Dh Io{oh ;h. fJ~e ikse eEk ft~u toDB fwbdk j? fefgzvK d/ ezwK d/ gqpzX eoB bJh rqkw ;GktK j[zdhnK ;B. gzfvnk ns/ u"b Pk;B d/ nzsors fJ~e ekoiekoBhiK ftfGzB ekoiekoh ;fwshnK dh wdd Bkb ;[rfms rqkw ;GktK j[zdhnK ;B fiBQK Bz{ ;t? Pk;B bJh ftnkgenfXeko gqkgs ;B. ekoiekoBh iK ekoiekoh ;fwshnK iBsk d[nkok fBofws fB:wK d/ nB[;ko iBsk d[nkokjh fBotkfus ehshnK iKdhnK ;B. fJBQK ;GktK dh gqfsPmk fJBQK dh fBnK fBPmk ns/ JhwkBdkoh d/ ekoDpj[s nfXe ;h. fJBQK Bz{ okik dh ;[o~fynk gqkgs ;h. wzdoK d/ e'PK dk gqpzX th fJBQK ;GktK d[nkok ehsk iKdk;h. MrfVnK dk fBgNkok, G{wh dkB, j;gskbK dh ;EkgBk ns/ gqpzX, dkB Phb ;z;EktK dh d/y Gkb ns/eoK dk fB:zsoD nkfd nB/e ekoi fJBQK ;GktK Bz{ eoB/ g?Ad/ ;B.

p[~X d/ ;w/A (Jh;k g{ot 6thA ;dh) fgzv ;w{fje ihtB dh fJ~e nkIkd fJekJh ;h fi; ft~u eo, f;~fynk,MrfVnK dk fBgNkok ns/ ;kotifBe ezw ehs/ iKd/ ;B. fJ; ekb ft~u g/Av{ ;w[dkJ/ ft~u nB/eK gfotosBj'J/. gkbh GkPk d/ rqzEK ft~u rkwkG'ie (Pkjh cowkB d[nkok fgzv ft~u oki;t gqkgs eosk) Bz{ fBodJhfejk frnk j?, feUAfe Uj wBwkBhnK wzrK g{ohnK eo e/ b'eK Bz{ b[~Ndk ;h ns/ ed/ ed/ b'eK d/ nkIkdns/ ;jkfJe ihtB ft~u th j;sy/g eodk ;h. fJ; ekb ft~u b'eK B/ w/fbnK ns/ nkBzd^T[s;tK ft~uGkr b? e/ nkgDk wB'oziB ehsk. gP{nK dh bVkJh, BNpkIh, ikd{ d/ y/b, Bku ns/ BkNe nkfd dk gqpzXehsk iKdk ;h. t/fPnkftq~sh, wfdokgkB ns/ i{nk nkw p[okJhnK ;B.

Jh;k g{op u"Eh Pskpdh ft~u r[nkb/, fPekoh, ekohro, f;gkjh, r[gsuo ns/ gkoPd (okik d/gd^nfXekoh) BK dhnK ;~s ikshnK d/ gkJ/ ikD dk T[b/y j?. tk;st ft~u fJj eko'pkoh ;w{j ;B Bkfe tzPkB[eqwD T[Zs/ nkXkfos ikshnK. nzsoiksh ftnkj nkw fotki ;h. nfijk gqshs j[zdk ;h fe fJ;ekb ft~u ;wkfie ns/ ;z;feqfse ftG/dK dh P[o{nks j'Jh ;h. fJ; s'A gfjbK fgzv ft~u Pk;e ns/ Pkf;sd/ o{g ft~u G/d^Gkt gkJ/ iKd/ ;B. fgzvK ft~u ;zpzX gkJ/ iKd/ ;B. fgzvK d/ okik ns/ Pfjotk;hnK Bkb;zpzX ;B. d'jK T[Zs/ jh okik ns/ T[; d[nkok fB:[es nfXekohnK dk Pk;B ;h.

2H2H22H2H22H2H22H2H22H2H2 w~Xekb ft~u g/Av{ ;w[dkJ/ w~Xekb ft~u g/Av{ ;w[dkJ/ w~Xekb ft~u g/Av{ ;w[dkJ/ w~Xekb ft~u g/Av{ ;w[dkJ/ w~Xekb ft~u g/Av{ ;w[dkJ/w~Xekb ft~u fgzvK d/ fdqPgNb ft~u gfotosB nkfJnk.wzfdo ns/ rqkw gzukfJs nfsnfXe gqGktekoh;z;EktK d/ o{g ft~u T[ZGohnK. w~XekbhB fjzd{ Pk;eK B/ nkgD/ gqik d/ gqsh eos~t fBGkUD ft~u T[dk;hBskns/ T[g/fynk fdykJh. b'eK d/ e'b nkgD/ nkg ;kXB i[NkUD s'A f;tkJ/ e'Jh ukok Bk fojk. wzfdo ns/gzukfJs B/ b'eK Bz{ fJ~e ;[yh, ;t;E ns/ bkGekoh ihtB gqdkB eoB ft~u nrtkJh ehsh. gzukfJs B/b'eK dh okik d[nkok P'PD d/ fto[~X o~fynk ehsh.wzdoK ft~u nB/eK b'eK Bz{ o[Irko fd~sk frnk ns/ ftdtkBKBz{ ;[o~fynk gqdkB ehsh rJh. wzfdo T[Zu frnkB ns/ bfbs ebk d/ ftfdnkb/ d/ o{g ft~u ezw eoB b~r/. fJ;d[nkok p?AeK ns/ fe;kBK dk ezw th ehsk frnk. jIkoK b'eK Bz{ o'IkBk G'iB fJBQK wzdoK ft~u fwbdk ;h.ftfGzB gqeko d/ Xkofwe, f;~fyne ns/ ;z;feqfse ezw th ;zgzB ehs/ iKd/ ;B. nB/eK w;fidK thf;~fynkfbnK d/ o{g ft~u ezw eodhnK ;B ns/ UjBK Bz{ th ;oekoh ;[o~fynk gqkgs ;h. fpBK P~e wzdoKns/ gzukfJsK B/ okfinK d[nkok T[sgzB ;wkfie, ;z;feqfse ykbh ;EkBK dh g{osh ehsh gqzs{ UjBK B/ Gkosft~u fJ~e ;fEo ;z;feqsh dh th ouBK ehsh. ;wki dh gqrsh bJh e'Jh Bt/A gfotosB, Btkuko ns/T[gkn BjhA fbnKd/ rJ/.

nkozfGe w~Xekb ft~u nfXeso b'e fgzvK ft~u ofjzd/ ;B ns/ y/sh UjBK dk w[~y ezw ;h. ftfGzB gqekod/ w~X;EK d[nkok fe;kB oki Bz{ G{êo fdzd/ ;B. G{wh wB[~y nB[gks fBwB ;h. G'iB ;wZroh dh pj[bsk;h ns/ fJj ;;sh th ;h. fgzvK ft~u ihtB ftbr, ngqrshPhb, pj[s jh ;kXkoD ns/ ;fEo ;h.g/Av{ noE ftt;Ek ;tkbzph ;h. ekohro, B"eo, g[ikoh ns/ Pkj{eko fgzv dhnK ;kohnK io{osK g{ohnK


B ØN


eod/ ;B.fgzv tk;hnK Bz{ ;z:[es gfotko s'A ;[o~fynk gqkgs ;h ns/ rqkw gzukfJs d[nkok UjBK dhnKS'NhnK w'NhnK fPekfJsK d/ pko/ ft~u fBnK ;[bG ;h. iksh gzukfJs ns/ w[yhnk ;w/s fgzv oki dh nkIkdfJekJh ;h ns/ e/Adoh ;oeko d/ pko/ ft~u ;'u/ fpBK nkgDk ezw ;zgzB eodh ;h. fJ; soK w~XekbhB Gkosdk BePk gqkuhB Gkos dh s[bBk ft~u fGzB ;h. w~XekbhB Gkos dh fBPub noEftt;Ek d/ ekoD fpqfNPgqPk;eK ns/ fBqiksh ftfrnkfBeK ft~u nB/eK GqKshnK g?dk j'JhnK.

2H2H32H2H32H2H32H2H32H2H3 nkX[fBe Gkos ft~u g/Av{ ;w[dkJ/ nkX[fBe Gkos ft~u g/Av{ ;w[dkJ/ nkX[fBe Gkos ft~u g/Av{ ;w[dkJ/ nkX[fBe Gkos ft~u g/Av{ ;w[dkJ/ nkX[fBe Gkos ft~u g/Av{ ;w[dkJ/G{^wbfens d/ pko/ ft~u rfjo/ ;ot/yD ezw dh P[o{nks d/ Bkb jh 18thA Pskpdh ft~u Gkosh fgzv dknfXn?B th P[o{ j'fJnk. g/Av{ ;wkfie ihtB dk rfjok nB[Gkfte nfXn?B toswkB ;dh ft~u gqu~fbsj'fJnk. w[Bo', w?Nekc, w?B, wkoe; ns/ p?v/B^g't/b d[nkok ehs/ rJ/ nfXn?BK ft~u Gkosh fgzv Bz{ pzdns/ nb~r ftt;Ek dk BK fd~sk frnk. ;o ukob; w?Nekc B/ Gkosh fgzv Bz{ nyzfvs, gow[D[e ns/ngfotosB :'r fJekJh fejk. w?Nekc fbyd/ jB^ “g/Av{ ;w[dkJ/ bx{ rDszso j?, T[; ft~u UjBK dhnKIo{osK dhnK brGr ;kohnK t;sK gkJhnK iKdhnK jB, ns/ Uj ;G ftd/Ph ;zpzXK s'A brGr ;[szsojB.” w?Nekc B/ fJj th fbfynk fe :[~X j[zd/ jB, ;kwoki pDd/ ns/ ftrVd/ jB gqzs{ fgzv ;wki d/ o{gft~u ngfotosB :'r, ;fEo ns/ ;tkbzph j' e/ T[ZGod/ ofjzd/ jB.

gqPB fJj ;h fe eh Gkosh fgzv dk fJj fusoD T[fus ns/ ;jh j?< nB/eK wkBt Pk;sohnK ns/ ;wkiPk;sohnK B/ fJ; ws dk I'odko yzvB ehsk j?. fJ; wkBsk Bz{ fXnkB ft~u o~yd/ j'J/ fe Gkosh fgzv ;fEo,nb~r ns/ ;[fdqP BjhA ;B, fJ; ft~u gfotosB j' oj/ ;B. fgzv ftPkb ;wki Bkb i[V/ j'J/ ;B ns/ fJBQKft~u ;wkfie ftG/dheoD th ;h. nB/eK nfXn?B fJ; ;dh d/ gzit/A dPe ft~u ehs/ rJ/. ftPkb ;z;kos'A nbrkt ns/ ftbrsk Bz{ jNkUD ft~u gqt;B, fgzv s'A pkjo ftnkj, iiwkBh fBfjs nzsorqakwhDnkofEe ;zpzX, pkIkoK bJh PfjoK T[Zs/ fBoGosk, fwjBs ftGkiB ns/ Xkofwe ;EkBK d/ doPB nkfdGkosh fgzv dhnK w[~y ftP/PsktK ojhnK jB. iiwkBh gqEk ftfGzB ikshnK d/ ft~u ;wkfie, ;z;feqfsens/ nkofEe ;zpzXK dh ftt;Ek ojh j?. fJ; gqEk d/ nzsors e[M ikshnK ;zo~fyne iK wkfbe dh G{fwekfBGkUAdhnK jB ns/ e[M ;/tk eoB tkbhnK ikshnK j[zdhnK jB.;/te ikshnK nkw s"o s/ T[Zu G{̂ ;[nkwhikshnK dh ;/tk eodhnK jB ns/ T[; d/ pdb/ Bed iK j'o fe;w d/ o{g ft~u gqshcb gqkgs eodhnK jB.fJBQK ikshnK Bz{ wkbe ikshnK ns/ UjBK d/ gfotkoK dh ;/tk eoB bJh wip{o th ehsk iKdk j?. ed/ed/ yk; eo e/ fsUjkoK ns/ j'o gft~so nt;oK T[Zs/ iiwkB UjBK Bz{ fJBkw ns/ T[gjko th fdzd/ jB.gqsh:'frsk, PfjoK d/ Bkb ;zgoe, gqt;B, f;~fynk ns/ ;/te ikshnK ft~u ;wkfie ns/ ;z;feqfse u/sBkd/ ekoD iiwkBh ewI'o g? ojh j?. n~i g/Av{ iBsk UjBK ;/tktK bJh PfjoK ns/ e;fpnK T[Zs/ fBoGoj? i' gfjbK ;/te ikshnK d[nkok gqdkB ehshnK iKdhnK ;B.

ftfGzB fgzv j'o fgzvK, e;fpnK ns/ PfjoK Bkb nB/eK ;zpzXK d[nkok i[V/ j'J/ jB. w?Av/bpkw d/ eEkB[;kofgzv ;kc s"o s/ nb~r ehsk ik ;eD tkbk ;wkfie iK ntXkokDkswe pzvb BjhA jB, pbfe fJj fJ~enkXkoG{s fJekJh jB. fgzv fdB^gqshfdB ftPkb ;wki dk nzr pD oj/ jB.

2H2H42H2H42H2H42H2H42H2H4 fgzv fJ~e ;wkfie fJekJh d/ o{g ft~u fgzv fJ~e ;wkfie fJekJh d/ o{g ft~u fgzv fJ~e ;wkfie fJekJh d/ o{g ft~u fgzv fJ~e ;wkfie fJekJh d/ o{g ft~u fgzv fJ~e ;wkfie fJekJh d/ o{g ft~ucqK;h;h ;wki Pk;soh b[Jh fv:{w' B/ g/Av{ ;w[dkJ/ Ppd d/ fszB noE d~;/ jB^ (1) fJ~e okiBhfse ;wkid/ o{g ft~u, (2) G{wh d/ ;fj^;[nkwhnK dh fJ~e fJekJh d/ o{g ft~u, ns/ (3) gozgokswe noEftt;Ekns/ okiBhfse ftt;Ek d/ gqshe (Gkosh d/P Grsh dk nkdoP tke) d/ o{g ft~u. fJ; ws d/ nB[;koGkos ft~u g/Av{ ;w[dkJ/ okiBhfse ns/ nkofEe ftt;Ek dk fJ~e nzr fojk j?. fJ~e fgzv f;o| fJ~e ;EkB,xoK, rbhnK ns/ y/sK dk g[zi jh BjhA j?. fJj gqsh feqnktK fJ; bJh T[ZGo e/ nkJhnK feUAfe GkoshfgzvK dh ;[szsosk ns/ ;tkbzpB Bz{ tXk uVQk e/ gq;s[s ehsk frnk. n~i th fgzv fJ~e ;zpzX y/soh fJekJhd/ o{g ft~u jB. gqzs{ fgzvK ft~u rqkwhD gfjukD, J/esk ns/ fBPmk dh GktBk iksh ns/ ;w[dkJ/ dh GktBks'A fes/ T[Zgo j?. fgzv d/ nzdo ns/ j'o fgzvK Bkb r[Npzdh ns/ ;zxoP nkw r~b j?. G{wh ;[XkoK, gzukfJshoki, ;z;feqsheoD ns/ j'o ouBKswe ns/ ;z;feqfse gfotosBK d[nkok fgzv dh ;wkfie ;zouBK ns/ fgzvd/ pkjoh ;z;ko d/ Bkb ;zpzXK ft~u wj~stg{oD gfotosB j'J/ jB. w?Av/bpkw B/ fejk j? fe fJ~e fgzv ;gPN


B ØN


o{g Bkb fJ; d/ fBtk;hnK bJh fJ~e wj~stg{oD ns/ fttjkfoe ;wkfie fJekJh j?. fJj b'e pkjoh ;wkidhnK rshftXhnK ft~u Gkr b?Ad/ jB ns/ ;~fGnsk d/ gqshwkB ft~u Gkrhdko jB. nfXn?BK d/ T[d/P Bkbe[M jkbksK ft~u fgzvK Bz{ nbr ehsk ik ;edk j?. gqzs{ j'o jkbksK ft~u n;hA nfijk BjhA eo ;ed/. fJ;bJh fgzv dk nfXn?B fJ; d/ gfot/P ns/ pkjoh gfog~y d'tK jh fdqPNh e'DK Bkb eoB dh Io{os j?.

nkg nzrq/IK B/ G{^XkoD dh fIwhAdkoh ns/ o~JhnstkVh ftt;EktK Bz{ bkr{ eo e/ ;wkfie ftG/dheoD dkfJ~e BtK gqshwkB ;Ekfgs ehsk.fIwhAdko nkw s"o s/ T[Zu iksh Bkb ;zpzfXs ;B. UjBK Bz{ fpqfNP ;oekobJh brkB t;{b eoB dk ezw ;"Afgnk frnk. fJ; ezw bJh UjBK Bz{ efwPB fd~sk iKdk ;h. UjBK dh;wkfie gfo;fEsh n;wkB ;h feUAfe UjBK Bz{ fJ; ezw bJh ;"AghnK rJhnK fIzw/tkohnK ;wkB BjhA ;B.o?ns G{whXkoh fe;kB ;B fiBQK Bz{ fJ~e fBPfus okPh d/ G[rskB s'A pknd IwhB T[Zs/ dyb nfXrqfjDdk nfXeko fwbdk ;h. Uj fIwhAdkoK d/ nfXeko y/so ft~u BjhA ;B feUAfe nfXrqfjD d/ fB:wK d/nzsors UjBK dk ;zpzX f;~Xk fpqfNP ;oeko Bkb ;h. fIwhAdkoh ns/ o~JhnstkVh gqEktK d/ T[Bw{bB d/ekoD 1950 ns/ 1960 d/ dPeK ft~u n;wkBsktK d/ fJ; gozgokswe gqshwkB ft~u dokoK g?D b~rhnK.fgzv ft~u gqPk;B ns/ ;oekoh oki;t eowhnK d/ Bkb ;zpzXK dk fJ~e BtK ;o{g T[ZGo e/ nkfJnk.

2H2H52H2H52H2H52H2H52H2H5 g/Av{ ;w[dktK ft~u gfotosB g/Av{ ;w[dktK ft~u gfotosB g/Av{ ;w[dktK ft~u gfotosB g/Av{ ;w[dktK ft~u gfotosB g/Av{ ;w[dktK ft~u gfotosB1950 d/ dPe ft~u Gkosh g/Av{ ;w[dkJ/ d/ pko/ ft~u nB/eK nfXn?B gqekfPs j'J/. 1955 ft~u fPnkwkuoDd{p/ dk fJzvhnB ftb/i, n?wH n?BH PqhfBtk; dk (;zgkfds) fJzvhnB ftb/fiI, vhH n?BH wi{wdko d[nkok(;zgkfds) o{ob gq'ckJhbI ns/ w?fe~w w?fonN d[nkok (;zgkfds) ftb/i fJzvhnk gqekfPs j'J/ ;B. fJBQK;G nfXn?BK ft~u g/Av{ Gkos ft~u ;zouBk ns/ gqfeqnk dh ftnkfynk ehsh rJh j?. fJBQK nfXn?BK ft~uw[~y gfjb{ iksh ftt;Ek, gfotko, iiwkBh gqEk, Xkofwe fttjko ns/ ;z;eko ekoi, f;js nt;EktK,rqkw ns/ iksh gzukfJsK, ftfGzB iksh ;w{jK ft~u ;wkfie rshPhbsk ns/ ftn;e wskfXeko, f;~fynk,ftek; g/Av{ iBsk T[Zs/ gqGkt ;B. ftfGzB fgzvK ns/ fJ~e jh fgzv ft~u ftfGzB ikshnK, ;w[dktK ns/gfotkoK ft~u fJj gqGkt n;wkB j?. fpqioki u"jkB B/ uko nt;EktK dk T[b/y ehsk j?^ (1) fJ~e fgzvns/ fJ~e iksh, (2) fJ~e fgzv ns/ nB/e iksh, (3) fJ~e iksh ns/ nB/e fgzv, ns/ (4) nB/e iksh ns/nB/e fgzv. fJ; gqeko g/Av{ ihtB ft~u nfsnkfXe ftfGzBsk ns/ ifNbsk j?. fJfsjkf;e ns/ ;z;feqfseftG/dK d/ ekoD Gkos d/ fgzvK dk torheoD eoBk nk;kB ezw BjhA j?.

;[szsosk s'A pknd Gkosh fgzv ft~u wj~stg{oD gfotosB j'J/ jB. iksh ftt;Ek iiwkBh T[Zs/ nkXkfos;wkfie ns/ nkofEe ;zpzXK s~e jh ;hfws BjhA j?. n;bhns sK fJj j? fe PfjoK Bkb ;zgoe ft~u tkXkns/ y/sh d/ y/so ft~u seBheh T[gktK d/ nkrwB d/ ekoD iiwkBh gqEk ewI'o g? rJh j?. gkozgfoeftt;Ek pkIko noEftt;Ek d/ ekoD fjb uZ[eh j?. gqzs{ iBw, ftnkj, w"s ns/ j'o ;wkfie w"fenK s/;wkfie^;z;feqfse ;w{jheoD dk w[~y ;o's n~i th iksh j?. ftnkjK d/ pko/ ft~u fBoDk b?D ft~u ikshnzso ftnkj, r's pkjoh ftnkj ns/ j'o ;zpzfXs fB:w jh nkXko jB. iksh nzso ftnkj d/ nB[;ko fJ~eftnesh nkgDh iksh ft~u jh ftnkj eo ;edk j?. fJ~e iksh iK T[giksh ft~u nB/e r's j[zd/ jB. Ujb'e i' nkgD/ r's Bkb i[V/ j'J/ jB ns/ Uj b'e i' wksk^g~y d/ r's Bkb i[V/ j'J/ jB, ftnkj d/ x/o/ s'Apkjo ;wM/ iKd/ jB.

T[go'es iksh fBozsosktK d/ gqshwkBK s'A pknd th nzsoiksh ;zpzX j[D yzfvs j' uZ[e/ jB, noEksnzsoiksh nzso fBoGosk xN rJh j?, sBkU tX rJ/ jB ns/ fgzv d/ ;kXBK ft~u nfXesw fj~;k gqkgseoB bJh ftfGzB ikshnK ft~u gqsh:'frsk tX uZ[eh j?. ikshnK ns/ fJ~E'A s~e fe fGzB r's ns/ tzP thftP/P ikshnK ft~u ed/ ed/ r[Npzdh ns/ w[ekpbk ;w{jK dh soK fttjko eod/ jB. iksh Bz{ fXnkB ft~uo~yd/ j'J/ gzukfJsh u[BktK ft~u b'e wsdkB eod/ jB. ikshnK fJ~e soK Bkb ;tkoE ;w{j pD rJhnKjB.

iksh w?ApoK d/ o'IkBk d/ ezwK ft~u iksh gzukfJsK brGr gqGktjhD j' uZ[ehnK jB. fco th ;zg{oD ikshbJh e[M rzGho BshfinK d/ wkwfbnK ns/ nkg;h fto'X ns/ fttkd Go/ wkwfbnK T[Zs/ iksh gzukfJs gqG{w?ApoK dh fJ~e nB^n"gukfoe ;fwsh fBoD/ b?Adh j?. nfij/ w"e/ pj[ x~N nkUAd/ jB. fgzv d/ pI[or o'IkBkd/ wkwfbnK Bz{ nB^n"gukfoe s"o s/ fBgNkUAd/ jB. i/eo rqkw gzukfJs Bz{ e'Jh wkwbk ;"Afgnk iKdk j?


B ØN


sK fJ; s'A gfjbK fJ~e ftP/P iksh d/ b'e ns/ j'o ikshnK d/ b'e nB^n"gukfoe o{g Bkb T[; wkwb/ dhiKu eo b?Ad/ jB. fJBQK MrfVnK, fBoDk^gqfeqnk ns/ wsdkB d/ sohfenK d/ ;zdoG ft~u jh n~i fgzvft~u ;~sk d/ dKt^g/uK Bz{ ;wMD dh Io{os j?.

f;~fynk, gqt;B, y/sh T[giK ft~u gfotosB, fpibheoD, f;zukJh ns/ e;fpnK ns/ PfjoK d/ Bkb ;zgoed/ ekoD n~i fgzv dk nkofEe ;o{g gfjbK s'A pj[s fGzB j?. eoI d/ Bt/A ;kXB T[gbpX j'D d/ ekoDgkozgfoe Pkj{ekoh gqEk j[D ysw j' uZ[eh j?.y/sh wId{oK dk fwjBskBk tX uZ[fenk j?. n~i UjBK dh ;"dkeoB dh Pesh ft~u th tkXk j'fJnk j?. G{wh ;[Xko ns/ joh eqKsh d/ ekoD i~N, njho, e[owh, o?~vh,gN/b nkfd w~X Pq/Dh dhnK ikshnK dk nkofEe gqG[~st tX frnk j?. joh eqKsh dk noE BthA seBhe,phi ns/ ykd nkfd d/ gq:'r Bkb y/sh d/ y/so ft~u m'; gfotosB fbnkUD s'A j?.

;zfynk ft~u fInkdk j'D d/ ekoD BthnK gfo;fEshnK ft~u T[go'es w~X ikshnK okiBhsh d/ y/so ft~uth wIp{s j' rJhnK jB. fBwB ikshnK th fgzv ft~u j'o ikshnK d/ BIdhe nkJhnK jB. S{s^Sks n~iUBh em'o BjhA j? fizBh 50 ;kb gfjbK ;h. ;[szso Gkos ft~u “nS{s” nkgDh ;fEsh d/ pko/ ft~u ikro[ej' rJ/ jB.fpjso o[Irko bJh fJBQK ft~u'A pj[s ;ko/ b'e Pfjo ub/ rJ/ jB. fgzvK dh ;zouBk ns/noEftt;Ek ft~u fJBQK gfotosBK d/ pkti{d fgzv n~i Pfjo ns/ e;fpnK s'A b'ekuko, ihtB P?bh ns/nkg;h ;zpzXK ft~u e[M ;hwk s~e fGzB jB. n;b ft~u PfjoK dh s[bBk ft~u fgzv fJ~e fGzB ;zouBkswegqshwkB dh nrtkJh eod/ jB.

2H2H62H2H62H2H62H2H62H2H6 Gkos ft~u Broh ihtB Gkos ft~u Broh ihtB Gkos ft~u Broh ihtB Gkos ft~u Broh ihtB Gkos ft~u Broh ihtBBro d/ pko/ ft~u x~N s'A x~N d' gqftoshnK ;gPN jB^ (1) ihftek bJh y/sh T[Zs/ fBoGosk j"bh j"bhx~N j' rJh j?, ns/ (2) fgSb/ e[M ;kbK ft~u e;fpnK ns/ PfjoK dh iB;zfynk tX rJh j?. fJBQK d'jKgqftoshnK Bkb T[d:'freheoD ns/ BroheoD dhnK gqfefonktK ft~u tkXk j'fJnk j?. PfjoK ft~uB"eohnK ns/ fpjso ;[ftXktK T[gbpX jB id'A fe fgzvK ft~u ihtB^:kgD efmB j?. BroheoD d/ ekoDfgzvK ft~u Xow, iksh ns/ gfotko d/ pzXB ewI'o j' uZ[e/ jB. PfjoK dh soK r[wBkwh g/Av{ y/soK ft~u'AnBT[g;fEs j?. Pfjoh ihtB dk nkgDk fJ~e nb~r ftnefsst j?.

2H2H72H2H72H2H72H2H72H2H7 e;fpnK ns/ PfjoK dh ;zouBk e;fpnK ns/ PfjoK dh ;zouBk e;fpnK ns/ PfjoK dh ;zouBk e;fpnK ns/ PfjoK dh ;zouBk e;fpnK ns/ PfjoK dh ;zouBkfJ~e b~y iK nfXe iB;zfynk tkb/ ;EkB Bz{ fJ~e Pfjo d/ BK Bkb gfoGkfPs ehsk frnk j?. gzi jIkoiK nfXe iB;zfynk tkb/ ;EkBK Bz{ e;fpnK dk BK fd~sk frnk j?. fBwB fszB nt;EktK d/ gkJ/ ikD T[Zs/fJ~e ;EkB Bz{ e;pk fejk iKdk j?̂ (1) gzi jIko s'A nfXe iB;zfynk j'D s/, (2) iB;zfynk dk ;zxDkgDgqsh tor feb'whNo 400 ftneshnK s'A x~N xDk Bk j'D s/, ns/ (3) 75# ftn;e g[oP iB;zfynk r?o^y/sh ezwK ft~u b~r/ j'D s/.

1901 s'A j[D s~e g/Av{ iB;zfynk ns/ Pfjoh iB;zfynk d/ nB[gks ft~u nfXe gfotosB BjhA j'fJnk j?.fJ; ft~u j"bh rsh Bkb gfotosB j' fojk j?. n~i PfjoK ft~u GhV j?. PfjoK ft~u fizB/ b'eK bJh;[ftXktK T[gbpX jB, T[; s'A fes/ fInkdk b'e ofjzd/ jB. okiXkBhnK tkb/ PfjoK T[Zs/ iB;zfynk dknfXe Gko j?. fgSb/ d' dPeK ft~u fd~bh, pzrb"o ns/ i?g[o dh iB;zfynk ft~u s/Ih Bkb tkXk j'fJnkj?. ;G PfjoK ns/ e;fpnK dk iB;zfynk tkXk ns/ ftek; dh rsh ;wkB BjhA j?.

1981 dh iBrDBk d/ nB[;ko Gkos ft~u fJ~e b~y ns/ nfXe iB;zfynk tkb/ (Pq/Dh fJ~e) 216 Pfjo ;BfiBQK dh iB;zfynk 9 eo'V 40 b~y ;h. fJBQK ft~u'A 27# b'e 12 t~v/ PfjoK ft~u ;B fiBQK dh iB;zfynk10 b~y iK T[; s'A nfXe ;h. fJBQK 12 PfjoK ft~u'A ;G 7 ft~u tkXk 48# s'A x~N ;h. 2 dk mhe 48#;h, 2 dk 55 ns/ 65# d/ ft~u ;h ns/ f;o| pzrb"o Pfjo dk tkXk pj[s s/I ;h. e[M j'o nKefVnK

eh fgzv fJ~e nb~r fJekJh jB<Nk;e


B ØN


s'A th tkX/ dh n;wkBsk Bz{ ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?. 8 PfjoK dk tkXk Pfjoh n";s tkX/ s'A x~N ;h ns/9 dk tkXk pj[s s/I ;h. e[M j'o nKefVnK s'A th tkX/ dh n;wkBsk Bz{ ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?. fszB Pfjoi' 10 b~y s'A T[Zgo dh Pq/Dh ft~u gqt/P eo rJ/, UjBK ft~u'A i?g[o dk tkXk j'o gqEw Pq/Dh d/ PfjoK s'Ae[M fInkdk ;h ns/ Bkrg[o dk e[M x~N. byBT{ ft~u tkXk Gkos dh n";s tkXk do s'A x~N fojk.

1971 s'A 1981 s~e d/ dPe ft~u 50 gqEw Pq/Dh d/ PfjoK ft~u tkXk pj[s s/Ih Bkb j'fJnk. e/tb 3 pj[st~v/ Pfjo ;B ns/ 38 BroK ft~u iB;zfynk 5 b~y iK fJ; s'A x~N ;h. fJ~e ws d/ nB[;ko g/Av{ y/soKs'A gqtk; d/ ekoD PfjoK dh iB;zfynk ft~u tkXk nwohek ft~u PfjoK d/ tkX/ s'A pj[s x~N j'fJnk j?.nwohek dh iB;zfynk Gkos dh iB;zfynk dh fJ~e fsjkJh j? ns/ fJ; ft~u'A 16 eo'V 60 b~y b'e 290gqEw Pq/DhnK d/ PfjoK ft~u ofjzd/ jB. 5 eo'V 50 b~y b'e 38 t~v/ PfjoK ft~u ofjzd/ jB. fJ; fdqPNhs'A Gkos ft~u BroheoD dh rsh pj[s Xhwh j?. Broh tkXk w[~y s"o s/ BroK d/ ;[Gkfte tkX/ d/ ekoDjh j? ns/ fJjh tkX/ dh n;wkBsk dk tk;sfte ekoD th j?.

iB;zfynk nkeko d/ nkXko s/ Pfjoh e/AdoK Bz{ 6 Pq/DhnK ft~u ftGkfis ehsk frnk j?. fJj Pq/DhnK jB^(1) 1,00,000 iK nfXe, (2) 50,000 s'A 1,00,000 s~e, (3) 20,000 s'A 50,000 s~e, (4) 10,000s'A 20,000 s~e, (5) 5,000 s'A 10,000 s~e, ns/ (6) 5,000 s'A x~N. fJ; s'A fJbktk fd~bh, ebe~sk,pzpJh, wdok;, nfjwdkpkd, j?dokpkd, pzrb"o ns/ ekBg[o nkfd wjKBro jB. ;[szsosk s'A pknd gzithAns/ u"Eh Pq/DhnK d/ PfjoK d/ tkX/ ft~u pj[s ewh j'Jh j?. T[d:'fre BroK dk tkXk ftP/P eo e/ pzrkb,fpjko ns/ T[Vh;k fInkdk j?.

Gkos ft~u e;p/ ns/ Pfjo T[d:'rheoB d/ Bshi/ BjhA jB. f;zX{ xkNh dh ;~fGnsk w[~y s"o s/ Broh;~fGnsk ;h. g{ot T[d:'fre Gkos ft~u shoE^;EkB, okiXkBhnK, tgkoe e/Ado ns/ p"fXe ftek;e/Ado ns/ ftPt ftfdnkb/ PfjoK ft~u e/Adfos ;B. T[d:'rheoB s'A gfjbK tkokD;h, fJbkjkpkd,fso{gsh, nzfwqs;o, niw/o, jfod[nko, fd~bh ,nkrok, j?dokpkd, g[D/, Ykek, Bkbzdk ns/ sePfPbkgqf;~X ;B. n~i shoE ;EkBK tkb/ Pfjo tgko d/ e/Ado pD rJ/ jB. okiXkBhnK tkb/ PfjoK ft~u;?Bk, g[fb;, nfXekoh szso ns/ p[~Xhihth b'e ofjzd/ jB. fJBQK PfjoK ft~u ebkeko, ;zrhseko,rkfJe ns/ ftdtkB th ofjzd/ jB. nzrq/IK d/ nkrwB d/ ekoD pzdorkj tkb/ Pfjo tgkoe e/Ado pDrJ/. pknd ft~u fJjh Pfjo noEks ebe~sk, pzpJh ns/ wdok; T[Zu f;~fynk ns/ ftXh eko'pko d/e/Ado th pD rJ/. fJj g{ot^T[d:'fre Bro nkgDh ywsk ns/ T[gbpX ;z;kXBK dh s[bBk ft~u n~ipj[s t~v/ pD rJ/ jB.

1971 ns/ 1981 ft~u Gkos d/ 9 gqEw Pq/Dh d/ BroK dh iB;zfynk dk gqshPs

PfjoPfjoPfjoPfjoPfjo 1971 (#) 1971 (#) 1971 (#) 1971 (#) 1971 (#) 1981 (#) 1981 (#) 1981 (#) 1981 (#) 1981 (#)

ebe~sk 11H6 9H8

ftPkb pzpJh 10H0 8H8

fd~bh 6H1 6H1

wdok; 5H3 4H6

pzrb"o 2H8 3H1

j?dokpkd 3H0 2H7

nfjwdkpkd 2H9 2H7

ekBg[o 2H1 1H8

g[D/ 1H9 1H8


B ØN


2H2H82H2H82H2H82H2H82H2H8 BroheoD dh ntXkoDk BroheoD dh ntXkoDk BroheoD dh ntXkoDk BroheoD dh ntXkoDk BroheoD dh ntXkoDkBroheoD dk noE gozgokrs ;wkfie ;z;EktK ns/ w[~bK d/ Gzr iK ftrkV j'D s'A j?. BroheoD d/cb;o{g Gkos ft~u iksh gqEk tor ftt;Ek ft~u, ;z:[es gfotko J/ekeh gfotko ft~u ns/ Xkofwe w[~bKft~u gfotosB BjhA j'J/ jB. n?wH n?;H J/H okU dk ws j? fe ftrkV dh gfoebgBk dh T[sgsh g~Swh;z;ko d/ nB[Gt s'A j'Jh j? ns/ fJ; bJh Gkos ft~u gozgokrs BroheoD d/ s~EK Bz{ BIo nzdkI ehskiKdk j?. fJj th ;jh j? fe nkX[fBe BroheoD gozgokrs BroheoD s'A fGzB j?.

gqkuhB Gkos ft~u Pfjo g{ik, ;kbkBk Xkofwe ;zw/bBK ns/ tgko ns/ ijkIokBh d/ wj~stg{oD e/Ado ;B.fJBQK PfjoK dh iB;zfynk ;fEo ;h. n~i Pfjo T[d:'fre e/Ado, fiZb/Q, oki d/ w[~y d|so iK T[Zu f;~fynkd/ e/Ado pD/ j'J/ jB. BroK ft~u ftftX gqeko dh iB;zfynk j?. Bt/A PfjoK ft~u uzvhrVQ, rKXhBro,p'eko', fGbkJh ns/ f;zdoh nkfd d/ BK bJ/ ik ;ed/ jB. e[M PfjoK dk gozgokrs wj~st ysw j' frnkj?. id'A fe nkofEe ns/ okiBhfse ekoDK s'A e[M PfjoK dk wj~st tX frnk j?.

BroK d/ nfXn?B Bz{ okU B/ fszB Pq/DhnK ft~u torhfeqs ehsk j?^ (1) ;z;Eksfwe T[gkrwK Bkb;zpzfXs nfXn?B, (2) ;~fGnsktK d/ fJfsjk; d/ nkw ;zdoGK ft~u PfjoK ns/ UjBK d/ ftek; dknfXn?B, ns/ (3) dhox gozgok d/ ;wkfie ;zrmB d/ ;zdoG ft~u PfjoK dh ;z;feqsh ns/ G{fwek d/pko/ ft~u ftnkfynk eoB tkb/ nfXn?B. gqEw nfGws d/ nB[;ko n;hA nkofEe ;z;EktK fit/A w~Xtor ns/ tgkoe ;zrmB dk T[d/ ns/ Xow dh G{fwek dk T[b/y eo ;ed/ jK. fgo/B/ d/ nB[;ko tgkons/ b?D^d/D ft~u ftn;s w~X tor ns/ ;w{j PfjoK ft~u gkJ/ iKd/ jB. e[bKr/ B/ gqkuhB BroK dhs[bBk Xkofwe ;w[dktK Bkb ehsh j?. w?e; t/po B/ ;wkfie feqnk ns/ nkIkd Bkrfoe ;oeko s/ I'ofd~sk. fJ; soK ;z;Eksfwe T[gkrwK d/ ;woEeK B/ PfjoK d/ ftek; dhnK ftP/P nt;EktK ns/ ekoDKBz{ ftfGzB ;zdoGK ft~u t/fynk. ;g?Arbo, Nk:zph, r/v/;, x[zJ/, wwc'ov ns/ ftoE B/ ;~fGnsk d/ftek; d/ ;wkBKso jh Bro d/ ftek; dk T[b/y ehsk j?. ftPt fJfsjk; Bz{ Uj Bro fJfsjk; dhsoK jh d/yd/ jB. Pfjo ;~fGnsk dk dogD j?. Pfjo ;~fGnsk dk gqshe j?. o'poN o?vchbv B/gozgok ns/ ;z;feqsh d/ ;zrmB ft~u ftPwiksh ns/ fB:s ftek;h gfotosB dhnK gqfeqnktK dhfdqPNh Bkb PfjoK dk torheoD ehsk j?. fwbNB f;zro dk ws j? fe dhox gozgok fJ~e PfjohgqxNBk j? ns/ bx{ gozgok dk dhox gozgok ft~u gfotosB BroheoD dh gqfeqnk Bkb i[fVnk j'fJnkj?. fco th dhox gozgok ft~u wj~stg{oD gfotosB j' fojk j? ns/ fJ; bJh ftneshtkd, ;[szsosk,gozgokrs wkDeK ns/ w[~bK ft~u buhbkgB fdykJh fdzdk j?.

ihH i'por B/ Pfjo Bz{ g{ot^T[d:'fre ns/ T[d:'fre dhnK Pq/DhnK ft~u ftGkfis ehsk j?. g{ot^T[d:'frePfjo ;kwzsh ;B. fJ; T[gkrw dhnK d' ;hwktK jB^ (1) ;kwzstkd jh Pfjo fBowkD dk fJ~ewkso nkXkoBjhA ;h, (2) T[d:'rheoD s'A fJbktk n~i nkX[fBe Pfjo dh ouBK ft~u j'o ekoe th gkJ/ iKd/ jB. fJ~E'As~e fe e[M pj[s wj~stg{oD e;fpnK ns/ PfjoK ft~u T[d:'rheoD BjhA j? fit/A fe p'eko', fGbkJh,iwP/dg[o, oKuh, cohdkpkd, nfjwdkpkd, pzpJh ns/ g[D/ nkfd ft~u j?.

2H2H92H2H92H2H92H2H92H2H9 Gkos ft~u BroheoD Gkos ft~u BroheoD Gkos ft~u BroheoD Gkos ft~u BroheoD Gkos ft~u BroheoDGkos ft~u BroheoD dh gqfeqsh d/ pko/ ft~u fBwB gqPB T[mkJ/ rJ/ jB^

1H eh BroheoD dh gqfeqsh g~SwheoD d/ Bkb i[Vh j'Jh j?<

2H eh fgzvK ns/ PfjoK ft~u t?X nzso ehsk ik ;edk j?<

3H BroheoD dk ;zdoG ;wkfie gfotosB Bkb i'fVnk ik ;edk j?. fJ; bJh BroheoD ;wkfiegfotosB dk fJ~e ;[szso uo BjhA j?.

4H BroheoD d/ cb;o{g ;wkfie ftt;Ek ns/ ;zrmB d/ Bt/A ;o{g T[ZGo e/ nkJ/ jB.

;kvk ftuko j? fe feUAfe iksh, ;z:[es gfotko ns/ iB^;z;feqsh Gkos d/ e;fpnK ns/ PfjoK ft~uft~fdnkwkB jB, BroheoD g~SwheoD Bkb i[fVnk j'fJnk BjhA j?. g{ot^g~SwheoD ekb ft~u th Gkosd/ ftfGzB GkrK ft~u nB/eK Pfjo ;B fi~E/ b'e fgzvK ft~u iKd/ ;B. ihtB d/ b'ekuko, ;z;feqfse gqshwkBK,


B ØN


;wkfie^;z;feqfse ;w{jeoD ns/ ihftek:kgD d/ sohfenK d/ ;zdoG ft~u fgzv ns/ Pfjo d/ ft~u nzso;gPN o{g Bkb fdykJh fdzdk j?. gqzs{ iksh, pzX[sk, ftnkj d/ fB:w ns/ Xkofwe fttjkoK d/ nB[gkbDnkfd d/ ;zpzX ft~u fgzvK ns/ PfjoK ft~u ;zouBkswe ;wkBsktK gkJhnK iKdhnK jB. fgzvK ns/ PfjoKft~u j'o ;z;Ekrs eVhnK gqt;B, f;~fynk ;z;EktK, o[Irko d/ nt;o ns/ gqPk;B jB.

fgzvK ns/ PfjoK Bz{ f;o| d[Gkfis fJekJhnK BjhA wzfBnk ik ;edk. fJj d't/A nzso;zpzfXs jB ns/ fJ~ed{i/ s'A nb~r th jB. fJj ;~u j? fe BroheoD nkgD/ nkg ft~u jh ftfrnkB ns/ gq'd[:'freh ft~u gqrshns/ j'o ekoDK dk Bshik j?. id'A fJ~e tko BroheoD fJ~e s~E d/ o{g ft~u xfNs j[zdk j? sK n"gukfoe;zrmB, ;z;EktK, :ksk:ks ns/ ;zuko d/ ;kXB, rzdhnK p;shnK, GhV^GkV ns/ ngokX nkfd eJhgfo;fEshnK ns/ ;w~f;nktK T[ZGo nkUAdhnK jB. n;b ft~u, nkozG ft~u BroheoD fJ~e nkPfos uoj?, gqzs{ T[; s'A pknd BroheoD fJ~e fBoDkswe ekoe pD frnk j?. BroheoD dh gqfeqnk ft~u fJ~egqeko dk r'bkeko ekoi^T[sgkdB gkfJnk iKdk j?.

ihH n?;H X[o/ B/ BroheoD dh fJ~e fttjkfoe gfoGkPk fd~sh j?. BroheoD dk noE fgzv s'A Pfjo d/b'eK dk gqt;B ns/ fJ; gqftqsh dk gqtk;hnK, UjBK d/ gfotkoK ns/ fgzv ft~u UjBK d/ ;fjtk;hnK T[Zs/g?D tkb/ gqGkt s'A j?. vhH n?cH g'e'e dk ntb'eD pj[s T[fus gqshs j[zdk j?. UjBK d/ nB[;ko “GkoshPfjo, gqkuhB iK nkX[fBe, Gkosh jB. mhe T[;/ soK fit/A fe fJ~e nwoheB Pfjo nwoheB j?. fJ;ebgBk s'A e'Jh bkG BjhA fe Ppd ‘Pfjo’ ft~u nkgD/ nkg jh e[M s[bBkswe ftP/PsktK fBfjs ofjzdhnKjB.” Io{os fJj j? fe Gkosh Broh gfo;fEshnK dk nfXn?B ftP/P ;zdoGK ns/ fJfsjkf;esk Bz{ fdqPNhft~u o~y e/ ehsk ikt/. okwfeqPD w[yoih B/ fgzv ns/ Bro d/ ftGkiB dh XkoDk Bz{ Bekfonk j?. UjBKB/ fJ; fdqPNh Bz{ th ;theko BjhA ehsk j? fe BroheoD e'Jh ;[szso uo j?. UjBK B/ BroheoD d/ nzPdh XkoDk Bz{ fgzv^Bro ;zpzXK Bz{ ;wMD bJh fJ~e bkGdkfJe ntXkokDswe :zso wzfBnk j?. fJ; bJhUjBK B/ fgzv^Bro fBozsosk dh ntXkoDk Bz{ wj~st fd~sk j?.

BroheoD dh ntXkoDk Bz{ Bkrfosk ns/ Brohtkd dhnK ntXkoDktK s'A nb~r eoBk Io{oh j?. BroheoDdk ;zdoG fgzvK s'A BroK ft~u gqtkf;s b'eK d/ w[~bK, wB'ftq~shnK ns/ ihtB gqDkbhnK ft~u gfotosB dhgqfeqnk s'A j?. BroheoD dk noE nfij/ Brotk;hnK d[nkok fgzv d/ b'eK T[Zs/ g?D tkb/ gqGkt s'A th j?.Bkrfosk Brotk;hnK dh Uj ;fEsh j? i' fgzv tk;hnK dh ;fEsh s'A fGzB j?. Bkrfosk dk ;zdoG Broft~u ofjD tkb/ b'eK dh ekoi ;fEsh, G'iB dhnK nkdsK, sBkt d/ gqshwkB ns/ ihtB fdqPNhe'D d/ ihtBgqshwkBK s'A j?. Brotkd wkDeK ns/ wB'ftq~shnK dh Uj ftt;Ek j? i' nzso ftnesh ;zpzXK d/ nzsorsn"gukfoetkd, ftneshtkd ns/ r[wBkwh d/ o{g ft~u j?.

2H2H10 Broh ;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;soheoD2H2H10 Broh ;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;soheoD2H2H10 Broh ;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;soheoD2H2H10 Broh ;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;soheoD2H2H10 Broh ;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;soheoDBroh ;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;soheoD Bz{ ;wMD bJh nB/eK e;"NhnK dk T[g:'r ehsk iKdk j?. ;G s'AnfXe wj~stg{oD wkg dzv pzd iK y[~b/gD dh ;hwk, tzuBKtK ns/ fJBkwK dh gqfeqsh j?. fJj wkg dzvftP/P ;w{jK ns/ ;w[dktK T[Zs/ bkr{ j[zd/ jB feUAfe UjBK ft~u'A e[M Bz{ nkgDh ;wkfie ;fEsh ft~u ;[Xko eoBd/ nt;o gqkgs j[zd/ jB id'A fe j'o fJ; s'A tzfus ofjzd/ jB. T[d/PK dh gqkgsh eoB ft~u nfGgq/oDkswe;zouBk, T[gbpX nt;oK ns/ ;zuko d/ ;kXBK d/ T[g:'r ft~u nkXko ftnesh j?. fJ; bJh f;XKsefdqPNh Bkb Broh ;wkfie ;zouBk Bz{ y[~b/gD, r[Dkswe nkXkoK (eko'pko, f;~fynk, t/sB nkfd),rshPhbsk ns/ ftnefse Pq/DheoD dhnK ftP/PsktK d[nkok fusfos ehsk ik ;edk j?.

fteNo n?;H fv;{Ik B/ uzvhrVQ Pfjo d/ nfXn?B ft~u pzX[sk, iksh, tor, Xow ns/ ft;Ekfgs nt;EktK d/nkXko T[Zs/ ftPb/PD ehsk j?. ftfGzB ;w{jK ft~u nzdo{Bh ftG/dheoD dh ftnkfynk f;~fynk, eko'pkoh gqfsPmk

BroheoD fJ~e ;op^ftnkgh gqfeqnk j? ns/ fJ; dk noE nkofEe ftek; ns/ ;wkfiegfotosB s'A j?.

B'N;


B ØN


ns/ t/sB d/ nkXko s/ ehsh rJh j?. wkBsk fJj j? fe i/eo e'Jh ftP/P gqeko dk ;w{jheoD f;~fynk, eko'pkons/ t/sB d/ ;zdoG ft~u ;wkB j? sK f;XKsK T[Zs/ Uj fBofws j[zd/ jB. Uj ;wkfie ;zrmB bJh wj~stg{oDefjbKUD bJh jo ;w{j d/ w?Apo ;wo{gh j'D/ ukjhd/ jB id'A fe ftfGzB ;w{j ftPw.

fv;{Ik d/ ntb'eD d nB[;ko f;~fynk, eko'pko ns/ t/sB d/ ;'gkB fJ~e d{i/ Bkb ;fj ;zpzfXs jB.gqzs{ fJBQK ft~u'A jo fJ~e dk fttjko iksh ;'gkB Bkb ;fj;zpzX wj~stg{oD BjhA j?. ;wkfie tor;fEsh (eko'pkoh ;fEsh) fBPu/ dh f;~fynk ns/ gfotkfoe t/sB Bkb ;fj ;zpzfXs j?. uzvhrVQ bJh;wkfie ;fEsh fJ~e nkXko G{s w[~b j? i' fe f;~fynk, eko'pkoh gqfsPmk ns/ gfotkfoe t/sB T[Zs/nkXkfos j?.

fv;{Ik fbyd/ jB fe ;wkfie tor Bz{ ftneshnK dh fJ~e Pq/Dh d/ o{g ft~u gfoGkfPs ehsk ik ;edk j?.fv;{Ik d/ nB[;ko eko'pkoh gqfsPmk tor ;fEsh dk ;G s'A nfXe ftPtk;:'r ;{ue j?. fGzB P/qDhnK d/T[ZsodksktK dh nksw^gfjukD Bz{ th tor ;fEsh ;wMD bJh T[g:'r ft~u fbnKUAdk frnk j?. t;s{goee;"NhnK dk ftneshrs tor gfjukD d/ Bkb ;fj;zpzX j?. w[~y tor jB^ (1) T[Zu tor, (2) w~X tor,(3) wId{o tor, (4) fBwB tor. fv;{Ik B/ ;~s eko'pkoh Pq/DhnK dk T[b/y th ehsk j? i' ftneshnKd/ gdK d/ nkXko s/ fGzB torK Bkb fGzB soK Bkb ;zpzfXs jB.

PfjoK ft~u nB/e gqeko d/ eko'pkoh tor jB. fJj tor nfXnkgB, fufes;k ns/ ekBz{Bh ;/tk nkfd ezweod/ jB. eko'pkohnK Bz{ ;wkfie w[~b d/ nfXn?B d[nkok ;wkfie ;soheoD ns/ rshPhbsk dh gqfeqnkd/ pko/ ft~u wj~stg{oD nzsofdqPNh gqkgs j' ;edh j?. J/Phnk d/ j'o d/PK dh s[bBk ft~u Gkos ft~ueko'pkoh tor dk nB[gks swkw eowhnK d/ ;zdoG ft~u pj[s x~N j?. gqsh 10,000 eowhnK d/ fg~S/ Gkosft~u 171 eko'pkoh ekoi eosk jB. ikgkB ft~u 489, uhB ft~u 349, ;qhbzek ft~u 446, wb/Phnk ft~u314 ns/ fcbhghB ft~u 294 gqsh d; jIko jB. fJj s~E th ;gPN j'fJnk j? fe T[Zu ikshnK d/ w?Apons/ Pfjoh b'e eko'pkoK ft~u nfXe jB.

fJ; bJh T[Zu, T[Zu^w~X ns/ w~X tor d/ w?Apo eko'pkoK ft~u nfXeso nt;oK ns/ gdK T[Zs/ gqG[stiwkJ/ j'J/ jB. T[Zu ;soh okiBhfse nfGiks th T[Zu ns/ T[Zu^w~X iksh ns/ tor d/ jB. fJjs~E e[M ftP/P ftneshnK s'A fJbktk ;G okiBhfse dbK pko/ th ;~u j? gqzs{ jkb ft~u jh e[M ;kbKft~u okiBhsh ft~u Pfjoh XBh b'eK dk p'bpkbk tfXnk j?. nfyb Gkosh ns/ e/Adoh ;/tktK, w?vhebns/ fJzihBhnfozr eko'pkoK ft~u th e[M gfotosB fdykJh fdzdk j?. gzihfeqs T[d:'rK d/ brGr 70#eowukoh PfjoK ft~u ofjzd/ jB. d|soK ft~u ezw eoB tkfbnK ft~u'A th nfXeso e;fpnK ns/ PfjoKft~u ofjzd/ jB.

e;fpnK ns/ PfjoK dh ;wkfie ;zouBk ft~u fBwBfbys tor gkJ/ iKd/ jB^ (1) ;ot^T[Zu ;soh tgkoh,T[d:'rgsh ns/ B"eoPkj, (2) T[Zu t/sB tkb/ eko'pkoh, ftfrnkfBe ns/ seBheh b'e, T[d:'r ft~ueko'pkoh gqpzXe ns/ t~v/ ;"dkro, (3) ;oekoh d|soK ns/ fBih cowK ft~u ezw eoB tkb/ fbfge ns/fBwB ;soh nfXekoh, ;e{b d/ nfXnkge, g~soeko, ;zxoPos eko'pkoh, S'N/ d[ekBdko ns/ S'N/ ;sod/ T[Zdwh, ns/ (4) wId{o tor, T[dkjoD bJh gqukbe ns/ ekohro, xo/b{ T[d:'rK d/ wId{o, ;/tk eoBtkb/ wId{o, c/oh ns/ xVhtkb/, wekB fBowkD ns/ nf;~fyns wId{o.

n;hA fJj efj ;ed/ jK fe BroheoD dk noE g/Av{ y/soK s'A PfjoK t~b b'eK d/ gqt;B s'A j?. 20thA;dh ft~u BroheoD dh do gfjbK d/ w[ekpb/ ek|h s/I ojh j?. BroheoD ns/ Broh ftek; dh rshn;wkB ojh j?. ;kXkoD o{g Bkb fJ; B/ g{o/ Gkos ns/ e[M y/soK T[Zs/ rzGho o{g Bkb gqGkt gkfJnkj?. fe;/ y/so d/ ftek; ft~u e;fpnK ns/ PfjoK dh ;fEsh T[; y/so d/ nkofEe ftek; ft~uwj~stg{oD s~E fojk j?. nzsokbB s'A fJbktk PfjoK d/ nkeko dk th pj[s wj~st fojk j?.fJBQK d'jKekoDK, nkeko ns/ ;fEsh s'A fgzv^Broh nzso feqnk fit/A gqt;B, Pfjoh pkIko Bz{ ;kwkB dh nkg{oshns/ PfjoK s'A T[gG'rsk t;sK dk fbnkUDk nkfd pj[s j~d s~e gqGkfts j[zdh ojh j?. fJ; gkm ft~un;hA g/Av{ ns/ Broh ;w[dktK ft~u nzso, BroheoD dh gqfeqnk dh gqfeqsh ns/ tor dh ouBK d/;zdoG ft~u Broh ;wkfie ;zouBk dh ftnkfynk ehsh j?.


B ØN



(i) fe; d/ nB[;ko g/Av{ ns/ Broh y/soK bJh fszB Pq/DhnK ft~u nfXekohnK Bz{ fIzw/tkoh ;"Agh iKdhj?̂(a) e"fNfbnk d/ nB[;ko (b) w?Av/bpkw d/ nB[;ko(c) n?BH e/H p'; d/ nB[;ko (d) fJBQK ft~u'A e'Jh BjhA.

(ii) Gkosh fgzv dk nfXn?B ed'A P[o{ j'fJnk^(a) 12thA Pskpdh ft~u (b) 14thA Pskpdh ft~u

(c) 18thA Pskpdh ft~u (d) fJBQK ft~u'A e'Jh BjhA.(iii) Gkosh fgzv Bz{ nyzfvs, gowkb[e ns/ ngfotosB :'r fJekJh fejk j?^

(a) b[Jh fv:"w' B/ (b) e"fNfbnk B/

(c) ;o ukob; w?Nekc B/ (d) fJBQK ft~u'A e'Jh BjhA.(iv) fJ~e b~y iK nfXe iB;zfynk tkb/ ;EkB Bz{ fe; BK Bkb gfoGkfPs ehsk iKdk j?^

(a) Pfjo (b) fgzv(c) e;pk (d) fJBQK ft~u'A e'Jh BjhA.

(v) iB;zfynk nkeko d/ nkXko s/ Pfjoh e/AdoK Bz{ fezBhnK Pq/DhnK ft~u ftGkfis ehsk frnk j?^(a) 4 Pq/DhnK ft~u (b) 6 Pq/DhnK ft~u

(c) 8 Pq/DhnK ft~u (d) fJBQK ft~u'A e'Jh BjhA.

22222.33333 ;ko nzP ;ko nzP ;ko nzP ;ko nzP ;ko nzP (Summary)

• nkw s"o s/ iBikshnK fgSVhnK j'JhnK jB^ nkofEe fdqPNh ns/ f;~fynk fdqPNh Bkb th. iBikshnKBkb j'D tkb/ nfBnK s'A UBK dh o~fynk eoD ns/ UBK Bz{ ;wki d/ j'o GkrK d/ pokpo fbnkUD bJh;zftXkB ft~u ftP/P fonkfJsK fd~shnK rJhnK jB. d/P ft~u e[M iBikshnK nfijhnK th jB fiBK Bz{;zftXkB d[nkok nB{;{fus ewI'o tor x'fPs BjhA ehsk frnk j?. nkw s"o s/ iBikshnK j'o ;w{jKfit/A fjzd{ ikshnK ns/ w[;bwkB, fJ;kJh ns/ f;~y nkfd ;w[dktK s'A fGzB jB. ;dhnK s'A iBikshnKj'o ;w{jK d[nkok P'PD dk fPeko ojhnK jB.

• Gkos dhnK iBikshnK ft~u J/ekswesk dh fdqV GktBk ft~fdnkwkB j?. GkPk, Xkofwe ns/ ikd{Jhnk;EktK, fttjko, ykD^ghD dhnK nkdsK, gfjBktk, wekB, tDK T[Zs/ fBoGosk nkfd UBK d/ ihtBdhnK gqw[~y ftP/PsktK jB ns/ fJBk s'A jh UBK Bz{ j'o ;w{jK s'A t~y ehsk ikdk j?. pzX[sk ;wkfie;zrmB dh e[zih j?. pzX[sk ;zpzXK s'A jh nkfdtk;h ihtB dhnK gqw[~y ;wkfie, fBnKfJe, nkofEe ns/okiBhfse feqnktK gqGkfts j[zdhnK jB.

• iBiksh ;wkiK dk nkeko bx{ j?. ftfGzB iBikshnK d/ ;w{jK ft~u e'Jh yk; ;wkfie nzsofeqnk BjhAgkJh iKdh j?. gqzs{ iBiksh d/ w?ApoK d/ ft~u J/esk dk nGkt th BjhA fojk j?. iBiksh ;z;feqsh nKfPeo{g ft~u fe;kBh ;z;feqsh j?, nKfPe o{g ft~u e[M j'o j? ns/ e[M nzP s~e fJj Broh th j?.r?oîBiksh b'eK dh soK iBikshnK ft~u th XB, Pesh ns/ ;kXBK ns/ nt;oK s~e gj[zu d/ nkXko s/ftG/d gkJ/ iKd/ jB.

• n;hA fJ; gkm ft~u iBiksh ns/ iksh ftueko nzso ns/ iBiksh s'A iksh t~b j' oj/ gfotosB dk T[b/yehsk j?. n~i iBikshnK dh w[~y ;w~f;nk ikshnK ns/ ;w[dktK d/ Bkb J/eheoD iK ;kswheoD dh BjhAj?. UBK dhnK w[~y ;w~f;nktK rohph, p/o[Irkoh, eoIdkoh, fgSVkgB ns/ nfrnkBsk jB. P'PD ns/dwB d/ fto~[X ftfGzB iBikshnK ft~u J/esk, nzd'bB ns/ ;[fB:'fis e'fPPK d/ ;ze/s fdykJh d/ oj/ jB.

• n;hA Gkos d/ g/Av{ ns/ Broh ;w[dktK dh ;zouBk dk ftPb/PD ehsk j?. g/Av{ ;w[dkJ/ d/ ;kv/ ftPb/PDft~u gqkuhB w~XekbhB ns/ nkX[fBe Gkos ft~u g/Av{ ihtB dh gqfeqsh dk toDB ehsk frnk j?. Gkos


B ØN


ft~u fgzv ;wkfie ihtB dk fJ~e ;iht nzr fojk j?. fgzv Bk e/tb ;wkfie ns/ ;z;feqfse ;zpzXK dhjh ftt;Ek ;h, pbfe fJj nkofEe ns/ gqPk;fBe ezwK Bz{ g{ok eoD dh th ftt;Ek ;h. fpqfNPfBqiksh ftfrnkfBeK ns/ gqPk;eK B/ Gkosh g/Av{ ;w[dkJ/ Bz{ bx{ rDszso dk BK fd~sk j?. fJ~engfotofss ns/ ;tkbzph ;wki dk BK fd~sk. ;kvk ftuko j? fe Gkosh fgzv ft~u gfotosB j[zd/ oj/;B ns/ fJ; dk ;zpzX ftPkb ;wki ns/ j'o fgzvK ns/ e;fpnK Bkb ;h. iiwkBh gqEk Uj ftt;Ek ;h,fi; d[nkok ftfGzB ikshnK ft~u nzsofeqnk j[zdh ;h. gqt;B, fgzv pkjoh ftnkj, fwjBs ftGkiB ns/shoE ;EkBK dh ;ksok nkfd s~EK s'A gqwkfDs j[zdk j? fe Gkosh fgzv J/eb ;wki BjhA ;h. G{whXkoh d/fIawhAdkoh ns/ o~JhnstkVh ftt;EktK Bz{ nkozG eo e/ fpqfNP oki B/ jh ;wkfie ns/ nkofEe ;zpzXK d/nB/eK Bt/A gqshwkB ;Ekfgs ehs/. ;[szsosk s'A pknd Gkos ft~u fJBK ftt;EktK d/ T[Bw{bD ns/ nB/eK BthAnK :'iBktK ns/ ekoieqwK d/ ekoD Bt/A ;wkfie ;zpzXK dh P[o{nks j'Jh j?. fJBK ;G gfotosBKs'A pknd th Gkos ft~u g/Av{ ;w[dkJ/ d/ ;wkfie ihtB dk nkgDk b'ekuko j? i' e;fpnK ns/ PfjoK d/b'ekuko s'A fGzB j?. g/Av{ ihtB d/ nfij/ e[M gfjb{ jB i' pj[s gfotofss BjhA j'J/ jB.

• BroheoD fJ~e ftPtftnkgh gqxNBk j?. ;[szsosk s'A pknd Gkos ft~u th BroheoD ns/ T[d:'freheoDd/ ftek; ft~u tkXk j'fJnk j?. BroheoD w[~y s"o s/ fgzvK s'A PfjoK t~b gqt;B Bkb j'fJnk j? feUAfePfjoK ft~u p/jso f;~fynk dhnK ;[ftXktK ns/ p/jso ns/ nfXe o[Irko d/ w"e/ T[gbpX jB. fJ; gkmft~u n;hA PfjoK ns/ e;fpnK dh ;zouBk s'A fJbktk BroheoD dh ntXkoDk, Gkos ft~u BroheoD,Broh ;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;soheoD dh ftnkfynk ehsh j?. ;kvk w[~y T[d/P n;wkB Broh ftek; d/ekoDK Bz{ ;wMD dk fojk j?. fe;/ y/so d/ ftek; ft~u T[; ft~u ;fEs e;fpnK ns/ PfjoK dh wj~stg{oDG{fwek j[zdh j?. fe;/ th Bro ns/ e;p/ dk ftek; nk;^gk; d/ fgzvK d[nkok j'D tkb/ gqtk;, y/s dh g?dktkoBz{ BroK s~e gj[zukUD ns/ Bro s'A fgzvtk;hnK d[nkok T[gG'rsk t;sK yohd/ ikD s/ fBoGo j?.


• ;kt:sh^;kt:sh^;kt:sh^;kt:sh^;kt:sh^ L nzr ;fjs

• Btkuko pkfJbh dk^Btkuko pkfJbh dk^Btkuko pkfJbh dk^Btkuko pkfJbh dk^Btkuko pkfJbh dk^ L BtK ftXkB• nkfdwsknkfdwsknkfdwsknkfdwsknkfdwsk L g[oksB, nkfdekb


1. Gkos dhnK iBikshnK d/ w[~y ;wkfie ns/ ;z;feqfse b~SDK dk T[b/y eo'.

2. iBikshnK iksh ;w{jK s'A feBQK o{gK ft~u fGzB jB< 3. iBikshnK, fe;kB ns/ Broh ;z;feqshnK ft~u nzso ;gPN eo'. 4. Gkos ft~u iBikshnK dhnK gqw[~y nkofEe ;w~f;nktK T[Zs/ fJ~e fBpzX fby'.

5. gqkuhB Gkos ft~u g/Av{ ;w[dkfJe ihtB dk ;zy/g toDB eo'. 6. w~XekbhB Gkos ft~u g/Av{ ;wkfie ihtB gqkuhB Gkos dh s[bBk ft~u fe; soK fGzB ;h< 7. iiwkBh ftt;Ek Bz{ ;wMkU. UjBK ekoeK dk toDB eo' fiBQK Bkb fJj ftt;Ek ewI'o j'Jh j?.

8. Bro ns/ fgzv ft~u ftG/d eo'. 9. BroheoD Bz{ gfoGkfPs eo'. Brotkd ns/ Bkrfosk Bkb fJ; dk ftG/d eo'.10. Gkosh g/Av{ ;w[dkJ/ ft~u iksh ftt;Ek fe; o{g ft~u fJ~e gqw[~y ;wkfie ;z;Ek pDh j'Jh j?<

T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD (Answers: Self Assessment)1H (i) pzX[sk (ii) iBikshnK (iii) fpjko

(iv) nKdo/ p/s/Jh (v) 1873 (vi) iksh ftt;Ek

2H (i) (a) (ii) (c) (iii) (c) (iv) (a) (v) (b)


B ØN



1H ;hH NhH yzBk, fJzNo ek;N n?Av fJzNo efwT{fBNh w?foi fJB fJzvhnk, gkg[bo p[efvg', pKp/, 1960 .

2H ihH JhH X[o/, ek;N, ebk; n?Av ne[g/PB, gkg[bo p[e fvg', pKp/, 1961 .

3H thA;/N J/H ;fwE, fj;Nqh Uc fJzvhnk bzdBL nke;c'ov :{Bhtof;Nh gq?;, 1970 .

p[e;

fJekJh^3L ftnkjfJekJh^3L ftnkjfJekJh^3L ftnkjfJekJh^3L ftnkjfJekJh^3L ftnkj

B ØN


fJekJh^3L ftnkj fJekJh^3L ftnkj fJekJh^3L ftnkj fJekJh^3L ftnkj fJekJh^3L ftnkj (Marriage)

ftP/ t;s{ ftP/ t;s{ ftP/ t;s{ ftP/ t;s{ ftP/ t;s{ (Contents)T[d/P (Objectives)


3H1 ftnkj dh ntXkoDk ns/ nfGgq/oDktK (Concept and Motivations of Marriage)

3H2 ftnkj d/ gqeko (Forms of Marriage)

3H3 w[;fbw ns/ fJ;kJh ftnkj ns/ UBK d/ gfotofss gqubB (Muslim and ChristianMarriage and their changing trends)







• ftnkj dh ntXkoDk ns/ nfGgq/oDk Bz{ ikDB ft~u.

• ftnkj d/ gqekoK Bz{ ;wMD ft~u.• w[;fbw ns/ fJ;kJh ftnkj ns/ UBK d/ gfotofss gqubB dh ftnkfynk eoD ft~u.


ftftX ;z;EktK d/ nfXn?B bJh ftftX ftfrnkB t~y ;zdoGK dk gq:'r eod/ jB.;wki ftfrnkfBeK B/th ftftX y/soK ft~u ftnkj ;z;Ek dh ebgBk ftftX gqeko Bkb ehsh j?. ftnkj d/ ;zpzX ft~u gqu~fbsftuko fJj j? fe fJj n"os^g[oP d/ ft~u dk ;z:'r j? id'A fe bkth (Lowie), wovke (Murdock) ns/t/;Nowkoe (Westermark) fij/ wkBtPk;sohnK B/ fJ; ;z:'r ft~u ;wkfie ;thfeqsh T[Zs/ pb fd~sk j?ns/ fJ; s~E T[Zs/ fe fJj ftftX ;z;ekoK ns/ ;wko'jK d[nkok fe; soK ;zgzB j[zdk j?. pbv, bKi ns/;BkJhvo ns/ p'wB, pkpo ns/ poi/; fij/ ;wki Pk;sohnK dk ftuko j? fe ftnkj gqkoEfwe ;zpzXK dhnKG{fwektK dh fJ~e ftt;Ek j?. GkosPk;soh (Indologists) ftnkj Bz{ fJ~e ;z;eko iK fJ~e Xow wzBd/ jB.gozgokrs ns/ nkX[fBe fjzd{ ftnkj ftt;Ek dk nfXn?B eoD s'A gfjbK n;hA ftnkj dh ntXkoDk ns/;wkfie wj~st Bz{ ;wMD dh e'fPP eoKr/.

3H13H13H13H13H1 ftnkj dh ntXkoDk ns/ nfGgq/oDktK ftnkj dh ntXkoDk ns/ nfGgq/oDktK ftnkj dh ntXkoDk ns/ nfGgq/oDktK ftnkj dh ntXkoDk ns/ nfGgq/oDktK ftnkj dh ntXkoDk ns/ nfGgq/oDktK (Concept and Motivations ofMarriage)

jo ftnesh Bz{ nkgD/ ihtB ft~u nB/eK G{fwektK fBGkUDhnK g?AdhnK jB, iK fJj fejk ik ;edk j? feihtB nB/e G{fwektK dk fJ~e ;z:'r j? fiBK Bz{ ftftX ;z;EktK d/ gfot/P ft~u fBGkUDk j[zdk j?. ftftXG{fwektK ft~u d' G{fwektK nfjw jBL fJ~e j? nkofEe G{fwek ns/ d{ih j? fttkfje iK gfotko dh G{fwek.gqEw G{fwek fBo;zd/j jh gqw[~y j? feUAfe ftnesh nkgD/ ihtB dk fJ~e t~vk Gkr fJ;/ G{fwek ft~ubrkUAdk j?. wzB bU fe ftnesh nkgDk ihftek gkbD 20 s'A 24 ;kb dh T[wo ft~u nkozG eodk j? ns/



B ØN


58 s'A 62 ;kb dh T[wo s~e fBozso fJ; ezw ft~u b~frnk ofjzdk j? ns/ o'I 8 iK 10 xzN/ nkgD/ ezw T[Zs/you eodk j?, sK n;hA ebgBk eo ;ed/ jK fe ;kvh nkofEe G{fwek ;kvk fezBk ;wK b?Adh j?. fttkfjsG{fwek dh pikJ/ fttkfje G{fwek jh nfjw j?, feUAfe nkofEe G{fwek ft~u d{i/ ;zpzX Pkfwb j[zd/ jB ns/fttkfje G{fwek ft~u gqkEfwe ;zpzX.

gqkEfwe ;zpzX Io{oh o{g Bkb n;hfws, ftP/P, GktBkswe, gowkoEtkdh ns/ PkPts (spontaneous)j[zd/ jB, d{i/ gk;/, d{;o/ ;zpzX gqkozfGe o{g Bkb ;hfws, gqwkfDs (standardized), nGktBkswe(unemotional), T[g:'frsktkdh ns/ ;zftdkswe (contvactual) j[zd/ jB. ftnkj d/ gqkEfwe ;zpzX j'ogqkEfwe ;w{jK fit/A fw~so ;w{j, gV";, fgzv nkfd d/ gqkEfwe ;zpzXK s'A fGzB j[zd/ jB, feUAfe fttkfje;zpzX :"B ;zpzXK T[Zs/ nkXkfos j[zd/ jB ns/ :"B ;zpzX fJ;soh^g[oP d/ ft~u ;EkJh ns/ fBeNsw ;zpzX;Ekfgs eod/ jB. ftnkj ft~u gqkEfwe ;zpzX d' wj~stg{oD ezw eod/ jB, Io{os g{osh ns/ ;wkfiefB:zsoD. fJj ftnesh dhnK i?fte (:"B ;zs[PNh), wB'ftfrnkfBe (;B/j ns/ ;jkB{G{sh) ns/ nkofEe(G'iB, e~gVk ns/ fBtk;) Io{osK Bz{ g{ohnK eodk j? ns/ B?fsesk ns/ BhshPk;so d/ gqkEfwe ;o's dkezw eodk j?. id'A fJ~e ftnesh fJj d/ydk j? fe T[;dk ihtB ;kEh T[; d/ bJh ezw eo fojk j?, sK Uj;'udk j? fe fJj T[; dh B?fse fIzw/dkoh j? fe Uj T[; dh d/y^Gkb eo/ iK T[; dh r~b ;[D/. fJ; bJhe'Jh th ftnesh nB?fse ns/ r?o^fIzw/dko BjhA j?.

‘ftnkj’ dk nfXn?B eod/ ;w/A fJ~e ;wkiPk;soh fJ; ft~u fBfjs gqkEfwe ;zpzXK dk ftPb/PD BjhAeodk, pbfe fJ; dk th eodk j? fe fe; soK ftnkj ft~u BthnK ns/ ftfGzB G{fwektK Pkfwb jB ns/eh UBK G{fwektK ft~u fbgs ftnesh T[; d/ :'r j? iK BjhA, ns/ UBK G{fwektK Bz{ fBGkUD dh n:'rskBkb fe; soK gfotko ftxNB j[zdk j?. ftnkj ft~u wj~stg{oD r~b fJj j? fe fe; soK fJ~e ;kEh dkG{fwek fBotkjD d{i/ ;kEh dh G{fwek T[whdK d/ fezBk nB[e{b j?.

e{; d/ nB[;ko ftnkj fJ~e ftGkiB o/yk j? i' fe iDe gfotko ns/ iDB gfotko (family of orientation)ftueko d'jK gfotkoK ft~u ftnesh dh G{fwek d/ ;zdoG ft~u fy~uh rJh j?. iDe gfotko (family ofprocreation) ft~u G{fwektK P?Pt, pugB ns/ feP'okt;Ek ft~u pdbdhnK ofjzdhnK jB ns/ UBK ft~ufIzw/dkoh p'X BjhA j[zdk. gqzs{ iDB gfotko ft~u G{fwek ftnkj s'A pknd gsh d/ o{g ft~u, XB noiDeosk d/ o{g ft~u, fgskwj d/ o{g ft~u ns/ ntekP gqkgs ftnesh d/ o{g ft~u ftftX T[whdK ns/ fIzw/dkohnK tkbh j[zdh j?.

iBe gfotko

iBB gfotkop~funK dk bkbD^gkbD

p~funK B{z n~r/ tXkT[Dk

p~[Ykg/ dh socw"s

ftfGzB G{fwektK s'A nkfbgs iDe gfotko ns/ iDB gfotko ft~u ftftX nt;EktK

iBwP?Pt

pugB

ftnkj

p~funK B{z iBw d/Dk


B ØN


fJ; soK ftnkj ;wki ftt;Ek dk ;{yw gqko{g j? fi; Bz{ ;zs[fbs ofjDk ukjhdk j? BjhA sK ;G e[M fpyo;edk j?. ;zs[bB d/ bJh ;wk:'iB dh Io{os j[zdh j? i' nkdkB gqdkB T[Zs/ fBoXkfos j[zdk j? iK gsh ns/gsBh d'jK s'A jh fsnkr dh T[whd o~ydk j?. fJj fJ~e :[rw ftt;Ek j?. ;zs[bB pDk e/ o~yD bJh fe;/Bz{ sK e[M ezw eoB/ jh j'Dr/, fit/A ykDk pDkUDk, ;ckJh, e~gV/ X[bkJh, XB ewkUDk, p~funK dh d/yGkbnkfd. e"D eh G{fwek fBGkUAdk j?, fJj fJzBk wj~stg{oD BjhA j? fizBk fJj fe ftnkj d/ ;EkfJ~st bJhe'Jh G{fwek fBGk fojk j?.

ftnkj ft~u ;kXB (instrumental) ns/ J/ehfeqs (integrative) nrtkJh fBfjs j[zdh j?. ;kXe B/sk ezwBz{ eokUD Bkb ;zpzX o~ydk j? ns/ ;w{j Bz{ T[d/P gqkgsh t~b b? iKdk j?. J/ehfeqs B/sk ;w{jK Bz{ J/ehfeqseoD ft~u b~rk ofjzdk j?. fJ; soK d't/A G{fwektK go;go fto'Xh jB, fco th fJ~e d{i/ dhnK g{oe jB.;wkiPk;soh ftnkj d/ nzsors fJBK G{fwektK dk nfXn?B eod/ jB.

3H1H13H1H13H1H13H1H13H1H1 ftnkj ft~u nfGgq/oDktK ftnkj ft~u nfGgq/oDktK ftnkj ft~u nfGgq/oDktK ftnkj ft~u nfGgq/oDktK ftnkj ft~u nfGgq/oDktK;G G{fwektK fg~S/ e[M nfGgq/oDktK j[zdhnK jB. ftnkj d/ fg~S/ eh nfGgq/oDk j?< fJj wkBsk j? fe gqkozfGeekb ft~u ftnesh ftnkj fJ; bJh eodk ;h feUAfe ihtB:kgD dh ;w~f;nk T[; d/ ;kjwD/ ;h. nkofeeekoDK eo e/ wB[~y Bz{ p~funK dh Io{os j[zdh ;h i' Bk e/tb UBK Bz{ ezw ft~u wdd eoD, pbfe id'Awksk^fgsk ezw eoD d/ :'r Bk ofjD sK p~u/ phw/ d/ ;wkB UBK d/ ezw nk ;eD. UBK Bz{ y/sK ft~u ezweoD bJh nfXe n"osK dh Io{os j[zdh ;h. fJ; dk noE fJj BjhA fe gqkozfGe ekb ft~u ftnkj ft~ugq/w ns/ ;fj:'r BjhA ;h ns/ e/tb fttjkfoe ekoD jh nfXe wj~stg{oD ;B. p'w?B (Bowman) d/nB[;ko ftnkj d/ w{bG{s T[d/P jBL :"B ;zs[PNh, xo ns/ p~funK dh fJ~Sk, fw~sosk, ;wkfie ;fEsh ns/;~wkB ns/ nkofEe ;[o~fynk ns/ ;zo~fynD. g'gB' B/ ftnkj d/ gzi s~s d~;/ jBL :"B fJ~Sk, fwjBsftGkiB, xo ns/ p~funK dh fJ~Sk, fw~sosk ns/ nkofEe ;[o~fynk. p'w?B B/ ftnefs~st ;zs[PNh Bz{ ftnkjdk T[d/P BjhA wzfBnk j?. Uj efjzd/ jB fe fJj ftnkj dk T[d/P BjhA pbfe gqshcb j?.

wi{wdko d/ nB[;ko ukj/ fB:fws ns/ ;wkfie wkBsk gqkgs :"B ;zs[PNh ftnkj dk w{b ekoD j?, fcoth fJj fJ~e wkso ns/ nzfsw ekoD BjhA j?. UBK B/ ;/wk BkrktK dk T[dkjoD fd~sk j?. fiBK ft~u fJ~ep~uk nkgD/ fgsk dh ftXtk (wK s'A fJbktk) Bkb ftnkj eo b?Adk j? sK fe T[; dh ;zgsh T[Zs/ nfXekoeo ;e/, feUAfe UBK d/ iBiksh fotkiK d/ nB[;ko g[oP dh ftXtk ;zgsh dh nfXekoh j[zdh j?, Bk fep~u/. fJ; gqeko wi{wdko dh wkBsk j? fe ftnkj d/ Td/P jBL :"B ;zs[PNh, p~funK d/ bkbD^gkbD dkftPtk;:'r ;wkfie sohek, ;z;feqsh dk ;z;eowD, nkofEe Io{osK ns/ ;zgsh dk T[ZsokfXeko.

n~i id'A ‘gozgokrs’ ;wki ‘nkX[fBe’ ;wki ft~u pdb fojk j?, ftnkj d/ bJh fJBK fttjkfoe ekoDKdk wj~st x~N j[zdk ik fojk j?.n~i ftnkj d/ i' gq/oe ekoe wzB/ ik oj/ jB, Uj jB J/ekehgD dh GktBks'A S[Nekok ns/ d{finK d/ wkfXnw Bkb ihfts ofjD dk T[d/P.;ob PpdK ft~u n;hA efj ;ed/ jK fen~i ftnkj dk gqw[~y T[d/P fw~sosk iK ;fj:'r gqkgsh j[zdk j?. :"B ;zs[PNh fJ; d/ y/so s'A go/ BjhAj? gqzs{ fJj j[D fw~sosk d/ w[ekpb/ r"D j' frnk j?.

gozgokrs fjzd{ ;wki ft~u ftnkj d/ T[d/P fBwB wzB/ iKd/ jBL Xow, gqik ns/ ofs. fJBK ft~u'A XowBz{ ;G s'A fInkdk wj~st fd~sk frnk j?. T[; s'A pknd, ;zskB T[sgsh ns/ :"B ;zs[PNh Bz{. dcsoh B/th fejk j? fe :"B nkBzd fjzd{ ftnkj dk fJ~e wkso T[d/P BjhA wzfBnk frnk j?. gqw[~y T[d/P j? XownoEks eos~t gkbD. fJ; soK fjzd{ ftnkj ft~u ftnesh dh o{uh dk x~N wj~st BjhA ;h. ftnkj ;w[dkJ/ns/ gfotko d/ gqsh ;wkfie eos~t ;wfMnk iKdk ;h.

3H1H23H1H23H1H23H1H23H1H2 fjzd{ ftnkj^fJ~e Xkofwe ;z;eko fjzd{ ftnkj^fJ~e Xkofwe ;z;eko fjzd{ ftnkj^fJ~e Xkofwe ;z;eko fjzd{ ftnkj^fJ~e Xkofwe ;z;eko fjzd{ ftnkj^fJ~e Xkofwe ;z;ekofjzd{ ftnkj fJ~e Xkofwe ;z;eko j? i' fe Xow d/ fBotkj bJh ehsk iKdk j?, Bk fe nkBzd bJh. fjzd{ftnkj Bz{ gft~so wzB/ ikD d/ eJh ekoD fd~s/ ik ;ed/ jBL (1) Xow (Xkofwe ekoiK dh g{osh bJh) fjzd{ftnkj dk ;ot^T[Zu T[d/P ;hl (2) Xkofwe ;z;ekoK Bz{ g{ok eoBk, fit/A :~r, ezfBnkdkB, gkfDrqfjD,;gsgdh nkfdl (3) ;z;eko nrBh d/ ;kjwD/ ehs/ iKd/ ;B fiBK ft~u pqkjwDK d[nkok t/dK Bkbwzso^T[ZukoD ehsk iKdk ;hl (4) ftnkj^pzXB nN[~N ;wfMnk iKdk ;h ns/ gsh gsBh w"s s'A pknd th


B ØN


nkg; ft~u pzXB :[es ofjzd/ ;Bl (5) ukj/ g[oP nkgD/ ihtB ft~u nB/e Xkofwe ;z;ekoK dh g{osh eodk;h, gqzs{ n"os d/ bJh ftnkj jh fJ~e wkso ;z;eko ;hl (6) n"osK dk e[nkokgD (chastity) ns/ g[oPKdh tckdkoh T[Zs/ pb fd~sk iKdk ;hl (7) ftnkj gfotko ns/ ;w[dkJ/ d/ gqsh fJ~e ;wkfie eos~t wzfBnkiKdk ;h ns/ ftneshrs o{uhnK ns/ fJ~SktK dk ftuko x~N ehsk iKdk ;h.

fgSb/ e[M dPeK ft~u fjzd{ ftnkj nB/eK gfotosBK ft~u'A r[Ifonk j?l sK eh fJj j[D th gft~so j? iK fJ;Bz{ th fJ~e ;wM"sk wzfBnk ikt/. fjzd{ ftnkj ft~u j'J/ wj~stg{oD gfotosB fJj jB fe n~I :[tk tor XkofweekoiK dh g{osh bJh ftnkj BjhA eod/, pbfe fw~sosk bJh eod/ jB ns/ ftnkj pzXB j[D nN[~N BjhA ofjrJ/ jB, feUAfe sbke t?XkfBe ns/ ;wkfie wkBsk gqkgs eo u[fenk j?. ftdtkBK dk ws j? fe sbke dhnB[wsh Bkb ftnkj dh gft~sosk T[Zs/ e'Jh gqGkt BjhA fgnk j?, feUAFfe sbke nzfsw T[gkn d/ o{g ft~u jhgq:'r ehsk iKdk j? Bk fe g[Boftnkj d/ o{g ft~u. fJ;/ gqeko ukj/ ftXtk ftnkj Bz{ wkBsk gqdkB eo fd~shrJh j? gqzs{ nfij/ ftnkj ft;fsqs o{g ft~u gqufbs BjhA jB. nkg;h ftPtk; ns/ ihtB ;kEh d/ gqsh gqshp~Xskn~i th ftnkj d/ w{b s~s wzB/ iKd/ jB. id'A s~e ftnkj e/tb :"B ;zs[PNh d/ T[d/P Bkb jh BjhA ehsk iKdkoj/rk, pbfe ‘Bkb ofjD’ ns/ ‘;zskB gqkgsh’ bJh ehsk ikt/rk, T[d'A s~e ftnkj fjzd{nK bJh Xkofwe gft~so;z;eko pD e/ oj/rk. ftnkj ft~u ;[szsosk (;kEh d/ u[Bkt dh) ftnkj ft~u ;EkfJ~st Bz{ fdqV pDkUAdh j?,Bk fe BPN eodh j? ns/ fttkfje fttjko Bz{ P[~X pDkUAdh j?. ekgVhnk B/ th fejk j? fe ftnkj n~i th Xkofwe;z;eko d/ o{g ft~u ikoh j?, e/tb B/fse ;so T[Zuk T[Zfmnk j?.

3H23H23H23H23H2 ftnkj d/ gqekoftnkj d/ gqekoftnkj d/ gqekoftnkj d/ gqekoftnkj d/ gqeko (Forms of Marriage)

brGr ;G ;wkiK ft~u ftnkj fJ~e pj[s wj~stg{oD ;z;Ekfeqs ;wkfie pzXB j?. ftnkj nB/e j'owj~stg{oD ;zpzXK Bkb i[fVnk j'fJnk j?. ftnkj ;zpzX d/ ftfGzB gqeko jB. fJBK gqekoK dk iB;zfynk;zouBk, ;zgsh ;zpzXK ns/ j;sKsoD nkfd bJh ftP/P noE j?. ftfGzB ;z;zfeqshnK ft~u ftnkj ns/ :"B;zpzXK Bkb eJh fB:w ns/ gqshpzX i[V/ j'J/ jB.

ftnkj fJ~e wod ns/ n"os ft~u t?X :"B ;zpzXK s'A fes/ nfXe j?. ftnkj ;wki d[nkok wkDe ns/ ;thfeqsfwbB j?. Gkos ft~u nkw s"o s/ b'e fJj wzBd/ jB fe ftnkj d' ftneshnK s~e jh ;hfws j?. gqzs{ fJjhd' gfotkoK d/ ft~u nB[pzX ;Ekfgs eoD dk wkfXnw j?. fJj ;jh j? fe ftnkj d[nkok ;zskB Bz{ t?XskgqdkB ehsh iKdh j?, gqzs{ fJ; s'A fJbktk ;zskB Bz{ ;wkfie gq;fEsh th fd~sh iKdh j?, ns/ fJj ;zgshd/ j;sKsoD ns/ T[ZsokfXeko d/ ;zdoG ft~u th wj~stg{oD j?.

ftnkj d/ ftfGzB gqeko jB, fit/A fJ~e ftnkj ns/ pj[^ftnkj. fJ~e ftnkj gqEk ft~u fJ~e wod dk fJ~en"os Bkb ftnkj j[zdk j? ns/ fJj ftnkj dk ;kXkoD nkdoP ;o{g j?. pj[^ftnkj gqEk ft~u pj[^gsBhns/ pj[̂ gsh d't/A gqeko d/ ftnkjK dk ;wkt/P j?. pj[̂ gsBh ftnkj ft~u fJ~e wod d/ Bkb fJ~e s'A nfXen"osK dk ftnkj j' ;edk j? ns/ pj[^gsh ftnkj ft~u fJ~e n"os dk fJ~e s'A nfXe g[oPK Bkb ftnkjj[zdk j?. ;kbh pj[^gsBh gqEk th gkJh iKdh j? fi; d/ nzsors fJ~e g[oP dk ftnkj d' G?DK Bkb j[zdkj?. fJBK gqekoK s'A fJbktk Gkph ftnkj ns/ ;kbh ftnkj dhnK gqEktK th nkUAdhnK jB. Gkph ftnkjd/ nzsors fJ~e g[oP dk ftnkj nkgD/ wo/ j'J/ GkJh dh gsBh Bkb j[zdk j? ns/ nfijk T[; d/ nfttkfjsj'D iK Uj ozvtk j? sK th j' ;edk j?. nfXeso ;wkiK ft~u efBPm Gkph ftnkj Bz{ gqkoEfwesk fd~shiKdh j?. fJj gqEk UBK ;wkiK ft~u ft~fdnkwkB j? fi~E/ u'D dhnK e;"NhnK d/ nkXko T[Zs/ fJ; gqPB dkftPb/PD ehsk ik ;edk j?. nfXeko wkDe ;zfjsk, fBP/Xskwe o'e, nzso ftnkj ns/ pkjoh^ftnkjd[nkok u'D y/so g~y ns/ e;"NhnK Bz{ ;wM ;ed/ jB. fJBK fB:wK s'A fJbktk fiBK Bkb ftnkj bJh u'Dy/so ;ze[uB j[zdk j?, iksh dk th nkgD/ w?ApoK T[Zs/ nfXe fB:zsoD j?, feUAfe iks d'Ph w?ApoK Bz{ ;Ikd/ ;edh j? ns/ pfjPfeqs eo ;edh j?. nkgDh iksh s'A pkjo d/ ftnesh Bz{ ftnkj ;zrh u[DB bJh;[szsosk gqdkB eoD bJh ftP/P ftnkj nfXfB:w 1872 ft~u gkfos ehsk frnk ;h. fJ; ekBz{B Bz{ nfXegqGktekoh pDkUD bJh fJ; Bz{ 1923 ft~u th ;zP'fXs th ehsk frnk ;h. T[; s'A pknd 1938, 1946ns/ 1949 ft~u ihtB ;kEh d/ u[Bkt d/ y/so Bz{ ft;fsqs eoD d/ T[d/P Bkb ftfGzB nfXfB:w gkfos ehs/rJ/ ;B. fJBK nfXfB:wK d/ gkfos j'D d/ pkti{d n~i iksh ;w{jK dk d{ik o{g ekfJw j?.


B ØN


;[szsosk s'A pknd d/ Gkos ft~u iksh d/ Bt/A nkofEe, GktBkswe ns/ wB'ftfrnkfBe ekoD gqGkth j'Ds'A pknd th iksh dk nzso^fttkfje o{g pfDnk j'fJnk j?. gqzs{ eko'pkoh rshPhbsk, gqt;B, f;~fynk,n"osK ns/ wodK d'jK bJh dcsoK ns/ ekoykfBnK ft~u fJ~em/ ezw eoD d/ ekoD e[M b'eK ft~u nzsoikshftnkjK Bz{ gq's;kjB fwbdk j?. fjzd{ ftnkj nfXfB:w ft~u tofis ;zpzXK dhnK ;hwktK Bz{ gfoGkfPs ehskfrnk j?, fJ; ft~u iksh nzso ftnkj ns/ r's d/ pkjo ftnkj d/ fB:wK Bz{ g{oh soK Beko fd~sk frnkj?. ;wki ;zouBk dk w[~y f;XKs g[oP gzesh ft~u fJ~e o/fye tzPkB[eqw j?. Gkph ftnkj Bz{ ‘Bksk’ iK‘BKsok’ d/ BK Bkb th ikfDnk iKdk j?. noEks ftXtk g[Bo ftnkj jh fJ; dk nkXko j?. ;kbh ftnkjft~u fJ~e g[oP dk ftnkj T[; dh woh j'Jh gsBh dh e[nkoh S'Nh G?D d/ Bkb j[zdk j?. d' gfotkoK ft~u;wkfie ;zpzXK dh fBozsosk pDkJ/ o~yD bJh ;kbh ftnkj Bz{ gfjb fd~sh iKdh j?. Gkph ftnkj T[ZsoGkos ft~u w~X ns/ fBwB ikshnK d/ ;w[dktK ft~u gqu~fbs j?, gqzs{ T[Zu ikshnK ft~u fJj tofis j?. e[MikshnK fJ; Bz{ ;wkfie fdqPNh Bkb jhD gqEk wzBdhnK jB, ns/ d{ih ikshnK dh gft~sosk dh XkoDk Bz{nkXko wzB e/ nkgDhnK g[~sohnK ns/ pj{nK Bz{ ftXtk o~yDk jh mhe ;wMdhnK jB. gqzs{ ;kbh ftnkj T[ZuikshnK ft~u th ;thfeqs j?, feUAfe fJ; gqEk ft~u ozvtk jh Pkfwb j[zd/ jB Bk fe ftXtktK. fJ; soKd/ ftnkj ft~u ;kBz{ nkdoPkswe wkBsktK, gqkoEfwesktK, pkXB wkBsktK ns/ fBP/XK dk jw/Pk fXnkBo~yDk j't/rk.

3H2H13H2H13H2H13H2H13H2H1 ftnkj ns/ ihtB ;kEh d/ u[Bkt d/ fB:w ftnkj ns/ ihtB ;kEh d/ u[Bkt d/ fB:w ftnkj ns/ ihtB ;kEh d/ u[Bkt d/ fB:w ftnkj ns/ ihtB ;kEh d/ u[Bkt d/ fB:w ftnkj ns/ ihtB ;kEh d/ u[Bkt d/ fB:wGkos dh ;wkfie ;zouBk dhnK d' wj~stg{oD ;z;EktK, noEks gfotko ns/ ftnkj, Bz{ ;wMD bJh e/H n?wHekgVhnk dk Gkos ft~u ftnkj ns/ gfotko dk nfXn?B fJ~e wj~stg{oD ;o's j?. ekgVhnk d/ nB[;koftnkj ft~u ;zrh d/ u[Bkt d/ gqPB Bz{ fszB fdqPNhe'DK Bkb d/fynk ik ;edk j?, noEks u'D d/ y/so ft~uu'D dk g~y, gqzs{ ftfGzB ;w[dktK d/ Gok^G?D ;zssh ftueko ftnkjK Bkb i[VhnK gqEktK Bz{ t?X wzfBnkfrnk. T[dkjoD bJh, w[;bwkBK ft~u fgsk d/ GkJh dh bVeh Bkb ftnkj fJ~fSs eoko fd~sk frnk j?.fJ; d/ Bkb Bkb w[;bwkB nzso^ftnkj d/ fB:wK Bz{ th wzBd/ jB. ;[zBh ns/ Phnk w[;bwkBK ft~u ftnkjBjhA j[zd/. fJ; s'A fJbktk ;[zBh w[;bwkBK ft~u ;?:d, P/y, w[rb, gmkD nkfd T[g^;w{j th jB ns/ fJjb'e nkgD/ ;w[dktK ft~u jh ftnkj eod/ jB. ftnkj ;zpzX dj/i ns/ gfotko dh ;wkfie gqfsPmk j'owj~stg{oD w[~d/ jB.

n~i th fJjh ftPtk; gkfJnk iKdk j? fe fgsk Bz{ nkgDh g[~soh dk ftnkj id'A Uj S'Nh nt;Ek ft~uj't/ eo d/Dk ukjhdk j?, feUAfe fJj nt;Ek :"tB^nkozG s'A gfjbK dh j[zdh j?. fJ; ftPtk; d/ ekoDpkb^ftnkj gft~so ;wfMnk ikD b~rk ns/ fJj pqkjwD ;z;feqsh dk nzr pD frnk. fJ; bJh:"tB^nkozG g{ot ftnkj Bz{ nfGiks ;woEB ns/ ;wkfie ;~wkB fwbD b~rk. ekgVhnk d/ nB[;ko ;z;ekof;XKs d/ ekoD th pkb ftnkj Bz{ gq's;kjB fwfbnk. roGXkoD s'A b? e/ w"s s~e wod ns/ n"os dk ;zg{oDihtB ;z;ekoK Bkb b~fdnk j'fJnk ofjzdk j?. nfXeso ;z;eko P[~XheoD bJh ehs/ iKd/ jB. ns/ oi;tbkj'D s'A gfjbK ezfBnk Bz{ gft~so ns/ ftnkj :'r wzBd/ jB. fJ~e ftnkj dk ;wkfie nkdoP th x~N T[woft~u ftnkj bJh T[ZsodkJh j?. nB[b'w ftnkj d/ ekoD th pkb ftnkj Bz{ ;woEB fwfbnk j?. fBwBikshnK ft~u oi;tbk g{ot dh gft~sosk dh XkoDk nfXe wIp{s BjhA ojh j?, fco th pkb ftnkj d/nkdoP Bz{ T[Zu ikshnK s'A ngDkfJnk frnk j?. okik okw w'jB okJ/, JhPto uzdo ft~fdnk;kro ns/wkbpoh B/ pkb ftnkj Bz{ Bk e/tb yokp d~f;nk j? pbfe fJj ws th gqrN ehsk j? fe fJ; d/ ekoD ftXtkdh d[odPk j[zdh j?.

n~i ;z;feqfse ns/ ;zouBkswe d'jK ekoDK eoe/ ftnkj dh T[wo tX rJh j?. fJj th wfj;{; ehsk ikDb~rk j? fe oi;tbk s'A gfjbK ftnkj f;js bJh jkBhekoe j? ns/ fJ; d/ ekoD ftXtkgD dh do th tXdhj?. f;~fynk ns/ o[Irko bVfenK d/ pokpo jh bVehnK bJh Tg:'rh ;wfMnk ikD b~rk. nB[b'w ns/fJ; Bkb i[Vh dj/i dh ;w~f;nk d/ ekoD th ftnkj dh T[wo ft~u tkXk j'fJnk j?. bVehnK nkg nkgD/ihtB ;kEh d/ u[Bkt ft~u nkUD b~rhnK jB. fJ; gqeko fdqPNhe'D ns/ w[~bK ft~u gfotosB ns/ u/sBkft~u tkXk w[~y ;z;feqfse ekoDK d/ o{g ft~u, ns/ f;~fynk, eko'pko, gqt;B ns/ dj/i ;zouBkswe ekoDKd/ o{g ft~u ftnkj dh T[Zu T[wo bJh T[ZsodkJh jB.


B ØN


gfotko u~eo ns/ ftnkj dk rfjok nkg;h ;zpzX j?. fJ; u~eo ft~u gfjb/ p~u/ d/ iBw s"A d{ih nt;EknkozG j' iKdh j?, ns/ w"s ns/ gfotko dh ;zgsh dk n"gukfoe ftGkiB j'o wj~stg{oD xNBktK jB.Gkosh gfotko ft~u p~funK d/ ftnkj wj~stg{oD jB feUAfe fJBK Bkb d' gfotkoK dh ;fEsh dk ;ze/s gqkgsj[zdk j?. w?Av/bpkw d/ nB[;ko ftnkj ft~u gfotko d/ ;wkfie ;z;kXBK dk i[Nkt j[zdk j?. ftnkj d[nkokw?Apo Bks/dkoh T[Zs/ nkXkfos ;zpzXK dk g[BoBtheoD eod/ jB iK pzX[sk d/ Bt/A ;zpzX ;Ekfgs eod/ jB.ftnkj ft~u T[gjkoK dh G/AN, ;/tk nogD ns/ T[fus Gkrhdkoh d[nkok pzX[iB ;zpzX ns/ r?o^pzX[iBK Bkbw/bi'b d/ nkXko s/ n;hA ftnkj d/ ;zouBkswe gfjb{ Bz{ ;wM ;ed/ jK. n~i w~Xtorh gfotkoK ft~u ftP/Peo e/ bVeh d/ pko/ ft~u ftnkj bJh ftneshrs ns/ gfotkfoe ;{uBk ukoN fsnko eoBk nkw r~b j'rJh j?. fBwBfbfys T[dkjoD d[nkok bVeh d/ gfotko dh ;fEsh Bz{ ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?^

Bkw L okDh r[gsk

T[wo L 23 ;kb

bzpkJh L 155 ;?ANhwhNo, tIB 45 feb'rqkw, gsbh d[pbh gqzs{ uzrh f;js, uzr/ Bke^BeP ns/ ;[zdo,f;~fynk ft~u pj[s s/I, G'iB gekUD, f;bkJh, eYkJh ns/ xo/b{ ezwK ft~u fBg[zB, gqrshPhb ftuko.nkozG s'A n?wH J/H s~e gqEw Pq/Dh ft~u gk;, n?wH J/H noEPk;so, P'X ezw ft~u b~rh j'Jh.

nkgDh jh iksh d/ ihtB ;kEh Bz{ gfjb, gqzs{ T[Zu gq;fEsh d/ ftneshnK bJh iksh pzXB BjhA. gfotkfoeg[PmG{wh L fgsk T[Zu Pq/Dh d/ tehb, t~vk GkJh nfXPk;h fJzihfBno, d' t~vhnK G?DK fttkfjs ns/ w?vhebvkeNo d/ ezw ft~u, iztkJh gqf;~X eko'pkoh. Pfjo ft~u nkgDk wekB, T[Zsw ftnkj.

fJ; soK, ftnkj ;zpzX ft~u gfotko dh ;fEsh dh iKu j[zdh j?, ns/ ftP/P eo e/ bVeh d/ gfotko d[nkokbVe/ d/ gfotko, Bks/dkoK, gV";hnK ns/ fw~soK dhnK fJ~SktK d/ nB[;ko ftnkj ft~u you eoD dh jo;zGt e'fPP ehsh iKdh j?. fJj r~b ;jh j? fe i/eo fJ~e y/so ft~u T[Zu gqfsPmktkB gfotko Bkb ftnkj;zpzX ;Ekfgs j' iKdk j? sK T[; gfotko dh ;fEsh T[Zgo T[m iKdh j?.

3H2H23H2H23H2H23H2H23H2H2 fjzd{ ftnkj fJ~e Xkofwe ;z;eko d/ o{g ft~u fjzd{ ftnkj fJ~e Xkofwe ;z;eko d/ o{g ft~u fjzd{ ftnkj fJ~e Xkofwe ;z;eko d/ o{g ft~u fjzd{ ftnkj fJ~e Xkofwe ;z;eko d/ o{g ft~u fjzd{ ftnkj fJ~e Xkofwe ;z;eko d/ o{g ft~uT[go'es ekoeK Bz{ fXnkB ft~u o~yd/ j'J/ eh n;hA efj ;ed/ jK fe fjzd{ ftnkj fJ~e Xkofwe ;z;eko j?<Xow, gqik (gqiDB) ns/ ofs (nkBzd) fjzd{ ftnkj d/ T[d/P jB. ftnkj d/ T[d/PK ft~u :"B dk shik ;EkBj?. Xow dk ;EkB gfjbk ns/ ;ot^T[Zu j?. gqiDB Bz{ d{ik ;EkB fd~sk frnk j?. fgsk Bz{ Boe ft~u ikDs'A o'eD bJh g[~so gqkgs eoBk th ftnkj dk fJ~e T[d/P j?. ftnkj d/ ;w/A gzu wjK:~r eoD bJh gft~sonrBh gqi~tfbs ehsh iKdh j?. fJ~e wod Bz{ ihtB Go nkgDh gsBh Bkb g{ik eoBh g?Adh j?. fJ; soKftnkj w[~y s"o s/ ftnesh d/ Xow ns/ T[; d/ coIK Bz{ g{ok eoD bJh j?.

ekgVhnk d/ nB[;ko ftnkj ;zgzB eoD bJh j'w iK gft~so nrBh ft~u g{ik eoBk, gkfDrqfjD iK tX{dk j~E geVBk ns/ ;gsgdh iK to^tX{ dk ;~s edw fJ~em/ ikDk w[~y Xkofwe ekoi jB. gft~so nrBhdh rtkjh ft~u t?fde wzso^T[ZukoD d[nkok fJBK Xkofwe ekoiK Bz{ g{ok ehsk iKdk j? feUAfe n"os d/ bJhftnkj Io{oh ;wfMnk ikdk j? ns/ T[; Bz{ ihtB Go nkgD/ gsh d/ Bkb Xkofwe ekoi g{o/ eoB/ g?Ad/ jB.fjzd{ ftnkj fJ~e Xkofwe ekoi, nyzv j'D d/ ekoD th j?, nkgDh woIh Bkb d't/A g~y ftnkj Bz{ ft;ofisBjhA eo ;ed/. feUAfe ftnkj nft;oifBe j?, gsh gsBh Bz{ fJ~e d{i/ bJh fsnkr eod/ j'J/ nkgDhnKnkdsK, fwikI, nkdoPK ns/ fjsK Bz{ ftt;fEs eoBk g?Adk j?. fjzd{ ftnkj e'Jh ;kXkoD xNBk BjhA j?,fJj ihtB Go bJh ;wM"sk ns/ ftt;EkgB dh ;z;Ek j?.

ftnkj gfotko ns/ ;w[dkJ/ d/ gqsh fJ~e ;wkfie eos~t j?, ns/ fJ; bJh fJ; ft~u ftnesh dk fjsx~N j[zdk j?. gsh gsBh e/tb ftnesh BjhA jB, gqzs{ Uj ftPkb gfotko ns/ iksh (;w[dkJ/) d/ nzr jB.gqzs{ gsh gsBh nkgDhnK fIzw/dkohnK ns/ ftP/PkfXekoK ft~u ed/ th ;wkB BjhA oj/ jB. gsBh Bz{ gshtqskBkoh dk nkdoP wzBDk g?Adk j?, nkgD/ gsh d/ gqsh Grsh gqdofPs eoBh g?Adh j?. fJ;/ nkdoP d/ ekoD;sh gqEk Bz{ gq's;kjB fwfbnk j? ns/ ftXtk g[Boftnkj Bz{ p[ok wzfBnk iKdk j?. n~i fJ; ;fEsh ft~upj[s gfotosB nk u[ek j?. 1955 d/ fjzd{ ftnkj nfXfB:w, ;wkfie^;z;feqfse u/sBk, f;~fynk ns/Pfjoh o[Irko nkfd d/ ekoD fjzd{ ftnkj d/ Xkofwe Gkt ft~u ewh nkJh j?. b'e sbke Bz{ ;theko eoD


B ØN


b~r/ jB. ftXtk g[Boftnkj th nfXe j'D b~r/ jB. n"osK g[oPK d/ pokpo ;fEsh dh wzr eoD b~rhnKjB. fJBK gfotosBK s'A pknd th pj[s ;hwk s~e Xkofwesk ftnkj Bkb i[Vh j'Jh j?.

3H2H33H2H33H2H33H2H33H2H3 w[;fbw ftnkj w[;fbw ftnkj w[;fbw ftnkj w[;fbw ftnkj w[;fbw ftnkjfJj fejk iKdk j? fe w[;bwkBK ft~u ftnkj fJ~e ;wM"sk j? Bk fe fjzd{nK dh soK fJ~e Xkofwe ekoi.w[;bwkBK ft~u ftnkj d/ d' gqeko jBL (1) fBekj, ns/ (2) w[esk. fBekj ftnkj d/ nzsors n"os nkgD/gsh d/ Bkb ofjzdh j? ns/ p~u/ gsh d/ tzP Bkb i[V/ ofjzd/ jB. sbke gsh dk fJ~e wkso ftP/PkfXekoj?. w[esk ftnkj ft~u d'jK g~yK dh nkg;h ;thfeqsh bJh iKdh j?. ;wM"sk fJ~e fBPfus ;w/A bJh j[zdkj? ns/ ;wM"s/ dh ntXh ft~u gsBh Bz{ nkgD/ gsh Bz{ sbke d/D dk nfXeko BjhA j?. fBekj ftnkj Bz{uzrk ;wfMnk iKdk j?, ns/ fJ;bkwh ekBz{B ft~u w[esk Bz{ yokp wzfBnk iKdk j?. fjzd{ ftnkj dh soKw[;fbw ftnkj ft~u ft;fsqs Xkofwe feqnktK BjhA j[zdhnK jB.

w[esk ftnkj Bz{ ekbd'P wzBd/ j'J/ fJ;bkw B/ p[ok wzfBnk j? feUAfe fJ; ftnkj d[nkok n"os Bz{ T[; d/:"B ihtB ft~u nfXe ;[szsosk fwbdh j?. w[esk d[nkok ftnkj dh ;fEosk th tXh j?. ekgVhnk d/nB[;ko, w[;fbw ftnkj fJ~e ;zftdk ;h i' fJ~e tkbh dh T[g;fEsh ft~u T[; dh ;thfeqsh ns/ d' ;kEhnKd/ ;fsnkgB d[nkok j[zdk ;h. w[esk ftnkj ft~u ftneshrs ;zftdk j'D d/ ekoD Bk sK tkbh dh Io{os;h ns/ Bk jh fe;/ rtkjh dh. fJ;bkw ft~u f;oc g[oP Bz{ jh sbke dk nfXeko j?, ns/ fJj w[;fbwftneshrs ekBz{B dk fJ~e nzr ;wfMnk iKdk j?. w[;bwkBK ft~u ftnkj bVeh d/ fgsk iK fe;/ pzX{iBBz{ w/jo (tX{^P[be) d/D s/ jh ehsk iKdk j?. w/jo gsBh T[Zs/ gsh d/ fB:zsoD ns/ T[; d/ sbke d/Dd/ nfXeko dk gqshe j?. n~i f;~fynk ns/ nkofEe ;[szsosk d/ cb;o{g w[;bwkB n"osK nkgD/ wodK d/pokpo ;wkBsk dh wzr eo ojhnK jB. f;~fyns w[;fbw :[te o{Vhtkdh w[;fbw Xow r[o{nK Bz{ u[B"shd/ oj/ jB. gfjbK dh soK n~i fJ~e w[;bwkB wod bJh nkgDh gsBh Bz{ wBwoIh Bkb S~v d/Dk iK sbked/Dk nk;kB BjhA j?. n~i gfjbK s'A fes/ nfXe ftnkj dh ;fEosk ns/ n"os^wod dh ;wkBsk T[Zs/ pbfd~sk iKdk j?.


(i) fe; d/ nB[;ko ftnkj fJ~e ftGkiB o/yk j? i' fe iDe gfotko ns/ iDB gfotko d/ ft~u d'jK gfotkoK ft~u ftnesh dh G{fwek d/ ;zdoG ft~u fy~uh rJh j?^

(a) eo{; (b) pbv (c) bKi (d) fJBK ft~u'A e'Jh BjhA.(ii) fe; B/ ftefs~st ;zs[PNh Bz{ ftnkj dk T[d/P BjhA wzfBnk j?^

(a) wi{wdko (b) p'w?B (c) eo{; (d) fJBK ft~u'A e'Jh BjhA.(iii) ftP/P ftnkj nfXfB:w ed'A gkfos ehsk frnk ;h^

(a) 1870 (b) 1872 (c) 1874 (d) fJBK ft~u'A e'Jh BjhA.

(iv) fjzd{ ftnkj d/ T[d/P jB^(a) Xow (b) gqik (c) ofs (d) T[go'es ;ko/.

(v) fe; nfXfB:w ft~u iksh, nzso^ftnkj ns/ r's pkjoh ftnkj d/ fB:wK Bz{ g{oh soK Beko fd~sk frnk j?^

(a) ftP/P ftnkj nfXfB:w (b) fjzd{ ftnkj nfXfB:w(c) w[;fbw ftnkj nfXfB:w (d) T[go'es ;ko/.

ftnkj d/ fg~S/ eh nfGgq/oDktK jB<Nk;e


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3H33H33H33H33H3 w[;fbw ns/ fJ;kJh ftnkj ns/ UBK dh pdbdh gqftq~sh w[;fbw ns/ fJ;kJh ftnkj ns/ UBK dh pdbdh gqftq~sh w[;fbw ns/ fJ;kJh ftnkj ns/ UBK dh pdbdh gqftq~sh w[;fbw ns/ fJ;kJh ftnkj ns/ UBK dh pdbdh gqftq~sh w[;fbw ns/ fJ;kJh ftnkj ns/ UBK dh pdbdh gqftq~sh (Muslimand Christian Marriage and their changing trends)

w[;fbw ftnkj dk ftt/uB eoD s'A gfjbK w[;fbw ;wki d/ ftftX ;w{jK ft~u ;soheoD dk frnkB Io{oh j?.ftPkb o{g ft~u w[;fbw ;wki ‘Phnk’ ns/ ‘;[zBh’ d' Pq/DhnK ft~u ftGkfis j?. jIos w[jzwd dh w"s s'A pkndid'A UBK d/ nB[:kJhnK d/ ;kjwD/ UBK d/ T[ZsokfXekoh dh ;w~f;nk nkJh sK e[M b'eK B/ fJ~Sk ftnes ehshfe ‘fJwkws’ jIos ;kfjp d/ gfotko iK UBK d/ d[nkok wB'Bhs ftnesh s~e ;hfws oj/, id'A fe d{i/ b'eKdh wkBsk ;h fe fJj ‘iwks’ d/ b'eK d[nkok u[Bkt d/ f;XKs T[Zs/ nkXkfos j'Dh ukjhdh j?. “;[zBh” b'e u[D/j'J/ ftnesh Bz{ fJ;bkw dk gqw[~y pDkUDk ukj[zd/ ;B, id'A fe “Phnk” b'e jIos w[jzwd d[nkok wB'Bhsftnesh Bz{ jh fJ; gd dk dkt/dko pDkUDk ukj[zd/ ;B. fJ; soK Phnk ns/ ;[zBh dk T[dGt fJ; fttkd dkjh gqshcb ;h ns/ fjzd{ ;wki dh soK ftftX ikshnK d/ T[dGt ft~u gqiksh iK eko'pkoh ekoeK s'A fJBK Bz{e[M b?Dk d/Dk BjhA ;h. d't/A jh ;w{j e[M y/soK ft~u fGzB ;wkfie gqEktK ns/ wkBsktK dk gkbD eod/ jB,gqzs{ ;[zBh ekBz{B jh Gkos ft~u bkr{ j[zdk j? feUAfe Phnk ;zgodkJ/ dh ;zfynk pj[s jh x~N j?.

T[go'es torheoD s'A fJbktk w[;fbw fszB j'o ;w{jK ft~u th ftGkfis jBL nPoc, nibp ns/ noIb.;?:d (i' nkgDk T[dGt jIos w[jzwd dh p/Nh ckfswk s'A wzBd/ jB), P/y, gmkD ns/ e[M j'o “nPoc”;w{j Bkb ;zpzfXs jBl w'fwB (i[bkj/), wz;{oh (o{Jh X[DB tkb/), fJpqkfjw (BkJh), nkfd “nIbp” ;w{jBkb ;zpzfXs jBl ns/ jbkby'o nkfd “noIb” ;w{j Bkb ;zpzfXs j[zd/ jB. nPoc e[bhB wzB/ ikd/ jB,nIbp fBwB iBw d/ j[zd/ jB, ns/ noIb fjzd{nK ft~u nS{sK dh soK j[zd/ jB, fJ~E'A s~e fe w;fidKft~u UBK dk gqt/P tofis j[zdk j?. Bk jh UBK Bz{ ;kotifBe eporkj d/ gq:'r dh nkfrnk j?. fJjtorheoD th ftP[~X ;wkfie ^nkofEe nkXko T[Zs/ nkXkfos j? Bk fe Xow T[Zs/.

fJ~e gk;/ Phnk ns/ ;[zBh ns/ d{i/ gk;/ nPoc, nIbp ns/ noIb nzsofttkjh (endogamous) ;w{jj[zd/ jB. ukj/ fJBK ;w{jK ft~u nkg; ft~u ftnkj dh fBzdk BjhA ehsh ikdh gqzs{ fJ; soK d/ ftnkj Bz{fBoT[s;kfjs ehsk ikdk j?. ;[zBhnK ft~u to dh ;wkfie jhDsk ftnkj d/ o~d ehs/ ikD dk nkXko j' ;edhj?, ukj/ fPnktK ft~u nfijk e[M BjhA j?. ;soheoD d/ T[go'es nkXko T[Zs/ j[D n;hA w[;fbw ftnkj dhnKgqw[~y ftP/PsktK dk ftt/uB eo ;ed/ jK.

3H3H13H3H13H3H13H3H13H3H1 w[;fbw ftnkj d/ T[d/P ns/ beP w[;fbw ftnkj d/ T[d/P ns/ beP w[;fbw ftnkj d/ T[d/P ns/ beP w[;fbw ftnkj d/ T[d/P ns/ beP w[;fbw ftnkj d/ T[d/P ns/ bePw[;fbw ftnkj fi; Bz{ fBekj fejk iKdk j?, fjzd{nK d/ ftnkj dh soK gft~so ;z;eko Bk j' e/ fJ~e dhtkBh;wM"sk (civil contract) wzfBnk iKdk j?. fJ; d/ gqw[~u T[d/P jBL :"B fB:zsoD, rqfj;E ihtB Bz{ ftt;fEseoBk, p~funK Bz{ iBw d/ e/ gfotko ft~u tkXk eoBk ns/ p~funK dk bkbD^gkbD eoBk. o'b?Av ftb;B (1941)d/ nB[;ko, w[;fbw ftnkj :"B ;wkrw Bz{ ftXkfBe pDkUDk ns/ p~funK Bz{ iBw d/Dk wkso j?. n?;H ;hH;oeko dk th wzBDk j? fe w[;bwkBK ft~u ftnkj gft~so ;z;eko BjhA j?, pbfe fJ~e ftP[~X dhtkBh ;wM"skj?. gqzs{ w[;fbw ftnkj dk fJj fu~so ;jh BjhA j?. fJj efjDk fBPfus o{g Bkb rbs j? fe w[;fbw ftnkjdk fJ~e wkso T[d/P :"B ;[y dh g{osh ns/ p~funK Bz{ iBw d/Dk j?. w[;fbw ftnkj fJ~e Xkofwe eos~t thj/. fJj PoXk ns/ “fJpkds” dh fJ~e feqnk j?. nfijk ftPtk; ehsk iKdk j? fe i' w[;bwkB fJ; ekoi Bz{fJ~e Xkofwe feqnk wzB e/ eodk j?, T[; Bz{ gob'e ft~u fJBkw fwbdk j? ns/ i' nfijk BjhA eodk, Uj gkgdk Gkrhdko j[zdk j?.fJ; Bz{ “;[zBs w[t~fedb” (Sunnat Muwakkidal) efjzd/ jB (ekPh gq;kd ;e;/Bk,1959L 146). izr (Jang, 1953) fJj wzBD ft~u nfXe ;jh j? fe fBekj ukj/ Io{o jh fJ~e ;wM"sk j?, gqzs{Bkb jh fJj fJ~e PoXk dk ezw th j?. gqzs{ w[;fbw ftnkj ukj/ fJ~e Xkofwe eos~t j?, gqzs{ ;gPN o{g BkbfJj fJ~e gft~so ;z;eko (Sacrament) BjhA j?. fjzd{ ftPtk; dh soK fJ; Bz{ Uj ;z;eko BjhA wzfBnk ik ;edki' ftnesh Bz{ gft~sosk ns/ g[zB gqdkB eodk j?.

3H3H23H3H23H3H23H3H23H3H2 ftnkj ftt;EkL gqw[ ~y ftP/PsktK ftnkj ftt;EkL gqw[ ~y ftP/PsktK ftnkj ftt;EkL gqw[ ~y ftP/PsktK ftnkj ftt;EkL gqw[ ~y ftP/PsktK ftnkj ftt;EkL gqw[ ~y ftP/PsktKw[;fbw ftnkj dh gfjbh Io{os j? “gq;skt o~yDk” (proposal) ns/ T[; dh “;thfeqsh” (accep-tance). ukj/ fJj d't/A r~bK fjzd{ ftnkj ft~u th gkJhnK iKdhnK jB, gqzs{ fJj e/tb ftnkj ;zpzXh r~bpksBz{ n~r/ tXkUD bJh j[zdhnK jB, Bk fe w[;fbw ;wki dh soK ftnkj s?n eoD bJh. d[bjk d' rtkjK


B ØN


ns/ w"bth dh T[g;fEsh ft~u ftnkj s'A gfjbK d[bjB d/ ;kjwD/ ftnkj dk gq;skt o~ydk j?. fJj Io{ohj? fe “gq;skt” ns/ “;thfeqsh” fJ~e jh p?me (meeting) ft~u j'D. fJ~e p?me ft~u gq;skt ns/ d{ihp?me ft~u ;thfeqsh “;kjh fBekj” (regular marriage) BjhA j[zd/, ukj/ fJj ftnkj “nt?XkfBe” BjhAj[zdk. fJ; ftnkj Bz{ “nfB:fws” (irregular) iK “ckf;d” (Fasid) wzfBnk iKdk j?. fPnktK ft~uftnkj Gzr eod/ ;w/A d' rtkjK dh Io{os j[zdh j? Bk fe ;wM"s/ d/ ;w/A , id'A fe ;[zBhnK ft~u fB:w fJ;d/ fpbe[b T[bN j?. Bkb jh w[;fbw ftnkj ft~u wfjbk gqwkD (testimony) Bz{ g{oh soK n;thfeqs ehskfrnk j?. fJ; bJh ftnkj ;wM"sk d' wodK d[nkok gqwkfDs ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. gq;skt ns/ ;thfeqshft~u d' wod rtkjK dh Io{os j[zdh j?. fJ~e wod ns/ d' n"osK dk gqwkD wkfDe BjhA j?. fJ; gqeko“ckf;d” ns/ “pkfsb” ftnkjK ft~u nzso fJj j? fe “ckf;d” ftnkj dhnK nVuBK (impediments)ns/ nfB:fwssk (irregularities) Bz{ d{o eo e/ “;jh” ftnkj ft~u sK pdfbnk ik ;edk j?, gqzs{“pkfsb” ftnkj ft~u gfotosB ;zGt BjhA j?. “ckf;d” ftnkj d/ nB/e T[dkjoD jBLgq;skt ns/;thfeqsh d/ ;w/A rtkjK dk Bk j'Dk, wod dk gzitK ftnkj, n"os dh fJ~ds (Iddat) dh ntXh ft~u ftnkj(fJ~ds Uj ;wK j[zdk j? fi; ft~u n"os d/ fszB wkf;e XowK Bz{ T[; d/ gsh dh w"s s'A pknd iK sbkes'A pknd fJj ;[fBPfus eoD bJh j[zdk j? fe Uj n"os fes/ roGtsh sK BjhA j?.) ns/ gsh gsBh d/XowK ft~u nzso. fJ~e wod dk ftnkj fJ~e “feskphnk” n"os (:j{dh iK fJ;kJh) Bkb “;jh” ftnkjejkUAdk j?, gqzs{ nfijh n"os Bkb ftnkj i' nrBh iK w{osh g{ie j[zdh j?, “ckf;d” ftnkj j[zdk j?.

wod ukj/ fJ~e r?o^w[;fbw n"os Bkb ftnkj eo ;edk j?, i/eo T[; Bz{ ftPtk; j't/ fe T[; n"os dhw{osh g{ik e/tb BK wkso j?, T[dkjoD bJh eJh w[rb ;wokNK B/ fjzd{ n"osK Bkb ftnkj ehs/ ns/ UBKd/ p~u/ t?XkfBe wzB/ rJ/ ns/ oki f;zxk;B T[Zs/ nk;hB th j'J/. nfij/ ftnkjK Bz{ fBfPX eoD dk fJ~ewkso T[d/P ;h fe w{osh g{ik Bz{ fJ;bkwh okiBhsh s'A pkjo o~fynk ik ;e/. gqzs{ fJ~e w[;fbw n"os Bz{fJ~e “feskphnk” wod Bkb ftnkj eoD dh fe;/ th ;fEsh ft~u nkfrnk BjhA fd~sh rJh j?. T[; d/bJh nfijk ftnkj “pkfsb” ftnkj j't/rk. “pkfsb” ftnkj d/ j'o T[dkjoD fJ; soK jB^ pj[gshftnkj (polyandry) iK fBeNsw foPs/dkoK Bkb ftnkj dk ubB (fit/A wK, wK dh wK, G?D, G?D dhbVeh, wK dh G?D, fgsk dh G?D, bVeh dh bVeh) iK fco fJ~e ftnkjw{be Bks/dko Bkb (fit/A gsBhdh wK, gsBh dh p/Nh, p/N/ dh gsBh). “pkfsb” ftnkj dk fJ~e j'o T[dkjoD j? fJ~e ftnesh dk fJ~ejh ;w/A ft~u d' nfijhnK n"osK Bkb ftnkj i' nkg; ft~u fJ; soK ;zpzfXs j'D fe i/eo fJBK ft~u'A fJ~ewod j[zdh sK ftnkj ;zGt jh Bk j[zdk. fJ; dk ;ob PpdK ft~u noE fJj j? fe fJ~e wod nkgDh gsBhd/ ihfts ofjzd/ j'J/ T[; dh G?D wsbp nkgDh ;kbh Bkb ftnkj BjhA eo ;edk. “pkfsb” ftnkj d'jKg~yK ft~u fe;/ th gqeko dk nfXeko iK eos~t BjhA do;kUAdk. nfij/ ftnkj s'A T[sgzB ;zskB th nt?X(illegitimate) wzBh iKdh j?. e/tb “;jh” iK t?X ftnkj jh gsBh Bz{ gsh d/ xo ofjD, r[Io eoD(maintenance) ns/ w/jo (dower) nkfd dk nfXeko gqdkB eodk j?. “ckf;d” iK nfB:fws ftnkj;fjtk; (consummation) s'A gfjbK iK pknd ft~u d'jK ft~u'A fe;/ th fJ~e g~y d[nkok Gzr ehsk ik ;edkj?. i/eo ftnkj ft~u ;fjtk; j' u[ek j? sK ;zskB t?X j't/rh ns/ UBK Bz{ ;zgsh dh ftok;s dk nfXekoj't/rk, fJ;/ soK gsBh Bz{ “w/jo” (dower) dk nfXeko th gqkgs j[zdk j?.

w[;fbw ftnkj dk d{ik b~SD fJj j? fe ftnesh ft~u ftnkj ;wM"sk eoD dh :'rsk (capacity) j'Dhukjhdh j?. feUAfe e/tb pkbr ns/ ;wMdko ftnesh jh ;wM"s/ Bz{ ;wM ns/ eo ;edk j?, fJ; bJhpkb ftnkj ns/ n;t;E fdwkr d/ b'eK d/ ftnkj Bz{ wkBsk gqkgs (puberty) BjhA j't/rh. fJ; bJh e/tb :"B gfog~esk gqkgs ns/ ;t;E fdwkr dk ftnesh jh ftnkj ;zftdk ft~u gqt/P eo ;edk j?. gqzs{fJ; dk noE fJj fpbe[b BjhA j? fe i/eo nbg^ftn;e d/ ftnkj dk ;zftdk (contract) j' u[ek j?sK Uj nt?X (void) j?. nbg^ftn;e d/ ftnkj dk ;zftdk T[; d/ wksk^fgsk iK ;zo~fyne d[nkok ehskik ;edk j?. “Phnk” fB:wK d/ nzsors nbg^ftn;e d/ wkwb/ ft~u ftnkj ;zftdk eoD dk nfXekofgsk, dkdk, GkJh iK tzPkB[eqw ft~u fe;/ j'o wod foPs/dko Bz{ gqdkB ehsk frnk j?. i/eo fgsk g~y ft~ue'Jh foPs/dko Bk j't/, sK wksk g~y ft~u'A wksk, wkwk iK wk;h Bz{ fJj nfXeko gqdkB ehsk frnk j?. fJBKs'A fJbktk j'o ;G ftnesh nD^nfXfeqs (unauthorised) iK “cI{bh” ;wM/ iKd/ jB ns/ UBK d[nkokehsk frnk ftnkj ;wM"sk ekBz{Bh ;hwktK ft~u ngqGkth j[zdk j?, id'A s~e fe :"B gfog~esk gqkgs j'D s'A


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pknd ;zpzfXs g~yK d[nkok jh T[; Bz{ nB[w'fds Bk ehsk ikt/. nB[w'dB iK n;thfeqsh d/ fJ; nfXekoBz{ “y?o{b pkfbr” efjzd/ jB. nbgftn;e ftnkj Bz{ n;theko (repudiate) eo ;edk j? i/eo Uj fJjf;~X eo ;e/ fe T[; d/ ;zo~fyneK B/ bkgotkjh iK X'ykXVh Bkb ;zftdk ehsk j?. T[dkjoD bJh T[; dkftnkj gkrb bVeh Bkb ikD^p[~M e/ ehsk frnk ;h, iK w/jo T[; d/ nfjs ft~u s?n j'fJnk nkfd. ftnkjdh n;thfeqsh bJh bVe/ bJh e'Jh ;hwk s?n BjhA j?, gqzs{ bVeh d/ wkwb/ ft~u :[esh;zrs (reasonable);wK fd~sk iKdk j? ns/ T[; Bz{ d~; fd~sk iKdk j? fe T[; Bz{ ftnkj n;theko eoD dk nfXeko j?. bVekiK sK w"fye nfGftnesh d[nkok iK w/jo dh oew ndk eo e/ iK fco :"B ;z;or Bkb ftnkj Gzr eo;edk j?. 1938 d/ w[;fbw ftnkj Gzr nfXfB:w d/ nzsors ftnkj Gzr dk toD (option) eoB ft~u;[Xko eo fbnk frnk ;h fi; d/ nzsors n"os Bz{ :"B gfog~esk gqkgs eoD d/ fszB ;kb pknd s~eftnkj^ft~S/d bJh ;wK gqdkB ehsk frnk j?, :kBh fe 18 ;kb dh T[wo s~e i/eo :"B ;zpzX ;Ekfgs Bkehsk frnk j't/.

w[;fbw ftnkj dk shik b~SD fJj j? fe “;wkBsk d/ f;XKs” (doctrine of equality) dk gkbD Io{o eoBkukjhdk j?. ukj/ fBwB ;so d/ ftnesh Bkb ftnkj ;zftdk eoD dk e'Jh ekBz{Bh fBP/X BjhA j?, fco thfJ; gqeko d/ ftnkj Bz{ jhD fdqPNh Bkb d/fynk iKdk j?. fJ;/ soK G~i e/ ehs/ rJ/ ftnkj (fec Kifa)Bz{ wkBsk gqkgs BjhA j?, fco th bVehnK xo s'A G~i e/ iK fBwB iK T[Zu ;so T[Zs/ ftuko ehs/ fpBKnkgDh g;zd d/ bVfenK Bkb ftnkj eo jh b?AdhnK jB. “;[zBhnK” ft~u to d/ g~y ft~u ;wkfie jhDskdk gqPB ftnkj o~d eoD bJh t~vk ekoD j' ;edk j? gqzs{ “Phnk” b'eK ft~u BjhA j?.

w[;fbw ftnkj dk u"Ek b~SD j? “nfXwkDe ftt;Ek” (preferential system) ihtB ;kEh d/ u[Bkt ft~u,gfjbh nfXwkDsk ftfbzr ;j'doi (parallel cousin) Bz{ ns/ T[; s'A pknd ftfbzr ;j'doi (crosscousin) Bz{ fd~sh iKdh j?. ukj/ d't/A gqeko d/ ;fbzr ;j'doi ftnkj (uu/ok ns/ w";/ok) dk ubB (practice)fwbdk j?, fco th ;j'doi ftnkj ft~u c[c/ok ftnkj Bz{ wkBsk BjhA fd~sh rJh j?. gqzs{ n~ie~b fe;/ th;j'doi ftnkj Bz{ gfjb BjhA fd~sh iKdh (S.C. Misra, 1956 : 153). 1986 ft~u i?g[o oki;EkB ft~u136 w[;fbwK T[Zs/ ehs/ rJ/ fJ~e ;wkiPk;soh nfXn?B s'A gsk ubdk j? fe e/tb 11# noEks 15w[;bwkBK B/ jh nkgD/ ;j'doiK (cousins) Bkb ftnkj ehs/. fJBK ft~u'A th (wod Bz{ Jhr' wzB e/ ) ukoB/ nkgDh uu/oh G?DK Bkb, 6 B/ ww/oh G?DK Bkb ns/ 5 B/ w';/oh G?DK Bkb ftnkj ehsk ;h. n~ie~b i';j'doiK Bz{ gfjb gqdkB BjhA ehsh ik ojh j?, PkfJd T[; d/ eJh ekoDK ft~u'A e[M fJj th j' ;ed/ jB^gfotko s'A pkjo nfXe dj/I fwbD dh ;zGktBk, Bt/A ftneshnK Bkb foPs/dkoh tXkUDk ns/ ;j'doiKdk fJ~e d{i/ s'A pj[s d{o ofjDk.

fjzd{nK ft~u e[M ikshnK ft~u gkJh ikD tkbh gqEk d/ T[bN ftXtk i/eo g[Bo^ftnkj eoD dh fJ~S[e j?sK Uj nkgD/ fwqse gsh d/ GkJh Bz{ gfjb gqdkB eoD bJh wip{o BjhA j?. fJ; gqeko w[;fbwK ft~u Gkphftnkj (Levirate) dk gqubB BjhA j?. fJBK d/ ;wki ft~u ;kbh ftnkj (Sororate) Bz{ th wkBsk gqkgsBjhA j?. gqzs{ fwqse iK sbkeP[dk gsBh dh G?D Bkb ftnkj dh nkfrnk j?.

w/jo w/jo w/jo w/jo w/jo (Dower)w/jo Uj XB iK ;zgsh j? i' ftnkj d/ gqshcb d/ o{g ft~u gsBh nkgD/ gsh s'A b?D dh nfXekoh j[zdhj?. fJ~E/ “ftnkj d/ gqshcb” dk gq:'r Gkosh ;wM"sk nfXfB:w d/ nB[o{g BjhA ehsk frnk j?. w[;fbwfB:wK d/ nzsors “w/jo” gsh T[Zs/ fJ~e eos~t (obligation) j? i' fe gsBh d/ gsh nkdo dk ;{uej[zdk j?. fJ; gqeko fJj tX{̂ w[~b (bride price) BjhA j?. fJ; d/ w[~y T[d/P jB^ gsh T[Zs/ gsBh Bz{ sbked/D ;zpzXh fB:zsoD eoBk ns/ gsh dh w"s iK sbke s'A pknd n"os Bz{ nkgD/ gkbD^g'PD d/ :'r pDkUDk.w/jo dh XB okPh ftnkj s'A gfjbK, pknd ft~u, iK fco ftnkj ;w/A fBPfus ehsh ik ;edh j?. ukj/fJj XB okPh x~N BjhA ehsh ik ;edh j?, fco th gsh dh fJ~Sk Bkb fJ; ft~u tkXk ehsk ik ;edk j?.gsBh ukj/ sK fJ; XBokPh Bz{ xNkUD bJh ;fjws j' ;edh j? iK fco fJ; ;koh XBokPh Bz{ nkgD/ gshiK T[; d/ T[ZsokfXekohnK Bz{ G/AN ;o{g gqdkB eo ;edh j?. d'jK g~yK ft~u fBPfus ehsh rJh w/jo dhXBokPh Bz{ “fBofdPN” (Specified) efjzd/ jB. w/jo dh x~N s'A x~N XBokPh 10 dow (Dirham) j[zdhj?, gqzs{ nfXesw dh e'Jh ;hwk fBPfus BjhA j?. id'A w/jo dh okPh fBPfus Bk eo e/ i' T[fus ;wMd/


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jB, Uj fdzd/ jB sK fJ; okPh Bz{ “T[fus” (w[Bkf;p) w/jo efjzd/ jB. T[fus w/jo okPh fBPfus eod/;w/A gsh ns/ T[;d/ gfotko d/ nkofEe ;so dk ;~wkB eoBk g?Adk j? iK fco n"os d/ fgsk d/ gfotkoft~u d{ihnK n"osK T[Zs/ fBPfus ehs/ rJ/ w/jo Bz{ th fXnkB d/Dk g?Adk j? (fit/A T[; dh G?D iK G{nk),iK fco gsh d/ gfotko d/ wod w/ApoK d[nkok fBPfus ehs/ rJ/ w/jo dk th fXnkB o~yDk g?Adk j?. w/jo dhokPh w[~y o{g Bkb gsh dh nkofEe ;fEsh Bz{ fXnkB ft~u o~y e/ fBPfus ehsh iKdh j?. fJj s~E 1986ft~u i?g[o ft~u 136 w[;bwkBK d/ nfXn?B s'A gqekP ft~u nkfJnk. 136 T[ZsodksktK Bz{ 500 o[gJ/ s~e,500 s'A 1000 o[gJ/ s~e, 1000 s'A 5000 o[gJ/ s~e ns/ 5000 s'A T[Zgo o[gJ/ wkf;e t/sB d/ ukjo ;w{jKft~u tzfvnk frnk ;h. gfjb/ ;w{j ft~u btGr 14# b'e ;B, d{i/ ft~u 77#, shi/ ft~u 7# ns/ u"E/ft~u 2# ftnesh ;B. UBK ;{uBk dksktK Bz{ fiBK B/ w/jo okPh fd~sh ;h, fJj ;zfynk eqwkB[;ko gfjb/ft~u 50#, d{i/ ft~u 27#, shi/ ft~u 16# ns/ u"E/ ft~u 7# ;h. fJ; s'A ;gPN j? fe fszBK ;w{jK ft~ufBPfus ehsh rJh w/jo dh okPh ftnesh dh nkofEe ywsk s'A e[M nfXe jh ;h fi; s'A brdk j? fePkfJd gsh nkgDh gsBh ns/ T[; d/ wksk fgsk Bz{ Go';k d/Dk ukj[zdk j? fe Uj gsBh Bz{ nk;kBh Bkb sbkeBjhA d/t/rk.

wzr/ ikD T[Zs/ fd~sh ikD tkbh w/jo dh okPh Bz{ (c'oh) “s[ozs” (Prompt) w/jo efjzd/ jB ns/ i' w/joftnkj^ft~S/d s'A pknd fd~sk ikt/, T[; Bz{ “;Efrs” (Deferred) w/jo efjzd/ jB. Phnk b'eK ft~u id'Ae'Jh nB[pzX (stipulation) BjhA j[zdk sK w/jo “c'oh” wzfBnk iKdk j?, gqzs{ ;[zBhnK ft~u fJ;' soK dh e'JhwkBsk BjhA j[zdh.

w/jo dk ;zpzX ftnkj d/ ‘T[gGrs’ (;fjtk;) j'D s'A th j[zdk j?.ftnkj d/ T[gGrs (consummaption)j'D s/ n"os dk w/jo T[Zs/ nfXeko g{ok j' iKdk j?. fJj T[gGrsh iK sK tk;sfte ;zpzX ;Ekfgs eoe/ j' ;edh j? iK T[; gqeko fi; Bz{ ekBz{B nfijk wzBdk j?, fit/A gsh iK gsBh dh w"s j' ikt/ iK m';nkXko T[Zs/ nb~r j' ikD. gsh d[nkok ftnkj ysw ehs/ ikD s/ iK bKfSs nkfd ehs/ ikD s'A pknd nb~rj'D dh ;fEsh ft~u gsBh n~X/ “fBofdPN” (Specific) w/jo dh nfXekoh j' iKdh j?. i/eo w/jo (Mutat)dk T[b/y Bk ehsk frnk j't/ sK Uj “w[sks” w/jo dh nfXekoh j[zdh j?. i/eo gsh gsBh, gsBh dh gfjb(initiative) T[Zs/ nb~r j'J/ jB sK Uj fe;/ th gqeko d/ w/jo dh nfXekoh BjhA j[zdh (i/eo ftnkj dhT[gGrsh BjhA j'Jh j?.).

w[;fbw ekBz{B d/ nzsors w/jo bJh ftXtk dk dktk nkgD/ gsh dh G{^;zgsh d/ fto[~X fJ~e eoI j?. gshdh ;zgsh ft~u gsBh dk UBK jh nfXeko j? fizBk j'o dkt/dkoK dk j?. Uj w/jo dh oew ndk ehs/ ikDs~e g{oh ;zgsh Bz{ nkgD/ e'b o'e ;edh j?. ;zgsh Bz{ nkgD/ nfXeko ft~u eoD bJh T[; Bz{ j'o fe;/ tkfo;s'A nkfrnk b?D dh Io{os BjhA jz[dh. gqzs{ i/eo sbke “y[~bk” iK “w[pkos” j'fJnk j? sK n"os dk w/joT[Zs/ nfXeko ysw j' iKdk j?, feUAfe d'tK jh wkwfbnK ft~u gsh gsBh fwb e/ ftnkj Gzr eoD bJh;fjws j[zd/ jB.

3H3H33H3H33H3H33H3H33H3H3 “w[sk” ftnkj “w[sk” ftnkj “w[sk” ftnkj “w[sk” ftnkj “w[sk” ftnkjw[;bwkBK ft~u th n;EkJh gqeko d/ ftnkj dk gqubB j? fi; Bz{ “w[sk” ftnkj efjzd/ jB. fJj ftnkjn"os ns/ wod d/ nkg;h ;wM"s/ Bkb j[zdk j? ns/ fJ; ft~u e'Jh th foPs/dko j;sy/g BjhA eodk. wodBz{ fJ~e w[;fbw iK :j{dh iK fJ;kJh n"os Bkb “w[sk” ftnkj d/ ;zftdk dk nfXeko j?, gqzs{ fJ~e n"osfJ~e r?o^w[;fbw Bkb “w[sk” ;zftdk BjhA eo ;edh j?. “w[sk” ftnkj s'A gqkgs gsBh Bz{ “f;xk”(Sigha) BK Bkb ikfDnk ikdk j?. n~ie~b Gkos ns/ gkfe;skB ft~u fJ; ftnkj dk gqubB BjhA j?. fJje/tb nop d/PK ft~u jh gqufbs j?. fJ; s'A fJbktk fJj ftnkj Phnk b'eK ft~u jh t?X wzfBnk iKdk j?ns/ ;[zBhnK ft~u BjhA.fJ; soK d/ ftnkj dh t?Xsk bJh d' r~bK bJh Io{oh jB^ (i) ;fjtk;(cohabitation) dh ntXh gfjbK jh fBPfus ehsh ikDh ukjdh j? (ii) w/jo dh okPh th gfjbK jh fBPfusj'Dh ukjhdh j?. i/eo ntXh fBPfus BjhA j? ns/ w/jo fBPfus j? sK ftnkj ;EkJh wzfBnk iKdk j?, gqzs{i/eo ntXh fBPfus j? ns/ w/jo fBPfus BjhA j? sK ftnkj nt?X (void) wzfBnk iKdk j?. i/eo ntXhfBPfus j? ns/ ;fjtk; ntXh ysw j'D s'A pknd th ubdk ofjzdk j? sK fJj wzB fbnk iKdk j? fe ntXhtXk fd~sh rJh j?, ns/ fJ; ftueko T[sgzB j'Jh ;zskB th t?X wzBh ikdh j?, ns/ n"os d/ ;r/ foPs/


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dkoK Bz{ UBK Bz{ ;theko eoBk g?Adk j?. gqzs{ “w[sk” ftnkj n"os^wod d/ ft~u ftok;s (inheritance)d/ nfXeko gqdkB BjhA eodk. “f;xk” gsBh gkbD^g'PD dh okPh (maintenance amount) dk dktkBjhA eo ;edh ns/ Bk jh T[; Bz{ nkgD/ gsh dh ;zgsh s'A ftok;s ft~u e[M fj~;k fwb/rk. gqzs{ ;zskB t?Xj'D d/ ekoD fgsk dh ;zgsh ft~u'A nkgDk fj~;k b?D dh nfXekoh j?. w[sk ftnkj ft~u sbke th wkDe BjhAj?, gqzs{ gsh nkgDh gsBh Bz{ pu/ j'J/ ;w/A dh “G/AN” (gift) d/ e/ ;wM"s/ (contract) Bz{ ysw eo ;edkj?. i/eo ftnkj T[gGrs (consummate) BjhA j'fJnk j? sK g{ot^fBoXkfos w/jo dk n~Xk Gkr jh d/DFk j[zdkj?l gqzs{ ftnkj dh T[gGrsh T[Zs/ w/jo dh g{oh okPh d/Dh j[zdh j?.

w[;fbw ekBz{B ft~u “w[sk” ftnkj Bz{ jhD (condemned) wzfBnk iKdk j?. fJj Bk e/tb fJ; bJh feftnkj n;EkJh j[zdk j? ns/ “tbh” (Wali) iK d' rtkjK dh ;fjwsh s'A fpBK ftneshrs o{g Bkb ehskfrnk ;wM"sk j[zdk j?, pbfe fJ; bJh th fe n"os B/ nkgDk xo BjhA S~fvnk ns/ T[; d/ foPs/dkoK B/T[; T[Zs/ nkgDk nfXeko BjhA S~fvnk ns/ ;zskB fgsk dh Bk j' ;eh, ns/ T[; d/ tzP Bkb ;zpzfXs Bkj' ;eh. fJ; bJh fJ; ftnkj d/ gqsh fto'Xh o[y fJ; bJh ngDkfJnk frnk feUAfe fJ; ftnkj ft~ugkJh ikD tkbh wks^;EkfBesk iK wkstzPsk fJ;bkw d[nkok ;thfeqs g?fsqe ;EkfBesk iK fgsotzPskBkb ;zxoP ft~u nkUAdh j?. fJ;bkw th ftnkj d/ ;EkfJ~st Bz{ wzBdk j? ns/ e'Jh th r~b i' gqs~y iKngqs~y o{g Bkb n;EkfJ~st Bz{ tXktk fdzdh j't/, T[; Bz{ wkBsk BjhA fd~sh rJh.

3H3H43H3H43H3H43H3H43H3H4 ftnkj^ft~S/d ftnkj^ft~S/d ftnkj^ft~S/d ftnkj^ft~S/d ftnkj^ft~S/dw[;fbw ekBz{B d/ nzsors ftnkj ;wM"sk (contract) iK sK ndkbsh ekotkJh d[nkok ysw ehsk ik ;edkj? iK fpBK ndkbs d/ j;sy/g d/ th. fBnKfJe gqfeqnk d[nkok w[;fbw ftnkj nfXfB:w, 1939 d/nzsors iK “w[;fbw ekBz{B” d/ nzsors sbke gqkgs ehsk ik ;edk j?. fBnKfJe j;sy/g s'A fpBK thgsh dh fJ~Sk Bkb sbke j' ;edk j? iK fco gsh ns/ gsBh dh nkg;h ;fjwsh Bkb th j' ;edk j?, fi;Bz{ “y[bk” iK “w[pkos” efjzd/ jB. “y[bk” iK “w[pkos” ft~u nzso fJj j? fe “y[bk” sbke ft~u gfjbgsBh dh j[zdh j? ns/ “w[pkos” ft~u gfjb fe;/ dh th j' ;edh j? feUAfe d't/A g~y jh sbke d/ fJ~S[ej[zd/ jB. sbke dh gqfeqnk Bz{ iK sK w[zj I[pkBh (oral) e[M x'PDk (pronouncement) eo e/ iK sbkeBkwkfby e/ g{ok ehsk ik ;edk j?. sbke dh x'PDk iK sK fBo;Bh (o~d eoD :'r ̂ revocable) iK nfBo;Bh(Irrevocable) j' ;edh j?. nfBo;Bh x'PDk Bkb ftnkj^ft~S/d s[ozs j[zdk j? id'A fe fBo;Bh x'PDk Bkb“fJ~ds” dh ntXh ysw j'D s~e ftnkj^ft~S/d BjhA j[zdk. fJ; ntXh ft~u x'PDk dk fBo;B iK sKnfGftnesh d[nkok iK fttkfjs ;zpzX nkozG eo/ fpBK nfGftnesh d/ ehsk ik ;edk j?. sbkefBwBfbfys fszB sohfenK Bkb fd~sk ik ;edk j?^

1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H sbke^J/^nfj;B^ sbke^J/^nfj;B^ sbke^J/^nfj;B^ sbke^J/^nfj;B^ sbke^J/^nfj;B^ fJ; d/ nzsors “sbke” dh x'PDk wkf;e Xow dh ntXh “s[jo” ft~ufJ~e jh tko ehsh iKdh j? ns/ fJ~ds dh ntXh s~e :"B ;zpzX ;Ekfgs BjhA ehsk ikdk. PhnktKft~u fJ; sbke Bz{ wkBsk BjhA fd~sh iKdh. ;[zBhnK ft~u th BP/ dh jkbs ft~u iK rzGho Xweh dhnt;Ek ft~u ehsh rJh “sbke” dh x'PDk fBooEe j[zdh j?.

2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H sbke^J/^j;B^sbke^J/^j;B^sbke^J/^j;B^sbke^J/^j;B^sbke^J/^j;B^ fJ; ft~u fszB x'PDktK Pkfwb j[zdhnK jB i' brksko fszB wkf;e Xow “s[jo”dh ntXh ft~u ehshnK iKdhnK jB, ns/ fJ; ntXh ft~u fe;/ th gqeko dk :"B ;zgoe BjhA ehskiKdk .

3 H3 H3 H3 H3 H sbke^J/^T[b^fpds^sbke^J/^T[b^fpds^sbke^J/^T[b^fpds^sbke^J/^T[b^fpds^sbke^J/^T[b^fpds^ fJ; d/ nzsors fJ~e jh “s[jo” dh ntXh ft~u fJ~e jh tke ft~u fszBx'PDktK eoD Bkb (w?A s?Bz{ fszB tko sbke fdzdk jK), iK fszB tko fszB tkeK ft~u d[jok e/ (w?A s?Bz{sbke fdzdk jK, w?A s?Bz{ sbke fdzdk jK, w?A s?Bz{ sbke fdzdk jK) sbke j' iKdk j?. iK fco fJ~e jhs[jo ft~u T[es tke Bz{ fJ~e jh tko efjD s/, fi; ft~u ftnkj ysw eoD dh nfBo;fBe fJ~SkgqrN ehsh rJh j't/ (fit/A, w?A s?Bz{ nfBo;fBe nkXko s/ sbke fdzdk jK) sbke j' iKdk j?.

fJ; soK gfjb/ d' gqeko (nj;B ns/ j;B) d/ sbke d/ nzsors d'tK jh g~yK ft~u ;wM"s/ d/ nt;o j[zd/jB, gqzs{ shi/ ft~u BjhA. sbke/^nj;B Bz{ nfXe wkBsk gqkgs j?.

fJBK fszBK gqekoK d/ sbkeK d/ Bkb Bkb 1937 d/ Pohns ekBz{B d/ nB[;ko fBwBfbfys gqeko d/ sbkeKdk th T[b/y j?^


B ØN


1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H fJbk^fJbk^fJbk^fJbk^fJbk^ i/eo gsh :"B gfog~esk gqkgs eoD d/ pknd uko wjhB/ s~e iK fBPfus ntXh s~e :"B;zgoe s'A nb~r ofjD dh e;w b?Adk j?, sK Uj “fJbk” eodk j?. i/eo Uj fJ; ntXh ft~u :"B;wkrw BjhA eodk sK ftnkj ft~S/d t?X wzB fbnk iKdk j?, fit/A fe sbke^J/^T[b^fpds d/nzsors j[zdk j? fi; ft~u gsh fJ~e jh tko sbke dh x'PDk eodk j?. “jBkch” ;zgodkJ/ d/;[zBhnK ft~u “fJbk” sbke dk wkDe o{g j?, gqzs{ “PckJh” ;zgodkJ/ d/ ;[zBhnK ft~u “fJbk” sbkeb?D dk e/tb fJ~e nkXko j[zdk j?.

2HHHHH “fIjo”^ “fIjo”^ “fIjo”^ “fIjo”^ “fIjo”^ gfog~esk gqkgs gsh d' rtkjK d/ ;kjwD/ nkgD/ g{o/ j'P ft~u fJj x'PDk eodk j? feT[; dh gsBh T[; dh wK dh fg~m (back) (iK fe;/ j'o dh fg~m fi; d/ Bkb T[; dk ftnkj fBP/fXsj?) d/ ;wkB j? sK Uj “fIjo” sbke j[zdk j?. gqzs{ “fIjo” ftnkj^ft~S/d BjhA j[zdk, pbfe fJjgsBh d/ bJh gsh s'A sbke b?D bJh fJ~e nkXko fsnko eoBk j[zdk j?.

3HHHHH “fbnkB”^“fbnkB”^“fbnkB”^“fbnkB”^“fbnkB”^ fJ; d/ nzsors gsh nkgDh gsBh T[Zs/ ftnkfGuko (adultery) dk nko'g brkUAdkj?. fJ; gsBh Bz{ ndkbs Bz{ nghb eoD dk nfXeko fwb iKdk j? fe iK sK T[; dk gsh nko'gtkfg; bt/ iK fco JhPto dh e;w b? e/ ej/ fe T[; d/ d[nkok brkfJnk frnk nko'g ;~u j?. i/eogsh nkgDk nko'g tkfg; BjhA b?Adk pbfe JhPto dh e;w yKdk j? sK gsBh Bz{ th fJ~e ftebg(option) fwbdk j? fe iK sK Uj nkgD/ T[Zgo brkfJnk frnk nko'g ;theko eo bt/ iK fco gshdh soK JhPto dh e;w ykt/ fe Uj fBod'P j?. fJ; soK e;w b?D Bz{ “fbnkB” efjzd/ jB.gsh^gsBh d/ fJ; gqeko e;w b?D s'A pknd gsh Bz{ Jj ftebg fwb iKdk j? fe Uj ndkbs d/wkfXnw Bkb sbke b? bt/.

1939 d/ w[;fbw ftnkj ft~S/d nfXfB:w d/ nzsors ndkbs s'A fBnKfJe ftt;Ek d[nkok th sbke fbnkik ;edk j?. fJ; nfXfB:w d/ nkXko s/ n"os Bz{ fJj nfXeko gqkgs j? fe Uj fBwBfbfys jkbksK ft~ugsh Bz{ sbke d/ ;edh j?îd'A gsh d' ;kb s~e gsBh dk GoD^g'PD Bk eo ;e/l i/eo gsh Bz{ ;~s iK;~s ;kb s'A nfXe dh i/b j' ikt/l i/eo uko iK nfXe ;kbK s'A gsh B/ gsBh dk fsnkr ehsk j't/l gshfszB ;kb s~e :"B ;zgoe Bk eo/l i/eo gsh Bg[z;e j/t/l i/eo d' ;kb s~e gsh gkrb j't/l i/eo gsh fe;/n;kXe o'r (e'V iK thH vhH) s'A ghfVs j't/l i/eo gsh eq{o j't/l iK gsBh d/ nmkoK ;kb g{o/ j'D s'A gfjbK:"B gfog~esk XkoD eoD dk ftebg o~ydk j't/.

w[;fbw ekBz{B dh feqnkPhbsk d/ nzsors ihtB^;kEh d/ Xow^gfotosB d/ ekoD th ftnkj^ft~S/d ehskik ;edk j?. gsh d/ Xow gfotosB d/ ekoD ftnkj^ft~S/d s[ozs j' ;edk j?. fJ; bJh i/eo fJ~e wodfJ;kJh Xow ft~u gfotofss j' iKdk j? ns/ T[; dh gsBh fJ~ds dh ntXh g{oh j'D s'A gfjbK jh fe;/d{i/ wod Bkb ftnkj eo b?Adh j? sK Uj d{i/ ftnkj (bigamy) dh d'Ph BjhA j't/rh feUAfe Xow gfotosBs[ozs ftnkj^ft~S/d dk ezw eodk j?. 1939 d/ nfXfB:w s'A gfjbK gsBh d/ Xow^gfotosB eoD T[Zs/th ftnkj^ft~S/d s[ozs bkr{ j[zdk ;h gqzs{ j[D BjhA. gqzs{ fJj s~E UBK n"osK T[Zs/ bkr{ BjhA j[zdk i' j'ofe;/ Xow s'A gfotofss j' e/ fJ;bkw ft~u nkJhnK j'D. fJ; soK i/eo e'Jh fjzd{ bVeh fJ;bkw ;thekoeo b?Adh j? ns/ w[;fbw ekBz{B d/ nzsors ftnkj eo ;edh j? sK T[; d/ fJ;bkw fsnkrD ns/ fjzd{ Xowd[pkok ngBkUD d/ s[ozs pknd jh ftnkj^ft~S/d j' ikt/rk. i/eo Uj nkgD/ g[okD/ Xow ft~u tkfg; BjhAnkUAdh j? ns/ e'Jh d{ik Xow ngDk b?Adh j? (fit/A fJ;kJh j' iKdh j?) sK nfij/ gfotosB d/ Bkb s[ozsftnkj^ft~S/d BjhA j't/rk.

fJBK ;G wkwfbnK ft~u ftnkj^ft~S/d j'D s/ ekBz{Bh gqGkt fJ; soK j'Dr/^ gsBh fJ~ds dk gkbD eoDbJh wip{o j[zdh j?l fJ~ds dh ntXh ft~u GoD^g'PD dh ftt;Ek eoD bJh gsh jh fIzw/dko j[zdk j?l“fJ~ds” dh ntXh s'A gfjbK gsBh g[Bo^ftnkj bJh ;wM"sk BjhA eo ;edhl ns/ gsBh ;Efrs w/jo(Deferred Dower) dh nfXekoh j't/rh.

e[M ;kb gfjbK ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs B/ fJ~e w[;fbw n"os Pkj pkB' Bz{ gsh s'A sbke fwbD T[Zs/ GoD^g'PDG~sk fd~s/ ikD dk nkd/P fd~sk ;h. w[;fbw B/sktK B/ ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs d/ fJ; ekBz{Bh fBoD/ Bz{ w[;fbwftneshrs ekBz{B (Muslim Personal Law) ft~u j;sy/g d~f;nk, fi; ekoD ;oeko Bz{ w[;fbw wfjbk(Protection of Rights in Divorce) n?eN, 1986 gk; eoBk fgnk. fJ;/ soK cotoh 1993 ft~u T[Zsogqd/P T[Zu fBnkb/ B/ fJ~e shj ;kbk jwhdD BK dh n"os Bz{ sbke fwbD T[Zs/ T[; d/ ns/ T[; d/ d' p~funK


B ØN


bJh 32 ;kbk gsh s'A 600 o[gJ/ wjhBk g'PD G~sk fd~s/ ikD d/ nkd/P fd~s/. w[;fbw B/sktK B/ fJ; fBoD/Bz{ th “Pohns” ft~u j;sy/g ns/ w[;fbw wfjbk sbke n?eN (Muslim Women’s Divorce Act) d/gqktXkBK dk T[bzxD d~f;nk. nfyb Gkosh w[;fbw go;Bb bk p'ov (The All India Muslim PersonalLaw Board) B/ sK T[Zu fBnkb/ ft~u fJ; fBoD/ d/ fto[~X fJ~e g[BofBohyD :kfuek (review petition)th dkfyb ehsh.

sbke^J/̂ T[b^fpds gqEk (fi; ft~u fszB tko x'PDk eoD s/ sbke j' iKdk j?) Bz{ fJbkjkpkd T[Zu fBnkb/B/ ngq?b 1994 ft~u nt?X d~f;nk. fJ; fBnkb/ B/ Pohns (Muslim Personal Law) n?eN, 1937 ft~ugsh d/ fJ~e jh ;w/A fszB tko sbke efj d/D s/ sbke d/D d/ nfXeko dk g[Bo^fBohyD ehsk ns/ fBoDkfd~sk fe fJ; gqeko dk sbke n"os dh rfowk d/ ns/ jo Bkrfoe d/ w"fbe nfXekoK ns/ eos~tK d/ fto[~Xj?. ii ;kfjp dh fJj th wkBsk ;h fe fJ~e jh tko ft~u nfBo;fBe (irrevocable) x'PDk eo e/ ftnkjysw eoBk fJ;bkw ;[Bzs (Islam Sunnat) d/ nzsors gkg (Sin) wzfBnk frnk j?. fJ; bJh ii dkftuko ;h fe toswkB ;w/A d/ nB[e{b w[;fbw ftnkj ns/ sbke nkfd ftfPnK T[Zs/ BtK ekBz{B pDBkukjhdk j?. w[;fbw B/sktK B/ fJ; wkwb/ Bz{ th ndkbs d/ nfXeko y/so s'A go/ wzfBnk ns/ T[Zu fBnkb/ft~u nghb ehsh. ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs B/ i[bkJh 1994 ft~u fJbkjkpkd d/ fBnKXhP fsbjkoh d/ fBoD/ Bz{n;theko eo fd~sk.

d{i/ gk;/ e[M ftdtkBK dk ftuko j? fe j[D ;wK nk frnk j? fe w[;fbw n"osK Bz{ okiBhfse nkXko s/ nkgD/nkg Bz{ ;zrfms eo e/ ftnkj, sbke nkfd ekBz{BK ft~u ;zP'XB bJh ns/ ekBz{Bh ;zo~fynD, ;wkfie^nkofEe;zgkbD ns/ ;zgsh ftok;s ;zpzXh nfXeko nkfd gqkgs eoD bJh bVBk ukjhdk j?. ;oeko iK o{VhtkdhXkofwe B/sk w[;fbw n"osK dh ;fEsh T[Zuk eoD ft`~u o{uh b?Dr/ fJ; dh ;zGktBk BjhA j?.fJ; bJhn"osK Bz{ jh nkgD/ nkg Bz{ okiBhfse nkXko s/ ;zrfms eo e/ nkgD/ bJh nkofEe ns/ ;wkfie gfotosBKbJh e'fPPK eoBhnK j'DrhnK.

3H3H53H3H53H3H53H3H53H3H5 fjzd{ ns/ w[;fbw ftnkj ft~u nzso fjzd{ ns/ w[;fbw ftnkj ft~u nzso fjzd{ ns/ w[;fbw ftnkj ft~u nzso fjzd{ ns/ w[;fbw ftnkj ft~u nzso fjzd{ ns/ w[;fbw ftnkj ft~u nzsofjzd{ ns/ w[;fbw ftnkjK ft~u fBwBfbfys uko nkXkoK T[Zs/ G/d ehsk ik ;edk j?^ (i) ftnkj d/T[d/P ns/ nkdoPK d/ nkXko s/, (ii) ftnkj ftt;Ek d/ ;o{g d/ nkXko s/, (iii) ftnkj dh gqfeqsh d/nkXko s/ (iv) ftnkj ;zpzXK d/ nkXko s/.

IH T[d/P ns/ nkdoPH T[d/P ns/ nkdoPH T[d/P ns/ nkdoPH T[d/P ns/ nkdoPH T[d/P ns/ nkdoP

fjzd{ ftnkj ft~u Xow ns/ Xkofwe GktBktK dh wj~stg{oD G{fwek j[zdh j?, gqzs{ w[;fbw ftnkj ft~uGktBktK dk e'Jh ;EkB BjhA j[zdk. ;G Xkofwe feqnktK sK jh wkDe j[zdhnK jB id'A fe gsh gsBh fwbe/ UBK Bz{ g{ok eoD. fjzd{ ftnkj nkdoP d/ fto[~X w[;fbw ftnkj wkso fJ~e ;wM"sk (contract) j[zdkj? fi; Bkb :"B ;zpzX ;Ekfgs j' ;eD ns/ ;zskB T[sgsh j' ;e/.

IIH ftnkj ftt;Ek d/ ;o{gH ftnkj ftt;Ek d/ ;o{gH ftnkj ftt;Ek d/ ;o{gH ftnkj ftt;Ek d/ ;o{gH ftnkj ftt;Ek d/ ;o{g

“gq;skt o~yDk” ns/ T[; dh “;thfeqsh” w[;fbw ftnkj dhnK ftP/PsktK jB. gq;skt ezfBnk g~y t~b'AnkUAdk j?. fi; p?me ft~u gq;skt nkUAdk j? T[;/ ft~u ;theko th ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j? ns/ fJ; ft~ud' rtkjK (witnesses) dk j'Dk th Io{oh j[zdk j?. fjzd{nK ft~u nfijk fotkI BjhA j?. w[;fbw fJ; r~bs/ I'o fdzd/ jB fe ftnesh ft~u ;zftdk dh eh :'rsk j? gqzs{ fjzd{ fJ; gqeko dh :'rsk ft~u ftPtk; BjhAeod/. w[;fbw b'e w/jo dh gqEk dk gkbD eod/ jB id'A fe fjzd{nK ft~u w/jo dh gqEk BjhA j[zdh. w[;fbwb'e pj[̂ ftnkj (polygamy) ft~u ftPtk; eod/ jB, gqzs{ fjzd{ nfijh gqEk dk fso;eko eod/ jB. ihtB;kEh d/ u[Bkt bJh w[;fbw b'e gfjb (preferential) ftt;Ek wzBd/ jB id'A fe fjzd{nK ft~u nfijhftt;Ek BjhA j?. w[;fbwK dh soK fjzd{ b'e “ckf;d” iK “pkfsb” ftnkj ft~u th ftPtk; BjhA eod/.

III. ftnkj dh gqfeqsh ftnkj dh gqfeqsh ftnkj dh gqfeqsh ftnkj dh gqfeqsh ftnkj dh gqfeqshw[;fbw n;EkJh ftnkj “w[sk” Bz{ wzBd/ jB, gqzs{ fjzd{ BjhA wzBd/. fjzd{ ftnkj ft~u ;wM"s/ bJh “fJ~ds”Bz{ BjhA wzBd/. nzfsw, fjzd{ b'e ftXtk ftnkj Bz{ jhD fdqPNh Bkb d/yd/ jB, id'A fe w[;fbw b'e ftXtkftnkj ft~u ftPtk; o~yd/ jB.


B ØN


IV. ftnkj ;zpzX ftnkj ;zpzX ftnkj ;zpzX ftnkj ;zpzX ftnkj ;zpzXfjzd{nK ft~u ftnkj^ft~S/d e/tb w"s s'A pknd jh ;zGt j?, gqzs{ w[;fbw b'eK ft~u wod d/ T[Bwkd T[Zs/ftnkj ft~S/d j' iKdk j?. w[;fbw wod nkgDh gsBh Bz{ ndkbs d/ j;sy/g s'A fpBK th sbke d/ ;edkj?, gqzs{ fjzd{ b'e ndkbs d/ wkfXnw Bkb jh ftnkj ft~S/d eo ;ed/ jB.

VHHHHH ;wkfie ftXkB ft~u gfotosB dh Io{os ;wkfie ftXkB ft~u gfotosB dh Io{os ;wkfie ftXkB ft~u gfotosB dh Io{os ;wkfie ftXkB ft~u gfotosB dh Io{os ;wkfie ftXkB ft~u gfotosB dh Io{osw[;bwkBK B/, ftP/P o{g Bkb f;~fyns w[;bwkBK B/ fJj nB[Gt ehsk j? fe ftnkj d/ ;zpzX ft~u ;wkfieekBz{B ns/ gqu~fbs Xkofwe fB:wK ft~u ftftX ekoDK eo e/ gfotosB j'Dk ukjhdk j?^ (i) g[okD/ fB:wn~i dh T[d:'fre ;~fGnsk dhnK Io{osK Bz{ g{ok BjhA eo ;ed/l (ii) f;~fynk B/ wB[~y d/ ftukoK ft~uft;sko ehsk j? ns/ Uj ;wkfie gqEktK Bz{ nfXe nkX[fBe pDkUDk ukj[zd/ jBl (iii) j'o ;~fGnsktK d/;zgoe ft~u nkUD Bkb w[;bwkBK B/ ftnkj d/ gqsh fdqPNhe'D ns/ fttjko ft~u fJ~e BtK gkm i'V fd~skj?l (iv) n"osK Bz{ nkgDh ;fEsh ns/ nkgD/ nfXekoK dk nkGk; j'D b~rk j?, fJ; bJh Uj wod d/ pokponfXeko ukj[zdhnK jBl (v) e[okB d/ s~EK dh d[pkok ftnkfynk eoD dh Io{os j?, sK fe UBK Bz{ iB^fJ~SktKd/ nB[o{g pDkfJnk ik ;e/.

d{i/ gk;/ gozgokrs ftukoXkok th j? i' fe e[okB dh ftnkfynk ft~u j;sy/g eoBk g;zd BjhA eodh.Uj ;[Xko dk fto'X eodh j?.gqzs{, f;~fyns tor fJ;bkfwe ftPtk;K ns/ gozgoktK ft~u g[Boftuko dkg~yXo j?. nkX[fBe ftukoK d/ b'e o{Vhtkdh ftukoK tkb/ nf;~fyns b'eK Bz{ ;wMkUD dh e'fPP eo oj/jB fe UBK dh ;wkfie o{Vhtkfdsk (social conservatism) e[okB dh f;~fynk d/ T[bN j?.

3H3H63H3H63H3H63H3H63H3H6 fJ;kJh ftnkj fJ;kJh ftnkj fJ;kJh ftnkj fJ;kJh ftnkj fJ;kJh ftnkjfi; soK fjzd{ nB/e ikshnK ft~u ns/ w[;fbw Phnk ns/ ;[zBhnK ft~u ftGkfis j?, T[;/ soK fJ;kJhnKft~u th ;soheoD fwbdk j?. Uj d' ;w[jK ft~u ftGkfis jB^ e?E'fbe ns/ gq'N/;N/AN. e?E'fbe b/fNBe?E'fbe ns/ ;hfonB e?E'fbe ft~u T[gftGkfis jB. jo ;w{j ns/ T[g ;w{j nzsofttkjh (endoga-mous) j[zdk j?. e?E'fbe b'e gq'N/;N/AN; ft~u ftnkj BjhA eod/ ns/ b/fNB e?E'fbe ;hfonB e?E'fbe ;w{jft~u ftnkj BjhA eod/. fJ;kJhnK ft~u T[es ;wkfie ;soheoD dh g[PmG{wh ft~u fJ;kJh ftnkj dkftPb/PD ehsk ik ;edk j? ns/ fjzd{ ns/ w[;fbw Bkb s[bBk th.

fttjkfoe o{g Bkb fjzd{, w[;fbw ns/ fJ;kJh ftnkjK dk fJ~e T[d/P sK nkw (common) j?^ :"B ;zpzXKBz{ ;wkfie wkBsk gqdkB eoBk ns/ ;zskB T[sgzB eoBk. gqzs{ fjzd{nK ft~u ftnkj Xkofwe GktBktK(sentiments) T[Zs/ nkXkfos j?, w[;fbw ftnkj ft~u fJ; dk e'Jh t~vk wj~st BjhA j?. fJ;kJh ftnkjft~u Xow pj[s wj~stg{oD j?. fJ;kJh ;'ud/ jB fe ftnkj dk wkBfte ihtB ;zpzXh JhPto d/ T[d/P(God’s purpose) ft~u fJ~e ftP/P ;EkB j?. fJ;kJh ;wki ft~u :"B ;wkrw fJ~e Io{oh p[okJh BjhA;wMh iKdh ns/ Bk jh fJ; Bz{ ;zskB^T[sgsh bJh fJ~e ;kXB wzfBnk iKdk j?. fJ;kJhnK dh wkBsk j?fe ftnkj JhPto dh fJ~Sk Bkb jh ;zgzB j[zdk j?. ftnkj s'A pknd fJ;soh^wod fJ~e d{i/ ft~u ;wk iKd/jB. fJ; bJh ftnkj UBK ft~u Bk e/tb i?fteh ;zpzX gqzs{ wkBf;e ns/ Xkofwe ;zpzX th ;Ekfgs eodkj?. fJ;kJh ftPtk; d/ nB[;ko ftnkj d/ fszB gqw[~y T[d/P jB^ ;zskB T[sgsh, fpBK ftnkj d/ :"B ;zpzXKs'A ;zo~fynD ns/ nkg;h ;fj:'r ns/ ;jkB{G{sh. fJBK T[d/PK d/ nkXko s/ fJ;kJh ftnkj Bz{ fJ; soKgfoGkfPs ehsk ik ;edk j? “fJ~e wod ns/ n"os d/ ft~u :"B ;zpzX, nkg;h ;kE ns/ gfotko dh ;EkgBkbJh fJ~e nB[pzX j?, i' nkw s"o s/ g{o/ ihtB bJh j[zdk j?.”

fjzd{ ftnkj d' Xkofwe T[d/PK Bkb ehsk iKdk j?^ gfjbk, jo fjzd{ dk Xkofwe eos~t j?fe Uj ftnkj eo/l d{ik jo fjzd{ Bz{ g[~so gqkgsh eoBh ukjhdh j? sK fe Uj fgsoK Bz{fgso dkB nkfd eo ;e/.

B'N;


B ØN


3H3H73H3H73H3H73H3H73H3H7 ihtB^;kEh dk u[Bkt ns/ fttkfje ;z;eko ihtB^;kEh dk u[Bkt ns/ fttkfje ;z;eko ihtB^;kEh dk u[Bkt ns/ fttkfje ;z;eko ihtB^;kEh dk u[Bkt ns/ fttkfje ;z;eko ihtB^;kEh dk u[Bkt ns/ fttkfje ;z;ekofJ;kJh ;wki ft~u fjzd{nK dh soK ihtB^;kEh dk u[Bkt d' soK Bkb j[zdk j?̂ p~funK d[nkok nkg ns/ wkskfgsk d[nkok u[Bkt. gqzs{ 10 ft~u'A 9 gqeoDK ft~u u[Bkt wksk fgsk d[nkok jh j[zdk j?. ihtB^;kEh d/ u[Bktft~u y{B ;zpzXK Bz{ d{o o~fynk iKdk j? ns/ ;wkfie ;fEsh, gfotko dh ;fEsh, f;~fynk, ufo~so ns/;tk;E T[Zs/ nfXe fXnkB fd~sk iKdk j?. fJ; gqeko ;woessk (consanguinity) ns/ ftnkj ;zpzXh(affinity) gqshpzXK d/ ;zdoG ft~u fJ;kJh ns/ fjzd{ ftnkj ft~u pj[s x~N nzso gkfJnk iKdk j?. w[;bwkBKdh soK ftnkj ft~u gfjb tkb/ ftnesh (preferred person) dk u[Bkt BjhA j[zdk.

ihtB ;kEh d/ u[Bkt s'A pknd ;rkJh (betrothal) dh o;w fBGkJh iKdh j?. wksk fgsk nkgDh ;zgshgkdoh Bz{ d~; fdzd/ jB fi; Bz{ gkdoh gzuK s~e gj[zukUAdk j?. fJj o;w bVeh d/ xo jh j[zdh j?. bVekbVeh Bz{ nzr{mh gfjBkUAdK j? ns/ bVeh th ne;o bVe/ Bz{ nzr{mh gfjBkUAdh j?. ;rkJh s'A pkndd'jK jh g~yK Bz{ e[M o;wK g{ohnK eoBhnK j[zdhnK jBl fit/A froi/ dh ;d~;sk dk gqwkD g~so gq;s[seoBk, ufo~so gqwkD g~so d/Dk, ns/ ftnkj dh fBPfus fwsh s'A fszB jcs/ gfjbK uou ft~u ftnkjbJh gqkoEBk g~so gq;s[s eoBk nkfd. uou dk gkdoh fJ; s'A pknd ftnkj d/ fto[~X fbfys nkg~shwzrdk j?. fJ~e fBPfus ntXh ft~u e'Jh th nkg~sh Bk nkUD s/ gkdoh ftnkj dh fwsh fBPfus eofdzdk j?. ezfBnk fi; froi/ dh w?Apo j[zdh j? T[;/ ft~u ftnkj ;zgzB j[zdk j?. gkdoh to ns/ ezfBnkd'jK s'A g[~Sdk j? fe eh Uj fJ~e d{i/ Bz{ gsh gsBh d/ o{g ft~u ;theko eod/ jB ns/ id'A Uj nkgDh;fjwsh d/ fdzd/ jB sK gkdoh rtkjK d/ ;kjwD/ dzgsh Bz{ fJj x'fPs eoD Bz{ efjzdk j? ns/ ftnkj;zgzB eodk j?^ “w?A (BK) JhPto dh T[g;fEsh ft~u ns/ gqG{ JhP{ d/ BK s/ s?Bz{ (BK) t?XkfBegsh$gsBh ;theko eodk$eodh jK.”

3H3H83H3H83H3H83H3H83H3H8 ftP/PsktK ftP/PsktK ftP/PsktK ftP/PsktK ftP/PsktKfJ;kJh fJ~e ftnkj (monogamy) Bz{ nkdoP wzBd/ jB ns/ pj[^ftnkj fBP/fXs j?. 1869 dk GkoshfJ;kJh ftnkj nfXfB:w fi; ft~u 1891, 1903, 1911, 1920 ns/ 1928 ft~u ;zP'XB ehsk frnk ;h,fJ;kJh ftnkj d/ ;G g~yK T[Zs/ gqekP gkUAdk j?, fit/A ftnkj e"D ;zgkfds eo/rk, fe; EK s/ (uou) ;zgzBj't/rk, fe; ;w/A ;zgzB j't/rk (6 ti/ ;t/o/ s'A 7 ti/ Pkw s~e), ftnkj d/ ;w/A to iK tX{ dh x~N s'A x~NT[wo eh j't/ ns/ Uj PosK fiBK d/ nzsors ftnkj ;zgzB j[zdk j? (ftnkj d/ ;w/A d'jK g~yK d/ ihfts gq/wh BkbBjhA j'D/ ukjhd/).

fJ;kJh ftnkj^ft~S/d Bz{ th wzBd/ jB, ukj/ uou fJ; dh nkfrnk BjhA fdzdk. ;zB 1896 d/ Gkoshftnkj^ft~S/d nfXfB:w d/ d[nkok Gkosh fJ;kJhnK Bz{ ftnkj ft~S/d dh ftXkfBe nkfrnk gqkgs j?. fJ;nfXfB:w ft~u ftnkj^ft~S/d, ftnkj Bz{ nt?X x'fPs eoBk, fBnKfJe nbrkt, ;[o~fynk nkd/P, ns/ftnkj ;zpzXh nfXeko dh d[pkok ;EkgBk Pkfwb j?.

ftnkj Bz{ fBwBfbfys nkXkoK T[Zs/ nt?X x'fPs ehsk ik ;edk j?^ gsh^gsBh ftueko fBeN dkoes^;zpzX, gsh Bg[z;e j't/, ;kEh d/ gkrb j'D s/, ns/ gsh d/ d{ih Pkdh eoD s/. gsh d/ eo{o ns/ftnkfGukoh j'D s/ fBnKfJe nbrkt (judicial separation) th fbnk ik ;edk j?.

fJ;kJhnK ft~u w/jo dj/i dh gqEk BjhA j?. ftXtk ftnkj dh Bk e/tb fJikIs j? pbfe T[; Bz{ gq's;kjBth fd~sk iKdk j?. nzs ft~u fejk ik ;edk j? fe fJ;kJh ftnkj fjzd{ ftnkj dh soK fJ~e gft~so pzXB(sacrament) BjhA j?. fJj n"os ns/ wod ftueko fJ~e ;wM"sk j? fi; ft~u :"B ;zpzXK T[Zs/ x~N pbfd~sk ikdk j?, gqzs{ nkg;h ;fj:'r ns/ ;jkfJsk T[Zs/ nfXe pb fd~sk iKdk j?.

fjzd{ ns/ w[;bwkB dh soK fJ;kJh th d' ;w{jK ft~u ftGkfis jB e?E'fbe ns/gq'N/;N/AN.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j'


B ØN



(i) w[;fbw ftnkj, fi; Bz{ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH fejk iKdk j?, fjzd{nK d/ ftnkj dh soK gft~so ;z;eko Bk j'e/ fJ~e dhtkBh ;wM"sk wzfBnk ikdk j?.

(ii) HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ftb;B d/ nB[;ko, w[;fbw ftnkj :"B ;wkrw Bz{ t?XkfBe pDkUDk ns/ p~funK Bz{iBw d/Dk wkso j?.

(iii) nbgftn;e d/ ftnkj dk HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH T[; d/ wksk fgsk iK ;zo~fyne d[nkok ehsk ikdk j?.(iv) HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH Uj ;zgsh j? i' ftnkj d/ gqshcb d/ o{g ft~u gsBh nkgD/ gsh s'A b?D dh

nfXekoh j[zdh j?. (v) HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH nop d/PK ft~u jh gqu~fbs j?.(vi) fJ;kJh fJ~e ftnkj Bz{ nkdoP wzBd/ jB ns/ HHHHHHHHHHH fBP/fXs j?.

3H4 ;ko nzP 3H4 ;ko nzP 3H4 ;ko nzP 3H4 ;ko nzP 3H4 ;ko nzP (Summary)

• jo ftnesh Bz{ nkgD/ ihtB ft~u nB/eK G{fwektK fBGkUDhnK g?AdhnK jB, iK fJj fejk ik ;edkj? fe ihtB nB/e G{fwektK dk fJ~e ;z:'r j? fiBK Bz{ ftftX ;z;EktK d/ gfot/P ft~u fBGkUDk j[zdkj?. ftftX G{fwektK ft~u d' G{fwektK nfjw jBL fJ~e j? nkofEe G{fwek ns/ d{ih j? fttkfje iKgfotko dh G{fwek.

• ‘ftnkj’ dk nfXn?B eod/ ;w/A fJ~e ;wkiPk;soh fJ; ft~u fBfjs gqkEfwe ;zpzXK dk ftPb/PD BjhAeodk, pbfe fJ; dk th eodk j? fe fe; soK ftnkj ft~u BthnK ns/ ftfGzB G{fwektK Pkfwb jBns/ eh UBK G{fwektK ft~u fbgs ftnesh T[; d/ :'r j? iK BjhA, ns/ UBK G{fwektK Bz{ fBGkUDdh n:'rsk Bkb fe; soK gfotko ftxNB j[zdk j?. ftnkj ft~u wj~stg{oD r~b fJj j? fe fe; soKfJ~e ;kEh dk G{fwek fBotkjD d{i/ ;kEh dh G{fwek T[whdK d/ fezBk nB[e{b j?.

• ;G G{fwektK fg~S/ e[M nfGgq/oDktK j[zdhnK jB. ftnkj d/ fg~S/ eh nfGgq/oDk j?< fJj wkBsk j? fegqkozfGe ekb ft~u ftnesh ftnkj fJ; bJh eodk ;h feUAfe ihtB:kgD dh ;w~f;nk T[; d/ ;kjwD/;h. nkofee ekoDK eo e/ wB[~y Bz{ p~funK dh Io{os j[zdh ;h i' Bk e/tb UBK Bz{ ezw ft~u wdd eoD,pbfe id'A wksk^fgsk ezw eoD d/ :'r Bk ofjD sK p~u/ phw/ d/ ;wkB UBK d/ ezw nk ;eD.

• ftnkj d/ ftfGzB gqeko jB, fit/A fJ~e ftnkj ns/ pj[^ftnkj. fJ~e ftnkj gqEk ft~u fJ~e wod dkfJ~e n"os Bkb ftnkj j[zdk j? ns/ fJj ftnkj dk ;kXkoD nkdoP ;o{g j?. pj[^ftnkj gqEk ft~upj[^gsBh ns/ pj[^gsh d't/A gqeko d/ ftnkjK dk ;wkt/P j?. pj[^gsBh ftnkj ft~u fJ~e wod d/Bkb fJ~e s'A nfXe n"osK dk ftnkj j' ;edk j? ns/ pj[̂ gsh ftnkj ft~u fJ~e n"os dk fJ~e s'A nfXeg[oPK Bkb ftnkj j[zdk j?. ;kbh pj[̂ gsBh gqEk th gkJh iKdh j? fi; d/ nzsors fJ~e g[oP dk ftnkjd' G?DK Bkb j[zdk j?. fJBK gqekoK s'A fJbktk Gkph ftnkj ns/ ;kbh ftnkj dhnK gqEktK th nkUAdhnKjB. Gkph ftnkj d/ nzsors fJ~e g[oP dk ftnkj nkgD/ wo/ j'J/ GkJh dh gsBh Bkb j[zdk j? ns/nfijk T[; d/ nfttkfjs j'D iK Uj ozvtk j? sK th j' ;edk j?.

• Gkos dh ;wkfie ;zouBk dhnK d' wj~stg{oD ;z;EktK, noEks gfotko ns/ ftnkj, Bz{ ;wMDbJh e/H n?wH ekgVhnk dk Gkos ft~u ftnkj ns/ gfotko dk nfXn?B fJ~e wj~stg{oD ;o's j?.ekgVhnk d/ nB[;ko ftnkj ft~u ;zrh d/ u[Bkt d/ gqPB Bz{ fszB fdqPNhe'DK Bkb d/fynk ik ;edk j?,noEks u'D d/ y/so ft~u u'D dk g~y, gqzs{ ftfGzB ;w[dktK d/ Gok^G?D ;zssh ftueko ftnkjK Bkbi[VhnK gqEktK Bz{ t?X wzfBnk frnk.

• fjzd{ ftnkj fJ~e Xkofwe ;z;eko j?< Xow, gqik (gqiDB) ns/ ofs (nkBzd) fjzd{ ftnkj d/ T[d/P jB.ftnkj d/ T[d/PK ft~u :"B dk shik ;EkB j?. Xow dk ;EkB gfjbk ns/ ;ot^T[Zu j?. gqiDB Bz{ d{ik


B ØN


;EkB fd~sk frnk j?. fgsk Bz{ Boe ft~u ikD s'A o'eD bJh g[~so gqkgs eoBk th ftnkj dk fJ~eT[d/P j?. ftnkj d/ ;w/A gzu wjK:~r eoD bJh gft~so nrBh gqi~tfbs ehsh iKdh j?. fJ~e wodBz{ ihtB Go nkgDh gsBh Bkb g{ik eoBh g?Adh j?. fJ; soK ftnkj w[~y s"o s/ ftnesh d/ Xowns/ T[; d/ coIK Bz{ g{ok eoD bJh j?.

• w[;fbw ftnkj dk ftt/uB eoD s'A gfjbK w[;fbw ;wki d/ ftftX ;w{jK ft~u ;soheoD dk frnkB Io{ohj?. ftPkb o{g ft~u w[;fbw ;wki ‘Phnk’ ns/ ‘;[zBh’ d' Pq/DhnK ft~u ftGkfis j?. jIos w[jzwd dh w"ss'A pknd id'A UBK d/ nB[:kJhnK d/ ;kjwD/ UBK d/ T[ZsokfXekoh dh ;w~f;nk nkJh sK e[M b'eK B/ fJ~Skftnes ehsh fe ‘fJwkws’ jIos ;kfjp d/ gfotko iK UBK d/ d[nkok wB'Bhs ftnesh s~e ;hfwsoj/, id'A fe d{i/ b'eK dh wkBsk ;h fe fJj ‘iwks’ d/ b'eK d[nkok u[Bkt d/ f;XKs T[Zs/ nkXkfos j'Dhukjhdh j?.

• w[;fbw ftnkj fi; Bz{ fBekj fejk iKdk j?, fjzd{nK d/ ftnkj dh soK gft~so ;z;eko Bk j' e/ fJ~e dhtkBh;wM"sk (civil contract) wzfBnk iKdk j?. fJ; d/ gqw[~u T[d/P jBL :"B fB:zsoD, rqfj;E ihtB Bz{ftt;fEs eoBk, p~funK Bz{ iBw d/ e/ gfotko ft~u tkXk eoBk ns/ p~funK dk bkbD^gkbD eoBk. o'b?Avftb;B (1941) d/ nB[;ko, w[;fbw ftnkj :"B ;wkrw Bz{ ftXkfBe pDkUDk ns/ p~funK Bz{ iBw d/Dkwkso j?.

• w[;bwkBK ft~u th n;EkJh gqeko d/ ftnkj dk gqubB j? fi; Bz{ “w[sk” ftnkj efjzd/ jB. fJjftnkj n"os ns/ wod d/ nkg;h ;wM"s/ Bkb j[zdk j? ns/ fJ; ft~u e'Jh th foPs/dko j;sy/g BjhAeodk. wod Bz{ fJ~e w[;fbw iK :j{dh iK fJ;kJh n"os Bkb “w[sk” ftnkj d/ ;zftdk dk nfXekoj?, gqzs{ fJ~e n"os fJ~e r?o^w[;fbw Bkb “w[sk” ;zftdk BjhA eo ;edh j?.

• w[;fbw ekBz{B d/ nzsors ftnkj ;wM"sk (contract) iK sK ndkbsh ekotkJh d[nkok ysw ehsk ik;edk j? iK fpBK ndkbs d/ j;sy/g d/ th. fBnKfJe gqfeqnk d[nkok w[;fbw ftnkj nfXfB:w,1939 d/ nzsors iK “w[;fbw ekBz{B” d/ nzsors sbke gqkgs ehsk ik ;edk j?.

• fjzd{ ns/ w[;fbw ftnkjK ft~u fBwBfbfys uko nkXkoK T[Zs/ G/d ehsk ik ;edk j?^ (i) ftnkjd/ T[d/P ns/ nkdoPK d/ nkXko s/, (ii) ftnkj ftt;Ek d/ ;o{g d/ nkXko s/, (iii) ftnkj dh gqfeqshd/ nkXko s/ (iv) ftnkj ;zpzXK d/ nkXko s/.


• phw /phw /phw /phw /phw / L fJzP'o?A;, fIzw/dko

• w/jow/jow/jow/jow/jo L fJ~e fBPfus okPh i' to d[nkok ezfBnk Bz{ ftnkj d/ ;w/A fd~sh iKdh j?.


1. ftnkj dh ntXkoDk ns/ nfGgqoDktK dh ftnkfynk eo'.2. ftnkj d/ gqekoK dh ftnkfynk eo' ns/ ihtB ;kEh u[Bkt d/ fB:w d~;'.

3. fjzd{nK ft~u ftnkj d/ w[~y fB:w eh jB< eh fjzd{ ftnkj fJ~e Xkofwe ekoi j?<4. ww/o/̂ c[c/o/ GkJh^G?D ftnkjK d/ noE ;wMkU.5. w[;fbw ns/ fJ;kJh ftnkj ns/ UBK dhnK pdbdh gqftq~shnK dk ftt/uB eo'.

6. ftnkj^ft~S/d fe; Bz{ efjzd/ jB< fjzd{ ns/ w[;fbw ftnkj ft~u nzso ;gPN eo'.7. fBwBfbfys T[Zs/ fN~gDh fby'^

(i) w[;fbw ftnkj (ii) w/jo (iii) “w[sk” ftnkj


B ØN


T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD (Answers: Self Assessment)1H (i) (a) (ii) (b) (iii) (b) (iv) (d) (v) (b)2H (i) ftnkj (ii) o'b?Av ftb;B (iii) ;zftdk (iv) w/jo

(v) w[sk ftnkj (vi) pj[̂ ftnkj


1H e/H n?wH egkVhnk, w?foi n?Av c?fwbh fJB fJzvhnk, nke;c'ov :{Bhtof;Nh gq?; fd~bh,1972

2H ekPh gq;kd ;e;/Bk, w[;fbw ftnkj, 19593H P[eoh, nfjwd, w[jzwvB bk Uc w?foi n?Av fvt'o;, 1917

p[e;


B ØN


fJekJh^4L gfotko fJekJh^4L gfotko fJekJh^4L gfotko fJekJh^4L gfotko fJekJh^4L gfotko (Family)

ftP/ t;s{ ftP/ t;s{ ftP/ t;s{ ftP/ t;s{ ftP/ t;s{ (Contents)

T[d/P (Objectives)


4H1 gfotko dh ntXkoDk (Concept of Family)

4H2 gfotko d/ gqeko (Forms of Family)

4H3 Gkos ft~u ;z:[es gfotko (Joint Family in India)

4H4 ;z:[es gfotko dh gqfeqsh (Nature of Joint Family)

4H5 ;z:[es gfotko dhnK ftP/PsktK (Characteristics of Joint Family)

4H6 ;z:[es gfotko d/ gsB d/ ekoD ns/ T[; d/ Bshi/ (Decline of Joint Family : Causesand Consequences)







• gfotko dh ntXkoDk, gqeko Bz{ ;wMD ft~u.

• Gkos ft~u ;z:[es gfotko, T[; dh gqfeqsh, ftP/PsktK Bz{ ikDB ft~u

• ;z:[es gfotko d/ gsB d/ ekoD ns/ T[; d/ Bshi/ dh ftnkfynk eoD ft~u.


Gkosh ;wki ft~u gfotko d/ YKu/ dk ftPb/PD eod/ ;w/A w?A ;G s'A gfjbK ‘ftyzfvs’ (Fissioned) gfotkodh XkoDk dk gfou/ fd~sk j?. fJj XkoDk ‘J/ekeh’ gfotko iK ‘;kXkoD’ (Simple) gfotko iK ‘g?fsqe’gfotko dh XkoDk dh EK s/ BjhA ngDkJh rJh j?, pbfe ;kv/ ;wki ft~u gfotko d/ w{b YKu/ Bz{ ;wMDbJh gq;s[s ehsh rJh j?. Gkosh gfotko dk ;zouBkswe nkdoP g~Swh gfotko d/ YKu/ s'A fpbe[b fGzBj?. fJ; ft~u fInkdk fBozsosk ns/ ;kjuo ns/ w/b^fwbkg ofjzdk j?. ukj/ p/N/ Bz{ f;~fynk, B"eoh nkfdd/ ekoD wip{o j' e/ wksk^fgsk dh gfotkfoe fJekJh s'A nb~r j'Dk gt/, gqzs{ nkgD/ wksk^fgsk d/ gfotkoBkb T[; dk brkt ns/ pzXB nN[~N j[zdk j?. gfotko d/ w?ApoK ft~u pzXB pV/ ftnkge ns/ fdqV j[zd/ jB.fJ;/ ekoD Gkosh ;wkfie ;zrmB Bz{ g~Sw s'A T[Xko bJhnK rJhnK XkoDktK d/ gqekP ft~u BjhA ;wM;ed/. fJ; BthA XkoDk d/ nkXko s/ Gkosh gfotko d/ gozgokrs ns/ pdbd/ j'J/ ;o{g dk ftPb/PD eoBs'A gfjbK fJj Io{oh j? fe gfotko dh nkw XkoDk Bz{ ;wfMnk ikt/.

4H14H14H14H14H1 gfotko dh ntXkoDk gfotko dh ntXkoDk gfotko dh ntXkoDk gfotko dh ntXkoDk gfotko dh ntXkoDk (Concept of Family)

gqiDB (reproductive) iK i?fte (biological) fJekJh d/ o{g ft~u fJ~e gfotko Uj ;w{j j? fi; ft~un"os ns/ wod Bz{ :"B ;zpzXK dh ;EkgBk eoD bJh ;wki dh ;thfeqsh gqkgs j[zdh j?.


fJekJh^4L gfotkofJekJh^4L gfotkofJekJh^4L gfotkofJekJh^4L gfotkofJekJh^4L gfotko

B ØN


r/okbv b/f;b/ (Gerald Leslie, 1982:12) B/ gfotko dh gfoGkPk d' fGzB fbzrK d/ pkbr b'eK d/ ;w{j d/o{g ft~u d~;h j? i' fe ;wkfie wkBsk gqkgs :"B ;zpzX ;Ekfgs eod/ j'J/ ofjzd/ jB ns/ Bkb jh UBK d/nkgD/ p~u/ iK r'd bj/ p~u/ th j[zd/ jB. wovke (Murdock, 1949) B/ gfotko dh gfoGkPk eod/ j'J/ fejkj? fe gfotko fJ~e nfijk ;wkfie ;w{j j? fi; dk fJ~e ;kXkoD fBtk; j[zdk j?, nkofEe ;fj:'r j[zdkj? ns/ fi; ft~u gqiDB feqnk gkJh iKdh j?. ok; (Ross) dh gfoGkPk ft~u gfotkfoe ihtB d/ ;ohfoe,;wkfie ns/ wB'ftfrnkfBe s~s Pkfwb jB. ok; (1961:31) d/ nB[;ko gfotko Bks/dkoh d/ nkXko s/fJ~e d{i/ Bkb i[V/ b'eK dk Uj ;w{j j? i' fJ~e xo ft~u ofjzd/ jB ns/ fiBK ft~u nfXekoK, eos~tK, GktBktKns/ nkfXgs dk fJ~e fBPfus nkdoP gqdkB eoD Bkb J/esk dk Gkt pfDnk ofjzdk j?. fJ; soK Ujgfotkfoe ;zouBk d/ uko T[g;o{gK ft~u nzso d~;dh j?^ (i) gfo;fEfseh (ecological) T[g;zouBk,noEks gfotko d/ w?ApoK dh ;EkfBe ns/ xo^;zpzXh ftt;Ek, iK foPs/dkoK dh fJ~e d{i/ Bkb G{r'fbefdqPNh Bkb fBeNsk. ;kXkoD PpdK ft~u fJ; dk noE j? fe xo dk nkeko ns/ gfotko dk gqeko ehj?, (ii) nfXeko ns/ eos~tK dh T[g;zouBk, noEks xo d/ nzdo fwjBs ftGkiB dh ;fEsh, (iii) Peshns/ ;~sk dh T[g;zouBk, noEks d{finK d/ ezwK T[Zs/ fB:zsoD, (iv) GktBktK (sentiments) dhT[g;zzouBk, noEks ftftX gqeko d/ w?ApoK ft~u ;zpzX. T[dkjoD bJh, wksk^fgsk ns/ ;zskB d/ ft~u,gsh^gsBh ft~u, ns/ GkJh^GkJh ns/ GkJh^G?D nkfd d/ ft~u ;zpzX.

4H24H24H24H24H2 gfotko d/ gqeko gfotko d/ gqeko gfotko d/ gqeko gfotko d/ gqeko gfotko d/ gqeko (Forms of Family)

uN'gkfXnkJ/ B/ fszB gqeko d/ gfotko d~;/ jBL ;kXkoD (Simple), fwPfos (Compound), ns/ ;zy/g‘;kXkoD’ gfotko ft~u gsh, gsBh ns/ UBK d/ nfttkfjs p~u/ Pkfwb j[zd/ jB. ed/ ed/ nfijk th j[zdkj? fe p~u/ d/ iBw s'A pknd fJ~e ihtB ;kEh dh w"s j' iKdh j? sK d{ik g[Bo^ftnkj eo b?Adk j?. nfijh;fEsh ft~u p~funK d/ d' gqeko d/ ;w[~uK (sets) dh fJekJh Bz{ ‘;kXkoD’ gfotko BjhA fejk ik ;edk. o/ykfu~so BzH 1 fJ; gqeko dhnK d' fJekJhnK Bz{ gqdofPs eodk j?.

d't/A jh fJekJhnK ft~u d' ‘;kXkoD’ gfotko jB. uN'gkfXnkJ/ B/ d'tK jh gfotkoK Bz{ fwPfos gfotkodh Pq/Dh ft~u o~fynk j?. fJj ‘;kXkoD’ gfotko s'A fJ; noE ft~u fGzB jB fe fJ; ft~u p~funK d/ d';w[~u (;?ZN) jB. fJ~e fwqs ;kEh s'A ns/ d{ik ihfts ;kEh s'A fi; Bkb g[Bo^ftnkj j'fJnk j?. gqzs{ p~funKd/ d' ;w[~uK ft~u fJ~e wK iK pkg ;wkB (common) j?. ed/ ed/ fJ~e ;kEh nkgD/ ;kEh d/ ihfts ofjD

;wkfie fJekJh d/ o{g ft~u gfotko n"os wod dk fJ~e ;w{j j? i' ftnkj ;zpzXK Bkb iKoes ;zpzXK Bkb iK r'd b?D Bkb ;zpzfXs j[zdk j? ns/ i' T[wo, fbzr ns/ j'o ;zpzXK T[Zs/nkXkfos G{fwektK ndk eodk j? ns/ ;wkfie fdqPNh Bkb fJ~e xo iK T[g^xo d/ o{gft~u gfjukfDnk iKdk j?.

B'N;

gsh + gsBh + gsh gsBh + gsh + gsBh

(wfos)

g[~so g[~soh g[~so g[~soh g[~so g[~soh g[~so g[~soh

(ftXtk d[pkok ftnkj eodh j?) (ftXtk d[pkok ftnkj eodh j?)

(wfos)

o/ykfuso 1o/ykfuso 1o/ykfuso 1o/ykfuso 1o/ykfuso 1


B ØN


s/ th g[Bo^ftnkj eo b?Adk j?, noEks iK sK fJ~e wod dhnK d' gsBhnK jB iK fJ~e n"os d/ d' gsh.nfij/ jo wkwb/ ft~u th d' ‘;kXkoD’ gfotko Pkfwb j[zd/ jB. uN'gkfXnkJ/ B/ nfij/ gfotkoK Bz{ thfwPfos gfotko dk BK fd~sk j?.Uj nfij/ gfotko Bz{ ‘fwPfos pj[^gsBh gfotko’ (compoundpolygynous family) efjzd/ jB fi; ft~u fJ~e wod dhnK d' gsBhnK ns/ d' gqeko dhnK ;zskBK j'D(id'A fe Uj fJ~e nfij/ gfotko Bz{ fi; ft~u fJ~e n"os nkgD/ d' gshnK Bkb d' gqeko d/ p~funK Bkbofjzdh j't/, ‘fwPfos pj[gsh gfotko’ (compound polyandrous family) efjzd/ jB.)

pj[^ftnkj Bkb i[VD tkb/ J/ekeh gfotko ‘pj[^ftnkjh’ (polygamous) gfotko ejkUAd/ jB ns/wksk^fgsk ns/ p~funK d/ ;zpzXK Bkb i[V/ j'J/ gfotko ‘;z:[es’ gfotko iK ‘ft;sfos’ (extended)gfotko ejkUAd/ jB. fJj ft;sko fysfie (horizontal) iK T[drq (vertical) d't/A j' ;edk j?. ;z:[esgfotko ft~u ;wo/fye (linearly) o{g Bkb i[V/ J/ekeh gfotko fJ~em/ ofjzd/ jB ns/ ;KM/ nkfXgs(common authority) ft~u ezw eod/ jB. fJ; gqeko ‘;z:[es gfotko’ fJ~e jh xo ft~u ofjD tkb/ d'iK d' s'A nfXe ;wo/fye o{g Bkb i[V/ wodK, UBK dhnK gsBhnK ns/ ;zskBK Bkb fwb e/ pfDnk j[zdkj? i' fJ~e jh ftnesh d/ nfXeko ft~u j[zd/ jB.

‘;z:[es gfotko’ eJh gqeko dk j' ;edk j?L (i) fJ~e ftnesh, T[; dh gsBh, UBK d/ nfttkfjs g[~sons/ g[~sohnK ns/ UBK d/ fttkfjs g[~so nkgDh nfttkfjs ;zskB Bkb, (ii) fJ~e ftnesh, T[; dh gsBh,T[; d/ nfttkfjs p~u/ ns/ T[; d/ wksk fgsk, (iii) fJ~e ftnesh, T[; dh gsBh, T[; (ftnesh) d/ wkskfgsk, T[; d/ nfttkfjs p~u/ ns/ fttkfjs g[~so ns/ UBK (g[~soK) d/ p~u/, (iv) eJh GkJh ns/ nkgDhnKgsBhnK ns/ p~funK ;fjs (v) eJh GkJh nkgDhnK gsBhnK, p~funK ns/ wksk fgsk ;fjs.

fJ; nkXko s/ fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe ‘;z:[es gfotko’ iK sK ;wo/fye j' ;edk j? (fi~E/ ft;sko T[drqj't/) iK fGzBPkykJh j' ;edk j? (fi~E/ ft;sko yfsih j't/).

;~sk nkfXgs (Authority) d/ nkXko s/ gfotkoK dk torheoD fJ; soK ehsk ik ;edk j?L gsh ;~skw{be,(husband-dominant) gsBh ;~skw{be (wife-dominant) ns/ ;wsktkdh (equalitarian). nfijk;wsktkdh gfotko fi; ft~u gsh gsBh fwb e/ fInkdkso fBoD/ b?Ad/ j'D, T[; Bz{ ‘;wBttkdh gfotko’(Syncretic family) efjzd/ jB ns/ nfijk gfotko fi; ft~u d't/A ihtB ;kEhnK Bz{ nb~r nb~r pokpod/ fBoD/ ;"Ag fd~s/ iKd/ jB, T[; Bz{ ‘;t?:~sktkdh gfotko’ (autonomic family) efjzd/ jB.

poi/; ns/ bke (Burgess and Locke, 1963: 26) B/ ftneshnK d/ fttjko d/ nkXko s/ gfotkoK dktorheoD ‘;z;Ekrs’ (institutional) ns/ ‘;fjukfosk’ (companionship) d/ o{g ft~u ehsk j?.‘;z;Ekge’ gfotko ft~u w?ApoK d/ fttjko T[Zs/ o{VhnK$b'ekuko (mores) ns/ iBws d[nkok fB:zsoDehsk iKdk j? id'A fe ‘;fjukfosk’ gfotko w?ApoK d/ fttjko, nkg;h ;B/j ns/ fJ~ews (consensus) BkbpDdk j?.

o/ykfu~so 2o/ykfu~so 2o/ykfu~so 2o/ykfu~so 2o/ykfu~so 2

;wo/yh ;z:[es gfotko fGzBPkyh ;z:[es gfotko (Lineal Joint Family) (Colateral Joint Family)

y[d (Ego) + gsBh y[d (Ego) + gsBh

g[~so + gsBh g[~so g[~soh g[~so + gsBh g[~so + gsBh g[~so (g[~soh + gsh)

(fes/ j'o ofjzd/ jB)

g'sok + gsBh g'soh g'sok + gsBh g'sok + gsBh g[~so g[~soh


B ØN


Bks/dkoh d/ pzXBK d/ nkXko s/ gfotkoK Bz{ ‘fttkfje’ (conjugal) ns/ ‘oesw{be’ (consanguine) ft~utorhfeqs ehsk frnk j?. gfjb/ gqeko d/ gfotko ft~u fttkfje pzXBK Bz{ wj~st fd~sk iKdk j? ns/ d{i/ft~u oes ;zpzXK Bz{. nwohek dh gfotko gqDkbh ft~u ;[szso J/ekeh gfotko ‘fttkfje’ gfotko dhT[dkjoD j?. fJ; s'A T[bN, Gkosh gfotko gqDkbh ft~u fttkfje ;zpzXK d/ ;EkB s/ ;zskB (filial),Goksohtkd (fraternal) ns/ GkJh^G?D (sibling) d/ ;zpzXK T[Zs/ pb fd~sk iKdk j?. ‘fttkfje’ gfotkoftt;Ek ft~u ftnesh dk wksk fgsk dh EK s/ gsBh t~b M[ekn ofjzdk j?, id'A fe oesw{be gfotkoftt;Ek ft~u gsBh Bz{ ‘pkjoh ftnesh’(outsider) wzfBnk iKdk j? fi; dhnK fJ~SktK ns/ Io{osKft;skfos$;z:[es gfotko dh fB:zsosk pDk e/ o~yD ns/ efbnkD ft~u jh ftb[gs j' iKdhnK jB.‘fttkfje’ gfotko n;EkJh j[zd/ jB ns/ wksk fgsk dh w"s s'A pknd fpyo iKd/ jB. oesw{be gfotkoekch bzp/ ;w/A s~e ubd/ jB feUAfe gfotko dk n;fs~st fJ~e dzgsh T[Zs/ fBoGo BjhA ofjzdk j?. i/eoed/ wksk fgsk d/ nukBe w"s j' iKdh j? sK j'o oes ;zpzXh wksk fgsk dh G{fwek fBGkUAd/ jB. dkdkns/ dkdh dh w"s s'A pknd gfotko dk fB:zsoD nrbh ghVh e'b ubk iKdk j?.

fiwow/B (Zimmerman) (1947: 120) B/ gfotko dk torheoD fBnk;Xkoh (trustee), rqfj;E (domes-tic), ns/ nkDfte (atomistic) ft~u ehsk j?. gqzs{ UBK B/ fJBK gfotkoK d/ gqekoK Bz{ nB[Gkfte(empirical) Bk wzB e/ nkdoP (ideal) gqeko wzfBnk j?. ‘fBnk;Xkoh’ gfotko ft~u ftnesh d/ nfXekoKdk e'Jh ;EkB BjhA j[zdk feUAfe gfotko dk jo w?Apo Nq;Nh dhnK fJ~SktK Bz{ wzBD bJh wip{o j[zdk j?.gfotko d/ w[yhnk dk nfXeko fBoze[P (absolute) BjhA j[zdk, pbfe T[; Bz{ Nq;Nh d/ o{g ft~u gfotkodhnK fIzw/dkohnK d/ fBotkj bJh G{fwek ndk eoD bJh gqkgs j[zdk j?. “rqfj;E” gfotko fBnk;Xkohns/ nkDfte gfotkoK d/ ft~u dk gfotko j? fi; ft~u fJBK d'jK gfotkoK dhnK ftP/PsktK ;wkJhnK j[zdhnKjB. fJj gfotko n"gukfoesk (formalism) ns/ ftnesh (individualism) d/ ftueko ;zs[bB pDkJ/o~ydk j?. ‘nkDfte’ gfotko ft~u o{Vhrs b'ekukoK dk wj~st ysw j' ikdk j? ns/ jo w?Apo dh fJ~Skwj~stg{oD j[zdh j?. fJ; ft~u gfotko dk nkgD/ w?ApoK T[Zs/ x~N s'A x~N fB:zsoD j[zdk j?. fiwow/B dhwkBsk j? fe nwoheB gfotko fBnk;Xkoh s'A nkDfte gfotko ft~u pdfbnk j?. eh Gkosh gfotko thpoi/; ns/ fiwow/B d[nkok ehsk rJ/ T[go'es gqshwkBK T[Zs/ ub fojk j?<


(i) ;wkfie fJekJh d/ o{g ft~u HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH n"os wod dk fJ~e ;w{j j?.

(ii) pj[ ftnkj Bkb i[VD tkb/ J/ekeh gfotko HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH pj[^ftnkjh gfotko ejkUAd/ jB.

(iii) HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH gfotko w?ApoK d/ fttjko, nkg;h ;B/j ns/ fJ~ews Bkb pDdk j?.

(iv) HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH gfotko n;EkJh j[zd/ jB ns/ wksk fgsk dh w"s s''A pknd fpyo iKd/ jB.

4H34H34H34H34H3 Gkos ft~u ;z:[es gfotko Gkos ft~u ;z:[es gfotko Gkos ft~u ;z:[es gfotko Gkos ft~u ;z:[es gfotko Gkos ft~u ;z:[es gfotko (Joint Family in India)

;z:[es gfotko Ppd ft~u ‘;z:[essk’ dh XkoDk dh ftfGzB ftdtkBK B/ ftftX o{g Bkb ftt/uBk ehsh j?.e[M ftdtkBK (fit/A Jhoktsh eot/) B/ ;z:[essk bJh ;fj^fBtk; (co-residentiality) Bz{ Io{oh wzfBnkj? sK e[M ftdtkB (fit/A phH n?;H e'jB, n?;H ;hH d[p/, j?o'bv r{bv, gkfbB e'b/Avk ns/ nkoH e/A w[yoih);fj^fBtk; ns/ ;fj^G'iB d'jK Bz{ ;z:[essk d/ Io{oh s~s wzBd/ jB. e[M j'o (fit/A n?cH ihH p?bh, NhHn?BH wdkB) ;z:[es ;zgsh^wbehns Bz{ nfXe wj~st fdzd/ jB, ns/ e[M (fit/A nkJhH ghH d/;kJh) Bks/

nwoheB gfotko ;z;Ekge gfotko s'A ;fjukfosk gfotko d/ o{g ft~ugfotofss j' fojk j?.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j'


B ØN


dkoK d/ gqsh fIzw/dkohnK Bz{ g{ok eoD Bz{ wj~st fdzd/ jB, ukj/ UBK d/ fBtk; nb~r nb~r j'D ns/ ;zgshft~u ;fj;tkfw~st Bk j't/. ‘fIzw/dkoh Bz{ g{ok eoD’ dk noE j? nkgD/ nkg Bz{ gfotko dk w?Apo wzBDk,ft~sh ns/ j'o gqeko dh wdd d/Dk ns/ ;z:[es gfotko d/ fB:wK Bz{ wzBDk.

Jhoktsh eot/ d/ nB[;ko gqkuhB Gkos (t/d ns/ okwkfJD^wjKGkos :[r) ft~u gfotko fBtk;, ;zgsh ns/ekoiK d/ nkXko T[Zs/ ;z:[es ;h. UBK B/ nfij/ gfotko Bz{ ‘gozgokrs’ iK ‘;z:[es’ gfotko fejk j?.ekgVhnk dk wzBDk j? fe ;kvk nkfd gfotko (early family) e/tb ;z:[es iK fgsq;~skswe jh BjhA ;h,fJ; d/ Bkb Bkb ;kv/ gfotko ftnesh (individual) th j[zd/ ;B.

ftneshtkfdsk (individual) dh gqftq~sh d/ pkti{d gfotko dk ;z:[es ns/ ;r'so (agnatic) ;o{gpfDnk j'fJnk j?. eot/ B/ gozgokrs (;z:[es) gfotko dhnK gzi ftP/PsktK d~;hnK jBL ;fj^fBtk;,;fjô;'Jh, ;fj^;zgsh, ;fj^g{ik ns/ e'Jh Bks/dkoh ;zpzX. fJ; gqeko eot/ dk ;z:[essk dk nkXko j?Lnkeko, fBtk;, ;zgsh ns/ nkwdBh. fJ; nkXko T[Zs/ UBK B/ ;z:[es gfotko dh gfoGkPk fJ; gqekoehsh j? (1953L10) L “fJ~e nfij/ ftneshnK dk ;w{j i' (ftnesh) nkw s"o s/ fJ~e jh S~s d/ j/mK ofjzd/jB, fJ~e jh u[~b/ T[Zs/ g~fenk G'iB yKd/ jB, ;KMh ;zgsh o~yd/ jB, gfotko dh ;fj^g{ik ft~u Gkr b?Ad/jB ns/ fJ~e d{i/ Bkb ftP/P gqeko d/ Bks/dkoh ;zpzXK Bkb i[V/ j[zd/ jB.” fjzd{ T[ZsokfXeko nfXfB:w,1956 d/ nB[;ko ‘;fj^;zgsh’ ns/ ‘;z:[es ;zgsh’ PpdK dk noE j? fe ;G ihfts n"os ns/ wod w?ApofszB ghVhnK s~e g?fsqe ;zgsh d/ fj~;/dko Bk jh fe;/ Bz{ fd~sh ik ;edh j?. fJ; gqeko, fJ~e ftneshBz{ nkgDh gsBh, d' g[~soK, d' g[~sohnK, d' g'fsnK ns/ d' g'shnK Bkb nkgDh ;zgsh Bz{ nkgDh gsBh ns/uko p~funK ft~u pokpo tzvDk j't/rk. g's^;zssh nkgD/ wksk^fgsk dh ;zgsh ft~u'A jh fj~;k b?Dr/. g[~sons/ g[~soh dh nukBe w"s s/ UBK d/ T[ZsokfXekoh fJ~e fJ~e Gkr b?Dr/.

nkJhH ghH d/;kJh wzBd/ jB fe ;fj^fBtk; ns/ ;fjô;'Jh Bz{ ;z:[es gfotko dh gfo;hwk bJh Io{oh;wMDk mhe BjhA j? feUAfe nfijk eoD Bkb ;z:[es gfotko Bz{ ;wkfie ;zpzXK dk ;w[~u ns/ ekoikswefJekJh BjhA wzfBnk ikt/rk. UBK dk efjDk j? fe fJ~e xo d/ w?ApoK ft~u nkg;h ;zpzXK ns/ j'o xoK d/w?ApoK d/ Bkb ;zpzXK T[Zs/ jh gfotko d/ gqeko dk fBoXkoD ehsk ik ;edk j?.J/ekeh gfotko Bz{ ;z:[esgfotko s'A nb~r d/yD bJh G{fwek ;zpzXK (role relations) d/ nzso Bz{ ns/ ftfGzB foPs/dkoK ft~u fttjkod/ wkDdzvh gqshwkB (normative pattern) Bz{ ;wMDk gt/rk. UBK dh wkBsk j? fe id'A d' J/ekeh gfotkoBks/dkoh ;zpzXK d/ j'D s/ th t~y t~y ofjzd/ j'D, gqzs{ fJ~e jh ftnesh d/ nfXeko y/so ft~u ezw eod/ j'DsK Uj ;z:[es gfotko j't/rk. UBK B/ fJ; gfotko Bz{ ‘ekoikswe ;z:[es gfotko’ (functional jointfamily) fejk j?. nktk;h (residential) ;z:[es gfotko ft~u id'A s~e fszB iK nfXe ghVhnK fJ~emhnKBk ofj ojhnK j'D, T[d'A s~e fJj gozgokswe ;z:[es gfotko BjhA j' ;edk. T[; d/ nB[;ko d' ghVhnKdk gfotko ‘;hwKs ;z:[es gfotko’ (marginal joint family) efjbkt/rk. fJ; gqeko d/;kJh B/ ;z:[esgfotko d/ fszB nkXko wzB/ jBL ghVh dh rfjokJh, nfXeko ns/ fIzw/dkoh ns/ ;zgsh.

okwfeqPD w[yoih B/ gzi gqeko d/ ;zpzX d~;d/ j'J/ fttkfje (conjugal), wksk^fgsk, g[~so^g[~soh(parentalfilial), GkJh^GkJh (inter-sibling), GkJh^G?D ns/ ;wo/fye (lineal) ns/ ftnkjw{be (affi-nal) ;zpzX^ fejk j? fe ;z:[es gfotko Uj j? fi; d/ w?ApoK ft~u T[go'es gfjb/ fszB ;zpzXK ft~u'A fJ~eiK nfXe ns/ iK ;wo/fye iK ftnkjw{be iK d't/A ;zpzX gkJ/ iKd/ jB.

4H44H44H44H44H4 ;z:[es gfotko dh gqfeqsh ;z:[es gfotko dh gqfeqsh ;z:[es gfotko dh gqfeqsh ;z:[es gfotko dh gqfeqsh ;z:[es gfotko dh gqfeqsh (Nature of Joint Family)

nkJhH ghH d/;kJh (1964L153^156) B/ 1956 ns/ 1958 d/ ft~u ehs/ rJ/ 423 gfotkoK d/ ;ot/yD d/nkXko s/ gfotko d/ d' fGzB fGzB torheoD fd~s/ jBL (i) ghVhnK dh rfjokJh (depth) Bz{ b? e/ w?ApoKft~u ;zpzXK T[Zs/ nkXkfos (ii) j'o gfotkoK d/ w?ApoK Bkb ;zpzXK d/ nkXko s/. gfjb/ nkXko T[Zs/ UBK B/gfotko dk torheoD uko gqeko Bkb ehsk j?L fJ~e ghVh, d' ghVhnK, fszB ghVhnK ns/ uko iK nfXeghVhnK tkb/ gfotko. fJBK ft~u'A gfjb/ d' gqeko d/ gfotkoK Bz{ UBK B/ J/ekeh gfotko fejk j? ns/ nzfswd' Bz{ ;z:[es gfotko.


B ØN


j'o gfotkoK Bkb ;zpzXK ns/ ;z:[essk dh ;hwk d/ nkXko s/ d/;kJh B/ gfotkoK Bz{ gzi gqeko Bkb torhfeqsehsk j?L (i) J/ekeh gfotko, i' fe ezw ns/ fBtk; dh fdqPNh Bkb nb~r j[zdk j?l (ii) ekoikswe ;z:[esgfotko, i' nktk;h noE ft~u J/ekeh j[zdk j?, gqzs{ j'o gfotkoK Bkb nkg;h fIzw/dkohnK dh g{osh d/ noEft~u ;z:[es j[zdk j?l (iii) ekoikswe ns/ ;~sk;{ue (substantively) ;z:[es gfotko, i' fe nktk;hfdqPNh Bkb J/ekeh j[zdk j? gqzs{ ;zgsh, ekoi dh fdqPNh ns/ nkg;h fIzw/dkohnK dh g{osh dh fdqPNh s'A;z:[es j[zdk j?l (iv) ;hwKs ;z:[es gfotko, i' nktk;, ;zgsh ns/ ekoi ft~u ;z:[es j[zdk j? gqzs{ d' jhghVhnK s~e jh ;hwk j[zdh j?l (v) gozgokrs ;z:[es i' fe ;hwKs ;z:[es gfotko dh soK nktk;, ;zgshns/ ekoi ft~u ;z:[es j[zdk j? gqzs{ fszB iK nfXe ghVhnK d/ w?ApoK dk j[zdk j?. fBwB fu~so 3 gozgokrs;z:[es gfotko ns/ ;hwKs ;z:[es gfotko d/ gzi T[g^gqeko do;kUAdk j?.


gozgokrs ;z:[es gfotkogozgokrs ;z:[es gfotkogozgokrs ;z:[es gfotkogozgokrs ;z:[es gfotkogozgokrs ;z:[es gfotko

g[~so + gsBh g[~so g[~so g[~soh

g'sok g'soh

ftnesh (y[d) T[; dh gsBh,

ns/$iK nfttkfjs p~u/fttkfjs g[~so ns/ p~u/,ns/$iK nfttkfjs iKfttkfjs Gok p~funK ;fjsiK ;zskBjhD

y[d (Ego) + gsBh

ftnesh (y[d) T[; dh gsBh,nfttkfjs p~u/ GokG?D ns/ T[; dh wksk iK,fgsk (:kBh d’BK ft~u’Ae/tb fJe)


fttkfjs ;zskBK, T[;dhwksk iK fgsk ns/ T[;d/nfttkfjs Gok$G?D

;hwKs ;z:[es gfotko;hwKs ;z:[es gfotko;hwKs ;z:[es gfotko;hwKs ;z:[es gfotko;hwKs ;z:[es gfotko

T[g gqeko I fgsk iK wksk

(y[d) + gsBh Gok G?D

T[g gqeko II fgsk iK wksk

(y[d) + gsBh Gok G?D

y[d (ftnesh) y[d (ftnesh) y[d (ftnesh) y[d (ftnesh) y[d (ftnesh) + gsBh gsBh gsBh gsBh gsBh

y[d + gsBh Gok

T[g gqeko III

(y[d) + gsBh g[~so g[~soh

ftnesh (y[d) T[; dh gsBh,ns/$iK nfttkfjs p~u/ns/ fpBK p~funK d/fttkfjs g[~so

T[g gqeko IV

g[~so g[~soh


nfttkfjs p~u/ ns/

nfttkfjs Gok


B ØN


d/;kJh d/ torheoD ft~u shi/ gqeko d/ ;hwKs ;z:[es gfotko Bz{ (:kBh fe ftnesh, T[; dh gsBh,nfttkfjs ;zskB ns/ fpBK ;zskB d/ fttkfjs g[~so) Bz{ ekgVhnK B/ J/ekeh gfotko fejk j?. UBK dh wkBskj? fe Uj J/ekeh gfotko j[zdk j? fi; ft~u ftnesh, T[; dh gsBh ns/ UBK d/ fttkfjs iK nfttkfjsp~u/ j'D, noEks fJj gfotko wksk^fgsk ns/ UBK d/ fttkfjs iK nfttkfjs p~funK dk ;w{j j? pPos/fe fttkfjs p~funK d/ nkgD/ p~u/ Bk j'D. i/eo fttkfjs p~funK d/ th p~u/ j'D sK Uj gfotko ;z:[esgfotko ft~u pdb ikt/rk. ekgVhnk B/ gzi gqeko d/ gfotko d~;/ jBL (i) J/ekeh gfotko nfttkfjs g[~soKd/ Bkb (ii) J/ekeh gfotko fttkfjs g[~soK d/ Bkb (iii) ;wo/fye ;z:[es gfotko (iv) fGzB PkykJh ;z:[esgfotko (v) ftXtk G?D d/ Bkb ns/$iK T[; d/ p~funK d/ Bkb (noEks fe nkPfosK d/ Bkb) gfotko.

ekgVhnk d[nkok do;kJ/ rJ/ T[go'es torheoD ft~u d{i/ gqeko dk J/ekeh gfotko (fi; Bz{ d/;kJh B/;hwKs ;z:[es gfotko fejk j?) n?fbB ok; d/ d[nkok bx{ ;z:[es gfotko fejk frnk j?. ok; (1931L34)B/ uko gqeko d/ gfotko d~;/ jBL (i) t~vk ;z:[es gfotko fi; ft~u fszB iK uko ghVhnK fJ~emhnK, fJ~ejh xo ft~u ofjzdhnK j'D, fJ~e jh o;'Jh ft~u G'iB pDkUAdhnK j'D, ;KMh ;zgsh dhnK wkfbe j'D ns/;G d/ you/ bJh nkwdBh fJ~emh j't/. (ii) bx{ ;z:[es gfotko fi; ft~u wksk^fgsk, fttkfjs g[~so ns/nfttkfjs p~u/ iK d' GkJh nkgDh gsBhnK ns/ p~funK d/ Bkb ofjzd/ j'D. (iii) J/ekeh gfotko fi; ft~uwksk iK fgsk d't/A nfttkfjs p~funK d/ Bkb ofjzd/ j'D. (iv) J/ekeh gfotko d/ nkPfosK d/ Bkb, noEkswksk^fgsk, UBK dh nfttkfjs ;zskB ns/ fJ~e iK nfXe nkPfos w?Apo. ok; B/ bx{ ;z:[es gfotkod/ fszB T[g^gqeko d~;/ jBL

(i) ftnesh, T[; dh gsBh, nfttkfjs p~u/ ns/ fttkfjs g[~so fpBK p~funK d/.

(ii) fJ~e ftnesh, T[; dh gsBh, T[; d/ wksk^fgsk, T[; d/ nfttkfjs p~u/, ns/ T[; d/ fttkfjs g[~sofpBK p~funK d/.

o/ykfu~so 4 (o/ykfu~so 4 (o/ykfu~so 4 (o/ykfu~so 4 (o/ykfu~so 4 (i)))))

y[d (Jhry[d (Jhry[d (Jhry[d (Jhry[d (Jhr''''') ) ) ) ) + gsBh gsBh gsBh gsBh gsBh

g[~so + gsBh g[~so g[~soh

o/ykfu~so 4 (o/ykfu~so 4 (o/ykfu~so 4 (o/ykfu~so 4 (o/ykfu~so 4 (ii)))))

wksk + fgsk

y[d (Jhr' + gsBh)

g[~so + gsBh g[~so g[~soh

T[g gqeko V

(y[d) + gsBh G?D (ftXtk)

g[~so g[~soh

ftnesh (y[d) T[; dh gsBh,nfttkfjs p~u/ ns/

T[;dh ftXtk ukuh iK

G?D iK Gshih


B ØN


(iii) d' fttkfjs GkJh, UBK dhnK gsBhnK ns/ p~u/,

ok; d/ nB[;ko fJ~e t~v/ ;z:[es gfotko ft~u ftnesh, T[; dh gsBh, wksk^fgsk, nfttkfjs p~u/,fttkfjs p/N/ ns/ UBK d/ p~u/ iK fpBK p~funK tkb/, ns/ T[; d/ fttkfjs iK nfttkfjs GkJh Pkfwb j[zd/jB.

T[go'es ;G torheoD fJj do;kUAd/ jB fe ;z:[es gfotko dh XkoDk d/ gqsh ftdtkBK ft~u fJ~ewsBjhA j?. fJBK ;GBK d/ ftukoK Bz{ fwbk e/ fJjh fejk ik ;edk j? fe “;z:[es gfotko (geneologically)fJ~e tzPkeqw o{g Bkb ;zpzfXs J/ekeh gfotko dh pj[bsk (multiplicity) j? i' fBtk; ns/ o;'Jh pDkUDdh fdqPNh s'A fJ~em/ ofjzd/ j'D ns/ i' fJ~e jh ftnesh dh ;~sk d/ nzsors ezw eod/ j'D.” Xho/AdoBkokfJD B/ fJ; Bz{ “d' iK nfXe ;fj^fBtk;h ns/ ;fjG'ih Bks/dkoh fJekJhnK d~f;nk j?. n?wH n?;Hr'o/ dk wzBDk j? fe ;z:[es gfotko dh ftnkfynk ft~u ;jh fdqPNhe'D fJj j? fe fJ; Bz{ J/ekeh gfotkoKdh pj[bsk wzBD dh EK s/ fJ; Bz{ wod ;fj;zgsh GkrhnK (coparceners) ns/ UBK d/ nkPfosK dk gfotkowzfBnk ikt/, feUAfe gfjbh fdqPNh s'A fttkfje ;zpzXK T[Zs/ pb fd~sk iKdk j? id'A fe d{ih fdqPNh s'A ;z:[esgfotko ft~u wksk^fgsk ns/ UBK dh ;zskB ns/ Goksohtkd (filial and fraternal) ;zpzXK T[Zs/ pb d/Dk nfXesoe;zrs j?.

n?wH n?;H r'o/ d/ nB[;ko fJ~e nkdoP o{g Bkb ;z:[es gfotko ft~u fJ~e ftnesh, T[; dh gsBh, UBKd/ S'Nh T[wo d/ p~u/ ns/ UBK d/ pkbr g[~so ns/ UBK dhnK gsBhnK ns/ p~u/ Pkfwb j[zd/ jB. fJ; gqekod/ gfotko Bz{ “;zskBi ns/ Goksoh ;z:[es gfotko” th efj ;ed/ jB. fJ; gqeko d/ gfotko dhnK d'ftftXsktK j' ;edhnK jBL (1) fJ~e e/tb wksk^fgsk g[~so dk ;z:[es gfotko ns/ d{ik e/tb Goksoh;zpzXK (fraternal) dk ;z:[es gfotko. fJBK fszBK Bz{ fu~so d[nkok do;kfJnk ik ;edk j?L


y[d + gsBh Gok^gsBh Gok G?D

g[~so + gsBh g[~soh

g[~so + gsBh g[~so + gsBh g[~so g[~soh

o/ykfu~so 6 (o/ykfu~so 6 (o/ykfu~so 6 (o/ykfu~so 6 (o/ykfu~so 6 (i)))))

g'sok g'soh g'sok g'soh

o/ykfu~so 4(o/ykfu~so 4(o/ykfu~so 4(o/ykfu~so 4(o/ykfu~so 4(iii)))))

g[~so g[~soh g[~so g[~soh

y[d + gsBh Gok + gsBh


B ØN


r'o/ B/ d' gqeko d/ w{b gfotko J/ekeh ns/ ;z:[es ns/ jo fJ~e d/ fszB T[g^gqekoK t~b ;ze/s ehsk j?.J/ekeh gfotko d/ fszB T[g^G/d jBL (i) gsh, gsBh ns/ nfttkfjs p~u/, (ii) gsh, gsBh, p~u/ ns/nfttkfjs (fpBK ewkUD tkb/) GkJh, (iii) gsh, gsBh, p~u/ ns/ ftXtk wksk iK j'o nkPfos i' ;fj;zgsh Gkrh BjhA jB. ;z:[es gfotko d/ fszB T[g^G/d fJ; soK jBL (i) gsh, gsBh, fttkfjs iKnfttkfjs p~u/ (;wo/fye ;z:[es gfotko), (ii) gsh, gsBh, fttkfjs iK nfttkfjs p~u/ ns/ nfttkfjsGkJh (Goksoh ;z:[es gfotko) (iii) gsh, gsBh, fttkfjs g[~so, fttkfjs GkJh ns/ UBK d/ gfotko(;wo/fye ns/ Goksoh ;z:[es gfotko).

w/ok soe fJj j? fe Gkosh gfotko dk ;zouBkswe nkdoP g~Swh gfotko d/ nkdoP s'A fpbe[b fGzB j?.Gkos ft~u feUAfe nkfd gfotko dh ;zouBk Ujh ;h fi; Bz{ n~i “;z:[es gfotko” fejk iKdk j?, fJ;bJh ;kBz{ fJ; gfotko Bz{ w{b gfotko dh fJekJh d/ o{g ft~u ;wMDk ukjhdk j? ns/ fJ; Bz{ “gozgokrs”gfotko dk BK d/Dk ukjhdk j? id'A fe “J/ekeh” gfotko Bz{ “ftyzfvs” (fissioned) gfotko fejk ikDkukjhdk j?, noEks Uj gfotko i' nkgDh g?fsqe fJekJh s'A t~y j' frnk j't/. nktk;h nbrkt s'A pkndth fJj nkgDh g?fsqe fJekJh T[Zs/ fBoGo ofj ;edk j? iK fco g{o/ o{g Bkb ;[szso fJekJh d/ o{g ft~uth ezw eo ;edk j?. “;z:[es” Ppd e/tb sK jh T[g:[es j't/rk id'A n;hA “J/ekeh” gfotko Bz{ w{bgfotko fJekJh wzBhJ/ ns/ fJ; gqeko d' J/ekeh fJekJhnK d/ w/b s'A fJ~e Bt/A gfotko dh XkoDk ;kjwD/nkUAdh j?. gqzs{ fJj gsk brD s/ fe “J/ekeh” gfotko ;kvh w{b fJekJh BjhA j?, fJj Io{oh j? fe“gozgokrs” gfotko Bz{ jh w{b gfotko fJekJh wzBhJ/ ns/ j'o ;o{gK Bz{ fJ;/ ;zdoG ft~u ;wMhJ/.

Gkosh ;wki ft~u nkw gqEk fJj j? fe Bt^dzgsh fJ~e ;[szso nksw^fBoGo xo ft~u fttkjfe ihtBnkozG BjhA eod/, pbfe gsh d/ wksk^fgsk d/ Bkb nkozG eod/ jB. fJ; s'A T[bN g~Swh ;wki ft~u ukj/wod ns/ T[; dh gsBh d'jK ft~u'A fe;/ d/ th wksk^fgsk d/ Bkb fJ~e jh S~s j/mK fttkfje ihtB nkozGeoD, (i' fe wekBK dh ewh d/ ekoD ed/ ed/ j[zdk j?), gqzs{ fJ; Bz{ Uj b'e nkgksekbhB ftt;Ek wzBe/ jh ;theko eod/ jB ns/ fJ; ftt;Ek Bz{ Uj n;EkJh wzBd/ jB. fit/A jh ;zGt j[zdk j? Uj nkgDk;[szso “xo” (household) ;Ekfgs eo b?Ad/ jB. i/eo fe;/ ekoD s'A Uj fJ; ft~u n;woE ofjzd/ jBns/ i/eo nkUD tkb/ wjhfBnK ft~u fttkfje ihtB ft~u efmBkJhnK T[sgzB j[zdhnK jB sK ;G s'A gfjbKUj nkgD/ wksk fgsk d/ xo s'A t~y j' ikDr/. ;zouBk d/ T[go'es nkdoP d/ nkXko d/ ekoD gfotko d/

o/ykfu~so 6 (o/ykfu~so 6 (o/ykfu~so 6 (o/ykfu~so 6 (o/ykfu~so 6 (ii)))))

y[d y[d y[d y[d y[d + gsBh gsBh gsBh gsBh gsBh

g'sok g'soh

g[~so g[~so g[~so g[~so g[~so + gsBh gsBh gsBh gsBh gsBh

o/ykfu~so 6 (o/ykfu~so 6 (o/ykfu~so 6 (o/ykfu~so 6 (o/ykfu~so 6 (iii)))))

y[d + gsBh Gok + gsBh Gok G?D

g[~so g[~soh g[~so g[~soh


B ØN


torheoD dk ;kvk nkXko Bk sK xo d/ w?ApoK dh ;zfynk jh j'Dk ukjhdk j? (fit/A p'w?B B/ ehsk) ns/ Bkjh ftneshrs w?ApoK dhnK feqnktK dk nfGw[yheoD (orientation) (fit/A fe nkJhH ghH d/;kJh B/ ehsk;h) pbfe fBtk;, fBoGosk ns/ Bks/dkoh ;zpzXK dh ft;skfosk (range) Bz{ fJ~em/ wzB e/ jh gfotkoKdk torheoD eoBk ukjhdk j?. fJ; nkXko s/ n;hA gfotkoK Bz{ d' ;w{jK ft~u torhfeqs eo ;ed/ jKL“gozgokswe” ns/ “ftyzfvs”. gfjb/ ;w{j Bz{ fszB T[g^ftGkrK ft~u th torhfeqs ehsk ik ;edk j?Lft;fsqs gfoy/so dk Bks/dkoh gfotko (large range kinship family), w~Xw gfoy/so dk Bks/dkohgfotko (intermediate range kinship family), ns/ bx{ gfoy/so dk Bks/dkoh gfotko (small rangekinship family). d{i/ ;w{j Bz{ nkPfos (dependent) gfotko ns/ nD^nkPfos (independent)gfotko ft~u ftGkfis ehsk ik ;edk j?.

ftyzfvs nD^nkPfos gfotko (fissioned independent family) Uj j?, fi; ft~u gsh, gsBh ns/ UBKd/ nfttkfjs p~u/ j[zd/ jB, fi; ft~u gfotko dk w[yhnk Bk sK fe;/ foPs/dko d/ nfXeko T[Zs/ nkPfosj? ns/ Bk jh UBK T[Zs/ nkofEe o{g Bkb nkPfos j[zdk j?. ns/ ftyzfvs nkPfos gfotko (fissioneddependent family) Uj j[zdk j? fi~E/ w?Apo (gsh, gsBh, ns/ nfttkfjs g[~so ns/ g[~sohnK) t~y xoft~u ofjzd/ jB, gqzs{ iK sK ekoiK dk fdqPNh s'A iK ;zgsh dh fdqPNh s'A nkgD/ Bks/dkoK (fgsk, GkJh, dkdknkfd) T[Zs/ fBoGo ofjzd/ jB. Uj fJekJh fJ~e ihfts e[bfgsk (patriach) dh ;~sk d/ nXhB j[zdh j?.

gozgokrs gfotkoK ft~u ft;fsqs gfoy/so d/ Bks/dkoh gfotko ft~u uko gqeko d/ ;t?iB$Bks/dko j[zd/ jBLgqkoEfwe, d{i/ ;so d/, shi/ ;so d/ ns/ d{o d/. fJj th fejk ik ;edk j? fe ft;fsqs gfoy/so dk Bks/dkoh gfotko Uj j? fi; ft~u x~N s'A x~N d' ;wr'soh BIdhe dhnK ghVhnK d/ jo GkJh d/ iDB gfotko(family of orientation) d/ j'D (fit/A fu~so 8 (i) ft~u “n” ns/ “p” d{ih ghVh ft~u ns/ “e” ns/“B” shih ghVh ft~u ns/ wksk gfjbh ghVh ft~u do;kJ/ rJ/ jB.). nfij/ gfotko dk T[djoD Ujgfotko j? fi; ft~u d' fttkfjs GkJh j'Dr/. (fu~so 8 (i) ft~u “n” ns/ “p”), UBK d/ wksk fgsk,gsBh ns/ fttkfjs g[~so (“e” ns/ “B”) ns/ nfttkfjs g[~so (“y” ns/ “g”) ns/ nfttkfjsg[~sohnK (“r” ns/ “w”) ns/ nfttkfjs g'so/(“N” ns/ “o”) ns/ g'sohnK (“s” ns/ “b”). fu~so8 (i) ft~u uko gqeko d/ ;t?iB$Bks/dko fJ; soK Pkfwb j'Dr/L

gqkoEfwe^ gsh$gsBh$fgsk$wksk$GkJh$G?D$g[~so$g[~soh

d{i/ ;so d/^ fgsk dk fgsk$fgsk d/ GkJh$GkJh d/ bVe/$g[~so d/ bVe/$GkJh dh gsBh$g[~so dh g[~soh$fgskdh G?D

shi/ ;so d/̂ fgsk d/ fgsk d/ fgsk$fgsk d/ fgsk d/ GkJh$fgsk d/ GkJh d/ g[~so$GkJh d/ g[~so d/ g[~so$g[~sod/ g[~so d/ g[~so

d{o d/^ fgsk d/ fgsk d/ GkJh dk g[~so$fgsk d/ fgsk d/ GkJh d/ g[~so dk g[~so

Bks/dkoh gfotko Bks/dkoh gfotko Bks/dkoh gfotko


gfotko d/ gqeko

gozgokrs ftyzvs

ft;fsqs gfoy/so dk wfXnw gfoy/so dk bx[ gfoy/so dk nBkfPqs gfotko nBkfPqs gfotko


B ØN


w~Xw gfoy/so d/ Bks/dkoh gfotko ft~u fszB gqeko d/ ;t?iB$Bks/dko (kins) j[zd/ jBL gqkoEfwe, d{i/ ;sod/ ns/ shi/ ;so d/. iK fJ; soK fejk ik ;edk j? fe fJj Uj gfotko j? fi; ft~u tfoPm ghVh d/fJ~e ftnesh dk gfotko (fit/A 8 (ii) ft~u “e” gfotko) ns/ fBwB ghVh ft~u x~N s'A x~N fJ~e ftneshdk gfotko (fit/A 8 (ii) ft~u “n” dk gfotko) Pkfwb j[zdk j?. T[dkjoD bJh, fJ~e ftnesh (y[d Ego)“e”, T[; dh gsBh (y), nfttkfjs g[~soh (d), nfttkfjs g[~so (;) ns/ fttkfjs g[~so (“n” ns/“p”) ns/ UBK dhnK gsBhnK ns/ p~u/ (“w” ns/ “B”) d/ Bkb.

bx{ gfoy/so d/ Bks/dkoh gfotko ft~u e/tb d' gqeko d/ Bks/dko j[zd/ jB^ gqkoEfwe ns/ d{i/ ;so d/.fJ; Bz{ fJ; soK th fejk ik ;edk j? fe fJ; ft~u fJ~e jh ghVh d/ d' ;zpzfXs gfotko j[zd/ jB (fit/A“r” gfotko) iK ;ksfwe (adjacent) ghVhnK d/ d' gfotko j[zd/ jB (fit/A “y” gfotko). T[dkjoD bJhd' fttkfjs GkJh (fit/A fu~so 8 (iii) ft~u “r” gfotko d/ d' GkJh “n” ns/ “p”) nkgD/ wksk fgskns/ p~funK s'A fpBKl iK ;t? (Jhr'), T[; dh gsBh, nfttkfjs g[~so, ns/ fttkfjs g[~so nkgDh ;zskBd/ Bkb (T[dkjoD bJh, fu~so 8 (iii) ft~u gfotko “y”).

o/ykfu~so 8 (o/ykfu~so 8 (o/ykfu~so 8 (o/ykfu~so 8 (o/ykfu~so 8 (iii)))))

o/ykfu~so 8 (o/ykfu~so 8 (o/ykfu~so 8 (o/ykfu~so 8 (o/ykfu~so 8 (i)))))ft;fsqs gfoy/so dk Bks/dkoh gozgokswe gfotko

fgsk (gsh) + wksk (gsBh)

y[d (n) + gsBh Gok (p) + gsBh

g[~so (e) + gsBh g[~so (y) g[~so (r) Gok g[~so (B) + gsBh g[~so (g) g[~so (w)

g'sok (N) g'soh (s) Gok g[~so Gok g[~so g[~so (o) g[~soh (b)

g[~so (n) + gsBh g[~so (p) + gsBh g[~so (;) g[~soh (d)

g'sok (w) g'soh (B)

o/ykfu~so 8 (o/ykfu~so 8 (o/ykfu~so 8 (o/ykfu~so 8 (o/ykfu~so 8 (ii)))))w~Xw gfoy/so dk Bks/dkoh gozgokswe gfotko

gfotko (e) gfotko (y) gfotko (r)

y[d + gsBh y[d + gsBh

y[d + gsBh Gok + gsBh

g[~so + gsBh g[~so g[~so + gsBh g[~soh

(n) (p)

g'sok g'soh


B ØN


fJ; gqeko, gfotkoK d/ ;kv/ torheoD ft~u ghVhnK dk ft;sko wj~stg{oD BjhA j?. fJ~e iK d' ghVhnKd/ gfotko th ;z:[es gfotko j' ;ed/ jB (fit/A fu~so 8 (ii) ft~u bx{ gfoy/so d/ Bks/dkoh gfotkoK ft~ugfotko “r” ns/ gfotko “e” s'A ;gPN j?.)

4H54H54H54H54H5 ;z:[es gfotko dhnK ftP/PsktK ;z:[es gfotko dhnK ftP/PsktK ;z:[es gfotko dhnK ftP/PsktK ;z:[es gfotko dhnK ftP/PsktK ;z:[es gfotko dhnK ftP/PsktK (Characteristics of Joint Family)

gozgokrs (;z:[es) gfotko d/ e[M gqw[~y b~SD fBwB gqeko jBL

1H ;~skswe ;zouBk (Authoritarian structure) L ;~skswesk dk fJ~E/ noE j? fe fBoDk ns/fBPuk eoD dh Pesh fJ~e ftnesh ft~u j[zdh j? fi; dh nkfrnk dk gkbD fpBK u[B"sh d/ j'Dkukjhdk j?. gqiksKsfoe gfotko ft~u ;~sk id'A fe fJ~e iK fJ~e s'A nfXe b'eK ft~u fBfjs j[zdh j?fi; dk nkXko d~ysk ns/ :'rsk j[zdk j?, ;~skswe gfotko ft~u gozgok Bkb ;~sk T[wo ns/tfoPmsk d/ nkXko s/ ;G s'A t~v/ wod e'b j[zdh j?. gfotko dk w[yhnk j'o w?ApoK Bz{ E'Vh jh;[szsosk gqdkB eodk j? ns/ fBoDk eoD ft~u Uj ukj/ j'o w?ApoK dh fJ~Sk ikD/ iK Bk ikD/, T[; dkfBoDk nzfsw o{g Bkb wkD:'r j[zdk j?. gqzs{ iBsKsfoe gfotko ft~u w[yhnk dk eos~t j[zdk j? feUj j'o w?ApoK dh ;bkj bt/ ns/ e'Jh th fBoDk eoD s'A gfjbK UBK dh okJ/ Bz{ g{ok wj~st gqdkBeo/.

2H gfotkfoe ;zrmB (Familistic organization)L fJ; dk noE j? fe ftnesh d/ fjsK dk g{o/gfotko d/ fjsK d/ ;kjwD/ x~N wj~st j[zdk j?, noEks gfotko dk T[d/P jh ftnesh dk T[d/P j[zdkj?. fit/A i/eo p~uk ;Bkse gqhfynk gk; eoD s'A pknd T[Zu f;~fynk ikoh o~yDk ukj[zdk j? gqzs{ i/eo T[; Bz{ gfotko d/ tgko Bz{ d/yD bJh d[ekB ft~u p?mD Bz{ fejk ikt/ sK T[; Bz{ gfotko d/ fjsKd/ n~r/ nkgD/ fjsK dh nDd/yh eoBh j't/rh.

3H T[wo ns/ ;zpzXK d/ nkXko s/ gfo;fEsh dk fBoXkoD (Determination of status of members bytheir age and relationships)L gfotko d/ w?ApoK dh gfo;fEsh dk fBoXkoD UBK dh T[wo ns/;zpzXK d[nkok fBPfus j[zdk j?. gsh dk gd gsBh s'A T[Zuk j[zdk j?. d' ghVhnK ft~u T[Zuh ghVh tkb/ftnesh dh gfo;fEsh fBwB ghVh d/ ftnesh dh gfo;fEsh s'A nfXe T[Zuh j[zdh j?. gqzs{ T[;/ghVh ft~u t~vh T[wo tkb/ ftnesh dh gfo;fEsh x~N T[wo tkb/ ftnesh dh gfo;fEsh s'A T[Zuhj[zdh j?. gsBh dh gfo;fEsh T[; d/ gsh dh gfo;fEsh s'A j/mK j[zdh j?.

4H ;zskB ns/ Goksoh ;zpzXK dh dzgsh ;zpzXK T[Zs/ gfjb (Filial and fraternal relationship getspreference over conjugal relationship)L oes ;zpzXK Bz{ fttkfje ;zpzXK d/ w[ekpb/ gfjb fd~shikdh j?. d{i/ PpdK ft~u gsh gsBh d/ (conjugal) ;zpzX, fgsk^g[~so (filial) iK GkJh^GkJh(fraternal) ;zpzXK d/ w[ekpb/ fBwB wzB/ iKd/ jB.

5H ;z:[es fIzw/dkohnK d/ nkdoP T[Zs/ gfotko dk ekoi ;zukbB (Family function on the ideal ofjoint responsibility) L gfotko ;z:[es gfotko dhnK fIzw/dkohnK d/ nkdoPK d/ nkXko T[Zs/ ezweodk j?. i/eo fgsk nkgDh g[~soh d/ ftnkj bJh eoIk b?Adk j? sK T[; d/ g[~soK dh fJj fIzw/dkohj[zdh j? fe Uj T[; dh tkg;h dh e'fPP eoD.

6H ;G w?ApoK d/ gqsh ;wkB fttjko (All members get equal attention)L gfotko d/ ;G w?ApoKT[Zs/ pokpo fXnkB fd~sk iKdk j?. i/eo fJ~e GkJh d/ g[~so Bz{ 4000 o[gJ/ wjhBk tkb/ fJ~e youhb/ekBt/AN ;e{b ft~u gqt/P d[nkfJnk iKdk j? sK d{i/ GkJhnK d/ (x~N t/sB tkb/) g[~soK Bz{ fJBK;[ftXktK tkb/ uzr/ ;e{b ft~u gVkfJnk ikt/rk.

7H tfoPmsk d/ f;XKs T[Zs/ nkXkfos ;~sk fBoXkoD (Determination of authority on the principleof seniority): gfotko ft~u (n"osK^wodK, wodK^wodK, n"osK^n"osK) ;zpzXK dk fBoXkoD tfoPmskd/ ezw d/ nB[;ko j[zdk j?. ukj/ ;G s'A t~vh T[wo dk wod (iK n"os) fe;/ d{i/ Bz{ ;~sk ;"Ag ;ed/ jB,gqzs{ fJj th tfoPmsk d/ f;XKs T[Zs/ nkXkfos j't/rk fi; Bkb ftneshtkd dh GktBk ftef;s Bkj' ;e/.


B ØN


;t^w[~bKeD;t^w[~bKeD;t^w[~bKeD;t^w[~bKeD;t^w[~bKeD (Self Assessment)2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H ;jh ftebg u[D' ;jh ftebg u[D' ;jh ftebg u[D' ;jh ftebg u[D' ;jh ftebg u[D' (Choose the correct option) ^ ^ ^ ^ ^

(i) fe;/ d/ nB[;ko gqkuhB Gkos ft~u gfotko, fBtk;, ;zgsh ns/ ekoiK d/ nkXko s/ ;z:[es ;h^(a) Jhoktsh eot// (b) nkJhH ghH d/;kJh(c) NhH n?BH wdkB (d) fJBK ft~u'A e'Jh BjhA.

(ii) ;z:[es gfotko dh ftP/Psk j?^(a) ;fj^fBtk; (b) ;fjô;'Jh/(c) ;fj^g{ik (d) T[go'es ;ko/

(iii) d/;kJh B/ ;z:[es gfotko d/ nkXko wzB/ jB^(a) ghVh dh rfjokJh (b) nfXeko ns/ fIzw/dkoh(c) ;zgsh (d) T[go'es ;ko/

(iv) w~Xw gfoy/so d/ Bks/dkoh gfotko ft~u fezB gqeko d/ ;t?iB$Bks/dko j[zd/ jB^(a) gqEw (b) d{i/(c) shi/ (d) T[go'es ;ko/

(v) gfotko ft~u gsBh dh gfo;fEsh fe; Bkb fBPfus j[zdh j?^(a) p~funK dh gfo;fEsh Bkb (b) gsh dh gfo;fEsh Bkb(c) ;~;^;j[o/ dh gfo;fEsh Bkb (d) T[go'es ;ko/

4H64H64H64H64H6 ;z:[es gfotko d/ gsB d/ ekoD ns/ T[; d/ Bshi/ ;z:[es gfotko d/ gsB d/ ekoD ns/ T[; d/ Bshi/ ;z:[es gfotko d/ gsB d/ ekoD ns/ T[; d/ Bshi/ ;z:[es gfotko d/ gsB d/ ekoD ns/ T[; d/ Bshi/ ;z:[es gfotko d/ gsB d/ ekoD ns/ T[; d/ Bshi/ (Decline of Jointfamily: Causes and consequences)

gozgokrs (;z:[es) gfotko ftt;Ek d/ ftyzvB bJh fejV/ fejV/ ekoe T[ZsodkJh jB< gfotko ft~ugfotosB fe;/ gqGktK d/ fJ~e ;w[~u (set of influences) s'A BjhA nkfJnk j?, ns/ Bk jh fJj ;zGt j? fefJBK ekoeK ft~u'A fe;/ fJ~e Bz{ gfjb fd~sh ik ;e/. fJ; gfotofss j[zd/ j'J/ gfotko bJh eJh ekoeT[ZsodkJh jB. T[d:'rheoD ns/ T[; d/ ;kotG"fwe wkgdzv (universalistic criteria) i' fBozsoft;fsqs y/so Bz{ gqGkfts eo oj/ jB, ftneshtkd d/ nkdoP, ;wkBsk ns/ nkIkdh ns/ t?ebfge ihtBg~Xsh dh ;zGktBk fij/ ekoDK d/ w/b Bkb jh “;zeowDekbhB” (transitional) gfotko T[d/ jkfJnk j?.fwbNB f;zro B/ gfotko ft~u gfotosB d/ bJh uko ekoeK Bz{ T[ZsodkJh wzfBnk j?̂ nktk;h rshPhbsk,eko'pkoh rshPhbsk, ftfrnfBe ns/ seBheh f;~fynk ns/ dqtheoD (monetization). fJ; b/ye B/ thnfij/ gzi ekoeK dh gfjukD ehsh j? fiBK B/ gfotko Bz{ pj[s nfXe gqGkfts ehsk j?. fJj jB^ f;~fynk,BroheoD, T[d:'rheoD, ftnkj ;z;Ek ft~u gfotosB (T[wo d/ ;zdoG ft~u) ns/ t?XkfBe T[gkn.

1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H f;~fynk f;~fynk f;~fynk f;~fynk f;~fynk (Education)

f;~fynk B/ gfotko Bz{ eJh gqeko Bkb gqGkfts ehsk j?. f;~fynk Bkb Bk e/tb ftneshnK dhnKnfGftq~shnK, ftPtk;, w[~b ns/ nkdoP ftukoXkoktK pdbhnK jB, pbfe fJ; B/ ftneshtkd dhGktBk Bz{ th g?dk ehsk j?. Gkos ft~u f;~fynk Bk e/tb wodK ft~u tX ojh j?, pbfe n"osK ft~uth. g[oP ;kyosk do ft~u tkXk 1901 s'A 1931 s~e 9H8 s'A 15H6 s~e j'fJnk, 1961 ft~u 34H4,1981 ft~u 46H9 ns/ 1991 ft~u 55H07 s~e j'fJnk, id'A fe n"osK dh ;kyosk do ft~u tkXk 1901ft~u 0H6 s'A 1931 ft~u 2H9, 1961 ft~u 13H0, 1981 ft~u 24H8 ns/ 1991 ft~u 30H09 s~ej'fJnk. wkBsk gqkgs f;~fynk ;z;EktK ft~u tkXk 1951 ft~u 2H31 b~y (2H09 b~y gqkJhwohftfdnkb/, 13,600 fwvb ns/ 8,300 ;?ezvoh ns/ jkfJo ;?ezvoh ftfdnkb/) s'A 1985 ft~u 7H55b~y j' frnk. (5H28 b~y gqkJhwoh, 13H4 b~y fwvb ns/ 93,000 ;?ezvoh ns/ jkfJo ;?ezvohftfdnkb/). fJ;/ ntXh ft~u ftfdnkoEhnK d/ gqt/P dh ;zfynk 240 b~y s'A tX e/ 1320 b~y j'rJh. f;~fynk dh do ft~u fJ; gqeko dk tkXk n"osK^g[oPK d/ Bk e/tb ihtB^doPB ft~u


B ØN


gfotosB eodk j?, pbfe n"osK Bz{ o[Irko d/ Bt/A w"e/ th T[gbpX eotkUAdk j?. nkofEe;[szsosk gqkgs eoD s'A pknd n"osK gfotkfoe wkwfbnK ft~u wskfXeko dh wzr eodhnK jB ns/nkgD/ T[Zgo fe;/ dk th gqG[st ;theko eoD s'A fJBeko eodhnK jB. fJj do;kUAdk j? fef;~fynk fe; gqeko gfotkfoe ;zpzXK ft~u gfotosB fbnkUAdh j? i' fe pknd ft~u ;zouBkswegfotosB th fbnkUAdh j?.

nkJhH ghH d/;kJh ns/ n?fbB ok; B/ th f;~fynk ftt;Ek ns/ gfotko ftt;Ek d/ nkg;h gqGkt Bz{fJzfrs ehsk j?. d/;kJh B/ d~f;nk j? fe f;~fynk ;z:[es gfotko d/ fto[~X d' gqeko Bkb ezw eodhj?̂ gfjbk sK ftneshtkd T[Zs/ pb d/ e/ fJj b'eK d/ ;kjwD/ gfotko d/ ;o{g dh Uj XkoDk gq;s[seodh j? i' toswkB ;z:[es gfotko dh XkoDk d/ T[bN j?, ns/ d{i/ fJj b'eK Bz{ UBK eko'pkoK bJhfsnko eodh j? i' UBK d/ nkgD/ w{b ;EkB ft~u BjhA j[zd/, fi; d/ cb;o{g Uj nkgD/ g?fsqegfotko s'A t~y j' e/ nfij/ y/soK ft~u ofjD brd/ jB i' UBK dh f;~fynk d/ nB[e{b UBK Bz{ eko'pkod/ nt;o gqdkB ekd/ jB. ekbKso ft~u fJBK b'eK dk ;zgoe g?fsqe gfotko Bkb N[~N iKdk j? ns/ihtB ns/ ftuko d/ Bt/A sohfenK Bz{ ngDkUAd/ jB i' fe ;z:[es gfotko dhnK GktBktK d/ fto[~Xns/ J/ekeh gfotko d/ nB[e{b j[zd/ jB.

gqzs{ d/;kJh B/ wj[tk d/ 423 gfotkoK d/ nkgD/ jh nfXn?B ft~u gkfJnk fe f;~fynk d/ ;so ft~utkX/ d/ Bkb ;z:[essk ft~u tkXk ns/ J/ekfesk ft~u froktN nkJh. f;~fynk d/ ;so ns/ ;z:[esskdh ;hwk dk nB[gks d/yD s'A UBK Bz{ gsk u~fbnk fe f;~fynk bJh ;z:[essk nB[e{b j?, ns/ f;~fynkBz{ gq's;kfjs eo e/ ;z:[essk nkgDk ftxNB eodh j?. d/;kJh dk ws j? fe pj[s x~N b'e nypkons/ g[;seK yohdd/ jB ns/ b'eK d/ ftuko ns/ ftPtk; nypkoK, nzrq/Ih g[;seK ns/ g~sfoektKd/ gVB iK g~Swh f;~fynk g~Xsh s'A f;~X/ gqGkfts BjhA j[zd/ jB. f;~fynk dk i' e[M th gqGkt b'eKT[Zs/ j[zdk j? Uj UBK ftneshnK d/ gqGkt d/ ekoD j? fiBK Bz{ n;hA nfGiB (elite) efj ;ed/ jK,ns/ iK fco gfotko ns/ ftfdnkb/ d/ gfonktoD d/ gqGkt d/ ekoD j[zdk j?. fJ; bJh gfotko d/w[yhnk iK xo d/ j'o w?ApoK dh f;~fynk dk ;so Bt/A ns/ fGzB gqeko dhnK ftukoXkoktK ns/ftPtk;K T[Zs/ gqGkt BjhA ;[MkUAdk, pbfe fJj (gqGkt) Bt/A ftukoK tkb/ ftneshnK dh ;fEshns/ y/so ft~u ;zuko d/ gqsho{g d/ ekoD fwbdk j?.

d/;kJh d/ eEB ft~u e'Jh soe fdykJh BjhA fdzdk. fJj ;~u j? fe gfotko s'A pkjo d/ ;zgoeftnesh dhnK nfGftq~shnK ns/ ftukoK T[Zs/ gqGkt gkUAd/ jB gqzs{ T[; d/ nkgD/ ns/ T[; d/gfotko iBK dh f;~fynk d/ ;so th UBK ftPtk;K ns/ nkdoPK ft~u gfotosB d/ ekoe j[zd/ jB.fJ; bJh fit/A fe d/;kJh wzBd/ jB fe fJj BjhA fejk ik ;edk fe gfotko d/ w?ApoK dh f;~fynk,gfotko dh ;zouBk ns/ ;zrmB ft~u nk oj/ gfotosBK ft~u wj~stg{oD BjhA j?.

fJ;/ soK d/;kJh dk fJj fBu'V fe f;~fynk d/ ;so ft~u tkX/ d/ Bkb ;z:[essk ft~u tkXk j[zdk j? ns/J/ekfesk (nuclearity) ft~u ewh nkUAdh j?, ;~u gqshs BjhA j[zdk. PkfJd, UBK dk fJj fBu'Vgfotko dk f;~fynk ;so gsk eoD bJh nB[;zXkB ft~u T[g:'r ehsh rJh rbs g~Xsh dk jh cbj?. UBK B/ gfotko d/ Bk gVD tkb/ w?ApoK (non-educants) (noEks, Uj pkbr ns/ pkbrpkbe fiBK d/ n~r/ gVB dh ;zGktBk BjhA j?) d/ n";s ;e{b ikD d/ ;w/A Bz{ nkXko wzB e/ gfotkodh n";s f;~fynk dh rDBk ehsh j?. fJ; gqeko fJBK w?ApoK d/ ;e{b ikD d/ e[b ;kbK Bz{ w?ApoK dh;zfynk Bkb Gkr d/ e/ gfotko dh n";s f;~fynk e~Yh rJh. gfotko dh f;~fynk dk nKebD eoDdh fJj ftXh fBPfus o{g Bkb gqPB eoB :'r j?. i/eo Uj (d/;kJh) j'o ftdtkBK d[nkok T[g:'rehsh rJh ftXh dk gq:'r eod/ sK Bshi/ fBPfus jh fGzB j[zd/. fco i/eo pfj; d/ soe T[Zs/ n;hAfJj th wzB th bJhJ/ fe gfotko dh gVkJh dk ;so gsk eoD dk d/;kJh dk sohek ;jh ;h sK UBK;G gfotkoK dh, fiBK d/ w?Apo ;Bkse ;B, ;zouBk J/ekeh feUA ;h ns/ fJ~e th gfotko ;z:[esfeUA BjhA ;h< i/eo T[Zu f;fynk ;z:[es gfotko d/ gqsh nfGo{uh Bz{ tXkUAdh j? sK “;BksegfotkoK” ft~u “w?fNqe[b/PB ns/ T[; s'A x~N gfotkoK” dh s[bBk ft~u ;z:[es gfotkoK dh ;zfynknfXe j[zdh. fJ; bJh fJBK soeK d/ nkXko s/ n;hA d/;kJh d/ T[; ;zpzX Bz{ i' UBK B/ f;~fynk ns/


B ØN


gfotkfoe ;zouBk d/ w~X d~f;nk j?, ;theko BjhA eod/. ;kvh wkBsk j? fe f;~fynk ;z:[esgfotko Bz{ BjhA gqzs{ J/ekeh gfotko dh g;zd Bz{ tXkUAdh j?.

ok; (1961) B/ fejk j? fe toswkB eko'pko fJ; soK d/ jB fe UBK bJh ftP/P f;~fynk, d~yskns/ Nq/fBzr dh Io{os j[zdh j?. fJ; bJh nkgD/ p~funK dk ihtB ;so nkgD/ s'A T[Zgo u[~eD bJhwksk fgsk UBK Bz{ T[Zu f;~fynk d/D bJh ;dk T[s;[e ns/ fsnko ofjzd/ jB, ftP/P o{g Bkb PfjoKd/ w~Xtorh ns/ T[Zu torh gfotko d/ b'e. e[M rohp wK^pkg sK fJzB/ T[s;[e j[zd/ jB fe UjnkgD/ nkg Bz{ w[;hps ft~u gk e/ t~v/ s'A t~vk fsnkr eo e/ nB/eK d[~y, t/dBk ns/ dod ;fjzd/ j'J/th nkgD/ g[~soK Bz{ T[Zu f;~fynk fdbtkUD dh e'fPP eod/ jB. fJ; d/ bJh ed/ ed/ sK Uj nkgD/nkg Bz{ ;[y^;[ftXk s'A, ns/ fJ~E'A s~e fe ykD^gfjBD s'A th tzfus o~yd/ jB. nfijh ;fEsh ft~ui/eo UBK d/ g[~so gqhfynk ft~u gk; BjhA j[zd/ iK fJ~fSs Pq/Dh gqkgs BjhA eod/ sK wK^pkg Bz{ pVhfBokPk j[zdh j?. e[M wkwfbnK ft~u sK wK^pkg nkgD/ g[~soK Bz{ J/Bk vKNd/^cNekod/ jB, J/BhNhek^fN~gDh ns/ szr eod/ jB fe Uj ;cbsk gqkgs eoD ft~u Pzfes j' iKd/ jB ns/ wip{o j' e/gfotko s'A jh t~y j' iKd/ jB. d{i/ gk;/ e[M nfij/ wK^pkg th j[zd/ jB i' rohph d/ ekoD nkgD/p~funK Bz{ T[Zu f;~fynk fdbtkUD bJh fInkdk fJ~fSs BjhA jz[d/, gqzs{ UBK d/ g[~so pj[s fJ~fSs j[zd/jB. fJ; bJh Uj nkgD/ wK^pkg Bz{ S~v e/ f;~fynk gqkgs eoD bJh ftfGzB PfjoK ns/ e;fpnKft~u ub/ iKd/ jB. nkgDk ihftek ewkUD bJh Uj fNT{PB iK B"eoh eod/ jB. fJj p~u/ j"bh j"bhnkgD/ gfotkfoe ;{so s'A e~N/ iKd/ jB. ftnkj s'A pknd th Uj PfjoK ft~u nb~r ofjDk ikoho~yd/ jB. fJ; gqeko f;~fynk fJBK d/ gfotkoK Bz{ gqGkfts eodh j? (ok;, Ujh^208^231).n"osK th f;~fynk gqkgs eoD s'A pknd nkgD/ gsh, p~funK ns/ gfotko d/ gqsh fGzB fdqPNhe'DngDk b?AdhnK jB ns/ ngDh o{Vhtkdh ;~; Bkb ;zxoP ft~u nk e/ t~y xo ft~u ofjD dh fI~deodhnK jB. fJj ;G gfotko d/ ;o{g T[Zs/ f;~fynk d/ gqGkt Bz{ do;kUAdk j?.fit/A fit/A f;~fynkdk ;so T[Zgo T[Zmdk j?, T[t/A T[t/A J/ekeh gfotko d/ g~y ft~u gqshPs tXdk iKdk j? ns/ ;z:[esgfotko ft~u ihtB pshs eoD (fttjko ft~u) d/ g~yXo b'eK dk gqshPs x~N j[zdk ikdk j?.

22222. BroheoD BroheoD BroheoD BroheoD BroheoD (Urbanization)

gfotko Bz{ gqGkfts eoD tkbk fJ~e j'o ekoe BroheoD th j?. fgSb/ e[M dPeK ft~u ;kv/ d/P dhPfjoh iB;zfynk ft~u s/Ih Bkb tkXk j'fJnk j?/. 18thA Pskpdh d/ w~X ft~u Gkos dh brGr 10#iB;zfynk jh PfjoK ft~u ofjzdh ;h. 19thA Pskpdh ft~u, 100 ;kbK d/ nzsokb ft~u Gkos ft~u PfjoKdh iB;zfynk ft~u d; r[Dk tkXk j'fJnk. 20thA Pskpdh ft~u g{o/ d/P dh iB;zfynk 1901 ft~u 23H8eo'V s'A tX e/ 1991 ft~u 84H63 eo'V j' rJh, PfjoK ft~u ofjD tkfbnK dh ;zfynk ft~u 523H0#tkXk j'fJnk. 1961 ft~u Pfjoh iB;zfynk g{oh iB;zfynk dh 17H9# ;h, gqzs{ 1971 ft~u tX e/19H9#, 1981 ft~u tX e/ 23H34# ns/ 1991 ft~u tX e/ 25H72# j' rJh. Pfjoh iB;zfynk dkfJ~e dPe d/ fj;kp Bkb tkXk do 1961 ft~u 26H41# ;h i' 1971 ft~u 38H23#, 1981 ft~u 46H14#ns/ 1991 ft~u 36H19# j' rJh. n;b ft~u, Gkos dh Pfjoh iB;zfynk 1961 ft~u 7H8 eo'V, 1971ft~u 10H9 eo'V, 1981 ft~u 15H9 eo'V ns/ 1991 ft~u 21H7 eo'V j' rJh.

Broh gfotko g/Av{ gfotkoK s'A Bk e/tb ;zouBk ft~u pbfe ftukoXkok ft~u th fGzB j[zd/ jB. fJjgfjbK jh fejk ik u[ek j? fe Pfjoh y/soK ft~u J/ekeh gfotko, r?o^Pfjoh J/ekeh gfotko s'A S'Nk j[zdkj? ns/ Pfjo ft~u ofjD tkbk ftnesh J/ekeh gfotko dk u'D nfXe ofjzdk j? , pikJ/ fe fgzvtk;h d/. n?wH n?;H r'o/ dh wkBsk j? fe Broh gfotko nkgD/ fdqPNhe'D, G{fwek^gfog~y ns/ fttjko ft~u;z:[es gfotko d/ wkBdzvK s'A jN oj/ jB. T[dkjoD bJh, fBoDk b?D d/ wkwb/ ft~u g/Av{ gfotkoK d/T[bN Broh gfotkoK ft~u p~funK Bkb ;zpzfXs fBoD/ gfotko dk ;G s'A p[I[or ftnesh jh BjhA gqzs{UBK d/ wksk^fgsk jh b?Ad/ jB. fJ;/ soK Uj Pfjoh b'e i' wksk^fgsk dh w"s s'A pknd GkJhnK d/fJ~em/ ofjD d/ ftuko dk ;woEB eod/ jB UBK dh ;zfynk T[;/ ftuko tkb/ g/Av{ b'eK s'A x~N j?.

nkJhH ghH d/;kJh (1964) fJ; ftuko Bkb ;fjws BjhA jB fe BroheoD ;z:[es gfotkoftt;Ek d/ ftxNB bJh T[ZsodkJh j?. ;z:[essk T[Zs/ BroheoD d/ gqGkt dk ftPb/PD eod/ j'J/


B ØN


UBK B/ gkfJnk fe gozgokrs ;z:[essk ns/ Pfjoh y/so ft~u gfotko d/ ofjD dh ntXh ft~uwj~stg{oD ;zpzX j?. UBK dk nB[wkB ;h fe Pfjoh y/so ft~u gfotko fizBh bzph ntXh s~e mfjo/rk, ;z:[essk dh wksok ft~u th UBh jh ewk nkJ/rh. gqzs{ UBK B/ gkfJnk fe “pj[s g[okD/” (50iK nfXe ;kbK s~e Pfjo ft~u ofjD tkb/) ns/ “g[okD/” (25 s'A 50 ;kbK s~e Pfjo ft~u ofjD tkb/)gfotkoK ft~u “Bt/A” gfotkoK (25 iK fJ; s'A x~N ;kbK s'A Pfjo ft~u ofjD tkb/) d/ w[ekpb/;z:[essk fInkdk fwbdh j?.

b[Jh ftoE (Louis Wirth, 1938) dk th fJjh ftuko j? fe Bro gozgokrs gfotkfoe ihtB d/bJh ;jkfJe BjhA j?. UBK dk efjDk j? fe ;wkfie ihtB dh fJekJh d/ o{g ft~u (Broh) gfotkot~v/ Bks/dkoh ;w{j s'A w[es j?, i' fe fgzv dh ftP/Psk j?, ns/ ftneshrs o{g ft~u (Broh gfotkodk) w?Apo nkgDh f;~fyne, eko'pkoh, Xkofwe, wB'oziB ;zpzXh ns/ okiBhfse fJ~SktK dh g{oshft~u b~rk ofjzdk j?.

;kvk ftuko j? fe gfotko ftt;Ek d/ gfotosB ft~u BroheoD dk ftP/P wj~st j?. Pfjoh ihtB;z:[es gfotko d/ ;o{g Bz{ ewI'o pDkUAdk j? ns/ J/ekeh gfotkoK Bz{ fdqV pDkUAdk j?. BroK ft~uT[Zu f;~fynk ns/ Bt/A eko'pkoK Bz{ u[DB bJh fInkdk w"e/ j[zd/ jB. Uj b'e i' nkgD/ gfotko d/gozgokrs eko'pko Bz{ S~v e/ Bt/A eko'pko ngDkUAd/ jB, nkgD/ ftukoK ns/ nfGftq~shnK ft~u UBKb'eK d/ w[ekpb/ t~vk gfotosB do;kUAd/ jB i' nkgD/ gozgokrs eko'pko Bz{ BjhA S~vd/. fJ;/ soKPfjoK ft~u f;~fyns ftnesh ukj/ ;z:[es gfotko d/ wkBdzvK dk E'Vk pj[s gkbD eod/ jB, gqzs{UBK d/ g~y ft~u x~N j[zdk j?. gqzs{ fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe gqftq~shnK ft~u gfotosB ns/ Pfjoft~u ofjD dh ntXh ft~u fBeN dk ;zpzX j?. Pfjo ft~u n"osK bz{ th B"eoh d/ nfXe w"e/ fwb iKd/jB ns/ id'A Uj XB ewkUD brdhnK jB sK Uj eJh y/soK ft!~u ;[szsosk ukj[zdhnK jB. UjnkgD/ gsh d/ iDe gfotko s'A w[es j'D dh e'fPP eoD brdhnK jB. fJ; gqeko Bro ft~u ofjDd/ ekoD ns/ ;wki ft~u gfotko d/ ;o{g ft~u fJ~e fGzBsk fdykJh fdzdh j?.

3 H3 H3 H3 H3 H T[d:'rheoD T[d:'rheoD T[d:'rheoD T[d:'rheoD T[d:'rheoD (Industrialization)

19thA Pskpdh d/ nzs ns/ 20thA Pskpdh d/ P[o{ ft~u Gkos ft~u T[d:'rheoD nkozG j' frnk ;h.Bt/A T[d:'rK d/ uko/ gk;/ PfjoK dk ftek; j'fJnk ;h. T[d:'rheoD s'A gfjbK ;kv/ e'b fJjftt;Ek ;h^ (i) fe;kBh nw[dokjhD (non-monetized) ftt;Ek (ii) seBheh dk Uj ;so fi~E/xo/b{ fJekJh nkofEe ftfBwn dh fJekJh th ;h, (iii) fgsk^g[~so ns/ GkJh^GkJh ftueko e'Jheko'pkoh G/d BjhA ;h, (iv) fJ~e nfijh w[~b ftt;Ek ;h fi~E/ :[esh;zrssk (v) d/ wkBdzvK dhpikJ/ p[I[orK dk ;~sk ns/ gozgoktK dh gft~sosk d'jK Bz{ jh wj~st fd~sk iKdk ;h. gqzs{T[d:'rheoD B/ ;kv/ ;wki ft~u nkw o{g Bkb nkofEe ns/ ;wkfie^;z;feqfse gfotosB ns/ftP/P o{g Bkb gfotko ft~u gfotosB ehsk j?. nkofEe y/so ft~u fJ; d/ fJj Bshi/ j'J/ jBêkoi ftP/P~rsk, eko'pkoh rshPhbsk, noE ftt;Ek dk dqtheoD ns/ eko'pkoh ;zouBktK ns/Bks/dkoh ftueko ;zpzXK dk N[~N ikDk. ;wkfie y/so ft~u fJ; dk Bshik j'fJnk j?̂ g/Av{ y/soK s'APfjoh y/soK ft~u nkrwB, f;~fynk dk gq;ko ns/ fJ~e wIp{s okiBhfse YKuk. ;z;feqfse y/soft~u fJ; Bkb (T[d:'rheoD Bkb) Xow fBog~ysk d/ ftuko dk ftek; j'fJnk j?.

gfotkfoe ;zrmB T[Zs/ T[d:'rheoD d/ i' fszB w[~y gqGkt j'J/ jB, Uj fJj jB^ (1) gfotko i' feT[sgkdB dh fJ~e gqXkB fJekJh ;h, j[D T[gG'r dh fJekJh d/ o{g ft~u pdb frnk j?. fJ~eJ/ehfeqs nkofEe ftt;Ek ft~u b~r/ gfotko d/ ;ko/ w?ApoK d/ fJ~em/ ezw eoD dh pikJ/, gfotko

;z:[es gfotko fe; Bz{ efjzd/ jB<Nk;e


B ØN


d/ e[M wod w?Apo gfotko dh ihftek ubkUD bJh pkjo ub/ iKd/ jB. fJ; Bkb Bk e/tb ;z:[esgfotko dk gozgokrs ;o{g jh gfqGkfts j'fJnk j?, pbfe w?ApoK d/ ft~u ;zpzX th. (2) c?eNohnKft~u B"eoh d/ ekoD :[te nkgD/ g?fsqe gfotkoK T[Zs/ f;~X/ fBoGo BjhA ofjzd/. t/sB fwbD BkbfeUAfe Uj nkofee o{g s'A ;[szso jB, fJ; bJh gfotko d/ w[yhnk dh ;~sk ft~u j'o th ewh nkJhj?. PfjoK ft~u sK wodK d/ Bkb Bkb UBK dhnK gsBhnK B/ th XB ewkUDk P[o{ eo fd~sk j?. fJ;Bkb nzso gfotkfoe ;zpzXK T[Zs/ gqGkt fgnk j?. (3) p~u/ j[D nkofEe o{g Bkb nkf;s (asset) Bkj' e/ d/n (liability) pD rJ/ jB. ukj/ t?XkfBe fdqPNh Bkb pkb^wId{oh tofis j?, fco thp~funK dh wId{oK d/ o{g ft~u fB:[esh ns/ UBK d/ Bkb d[ofttjko ft~u tkXk j'fJnk j?. Bkb jhf;~fynk dh tXdh j'Jh Io{os Bz{ d/yd/ j'J/ wksk fgsk T[Zs/ fBoGosk ft~u tkXk j'fJnk j?. PfjoKft~u nktk; wfjzrk j? ns/ p~funK dh d/yGkb th ;wK wzrdh j?. fJ; bJh T[d:'rheoD d/ ekoDezw ns/ xo fJ~e d{i/ s'A t~y j' rJ/ jB.

e[M ;wkiPk;sohnK B/ T[d:'rheoD d/ ekoD J/ekeh gfotko d/ T[d/ d/ f;XKs Bz{ jkb jh ft~u u[B"shfd~sh j?. fJj u[B"sh nB[GtkPfos (empirical) nfXn?BK T[Zs/ nkXkfos j?. n?wH n?;H J/H okU,n?wH n?;H r'o/ ns/ fwbNB f;zro fij/ ftdtkBK d/ nfXn?B fJj gqrN eod/ jB fe ;z:[essk Bz{tgkoe ;w[dktK ft~u nfXe gfjb fd~sh ikdh j? ns/ fJj th gqu~fbs j? fe pj[s ;ko/ J/ekehgfotko Bks/dkoh d/ pzXBK Bz{ th pj[s ft;fsqs o{g Bkb ;[o~fyns o~yd/ jB. g~Sw d/ T[d:'fre y/soK d/ nB/e nfXn?B fJ; r~b T[Zs/ I'o fdzd/ jB fe Bks/dkoh dh fJ~e ;woEBekoh G{fwek j[zdh j?ns/ fJj gfotko ns/ ng?;efse (impersonal) ftPkb ftPt d/ ft~u fJ~e w~Xtosh (buffer) dkezw eod/ jB (Abbi : 1970). ;wkfie fJfsjk;ekoK B/ th d~f;nk j? fe T[d:'rheoD s'A gfjbK thnwohek ns/ :{og ft~u J/ekeh gfotko ;z;feqfse wkBdzv d/ o{g ft~u gqu~fbs ;h. gqzs{ fJj fXnkBd/D :'r j? fe Bks/dkoh dh ;woEBekoh G{fwek dk e'Jh Io{oh b~SD BjhA j? i' fe Gkosh J/ekehgfotkoK ft~u fJ~e eos~t d/ o{g ft~u gkfJnk iKdk j?. J/ekeh gfotko d/ :[tk w?Apo ;t?̂ fJ~Sk BkbnkgD/ gqkoEfwe Bks/dkoK (fit/A wksk^fgsk ns/ GkJhnK) d/ gqsh nkgDh fIzw/dkoh fBGkUAd/ jBns/ BIdheh foPs/dkoK Bkb fBeNsk ns/ gfotko ft~u J/esk dh GktBk gqrN eod/ jB, ukj/ Ujnb~r xoK ft~u ofjzd/ j'D (Leela Dube, 1974 : 311).

fJBK ;G gfotosBK B/ ;kvh gfotko ftt;Ek Bz{ pj[s pdfbnk j?. fgzv s'A Pfjo t~b iB;zfynk d/gqtkj d/ ekoD ;~sktkdh nfXeko ft~u ewh ns/ XowfBog~ysk ft~u tkX/ B/ fJ~e nfijh w[~b ftt;Ekdk ftek; ehsk j? i' fe ftnesh ft~u gfjb ns/ T[geqw ns/ fIzw/dkoh T[Zs/ pb fdzdh j?. j[D ftneshgqshpzXkswe gfotkfoe fB:zsoD d/ fpBK jh ezw eodk j?. gfjbK id'A ftnesh gfotko ft~u ezweodk ;h ns/ gfotko d/ ;ko/ w?Apo T[; dh wdd eod/ ;B , sK gfotko d/ w?ApoK ft~u fInkdk fgnko;h, gqzs{ n~i id'A fe Uj gfotko s'A d{o c?eNqh ft~u ezw eodk j? sK nksfwe ;zpzXK Bz{ p[oh soK X~ekb~rk j?. gfotkfoe ;zpzXK d/ ;o{g T[Zs/ T[d:'rheoD d/ gqGkt Bz{ fJ; nkXko T[Zs/ th ;gPN o{g Bkbd/fynk ik ;edk j? fe gfotko dh nksw^fBoGosk ft~u ewh nkJh j? ns/ gfotko d/ fdqPNhe'D ft~uth gfotosB nkfJnk j?. T[d:'rheoD B/ fJ~e BthA ;wkfie ns/ wB'ftfrnkfBe ftt;EkgB Bz{ iBwfd~sk j? fi; ft~u gqkfXekotkdh gfotkotkdh ;zrmB (authoritarian familistic organisation) tkb/g{op d/ ;z:[es gfotko Bz{ pDk e/ o~yDk w[Pfeb j' frnk j?.

4 H4 H4 H4 H4 H ftnkj ftt;Ek ft~u gfotosB ftnkj ftt;Ek ft~u gfotosB ftnkj ftt;Ek ft~u gfotosB ftnkj ftt;Ek ft~u gfotosB ftnkj ftt;Ek ft~u gfotosB (Change in Marriage System)

;kvh gfotko ftt;Ek Bz{ ftnkj dh T[wo ft~u gfotosB, ihtB ;kEh u[Bkt dh ;[szsosk ns/ftnkj d/ gqsh fdqPNhe'D ft~u gfotosB B/ th gqGkfts ehsk j?. i' p~u/ d/o Bkb ftnkj eod/ jB,Uj Bk sK nkgD/ wksk fgsk dh ;~sk Bz{ jh wzBd/ jB ns/ Bk jh ;G s'A t~vh T[wo d/ g[oP Bz{ fBoDkb?D tkbk w[~y ftnesh ;wMd/ jB. ihtB ;kEh d/ u[Bkt dh ;[szsosk B/ nzsoiksh ftnkj Bz{gq's;kfjs ehsk j? fi; Bkb gfotkfoe ;zpzXK dh ;zouBk gqGkfts j'Jh j?. fJ;/ soK id'A ftnkjXkofwe fdqPNh Bkb wj~stg{oD BjhA fojk ns/ fttkfje ;zpzXK Bz{ ft~S/d dh t?XkfBe ;thfeqsh fwbu[eh j?, gsh d/ nfXeko dh gqshe gfotko dh ;[;zrfms ;~sk ewI'o j' rJh j?.


B ØN


5 H5 H5 H5 H5 H t?XkfBe T[gkn t?XkfBe T[gkn t?XkfBe T[gkn t?XkfBe T[gkn t?XkfBe T[gkn (Legislative Measures)

t?XkfBe T[gktK dk th gfotko d/ ;o{g T[Zs/ gqGkt fgnk j?. pkb^ftnkj fBP/X ns/ pkb^ftnkjfBtkoe nfXfB:w, 1929 d/ d[nkok x~N s'A x~N ftnkj dh T[wo dk fBoXkoD ns/ fjzd{ ftnkjnfXfB:w 1955, B/ f;~fynk dh ntXh Bz{ tXkfJnk j? ns/ ftnkj s'A pknd :[rb dhnK BthnKgfo;fEshnK ft~u ;zs[bB Bz{ :'rdkB fd~sk j?. ihtB ;kEh d/ u[Bkt dh ;[szsosk, fe;/ th ikshns/ Xow ft~u wksk fgsk dh ;fjwsh s'A fpBK ftnkj, fi; Bz{ ftP/P ftnkj nfXfB:w, 1954 d/nzsors nkfrnk gqdkB ehsh rJh j?, ftXtk ftnkj nfXfB:w, 1856 d[nkok ftXtk g[Bo^ftnkjdh nkfrnk, fjzd{ ftnkj nfXfB:w, 1955 d/ nB[;ko ftnkj^ft~S/d dh nkfrnk ns/ fjzd{T[ZsokfXeko nfXfB:w, 1956 d/ nzsors g[~sohnK Bz{ wksk^fgsk dh ;zgsh ft~u fj~;k^fJBK ;GnfXfB:wK B/ Bk e/tb nzsoftnesh ;zpzXK ns/ gfotko ;zouBk Bz{ pbfe ;z:[es gfotko dh;fEosk Bz{ th gqGkfts ehsk j?.

;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD (Self Assessment)3H fd~s/ rJ/ eEBK d/ ;kjwD/ iK dk fBPkB brkU 3H fd~s/ rJ/ eEBK d/ ;kjwD/ iK dk fBPkB brkU 3H fd~s/ rJ/ eEBK d/ ;kjwD/ iK dk fBPkB brkU 3H fd~s/ rJ/ eEBK d/ ;kjwD/ iK dk fBPkB brkU 3H fd~s/ rJ/ eEBK d/ ;kjwD/ iK dk fBPkB brkU (State whether the following

statements 'Right' or 'Wrong' )-

(i) fwbNB f;zro B/ gfotko ft~u gfotosB bJh uko ekoeK Bz{ T[ZsodkJh wzfBnk j?.

(ii) d/;kJh B/ wj[nk d/ 423 gfotkoK d/ nkgD/ jh nfXn?B ft~u gkfJnk fe f;~fynk d/ ;so ft~u tkX/ d/ Bkb ;z:[es ft~u tkXk ns/ J/ekfesk ft~u tkXk j'fJnk j?.

(iii) gfotko Bz{ BroheoD gqGkfts BjhA eodk.

(iv) nkJhH ghH d/;kJh fJ; ftuko Bkb ;fjws jB fe BroheoD ;z:[es gfotko ftt;Ek d/ ftxNB bJh T[ZsodkJh j?.

(v) 19thA Pskpdh d/ nzs ns/ 20thA Pskpdh d/ nkozG ft~u Gkos ft~u Td:'rheoD nkozG j' frnk ;h.


• Gkos ft~u gfotko fJ~e wj~stg{oD ;z;Ek ns/ nkr{ gqkoEfwe ;w{j fojk j? feUAfe fJ~e gk;/ sKgfotko fgsqszsokswe ;~sk dk ;jkok fojk j?, ns/ d{i/ gk;/ gfotko jo w?Apo (n"os ;fjs) d/ ;zgshd/ nfXeko dk o~fyne pfDnk j'fJnk j?. Gkosh ;wki ft~u nB/e ft;fsqs gfotosBK d/ pkti{d;w{fjetkd ns/ ftneshtkd d/ fwPoD pD/ ofjD d/ ekoD fjzd{ gfotko nKfPe s"o s/ ;zouBkswe ns/w[~y s"o s/ gqekoikswe o{g ft~u ;z:[es pfDnk j'fJnk j?, ns/ g~Swh d/PK dh soK Gkosh gfotkoftxfNs j' e/ J/ekeh gfotkoK ft~u o{gKsfos BjhA j'fJnk j?.

• J/ekeh gfotko ns/ T[d:'rheoD d/ ft~u ;ekokswe ;zpzX BjhA gkfJnk iKdk. gfotko fJ~e ;z;Ek d/o{g ft~u nfXe nB[e{bD gqdofPs eodk fojk j?. nkX[fBe T[d:'r ns/ Broh ihtB dhnK Io{osK Bz{g{ok eoD ft~u th gfotko ekch gqGkfts f;~X j'fJnk j?. nB/e wkwfbnK ft~u ftPtk;:'r iBPesh,g{zih, nkg;h wdd ns/ ;fj:'r gqdkB eoD ft~u th gfotko bkGdkfJe fojk j?. Gkos ft~u ;z:[esgfotko dk Gft~y ftPkb ;zouBkswe gfotosBK ns/ ;EkfBe ;so T[Zs/ gfotko ns/ T[; d/ Bkb i[V/j'J/ fttjkoK T[Zs/ j'D tkb/ nB/e gqGktK d/ ft~u ;ot^;wsktK T[Zs/ fBoGo eodk j?. gfotko dk Gft~yfJ; r~b T[Zs/ th fBoGo eodk j? fe gfotko ft~u MrV/, sBkt, dpkn ns/ wBw[NktK dk j~b fe; gqekob~fGnk ikdk j?. :[tk b'eK d/ nkgD/ ftuko ns/ fJ~SktK j[zdhnK jB fi; gqeko gfotko ft~u fJBK dhnfGftnesh j[zdh j?, T[; T[Zs/ th gfotko dk Gft~y fBoGo eodk j?.

• ;z:[es gfotko fBozso gfotofss j' fojk j? gqzs{ ihfts fojk j? ns/ nB[e{bD dhnK gfotofssywsktK d/ Bkb T[ZGo e/ nkfJnk j?. eh ;z:[es gfotko ftxfNs j' fojk j?< s/I ftPkb ;zouBkswens/ ftukoe gfotosBK Bz{ d/yd/ j'J/ ;z:[es gfotko dk eh Gft~y j?< fJBK gqPBK d/ g[~S/ ikD s'A fes/


B ØN


nfXe t~vh tk;sftesk gfotko ft~u gfotosB dh gqfeqnk dh j? ns/ fJ; Bz{ ;wM e/ jh T[go'es gqPBKd/ T[Zso gk ;ed/ jK.


• ft;skfos ^ft;skfos ^ft;skfos ^ft;skfos ^ft;skfos ^ ft;sko ehsk j'fJnk

• ;fjukfosk ^;fjukfosk ^;fjukfosk ^;fjukfosk ^;fjukfosk ^ ;fjukoh j'D dh nt;Ek, Bkb u~bD tkbk• fBnk;Xkoh ^fBnk;Xkoh ^fBnk;Xkoh ^fBnk;Xkoh ^fBnk;Xkoh ^ fBnk;kfXekoh


1. gfotko dh ntXkoDk Bz{ ;gPN eo'. fJ; d/ gqw[~y ekoiK dk T[b/y eo'.

2. ;z:[es gfotko fe; Bz{ efjzd/ jB< Gkos ft~u ;z:[es gfotko dh gqfeqsh d~;'.

3. ;z:[es gfotko dhnK ftP/PsktK d~;'. Gkos ft~u gfotko ft~u gfotosBK dk ;zy/g toDB eo'.

4. gfotko d/ ;zouBkswe ns/ gqekoikswe gfjb{nK dh ftnkfynk eo'.

5. eh T[d:'rheoD d[nkok gfotko ft~u gfotosB nkJ/ jB<

6. Gkos ft~u ;z:[es gfotko d/ Gft~y pko/ ftt/uBk eo'.

T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeDT[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeDT[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeDT[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeDT[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD (Answers: Self Assessment)1H (i) gfotko (ii) pj[̂ ftnkjh (iii) ;fjukfosk

(iv) fttkfje2H (i) (a) (ii) (d) (iii) (d) (iv) (d) (v) (c)3H (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)

4H104H104H104H104H10 ;zdoG g[;seK ;zdoG g[;seK ;zdoG g[;seK ;zdoG g[;seK ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

1H e/H n?wH egkVhnk, w?foi n?Av c?fwbh fJB fJzvhnk, nke;c'ov :{Bhtof;Nh gq?; fd~bh,1972

2H ekPh gq;kd ;e;/Bk, w[;fbw ftnkj, 1959

3H P[eoh, nfjwd, w[jzwvB bk Uc w?foi n?Av fvt'o;, 1917

p[e;

fJekJh^5L Bks/dkohfJekJh^5L Bks/dkohfJekJh^5L Bks/dkohfJekJh^5L Bks/dkohfJekJh^5L Bks/dkoh

B ØN


fJekJh^5L Bks/dkoh fJekJh^5L Bks/dkoh fJekJh^5L Bks/dkoh fJekJh^5L Bks/dkoh fJekJh^5L Bks/dkoh (Kinship)


T[d/P (Objectives)


5H1 Bks/dkoh dh gfoGkPk ns/ Pq/DhnK (Definition and Categories of Kinship)

5H2 fjzd{nK ft~u gfotko ns/ Bks/dkoh (Family and Kinship Among Hindus)







• Bks/dkoh dh gfoGkPk ns/ Pq/DhnK Bz{ ikDB ft~u.• fjzd{nK ft~u gfotko ns/ Bks/dkoh Bz{ ;wMD ft~u.


jo ;wki ft~u nkdwh nkgD/ ihtB ft~u fe;/ Bk fe;/ ;w/A fJ~e gsh, fJ~e fgsk (i/eo Uj nfttkfjs ofjDdk fBPuk Bk eo u[ek j't/), fJ~e g[~so ns/ fJ~e GkJh dh G{fwek dk fBotkj eodk j?l ns/ fJ~e n"os fJ~egsBh, fJ~e wK (i/eo T[; B/ nfttkfjs ofjD dk fBPuk Bk ehsk j't/), fJ~e g[s~oh ns/ fJ~e G?D dh G{fwekdk fBotkj eodh j?. gqzs{ e[M fBP/XK (incest taboos) d/ ekoD fJ~e ftnesh fJ~e jh J/ekeh gfotko ft~u,fi; ft~u Uj g[~so ns/ GkJh j?, fgsk ns/ gsh dh G{fwek dk fBotkj BjhA eo ;edk. fJ;/ soK fJ~e n"osfi; J/ekeh gfotko ft~u g[~soh ns/ G?D j? T[;/ ft~u wK ns/ gsBh dh G{fwek BjhA eo ;edh. fJ; bJh jopkbr ftnesh d' J/ekeh gfotkoK Bkb ;zpzfXs j[zdk j?̂ Uj gfotko i' ‘iBe gfotko’ (family oforientation) j? fi; ft~u Uj izfwnk ns/ T[; dk gkbD j'fJnk, ns/ Uj gfotko i' ‘iBB gfotko’ (familyof procreation) j?, fi; dh ;EkgBk Uj ftnkj d[nkok nkg eodk j?. fJBK d' J/ekeh gfotkoK dh ftneshrs;d~;sk jh Bks/dkoh ftt;Ek dk T[d/ eodh j?. fJ; s~E d/ gqekP ft~u fe ftnesh d' J/ekeh gfotkoK Bkb;zpzfXs j[zdk j?, jo ftnesh iDe gfotko ns/ iDB gfotko d/ w?ApoK ftueko dh eVh Bz{ pDk e/ o~ydk j?.fJ; gqeko d/ pzXB ftneshnK Bz{ fJ~e^d{i/ Bkb Bks/dkoh pzXBK ft~u pzBd/ jB.

‘Bks/dkoh’ dh gfoGkPk fJ; soK ehsh ik ;edh j?L ;zpzXK dh gqfeqsh, ukj/ Uj oesw{be (consan-guineal) (noEks y{B d/ pzXBK T[Zs/ nkXkfos) iK ftnkjw{be (affinal) (noEks ftnkj T[Zs/ nkXkfos)Bks/dkoh j't/, jh ;zpzfXs ftneshnK d/ nfXekoK ns/ eos~tK dk fBoXkoD eodh j?. ‘Bks/dkoh ;w{j’ (kingroup) Uj ;w{j j? ‘i' oes iK ftnkj pzXBK Bkb pzfBnk j't/.’ nfXeso Bks/dko ;w{j, gfotko s'A nb~roesw{be j[zd/ jB. ‘Bks/dkoh ftt;Ek’ Bz{ fJ; soK d~f;nk ik ;edk j?L “gq;fEsh ns/ G{fwektK dh fJ~egqEkB[rs ftt;Ek i' UBK b'eK d/ fttjko Bz{ ;zukfbs eodh j? i' fJ~e d{i/ Bkb iK sK ftnkj d/ nkXkos/ iK fJ~e nkw g{oti dh ;zskB j'D d/ Bks/ ;zpzfXs j[zd/ jB.” fJ; Bz{ n;hA d{ih soK th efj ;ed/ jKfeL “;zpzXK dh nfijh ;zouBkswe ftt;Ek fi; ft~u Bks/dko (;t?iB) fJ~e d{i/ Bkb pV/ ifNbnzso^rmpzXBK ft~u pzB/ j'D.”

Rosy Hastir, Lovely Professional UniversitySonia Sharma, Lovely Professional Universit


B ØN


5H15H15H15H15H1 Bks/dkoh dh gfoGkPk ns/ Pq/DhnK Bks/dkoh dh gfoGkPk ns/ Pq/DhnK Bks/dkoh dh gfoGkPk ns/ Pq/DhnK Bks/dkoh dh gfoGkPk ns/ Pq/DhnK Bks/dkoh dh gfoGkPk ns/ Pq/DhnK (Definition and Categories ofKinship)

Bks/dkoh dhnK uko gqw[~y Pq/DhnK j[zdhnK jBL gqkoEfwe (primary), d{i/ doi/ (secondary) dh, shi/ doi/(tertiary) dh ns/ d{o dh Bks/dkoh (distant). gqkoEfwe Bks/dko Uj jB fiBK dk nkXko e'Jh j'o ftneshBjhA j?, pbfe nkg (ego) iDe ns/ ioDB gfotkoK Bkb ;zpzfXs jB. fJ; soK wksk, fgsk, G?D ns/ GokiDe gfotko ft~u ns/ iDB gfotko ft~u gsh, gsBh, g[~so ns/ g[~soh ftnesh d/ gqkoEfwe Bks/dko jB.ftnesh (nkg) d/ jo gqkoEfwe Bks/dko dk nkgDk gqkoEfwe Bks/dko j[zdk j? i' fe ftnesh (nkg) d/ d{i/doi/ d/ Bks/dko j'Dr/l fit/A fgsk dk fgsk, fgsk dh wksk, wksk dk fgsk, wksk dk GkJh nkfd. d{i/ doi/ d/Bks/dko 33 gqeko d/ j[zd/ jB. d{i/ doi/ d/ Bks/dko d/ gqkoEfwe Bks/dko shi/ doi/ d/ Bks/dko j'Dr/l fit/A fgskd/ fgsk dk fgsk, fgsk d/ fgsk dk GkJh nkfd. shi/ doi/ d/ Bks/dko 151 gqeko d/ j[zd/ jB. nzs ft~u shi/doi/ d/ Bks/dko d/ gqkoEfwe Bks/dko ftnesh (nkg) d/ d{o d/ Bks/dko j'Dr/l fit/A fgsk d/ fgsk d/ fgsk d/fgsk dk fgsk, fgsk dh wksk d/ fgsk d/ fgsk nkfd. fJBK dh ;zfynk pj[s t~vh j[zdh j?.

Bks/dkoh ;zpzX d' gqeko Bkb feqnkswe (functional) j[zdk j?l (1) Uj Bks/dko ftueko ;G ;zpzXK dk b~SDtoDB eodk j? (2) fJj fttjko dk nkdkB^gqdkB noEks nkg;h fttjko fBoXkfos eodk j?.

5H25H25H25H25H2 fjzd{nK ft~u gfotko ns/ Bks/dkoh fjzd{nK ft~u gfotko ns/ Bks/dkoh fjzd{nK ft~u gfotko ns/ Bks/dkoh fjzd{nK ft~u gfotko ns/ Bks/dkoh fjzd{nK ft~u gfotko ns/ Bks/dkoh (Family and Kinship AmongHindus)

Gkos ft~u gfotko fJ~e wj~stg{oD ;z;Ek ns/ nkr{ gqkoEfwe ;w{j fojk j? feUAfe fJ~e gk;/ sK gfotkofgsoszsokswe ;~sk dk ;jkok fojk j?, ns/ d{i/ gk;/ gfotko jo w?Apo (n"os ;fjs) d/ ;zgsh d/ nfXeko dko~fyne fojk j?. Gkosh ;wki ft~u nB/e ft;fsqs gfotosBK d/ pkti{d, ;w{fjetkd ns/ ftneshtkd d/fwPoD pD/ ofjD d/ ekoD fjzd{ gfotko nzfPe s"o s/ ;zouBkswe ns/ w[~y s"o s/ gqfeqnkswe o{g ft~u ;z:[espfDnk j'fJnk j?, ns/ g~Swh d/PK dh soK Gkosh gfotko ftxfNs j' e/ J/ekeh gfotkoK ft~u o{gKsfos BjhAj'fJnk j?. nB/e nfXn?BK s'A fJj gqdofPs j'fJnk j? fe T[d:'freheoD, BroheoD, f;~fynk ns/ gqt;B d/cb;o{g Gkos ft~u gfotko dk J/eheoD BjhA j'fJnk j?. Gkos ft~u fJ~e J/ekeh gfotko e/tb dzgsh w{bgfotko BjhA j?. gfotko ft~u tk;sfte gfotosB dk noE Bks/dkoh ;zpzXK, w?ApoK dhnK nkg;h fIzw/dkohnK,ftnefseheoD nkfd d/ gfotofss gqshwkB s'A j?. d{i/ PpdK ft~u gfotosB Bk e/tb gfotko d/ YKu/ iK;zouBk ft~u jh d/y/ iKd/ jB pbfe fJ; d/ gqekoiK ft~u gfotosB Bz{ ;wMDk th Io{oh j?.

gfotko Ppd dk ftfGzB sohfenK Bkb gq:'r ehsk frnk j?. J/H n?wH Pkj B/ Gkos ft~u gfotko ihtBdh x~N s'A x~N uko nzso;zpzXh ;wkfie ;fEshnK dk T[b/y ehsk j?. fJj fJ; soK jB^

1H ftneshnK dk Uj ;w{j i' fJ~e xo ft~u iK fJ~e w[yhnk d/ nXhB wksk^fgsk, p~funK ns/ B"eoKnkfd d/ Bkb ofjzd/ jB.

2H wksk^fgsk ns/ p~funK dk Uj ;w{j I' fJ~em/ ofjzd/ jB iK BjhA th ofjzd/ jB.

3H w"N/ s"o s/ Uj ;G b'e gfotko ft~u wzB/ iKd/ jB i' oes iK ftnkj d[nkok i[V/ j'J/ jB.

4H Uj ;G tzPi iK Uj b'e i' ;KM/ g{oti d/ tzPi j'D dk dktk eod/ jB, fJ~e xo, pzX[iB, tzPktbhnkfd gfotko ft~u frD/ ikd/ jB.

nkw s"o s/ gfotko ft~u fJ~e wod, T[; dh gsBh ns/ UBK dh nfttkfjs ;zskB Bz{ Pkfwb ehsk frnkj?. fJ; gfotko Bz{ w{b gfotko efjzd/ jB. nfijk gfotko fJ~e ;[szso fJekJh j' ;edk j?, fpBK Bkboj/ fJj gfotko fJ~e ;z:[es iK ftPkb gfotko dk nzr th j' ;edk j?. gqkozfGe (w{b) gfotko ft~u nfjwns/ T[; dh ;zskB Bz{ fwbk e/ d' ghVhnK d/ w?Apo ofjzd/ jB. nfjw d/ GkJhnK d/ gfotkoK dh nfijhnKfJekJhnK Bkb w{b gfotko dh nftGkfis ;zgsh j' ;edh j?. Pkj d/ nB[;ko fJ~e w{b gfotko g{oD nd/ng{oD d't/A j' ;edk j?. fJ~e g{oD gfotko ft~u gsh, gsBh ns/ UBK d/ nfttkfjs p~u/ j' ;ed/ jB.fJ~e ng{oD gfotko ft~u e[M jh Bk fe ;G w?Apo ofjzd/ jB.


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5H2H15H2H15H2H15H2H15H2H1 fjzd{nK ft~u pzX[st fjzd{nK ft~u pzX[st fjzd{nK ft~u pzX[st fjzd{nK ft~u pzX[st fjzd{nK ft~u pzX[stBks/dkoh ftt;Ek dk ;EkB noEks fi; Yzr Bkb ftneshnK ns/ ;w{jK ftueko ;zpzXK Bz{ nk:'fis ehsk iKdkj?, ;G wkBt ;wkiK ft~u gqw[~y j?. o?vefbc pqkT{B B/ Bks/dkoh ftt;Ek d/ nzsors nfXekoK ns/ fIzw/dkohnKd/ nfXn?B T[Zs/ pb fd~sk ns/ fJ; Bz{ (Bks/dkoh) ;wkfie ;zouBk d/ nzr d/ o{g ft~u d/fynk. fJzt; gqhuovB/ d~yD ;{vkB d/ fBT[no ;w[dkJ/ d/ nkgD/ nfXn?B ft~u Bks/dkoh ;w{jK T[Zs/, ftP/P eo e/ g[oP bkJhB ft~utk;sfte g{oti T[Zs/ nkXkfos tzP ;w{jK Bz{ r's fejk j?. gqzs{, w?ebhBB ns/ ;o j/Bohw?B d/ fJ; ws Bz{ n~i;woEB gqkgs BjhA j? fe Bks/dkoh ftt;EktK dh s[bBk T[dftek;h ekBz{B d/ Bkb ehsh ikDh ukjhdh j?.T[d:'freh dh soK Bks/dkoh ftt;EktK ;zuthA T[dGt dh e;"Nh T[Zs/ goyhnK BjhA ik ;edhnK. Bks/dkohftt;EktK Bz{ T[Zsw iK yokp, T[Zu iK fBwB d/ o{g ft~u BjhA ;wfMnk ik ;edk. Uj sK e/tb ekoi eoDd/ T[gktK d/ o{g ft~u jh d/yhnK iKdhnK jB. noEks T[ZsokfXeko j;sKsoD ns/ ftnkj d/ pko/ ft~u fB:wKns/ fB:wBK d/ o{g ft~u jh Bks/dkoh ftt;EktK Bz{ ;wM ;ed/ jB.

fJtK; fouov B/ fJj gqdofPs ehsk j? fe fBT{no ;wki ft~u r's ;w{j fe; gqeko okiBhfse ;w{jK d/o{g ft~u ezw eod/ ;B. ncqhek ft~u nfij/ ;w{jK dh Gosh, fBozsosk ns/ ekoiftXh T[Zs/ fJtK; fouovB/ pb fd~sk j?. w/no c'oN/; B/ Bks/dkoh d/ nfXn?B ft~u ftneshnK ns/ ;w{jK ftueko nkg;h ;zpzXKT[Zs/ pb fd~sk j?. fJ; gqeko n;hA ;zg{oD ;wki Bz{ ;wM ;ed/ jK ns/ fJj th ikD ;ed/ jK fe fJ; ft~uBks/dkoh ;w{j fe; soK fBofws j[zd/ jB ns/ Uj fe; soK ezw eod/ jB. n;hA fJj th ;wM ;ed/ jKfe Bks/dkoh d/ ikb ft~u ftnesh fJ~e d{i/ Bkb pzB e/ ;zpXK dk ikb fe;/ soK fBofws eod/ jB. ;w{jKft~u ftnkj eoD d/ sohfenK d/ o{g ft~u th Bks/dkoh ftt;EktK Bz{ ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?. b/th^;NkT[;;d/ nB[;ko, ftnkj d[nkok, Bks/dkoh ;w{jK ft~u w?Apo Gosh ehs/ iKd/ jB. fJ~e n"os ftnkj d[nkok j'o;w{j ft~u gsBh ns/ pj{ d/ o{g ft~u w?Apo pDdh j?. ns/ fJ~e wod nkgDh gsBh d/ wksk fgsk d/ ;w{jft~u Pkfwb UBK dh g[~soh ns/ iztkJh d/ o{g ft~u Pkfwb j[zdk j?. fJ; soK ftnkj d[nkok Bks/dkoh ;w{j;zgkfds j[zd/ jB.

o'fpB c'e; d/ nB[;ko, Bks/dkoh d/ nfXn?B dk noE j?̂ ftnesh eh eodk j? ns/ Uj nfijk feUA eodkj?, ns/ fJ~e T[gkn d/ ;EkB s/ j'o T[gktK d/ nB[;oD d/ eh Bshi/ jB< Bks/dkoh d/ pko/ ft~u c'e; B/fBwBfbfys uko gqw[~y f;XKsK dk T[b/y ehsk j?^

1H p~u/ n"osK s'A T[sgzB j[zd/ jB.

2H n"osK Bz{ g[oP roGtsh eod/ jB.

3H nkw s"o s/ wod fB:zsoD o~yd/ jB.

4H gqkoEfwe oes ;zpzXh nkg; ft~u :"B ;zpzX BjhA eod/.

c'e; d/ nB[;ko nkw GkPk ft~u “oesiB” ftueko ;zpzX, noEks Uj ftnesh i' tk;sfte wkfDs iKebfgs oessk d[nkok i[V/ j'J/ j'D UBK Bz{ Pkfwb ehsk iKdk j?. gqzs{ “tk;sfte” oessk Bz{ gfoGkfPseoBk ns/ b~GDk w[Pfeb ezw j?. fJ; bJh fJ~e oes ;zpzXh Uj j? i' ;wki d[nkok oes ;zpzXh eoko fd~skfrnk j?, ns/ fJ; d/ Bkb nB[tzfPe noE ft~u oes ;zpzXsk dk Io{oh o{g Bkb e'Jh ;o'eko BjhA j?. n;hA“fgsk” iK “t?X fgsk” ns/ “iDe” iK tk;sfte i?fte fgsk d/ ft~u nzso eod/ jK. r'd b?Dk fJ~ej'o T[dkjoD j?. fJ~e fttkfjs bVeh ;zskB T[sgsh s'A pknd nkg jh fttkfje ;t?iB Bkb oes ;zpzXhpD iKdh j?. fJ; bJh ;woessk ;wki d[nkok gfoGkfPs ftP/Psk j?. T[dkjoD bJh Gkph ftnkj gqEkd/ nzsors fttkfje ;t?iBK dk ftnkj ;woes ;zpzXhnK Bkb j[zdk j?.

ikB p/sh B/ Bks/dkoh dh T[g:[es ftnkfynk gq;s[s ehsh j?.p/sh d/ nB[;ko ;wkfie ;zpzXK Bz{ gfjukBDns/ ftt;fEs eoD d/ ;kXB d/ o{g ft~u i?fte ;zpzX dhnK nkXkoG{s e'NhnK jo ;wki ft~u gkJhnKiKdhnK jB. Bks/dkoh b'eK d/ ft~u ftG/d eoD dhnK Pq/DhnK gqdkB eodh j?. fJ; bJh Bks/dkoh Pq/DhnK;wkfie nfXe ns/ ftXkfBe iK nkofEe x~N jB. Bks/dkoh Pq/DhnK dk T[g:'r ;wkfie ;zpzXK, ;wkfiefttjko d/ ftfPPN gqekoK ns/ yk; gqeko dhnK T[whdK, nk;EktK ns/ w[~bK Bz{ gfoGkfPs eoD ft~u ehsk


B ØN


iKdk j?. fJj ;zpzX ;~sk ns/ nXhBsk, nkofEe nkdkB^gqdkB, xo/b{ ;fj:'r, ;z;feqfse iK ;wko'j Bkbi[V/ j'J/ j' ;ed/ jB, ns/ fJBK dh feqnkPhbsk nB/eK fGzB sohfenK ft~u ehsh ik ;edh j?. fJ; soKBks/dkoh dk noE UBK sohfenK ns/ ;kXBK s'A j? fiBK d/ d[nkok ;wkfie ftt;Ek Bz{ fJ~e ;o{g gqdkBehsk iKdk j?. gqzs{ Bks/dkoh T[ZsokfXeko, ;zgsh d/ j;sKsoD, d[GkiB ns/ ftGkiB dk th fJ~e f;XKsj?. e[M nfXn?BK s'A gsk u~fbnk j? fe Gkosh fgzvK ft~u ikshnK, T[gikshnK, r's ns/ tzPktbh d/ ;wkBKso“r[N” gkJ/ iKd/ jB. fJ; gqeko Bks/dkoh ft~u g{o/ ihtB dk ;wkt/P j[zdk j?. Bks/dkoh ftt;Ek Bz{ ;wMDbJh ;wki dh GkPk, w[~b ns/ b'eK d/ fttjko Bz{ ;wMDk Io{oh j?. ftnesh Bz{ nkgD/ ihtB d/ pj[s ;ko/;wkfie ;zpzXK Bz{ ;wMD bJh Bks/dkoh dh wdd b?Dh g?Adh j?. Bks/dkoh d[nkok fJ~e ghVh s'A d{ih ghVhd/ b'eK Bz{ gq;fEsh ns/ ;zgsh j;sKsfos ehsh iKdh j?. fJj r~b ;G ;wkiK bJh ;jh j?^ ukj/ UBK dkgq'd[:'fre ns/ T[d:'fre ftek; dk ;so e[M th feUA Bk j't/. nkX[fBe gqiksKsfoe ;wkiK ft~u thgqGktekoh ;wkfie ;w{j Bks/dkoh T[Zs/ fdykJh fdzd/ jB.fJ; soK Bks/dkoh dh ifNbsk ns/ ftPkbsk dknfj;k; eod/ j'J/ w?fbB't;eh B/ fJ; Bz{ Bks/dkoh phirfDs dk BK fd~sk j?.

5H2H25H2H25H2H25H2H25H2H2 Bks/dkoh Ppdktbh Bks/dkoh Ppdktbh Bks/dkoh Ppdktbh Bks/dkoh Ppdktbh Bks/dkoh PpdktbhBks/dkoh Ppdktbh ns/ Bks/dkoh fttjko d/ ft~u nzso;zpzX dh ftnkfynk eod/ j'J/ wov'e B/ Bks/dkohPpdK dhnK d' Pq/DhnK dk toDB ehsk j?.

(1) ;zp'XB Ppd ns/ (2) ;zdoG Ppd. ;zp'XB Ppd pzX[iBK d/ w~X ;z;feqfse fdqPNh Bkb gqshwkfBs;zpzXK Bz{ ;wMD bJh nfGzB nzr j?. ;zdoG Ppd jo nfij/ ;zpzX ft~u gkJ/ ikD tkb/ fe;/ fJ~e gq;fEshBz{ fJPkok eoD tkb/ d/ GkPkJh gqshe jB. feUAfe fe;/ th gq;fEsh Bz{ ;z;feqfse fdqPNh Bkb ng/fynsfttjko d/ nkXko s/ gfoGkfPs ehsk ik ;edk j?. ;zdoG PpdK ns/ T[; ;zpzXsk fi; ft~u fJzfrs pzX[iBnzsofeqnk eod/ jB, UBK ft~u BIdhe ekoikswe ;zpzXsk gkJ/ ikD d/ gqkrD[Gfte ekoD j[zd/ jB.;zpzXhnK d/ Pkpfde torheoD ns/ ;wkfie torheoD d/ ft~u fBeN ;fj;zpzX gkfJnk frnk j?. gqzs{Bks/dkoh PpdK ns/ fttjko gqshwkBK ft~u ;ot;wsk fBog~y BjhA j?. ftfGzB soK dhnK tk;sftesktKT[Zs/ fJ~e torheoD Ppd bkr{ eoD ekoD nfijk nzso fdykJh fdzdk j?, fit/A fgsk dhnK ;kohnK gsBhnKBz{ “wksk” efj e/ ;zp'XB eoD ft~u nfijh efmBkJh nkUAdh j?.fJ;/ soK “ukuk”, ns/ “ukuh” fij/ Bks/dkoh Ppd th T[fus ;zpzXK Bz{ BjhA fdykUAd/ jB, id'A s~e UBK Bz{ ;zdoGh PpdK ft~u ;gPN BjhA ehskiKdk. “ukuk” dk T[g:'r fgsk d/ GkJh, wK d/ GkJh, fgsk dh G?D d/ gsh nkfd Bz{ ;zp'fXs eoD ft~uehsk ik ;edk j?. fJfsjkf;e gqGktK, GkPkJh ftG/dK, wB'ftfrnkfBe gqfeqnktK, ftnkj d/ fB:wK nkfdnB/e ekoDK d[nkok Bks/dkoh Ppdktbh dk fBoXkoD j[zdk j?. b{;h w/no B/ e[M wj~stg{oD Bks/dkoh PpdKBz{ fJ; gqeko gfoGkfPs ehsk j?^

1H pzX[iB^pzX[iB^pzX[iB^pzX[iB^pzX[iB^pzX[iB ftneshnK dk nfijk ;w{j j? i' nfjw Bkb tzPktfbe o{g Bkb i[V/ j'J/ jB. UBKb'eK Bz{ nfjw bJh ;KMh fIzw/dkoh j' ;edh j?.

2H wksq^fgsq ;zpzXhwksq^fgsq ;zpzXhwksq^fgsq ;zpzXhwksq^fgsq ;zpzXhwksq^fgsq ;zpzXh^fJ~e ftnesh d/ wksq^fgsq ;zpzXh Uj b'e jB i' T[; Bkb “oes” d[nkok i[V/j'J/ jB.

3H ftnkj ;zpzXh^ftnkj ;zpzXh^ftnkj ;zpzXh^ftnkj ;zpzXh^ftnkj ;zpzXh^fiBK ftneshnK dk ;zpzX fJ~e ftnesh Bkb ftnkj d[nkok ;Ekfgs j[zdk j? UjT[; d/ ftnkj ;zpzXh efjbkUAd/ jB.

4H ;fwPN ;w{j^;fwPN ;w{j^;fwPN ;w{j^;fwPN ;w{j^;fwPN ;w{j^fJj Uj ;w{j jB fiBK dk nkXko ;KMh ;zgsh dh wbehns j?.;fwPN ;w{jfgsqtzPh iK wksqtzPh nkXko T[Zs/ fBofws j[zd/ jB.

Bks/dkoh d/ nfXn?B dk wsbp wB[~y ihtB d/ nkXkoG{s s~EK fit/A ;zrwB, ;roGsktXh,fgsq~st, ;wkiheoD, ;j'dosk nkfd d/ pko/ ft~u wB[~y dhnK feqnktK d/ nfXn?B s'A j?.

B'N;


B ØN


5H tzPktbh^tzPktbh^tzPktbh^tzPktbh^tzPktbh^tzP d/ nkXko T[Zs/ fBofws ;fwPN ;w{j Bz{ tzPktbh fejk iKdk j?. fJ~e r's d/ b'eK ft~unB/eK tzPktbhnK gkJhnK ik ;edhnK jB.

6H gkoPfte^gkoPfte^gkoPfte^gkoPfte^gkoPfte^fJ; d/ d[nkok Bks/dkoh ;w{j d/ “g~y” dk p'X j[zdk j?.

7H tzfPe^tzfPe^tzfPe^tzfPe^tzfPe^fJ; d/ d[nkok ;w{j dh “o/yk” dk frnkB j[zdk j?.

5H2H35H2H35H2H35H2H35H2H3 Gkos ft~u Bks/dkoh Gkos ft~u Bks/dkoh Gkos ft~u Bks/dkoh Gkos ft~u Bks/dkoh Gkos ft~u Bks/dkohGkos ft~u Bks/dkoh dh ftnkfynk nzso^gfotkfoe ns/ pkjoh gfotkfoe ;soK T[Zs/ t~y^t~y ns/ Bks/dkohns/ gfotko d/ nfGpzX d/ ;zdoG ft~u ehsh ik ;edh j?. fJ; bJh gfotkfoe Bks/dkoh ft~u “gqkoEfwe;zpzXhnK” Bz{ Pkfwb ehsk iKdk j?.gsh^gsBh, fgsk^g[~so, wksk^g[~soh, wksk^g[~so, fgsk^g[~so, t~vk ns/ S'NkGkJh, t~vh ns/ S'Nh G?D ns/ GkJh^G?D T[Zs/ nzso^gfotkfoe ;zpzXK d/ o{g ft~u pb fd~sk iKdk j?. fJj ;zpzXfJ~e jh J/ekeh gfotko d/ nzr jB ns/ fJBK ;zpzXhnK Bz{ “gqiDB gfotko” sk BK fd~sk frnk j?. gfotko d/pkjo “d{i/ ;so” ns/ “shi/ ;so” d/ ;zpzXh gkJ/ iKd/ jB.wov'e B/ n~m “gqkoEfwe” ns/ 33 “d{i/ ;so”d/ ;zpzXhnK dk T[b/y ehsk j?. jo d{i/ ;so d/ ;zpXh d/ gqkoEfwe ;zpzXh j[zd/ jB. shi/ ;so d/ ;zpzXhnK ft~uPkfJd 151 Bks/dko j[zd/ jB, ns/ shi/ ;so d/ ;zpzXhnK s'A fJbktk “d{o” d/ ;zpzXh th j[zd/ jB.

Gkos ft~u r's s'A pkjo ftnkj ns/ iksh nzso^ftnkj j[zd/ jB. fJ~e iksh ft~u nB/eK r's j[zd/ jB ns/ jor's ft~u nB/eK tzPktbhnK gkJhnK iKdhnK jB. tzP d/ w?ApoK dk ;KMk g{oti nkw s"o s/ fJ~e tk;sfte,gfjukD :[es ftnesh j[zdk j?, gqzs{ fJ~e r's dk ;KMk g{oti ekbgfBe ns/ nkb"fee t;s{ j[zdk j?. fJ~e r'sd/ w?Apo fJ~e ftfPPN y/so ft~u c?b/ j'J/ j[zd/ jB ns/ fJ; bJh Uj nkw fjsK dk gkbD eoD iK fe;/ gqekodk ;z:[es ekoi eoD ft~u nkgD/ nkg Bz{ n;woE gkUAd/ jB. fco th r's d/ w?ApoK ft~u ;KM/ nkXko T[Zs/g{ik eoD ekoD ;fjGkrh feqnk dk nkXko pfDnk ofjzdk j?. r's d/ nkXko T[Zs/ iksh d/ nzdo ftnkj bJhgksosk fBoXkfos j[zdh j?. nB/eK sohfenK ft~u r's nkXko s'A th nfXe ;z;ekoK d/ nB[gkbD, nkofEe feqnktKd/ gfogkbD, nkg;h ;fj:'r nkfd d/ ;zdoG ft~u iksh nkXkfos fBqiksh e/Adotkd gkfJnk iKdk j?. fjsK ns/fBPmktK dh ;KM bJh “n"os^g~yh pzX{“ ns/ “ekbgfBe pzX{“ th nkXko j[zd/ jB.

n;hA gfjbK jh toDB eo u[e/ jK fe Bks/dkoh ;wkfie ftt;Ek dk gqw[~y nkXko j?, gqzs{ fJ; d/ Bkb BkbT[ZsokfXeko ns/ ;zgsh j;sKsoD d/ ;zdoG ft~u Bks/dkoh ftGkiB ns/ ft;~wsh dk th nkXko j/. tzPJ/esk T[Zs/ ed/ ed/ j?tkfBns jkth j' iKdh j?. g[~soK^g'soK, GkJhnK d/ ft~u MrV/ nkw s"o s/ d/y/ rJ/jB. ;j'do Jhoyk th gkJh iKdh j?.

5H2H45H2H45H2H45H2H45H2H4 Gkos ft~u Bks/dkoh ftt;Ek dk eot/ d[nkok nfXn?B Gkos ft~u Bks/dkoh ftt;Ek dk eot/ d[nkok nfXn?B Gkos ft~u Bks/dkoh ftt;Ek dk eot/ d[nkok nfXn?B Gkos ft~u Bks/dkoh ftt;Ek dk eot/ d[nkok nfXn?B Gkos ft~u Bks/dkoh ftt;Ek dk eot/ d[nkok nfXn?B;wkfie fttjko d/ y/soh gqshwkB fij/ ;o{g Bz{ ;wMD bJh fJoktsh eot/ B/ uko ;z;feqfse y/soK dhs[bBkswe ftnkfynk ehsh j?. fJ~e y/so ft~u ftfGzB ;EkfBe gqshwkB j' ;ed/ jB. ;'gkB ns/ iks T[Zs/nkXkfos nbrkt ns/ fGzBsk d/ ekoD ftfGzB ikshnK ft~u ftG/d gkJ/ iKd/ jB. eot/ B/ Bks/dkoh d/ ;zdoGft~u ;z;feqsheoD ns/ ftt;EkgB dh gqfeqnk dh ftnkfynk ehsh j?. fBqiksh^Pq'sktK, ntb'eDK ns/iB^;kfjs d/ Bkb Bkb Xkofwe rqzEK d/ nkXko s/ eot/ B/ fszB jIko ;kb dh ntXh Bz{ Yed/ j'J/ fJ~efJfsjkf;e fdqPNhe'D ngDkfJnk j?. eot/ d/ s[bBkswe nfXn?B ft~u fBwBfbfys w[~d/ w[~y jB^

1H Gkosh GkPktK ft~u Bks/dkoh PpdK dhnK ;{uhnK

2H UBK d/ GkPkJh ;zdoG ns/ T[; d/ nB[;ko fttjko ns/ wB'ftq~shnK

3H tzP ns/ ftok;s d/ fB:w

4H ftnkj ns/ gfotko d/ gqshwkB

5H ;z;feqfse T[Zso ns/ dqftVhnB d~yD ft~u nzso

Gkos ft~u Bks/dkoh ftt;Ek Bz{ ;wMD bJh eot/ B/ GkPkJh y/soK ft~u iksh ns/ gfotko Bz{ pj[swj~stg{oD nkXko d~f;nk j?. GkPkJh iksh ns/ gfotko ftt;EktK Bz{ w~d/BIo o~yd/ j'J/ g{o/ d/P Bz{ eot/B/ T[Zsoh, e/Adoh, d~yDh ns/ g{oph y/soK ft~u ftGkfis ehsk j?. w'N/ s"o s/ Bks/dkoh ftt;Ek GkPkJh gqshwkB


B ØN


Bkb w/b yKdh j?, gqzas{ e[M noEK ft~u GkPk ns/ Bks/dkoh dk skbw/b BjhA gkfJnk iKdk. T[dkjoD bJh,wjKokPNo T[Zs/ dqftV dk gqGkt j?, ns/ dqftVhnB Bks/dkoh ftt;Ek T[Zs/ T[Zsoh Gkos ft~u p'bh ikD tkbh;z;feqfse GkPktK dk gqGkt fdykJh fdzdk j?. fJBK ekoeK T[Zs/ nkXkfos ftG/dK d/ j[zd/ j'J/ th d' nkw r~bK fJ;soK jBL

1H ftnkj ;dk fJ~e iksh ns/ iBiksh d/ nzdo jh j[zdk j?, ns/

2H ftnkj wksk fgsk ns/ UBK dh ;zskB d/ ft~u ns/ ;j'doK ft~u tofis j?.

5H2H55H2H55H2H55H2H55H2H5 T[Zso Gkos ft~u Bks/dkoh T[Zso Gkos ft~u Bks/dkoh T[Zso Gkos ft~u Bks/dkoh T[Zso Gkos ft~u Bks/dkoh T[Zso Gkos ft~u Bks/dkohT[Zso Gkos ft~u d' soK d/ Bks/dkoh Ppd jB^(1) oes ;zpzXhnK bJh Ppd, ns/ (2) ftnkj ;zpzXhnKbJh Ppd. fszB ghVh s~e d/ fBeNsw ;zpzXhnK bJh gqkoEfwe Ppd jB ns/ fJ~e ghVh d/ b'eK d/ Ppdj'o ghVh d/ b'eK bJh pdb/ BjhA ik ;ed/. j'o ;G Ppd gqkoEfwe PpdK s'A pDkJ/ iKd/ jB.

T[Zso Gkos ft~u f;zXh, gzikph, fjzdh (ns/ gjkVh), fpjkoh, pzrkbh, n;wh ns/ B/gkbh GkPh b'e ns/y/so Pkfwb jB. fJBK y/soK ft~u gqkoEfwe ;zpzXhnK d/ ft~u :"B ;zpzXK pko/ iksh, nzso^ftnkj, r'spkjoh ftnkj ns/ nr:rwB fBP/X d/ fB:wK dk em'osk Bkb gkbD ehsk ikdk j?. ;G ftnkj ;zpzXK ft~uPk;B d/ fB:w Bz{ e[zih wzfBnk iKdk j?. noEks fJ~e ftnesh nkgD/ fgsk^g~y gfotko ft~u ftnkj BjhAeo ;edk. ns/ ;fgzv^pzX{iBK Bkb th ftnkj pzXB ;Ekfgs BjhA ehs/ ik ;ed/. pqkjwrhD fdqPNh Bkbr's pkjoh ftnkj fJekJhnK jB. ed/ ed/ fJ~e iksh th nzso fttkfje iK pkjoh fttkfje r'sK ft~uftGkfis j[zdh j?, ns/ nfij/ r'sK ft~u tzvh ofjzdh j? fiBK dk ftnkj fB:wBK ft~u fe;/ soK dk ;zpzXBjhA j[zdk. fgzv pkjoh ftnkj dh gqEk th gkJh iKdh j?.

fJ; soK T[Zso Gkos ft~u Bks/dkoh dhnK x~N s'A x~N uko w[~y ftP/PsktK gkJhnK iKdhnK jB^ (1) y/sosk(2) tzPô[~y, (3) nr:rwB fBP/X, ns/ (4) ;EkfBe pkjoh ftnkj. iksh gq;fEsh Bkb i[VhnK ;hwktK d/ekoD th nzso ftnkj dk y/so ;hfws j' iKdk j?. Bks/dkoh ns/ ;EkB d'jK d/ ;zdoG ft~u ftnkj gqshpzXBKd/ ekoD fJ~e t~v/ y/so ft~u ftnkj eoD T[Zs/ o'e b~r ikdh j?. ftnkj ;zpzXK ft~u wksk^fgsk ;zpzXh o[ektNKns/ ;EkfBe pkjoh ftnkj fB:w dk ;ysh Bkb gkbD ehsk iKdk j?. gqzs{ e[M w~X ikshnK ns/ fInkdksofBwB ikshnK ft~u e/tb fgsk ns/ wksk d/ r'sK Bz{ jh ftnkj ;zpzX eoD ft~u Nkfbnk iKdk j?.

5H2H65H2H65H2H65H2H65H2H6 e/Adoh Gkos ft~u Bks/dkoh e/Adoh Gkos ft~u Bks/dkoh e/Adoh Gkos ft~u Bks/dkoh e/Adoh Gkos ft~u Bks/dkoh e/Adoh Gkos ft~u Bks/dkohe/Adoh Gkos ft~u oki;EkB, w~Xgqd/P, r[ioks, ekmhnktkV, wjKokPNo ns/ T[Vh;k d/ GkPkJh y/soK ns/oki;EkBh, fjzdh, r[ioksh,, ekmhnktkVh, wokmh ns/ T[Vhnk GkPh b'eK Bz{ Pkfwb ehsk frnk j?. fJBK;G GkPktK dh T[sgsh ;z;feqfse j? ns/ fJ; bJh fJBK dk brkt T[Zsoh y/so ft~u gkfJnk ikdk j?. gqzs{fJ; y/so ft~u dqftV GkPktK d/ S'N/ y/so th jB. g{oph y/so dk th e[M gqGkt j?. fJ; y/so ft~u j'ob'eK dh s[bBk ft~u nkfdtk;h b'eK dh nB'yh ns/ e[M nb~r ;fEsh j?. e/Adoh y/so d/ ;zdoG ft~u fBwBw[~d/ fXnkB d/D :'r jBL

1H G?D^Gok ;zssh ftnkj w~X Gkos ft~u gkJ/ ikd/ jB id'A fe T[Zso y/so ft~u nfijk BjhA j?.ww/o/ c[c/o/ GkJh G?D ftgohs :'Bh d/ ;j'doK dh ;zskB j[zdhnK jB. ;wkBKso uu/o/ w";/o/ GkJh G?DT[;/ :'Bh d/ ;j'doK dh ;zskB j[zdh j?.

2H T[Zso Gkos dh soK fJ~E/ th nB/eK ikshnK pkjoh fttkfje r'sK ft~u tzvhnK j'JhnK jB.

3H e[M ikshnK ft~u pkjoh ftnkj r's nB[b'fwe ;'gkB ft~u nB[p~X jB.

T[Zso Gkos ft~u pqkjwDK ns/ j'o T[Zu ikshnK ft~u uko r's (;kPB) fB:wdk gkbD ehsk iKdk j?. noEks fgsk, wksk, dkdh ns/ BkBh d/ r'sK d/ gfotkoKd/ Bkb ftnkj ;zpzX eoBk tofis ;wfMnk iKdk j?.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j'


B ØN


gqzs{ fJj ftP/PsktK g{o/ y/so ft~u BjhA gkJhnK iKdhnK. T[dkjoD bJh oki;EkB ft~u ikNK ft~u fd_r'sopkjoh ftnkj d/ Bkb rqkw pkjoh ftnkj d/ fB:w th gkJ/ iKd/ jB, pkDhnK ft~u uko r's fB:w dk gkbDehsk iKdk j?, ns/ okig{sK ft~u nB[b'fwe r's gkJ/ iKd/ jB. ns/ ftnkj ;zpzXK ft~u ;kwzsh gq;fEsh T[Zs/pb fd~sk iKdk j?. okig{s tzP dh gft~sosk ns/ nfGiksesk Bz{ pj[s wj~st fd~sk iKdk j?. tho ns/Pk;e j'D Bz{ ftnkj ft~u gfjb fd~sh iKdh j?. gqshekswe ftnkj (sbtko d/ Bkb ftnkj) dh gqEk ns/wksk dh ;fEsh th fJ~e ekoe ;wMh iKdh j?. r[ioks ns/ ekmhnktkV ft~u ;EkfBe gqEktK ns/ T[ZsohGkos d/ fotkiK dk ftP/P fwPoD gkfJnk iKdk j?. e[M ikshnK Gok^G?D ;zssh ftnkj gkJ/ iKd/ ;B.j'o ikshnK ft~u fJ~e ;kb ft~u fJ~e tko ftnkj j[zd/ ;B. ns/ j'o ;w[dktK ft~u uko, gzi, B" tko iK;kbK ft~u fJ~e tko ftnkj eoD dh nkfrnk fd~sh iKdh ;h. ftnkj ;kb pko/ jo fgzv ft~u x'PDk ehshikdh ;h ns/ ftnkj ;zgzB eoD bJh d"V pkDhJ/, ekBfpJ/ ns/ T[Zu ekohro ikshnK ft~u T[Zsoh Gkosdk Bks/dkoh ftt;Ek gqshwkB gkfJnk iKdk j?. gqzs{ d~yD y/so d/ th e[M fotkI fdykJh fdzd/ jB. ekmh,njho, xdktk, ukoD ns/ rok;hnk ikshnK ft~u G?D^Gok ;zssh ftnkj ekch gqufbs jB. e'bhnK,Y/vK ns/ GhbK (iBiksh) ft~u d'jK dh soK Gok^G?D ;zssh ftnkj gkJ/ iKd/ jB.fJ; gqeko oki;EkB ns/r[ioks ft~u w[~y s"o s/ T[Zsoh Gkos dk gqshwkB gkfJnk iKdk j?. Bks/dkoh Ppdktbh dh T[sgsh;z;feqfse j? ns/ e[M dh T[sgsh e/Adoh J/fPnkJh j?.

fJoktsh eot/ d/ nB[;ko wjKokPNo nfijk y/so j? fi~E/ T[Zso Gkosh ;z;feqfse s~sK dk fJ~e ;zs[fbso{g fdykJh fdzdk j?, gqzs{ T[Zso Gkos dk gqG[~st E'Vk fInkdk gqshs j[zdk j?. r[ioks, oki;EkB, fjwkubft~u T[Zsoh GkPktK p'bhnK iKdhnK jB. fJ; y/so ft~u nkfdtk;h b'e w[zvkoh p'bd/ jB. dqftVhnBGkPktK ;z;feqfse GkPktK d/ Bkb fwPfos o{g ft~u gkJhnK iKdhnK jB. wjKokPNo ft~u iksh ;zouBk d~yDns/ T[Zso d'jK jh y/soK s'A E'Vh fGzB j?. wokmh ns/ e[Bph d't/A fwbk e/ e[b iB;zfynk dk brGr 40#j?. wokfmnK dh ;fEsh T[Zuh wzBh iKdh j?, gqzs{ fJ~e XBh e[Bph wokmk d/ pokpo gq;fEsh gqkgs eo ;edkj?. d't/A jh ;w{j nkgD/ nkg Bz{ y~soh efjzd/ jB. wokmkê[Bph fwPfos Pk;e tor fojk j?. n~i thfgzvK ft~u w[yhnk iK gkfNb fJ~e wokmk jh j[zdk j?.

e[Bph pkjohfttkfje r'sK ft~u ftGkfis j?. e[M ft~u Gkph ftnkj dh gqEk j?, j'o b'eK ft~u G?D^Gok ;zsshftnkj Bz{ fBP/X ;wfMnk iKdk j?, ns/ e[M e[Bp/ nfij/ th jB fiBK ft~u nfij/ ftnkjK T[Zs/ e'Jh gqshpzXBjhA brkJ/ rJ/ jB. e/Adoh wjKokPNo ft~u nB[b'w ns/ r's^pkjoh ftnkj gkJ/ iKd/ jB. d~yDhwjKokPNo ft~u G?D^Gok ;zssh ftnkj ns/ ukuk Gshih ftnkj T[dkjoD jB. wokfmnK dh r's ftt;Ekokig{sK Bkb fwbdh i[bdh j?. T[dkjoD bJh okig{sK dh soK wokm/ th g[okfDe T[sgsh dk dktk eod/jB. okig{sK dh soK jh wokfmnK d/ BK th o~y/ iKd/ jB. gqzs{ pkjoh ftnkj fB:w r's BK T[Zs/ fBoGoBk j' e/ r's Bkb i[V/ j'J/ gqshe T[Zs/ fBoGo j?. fJ; gqshe Bz{ “d/te” efjzd/ jB. fJ~e jh “d/te” d/d' ftneshnK ft~u ftnkj BjhA ;edk. ftnkj ft~u r's ns/ d/te d'tK dh jh wj~stg{oD G{fwek j?.r'sdh gq;fEsh dk nB[b'w ftnkj ;zpzXK ft~u wj~stg{oD ;EkB j?.

wokfmnK ft~u 96 r's jB. fJBK 96 r'sK ft rshPhbsk ns/ gq;fEsh d/ ;ze/Adohftqs gkJ/ iKd/ jB. ;ikshfdqPNh Bkb ;wikshtkd dk nGkt j?. “gzue[b” noEks gzi r'sK dk M[zv gkfJnk iKdk j?. fJ;' s'A fJbktk“;gs r'soh” M[zv ns/ nB[b'fwe yzv j?. ;wkBKso uu/o/^w";/o/ GkJh^G?D ftnkjK T[Zs/ gqshpzX j?.fgsk^g~yh G?D^Gok ;zssh ftnkjK T[Zs/ th o'e j?. wksk^g~yh G?D^Gok ;zssh ftnkj Bz{ gfjb fd~sh iKdhj?. G?DK fJ~e jh ftnesh Bkb ftnkj eo ;edhnK jB. GkJh nkw s"o s/ d' G?DK Bkb ftnkj eoBk Nkbd/jB. T[Zsoh wjKokPNo d/ e[BphnK ft~u Gkph^ftnkj dh gqEk j?. nkdkB gqdkB ftnkj uzr/ BjhA ;wM/iKd/.

T[Vh;k d/ r"V, T[oKt ns/ e"AX nkfdtk;h b'e dqftV GkPktK p'bd/ jB.UBK dh Bks/dkoh ftt;Ek dh s[bBkdqftV GkPh b'eK dh Bks/dkoh ftt;Ek Bkb ehsh ik ;edh j?. w[zvk, p'Av' ns/ e[M ;kUok b'e w[zvkoh p'bd/jB. T[Vh;k ft~u pqkjwD PkfJd T[Zso gqd/P, fpjko ns/ w~X gqd/P s'A nk e/ t;/ jB. nkoDe pqkjwDKns/ ekoBK (ek:;E) ft~u G?D^Gok ;zssh ftnkj tofis j?. rohp torK ft~u efBPm Gkph ftnkjgqufbs j?.


B ØN


5H2H75H2H75H2H75H2H75H2H7 d~yD Gkos ft~u Bks/dkoh d~yD Gkos ft~u Bks/dkoh d~yD Gkos ft~u Bks/dkoh d~yD Gkos ft~u Bks/dkoh d~yD Gkos ft~u Bks/dkohd~yD Gkos ft~u eoBkNe, nKXok gqd/P, sfwbBkv{, e/ob ns/ fwPfos GkPktK ns/ ;w[dktK d/ gzi y/sojB. d~yD y/so ft~u Bks/dkoh ftt;Ek ns/ gfotko ;zouBk dk pj[s ifNb ;o{g j?. fgsqtzPh ns/fgsq;EkfBe ftt;EktK gqGkth jB. gqzs{ e[M ;w[dktK ft~u wksqtzPh ns/ wksq;EkfBe ftt;EktK gkJhnKiKdhnK jB, ns/ UBK ft~u d't/A gqeko d/ Bks/dkoh ;zrmB gkJ/ iKd/ jB. e[M ikshnK ft~u pj[^ftnkjdh gqEk th j?. fJBK ft~u'A e[M ft~u pj[^gsBh ns/ pj[^gsh d'jK soK d/ ftnkjK dh gqEk j?. eoBkNe,nKXok gqd/P, sfwbBkv{ ns/ wkbkpko dhnK e[M ikshnK ft~u T[Zso Gkos dh soK fgsqtzPh ns/ fgsq;EkfBe;z:[es gfotko gkJ/ iKd/ jB.

BkfJo, fsnkB, wkbkpko y/so d/ e[M w'gbk ns/ eBkok fib/ d/ p?AN ;w[dktK ft~u wksqtzPh ns/ wksq;EkfBegfotko gkJ/ iKd/ jB. fJ;/ Bz{ EkotkV d/ BK Bkb ikfDnk iKdk j?. EkotkV ft~u fJ~e n"os, fJ; d/ GkJhns/ G?DK, T[; d/ nkgD/ ns/ T[; dhnK G?DK d/ g[~so ns/ g[~sohnK ofjzd/ jB. EkotkV ft~u e'Jh th fttkfje;zpzXh BjhA ofjzdk j?. e[M oes ;zpzXhnK Bz{ th BjhA o~fynk iKdk. wod w?ApoK dh ;zskB BjhA ofjzdh.EkotkV ft~u gsh^gsBh, fgsk^g[~so ;zpzX BjhA j[zd/ jB.

T[Zso Gkos dh soK d~yD y/so ft~u iksh nzso ftnkj ns/ r's pkjoh ftnkj d/ fB:w BjhA j[zd/jB. fJ; Bz{ eoBkNe ft~u p/okrq iK p/dkrk iK pkbh fejk iKdk j?. Bhbfroh d/ e'Nk fJ; Bz{ e/ohe'skJh t/bkb febJh, e'fJnk r'sk ns/ e[o{p b'e r[Bg{ efjzd/ jB. e[M s/br{ b'e fJ; Bz{ fJzsh^g/y ns/wfbnkbh fJ~bw d/ BK Bkb ;zp'fXs eod/ jB. NqktDe'o ft~u r's dk BK t/bh j?. r's Ppd dk T[g:'rth pj[s b'e eod/ jB. r'sK d/ bJh w[~y gqshe uKdh, ;'Bk, e[bjkVh, jkEh, ;~g, uw/bh, g~Eo nkfdBz{ wzBd/ jB.

T[Zsoh y/so ft~u fgzv pkjoh ftnkj ;ot^;thfeqs woDe jB. gqzs{ d~yD y/so ft~u fJ~e jh fgzv ft~unzsofttkfje r's d/ b'e ofjzd/ jB. r"V ;w[dkJ/ ft~u fgzv pkjoh ftnkj fB:w dk gkbD BjhA ehsk iKdk.e/tb r's pkjoh ftnkj iK fJ~bw iK t/oh dk jh f;XKs gkfJnk iKdk j?. T[Zso Gkos dh soK fJ~e iksheJh pkjohfttkfje r'sK ft~u ftGkfis j?. nzsor's ftknkjK d[nkok ;G r'sK dk ;wkt/P BjhA j' gkUAdkj?. fJ~e nzsofttkfje iksh d/ nzdo S'N/ S'N/ nzsofttkfje fJekJhnK d/ u~eo pD/ j[zd/ jB. fJBK u~eoKd/ e[M gfotkoK ft~u jh nkw s"o s/ ftnkj d[nkok g[~sohnK dk nkdkB^gqdkB j[zdk j?.

d~yD y/so dhnK nkgDhnK e[M yk; ftP/PsktK jB i' T[Zsoh Gkos s'A fGzB jB. d~yD Gkos ft~u t~vhG?D dh Xh, G{nk dh Xh ns/ wkw/ dh Xh Bkb ftnkjK Bz{ gfjb fd~sh iKdh j?. nfXwkDe ftnkjK dh fJ;gqEk dk w[~y T[d/P “r's” dh J/esk ns/ J/ekswesk ns/ fJ~e jh ghVh d/ b'eK ft~u ftnkj d[nkok p/NhnKd/ nkdkB^gqdkB d/ f;XKs Bz{ pDk e/ o~yD dk j?. gqzs{ S'Nh G?D dh Xh, Gkph ftnkj ns/ wK dh G?D dhXh Bkb ftnkj eoBk fBP/X wzfBnk iKdk j?. wkwk^GkDih ftnjK ns/ G?D^Gok ;zssh ftnkjK d[nkok d[jo/;zpzXK dh T[sgsh j[zdh j? fi; ft~u fJ~e c[c/oh iK ww/oh G?D gsBh th j' ;edh j?, ns/ ftnkj s'A pkndfJ~e c[c/oh iK ww/oh G?D gsBh jh pD e/ ofjzdh j? Bk fe cc/oh^ww/oh G?D.

d~yD ns/ T[Zso Gkos dhnK Bks/dkoh ftt;EktK dk s[bBkswe fdqPNh Bkb ftPb/PD eod/ j'J/ n;hAfJj efj ;ed/ jK fe d~yD ft~u iBw d/ gfotko ns/ ftnkj d/ gfotko d/ ft~u fe;/ gqeko dk ftG/d BjhAj?, id'A fe nfijk nzso T[Zso Gkos ft~u ;gPN o{g Bkb gkfJnk iKdk j?. T[Zso ft~u oes ;zpzXhnKns/ fttkfje ;zpzXhnK Bz{ ;zp'XB bJh fGzB fGzB Ppd ;kc s"o s/ gkJ/ iKd/ jB. d~yD ft~u fJ; soKdk ftG/d nB/e PpdK d/ ;zdoG ft~u n;gPN j?. T[dkjoD bJh T[Zso Gkos ft~u fgsk dh G?D d/gsh bJh c[~cV ns/ fgsk dh G?D bJh p{nk, wK d/ GkJh ns/ T[; dh gsBh bJh wkwk^wkwh PpdKdk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?, id'A fe d~yD ft~u p{nk ns/ wkwh d'jK bJh n~sskJh dk T[g:'r eod/ jB.c[~cV ns/ wkwk d'jK bJh wkwk Ppd jh tosd/ jB. T[Zso Gkos ft~u ftPkb gqiDB gfotko ns/ftPkb fttkfje gfotko d't/A jh nb~r nb~r gkJ/ iKd/ jB. fJ; gqeko dk nzso d~yD ft~u BjhA j?.d~yD ft~u fttkfje ;zpzXhnK bJh ftP/P PpdK dk gq:'r BjhA eod/. d~yD ft~u d' nB[eqfwe ghVhnKft~u Uj ;zpzXh ofjzd/ jB.


B ØN


fJ; gqeko ftnkj ns/ iBw d[nkok ;zpzXK ns/ ftP/P eo e/ ftfGzB ghVhnK ft~u pzX[iBK d/ ftt;EkgBd/ ;zdoG ft~u d~yDh ns/ T[Zsoh pzX[st ftt;EktK ft~u nzso gkfJnk iKdk j?. d~yDh Bks/dkoh Ppdktbhft~u ghVh d/ f;XKs d/ nkXko s/ pzX[iBK dk fe;/ th gqeko dk ;gPN torheoD BjhA gkfJnk iKdk j?.ghVh Bz{ fXZnkB ft~u o~y/ fpBK d~yD ft~u nkgD/ s'A t~v/ iK S'N/ j'D d/ nkXko s/ ;G ;zpzXhnK dk ftt;EkgBehsk iKdk j?. GkJhnK ns/ G?DK bJh dqftVhnB GkPktK ft~u e'Jh Ppd BjhA jB. gqzs{ S'N/ ns/ t~v/ GkJhnKns/ G?DK bJh Ppd jB. nB/e Ppd ;wkB o{g Bkb p'b/ iKd/ jB, fit/A (1) fgsk ns/ t~v/ GkJh bJh n~Bk,n~Jhnk, (2) wK ns/ t~vh G?D bJh nkJh, (3) S'N/ GkJh ns/ g[~so bJh fgoeb, ns/ (4) S'Nh G?D ns/g[~soh bJh fgzBktb dk T[g:'r eod/ jB. fJBK PpdK Bkb t~v/ w?ApoK bJh nkdo dk ;zp'XB j[zdk j? Bkfe tk;sfte oes ;zpzXK dk. ;zdoG fpzd{ nfjw j?^ ns/ nfjw s'A t~v/ ns/ S'N/ w?Apo UBK dh T[wo d/nkXko s/ Pq/Dhfeqs ehs/ iKd/ jB.

d~yDh Bks/dkoh ftt;Ek ft~u T[wo Bk fe ghVh w[~y gfjb{ j?. ftnkj pkbh iK p/dkrk iK febJh pkjohftnkj pzX{ ;w{j s'A pkjo j[zdk j?. g[~sohnK dk nkdkB^gqdkB (ndb^pdb) ns/ BIdhe pzX{iBK ft~uftnkj Bz{ gfjb fd~sh iKdh j?. ftnkj d/ fB:w fJ; soK jBL (1) nkgD/ jh r's d/ w?Apo Bkb ftnkjeoBk Io{oh j?, ns/ (2) fJ~e bVeh dk ftnkj nkgD/ s'A t~v/ ;w{j d/ ftnesh Bkb j'Dk ukjhdk j?, gqzs{Uj ftnesh bVeh d/ wksk^fgsk s'A S'Nk th j'Dk ukjhdk j?.t~v/ G?D^Gok ;zssh ns/ bVeh dh wK d/ S'N/GkJh (noEks S'Nk wkwk) Bz{ gfjb fd~sh iKdh j?. fJ~e ftnesh nkgDh fe;/ th S'Nh G?D^Gok ;zssh ns/nkgDh t~vh G?D dh g[~soh Bkb ftnkj eo ;edk j?. cb;o{g d~yD Gkos ft~u nkdkB^gqdkB ;zpzX ns/UBK Bkb ;zpzfXs Bks/dkoh Ppd gkJ/ iKd/ jB. d~yD Gkosh Bks/dkoh ftt;Ek d/ pko/ ft~u b{Jh fvUw'B/ fBwB fpzd{nK dk T[b/y ehsk j?^

1H ssekb nkdkB^gqdkB dk f;XKs

2H ;wkfie ;w/eD dh Bhsh

3H fJ~e ;ze[fus y/so ft~u pzX{ ;w{j dk r[~SheoD

4H oes ns/ ftnkj T[Zs/ nkXkfos pzX{iBK ft~u ;gPN nzso dk nGkt

5H ;wki ft~u n"osK bJh nfXe ;[szsosk

5H2H85H2H85H2H85H2H85H2H8 g{oph y/so ft~u Bks/dkoh g{oph y/so ft~u Bks/dkoh g{oph y/so ft~u Bks/dkoh g{oph y/so ft~u Bks/dkoh g{oph y/so ft~u Bks/dkohj'o y/soK dh soK g{oph y/so G{r'fbe fdqPNh Bkb ;zfBfjs BjhA j?. T[Zsoh GkPktK s'A fJbktk w[zvkoh ns/w'Ayw'o GkPktK th p'bhnK iKdhnK jB. fJ; y/so ft~u e'oe{, nBkwh, ;e, ;/wkBkrk ns/ yk;h ;w[dkJ/ofjzd/ jB. j'o nk;Nq'^J/fPnkJh iBikshnK th ofjzdhnK jB.

w[zvkoh GkPktK p'bD tkb/ ;G b'eK ft~u fgsqtzPh ns/ fgsq;EkfBe gfotko gkJ/ iKd/ jB. j' ns/ ;zEkbb'eK ft~u G?D^Gok ;zssh ftnkj gqEk gkJh iKdh j?. gqzs{ id'A s~e p{nk iK wkwk fIzdk jB Uj b'e UBKdhnK g[~sohnK Bkb ftnkj BjhA eo ;ed/. fJ; Pos d/ ekoD G?D^Gok ;zssh ftnkj Bk d/ pokpo j'iKd/ jB. T[dkjoD bJh p'Av' ;w[dkJ/ ft~u G?D^Gok ;zssh ftnkj T[Zs/ o'e BjhA j?, gqzs{ n?fbtB d/ nB[;koUBK ft~u G?D^Gok ;zssh ftnkj dk T[dkjoD fwbdk j/. j' ns/ w[zvk ;w[dktK ft~u e[nkfonK ns/ e[nkohnKbJh nb~r nktk;^xo jB fiBK Bz{ x'N[b fejk iKdk j? ns/ UBK ft~u ftnkj s'A gfjbK :"B ;zpzX ;Ekfgsj' iKd/ jB. ed/ ed/ fJj ;zpzX ftnkjK ft~u gfotofss j' iKd/ jB, gqzs{ pj[s tko ftnkj nktk; xoKd/ fdBK d/ ;kEh s'A fGzB j[zdk j?. fJj ;G b'e pkjohfttkfje s'A b? e/ N'N/fwe r'sK ft~u ftGkfis jB.

d~yD Gkos ft~u fe; gqeko dh Bks/dkoh gkJh iKdh j?<Nk;e


B ØN


fJ~e ftnesh Bz{ nkgD/ r's s'A pkjo ns/ BIdhe ;zpzXh fit/A gfjb/ G?D^Gok ;zskBK d/ u~eo s'A pkjoftnkj eoBk ukjhdk j?.

tX{ gqkgsh bJh XB fd~sk iKdk j?. bVeh d/ fgsk d/ xo ft~u j'D tkb/ dkwkd d[nkok ;/tk Bz{ th tX{ w[~b;wfMnk iKdk j?. ftnkj s'A pknd ftnesh nkgDk t~y xo ;Ekfgs eo ;edk j?, gqzs{ nkgD/ Bt/A xoft~u S'N/ GkJh iK ftXtk wK Bz{ th o~y ;edk j?. w[zvkoh b'eK ft~u pkeh Gkos dh soK ;z:[es gfotko BjhAj[zd/. g{otiK dh g{ik ns/ fBtk; ;EkB d[nkok Uj fgsq̂ r's ;zpzXK Bz{ pDk e/ o~yd/ jB. fJ~e d{i/ dh wddeod/ jB, gqzs{ ;[szso ihtB^:kgD eod/ jB.

n;kw d/ yk;h r'Ay/w/o GkPk p'bd/ jB, ns/ BkfJo b'eK dh soK Uj wksqtzPh jB. gqzs{ UBK s'A ekch fGzBjB. BkfJo ft~u ;z:[es gfotko j[zdk j? ns/ gsh e/tb pkjoh w[bkeksh j[zdk j?. yk;h ;w[dkJ/ ft~u nkwg{ik ns/ nkw PwPkB xkN d/ Bkb ;z:[es gfotko th jB, gqzs{ gsh ns/ gsBh nkgD/ S'N/ xo ft~u ofjzd/jB. i/eo ;zpzXh BjhA jB sK w"s s'A pknd ;zgsh wK iK ;G s'A S'Nh G?D Bz{ gqkgs j[zdh j?. i/eo ftXtkg[Bo^ftnkj BjhA eodh j? sK T[; Bz{ n~Xh ;zgsh fwbdh j?. fgsk gfotko ft~u fJ~e wod dh ;fEsh fjzd{tX{ d/ ;wkB j[zdh j? gqzs{ d'jK ft~u nzso j? feUAfe fjzd{ tX{ Bz{ T[; d/ gsh d/ gfotko ft~u w?Apo d/ o{gft~u Pkfwb eo fbnk iKdk j?. id'A fe yk;h ;w[dkJ/ ft~u gsh Bz{ niBph ;wfMnk iKdk j?. n"os Bz{ pj[s;[szsosk gqkgs j?. sbke d/ p~u/ th T[;/ Bz{ ;"Ag/ iKd/ jB. yk;h ;w[dkJ/ ft~u r's^pkjoh^ftnkj j?.uu/o/^w";/o/ GkJh G?DK ft~u ftnkj tofis j?. G?D^Gok ;zssh ftnkj th pj[s x~N j[zd/ jB.

ukj/ n;hA Gkos ft~u Bks/dkoh ftt;Ek dk fJ~e S'Nk fijk BePk fy~funk j?, fco th Bks/dkoh ftt;EktKft~u ;zpzfXs w[~bK ns/ wkDeK dh em'osk ns/ buhb/gD dk ;kBz{ nkGk; j'fJnk j?. sbke, ftXtk g[Boftnkj, nrwrwB fBP/XK, iksh nzsoftnkj r'spkjoh ftnkj, gfojko dk fB:w, gfotko ;zouBk,tzPktbh, fBtk; ;EkB dhnK ftt;EktK, ;~sk ftt;Ek, T[ZsokfXeko ns/ ;zgsh d/ j;sKsoD nkfd d/ pko/ft~u em'osk ns/ buhb/gD Bkb Bkb fdykJh fdzd/ jB. gqzs{ Bks/dkoh fJ~e gk;/ sK ;wkfie ;zrmB ns/i[Nkt dk w{b f;XKs pDh j'Jh j? ns/ d{i/ gk;/ Bks/dkoh d/ ekoD ftGkiB j'o c[~N e/ T[ZGo nkUAd/ jB.fJj fJ~e ifNb gqxNe j?, ns/ fJ; dh G{fwek nkX[fBe ;zrmBK ft~u th d/yD Bz{ fwbdh j?.

T[wo, fbzr, Bks/dkoh, gq;fEsh, f;~fynk, eko'pkoh gq;fEsh, ekoi^;EkB, gd iK Pesh , fttkfje;zpzXhnK dh gq;fEsh nkfd d/ nkXko T[Zs/ gfotko ftftX ns/ ;fEsh Bz{ ekBz{Bh fdqPNh Bkb BjhA ;wM;ed/. ftPkb ;z:[es gfotko nkgD/ nkg ft~u fJ~e S'Nk ;z;ko j? ns/ gfotko ft~u ftPkb ;wkfieftt;Ek dh ;zxNe fJekJh j'D d/ ekoD ;wki dk Gkt gfob~fyns j[zdk j?. gfotko ft~u ftftX ns/rshPhb ;zpzXK s'A fJbktk gfotko ;zouBk, nkdo ns/ j'o ;dkuko d/ wkDeK, gfotko d/ gqXkB dh ;~sk,j'o w?ApoK d/ nfXeko ns/ eos~t, nkw ns/ ftP/P ekoiK Bz{ g{ok eoBk nkfd e[M j'o r~bK Bz{ ;wMDk thIo{oh j?. ;z:[es gfotko d/ nB[gksK ft~u y/soh ftG/d th gkJ/ iKd/ jB. T[Zu f;~fynk, T[Zu w~X ikshnKft~u fInkdk gkJh iKdh j?, ;z:[es gfotko th fBwB iksh ns/ tor d/ b'eK dh s[bBk ft~u T[Zu ikshnKns/ torK ft~u fInkdk gkJ/ iKd/ jB. ekoikswe fdqPNh Bkb ;z:[essk, fBeNsw pzX{iBK ft~u fIzw/dkohnKdh fJ~e ;zouBk wkso j?.

;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD (Self Assessment)1H ;jh ftebg u[D' 1H ;jh ftebg u[D' 1H ;jh ftebg u[D' 1H ;jh ftebg u[D' 1H ;jh ftebg u[D' (Choose the correct option) ^̂̂̂̂

(i) gfotko ft~u Pkfwb ehsk frnk j?^

(a) fJ~e wod Bz{ (b) gsBh Bz{

(c) nfttkfjs ;zskB Bz{ (d) T[go'es ;ko/ .

(ii) fe; ;wkiPk;soh B/ Bks/dkoh d/ nfXn?B ft~u ftneshnK ns/ ;w{jK ft~u nkg;h ;zpzXK T[Zs/ pbfd~sk j?̂

(a) w/no c'oN/; (b) b/th^;NkT[Z;

(c) fJztk; fgquov (d) T[go'es ;ko/.


B ØN


(iii) fe~E/ r's^pkjoh ftnkj ns/ iksh nzso ftnkj j[zd/ jB^

(a) T[Zso Gkos ft~u (b) Gkos ft~u

(c) d~yD Gkos ft~u (d) T[go'es ;ko/.

(iv) Gkos ft~u Bks/dkoh ftt;Ek Bz{ ;wMD bJh GkPkJh y/soK ft~u iksh ns/ gfotko Bz{ pj[s fInkdk wj~stg{oD d~f;nk j?̂

(a) eot/ B/ (b) ekgVhnk B/

(c) nkJhH ghH d/;kJh B/ (d) Tgo'es ;ko/.

(v) pkjohfttkfje r'sK ft~u ftGkfis jB^

(a) r[ioksh (b) wokmh

(c) e[Bph (d) T[go'es ;ko/.

(vi) fe~E'A d/ b'e r'Ayw/o GkPk p'bd/ jB, ns/ BkfJo b'eK dh soK Uj wksqtzPh jB^

(a) n;kw d/ (b) Gkos d/

(c) eoBkNe d/ (d) T[go'es ;ko/.


• Gkos ft~u gfotko fJ~e wj~stg{oD ;z;Ek ns/ nkr{ gqkoEfwe ;w{j fojk j? feUAfe fJ~e gk;/ sKgfotko fgsoszsokswe ;~sk dk ;jkok fojk j?, ns/ d{i/ gk;/ gfotko jo w?Apo (n"os ;fjs) d/ ;zgshd/ nfXeko dk o~fyne fojk j?. Gkosh ;wki ft~u nB/e ft;fsqs gfotosBK d/ pkti{d, ;w{fjetkdns/ ftneshtkd d/ fwPoD pD/ ofjD d/ ekoD fjzd{ gfotko nzfPe s"o s/ ;zouBkswe ns/ w[~y s"o s/gqfeqnkswe o{g ft~u ;z:[es pfDnk j'fJnk j?, ns/ g~Swh d/PK dh soK Gkosh gfotko ftxfNs j'e/ J/ekeh gfotkoK ft~u o{gKsfos BjhA j'fJnk j?.

• Bks/dkoh ftt;Ek dk ;EkB noEks fi; Yzr Bkb ftneshnK ns/ ;w{jK ftueko ;zpzXK Bz{ nk:'fisehsk iKdk j?, ;G wkBt ;wkiK ft~u gqw[~y j?. o?vefbc pqkT{B B/ Bks/dkoh ftt;Ek d/ nzsorsnfXekoK ns/ fIzw/dkohnK d/ nfXn?B T[Zs/ pb fd~sk ns/ fJ; Bz{ (Bks/dkoh) ;wkfie ;zouBk d/ nzr d/o{g ft~u d/fynk.

• Gkos ft~u Bks/dkoh dh ftnkfynk nzso^gfotkfoe ns/ pkjoh gfotkfoe ;soK T[Zs/ t~y^t~y ns/ Bks/dkoh ns/ gfotko d/ nfGpzX d/ ;zdoG ft~u ehsh ik ;edh j?. fJ; bJh gfotkfoe Bks/dkoh ft~u“gqkoEfwe ;zpzXhnK” Bz{ Pkfwb ehsk iKdk j?.

• Gkos ft~u Bks/dkoh ftt;Ek Bz{ ;wMD bJh eot/ B/ GkPkJh y/soK ft~u iksh ns/ gfotko Bz{ pj[swj~stg{oD nkXko d~f;nk j?. GkPkJh iksh ns/ gfotko ftt;EktK Bz{ w~d/BIo o~yd/ j'J/ g{o/ d/P Bz{eot/ B/ T[Zsoh, e/Adoh, d~yDh ns/ g{oph y/soK ft~u ftGkfis ehsk j?.

• T[Zso Gkos ft~u d' soK d/ Bks/dkoh Ppd jB^ (1) oes ;zpzXhnK bJh Ppd, ns/ (2) ftnkj;zpzXhnK bJh Ppd. fszB ghVh s~e d/ fBeNsw ;zpzXhnK bJh gqkoEfwe Ppd jB ns/ fJ~e ghVhd/ b'eK d/ Ppd j'o ghVh d/ b'eK bJh pdb/ BjhA ik ;ed/. j'o ;G Ppd gqkoEfwe PpdK s'ApDkJ/ iKd/ jB.


• BkfJo ̂ d~yD Gkosh iksh dk T[gBkw

• ;j'do ̂ fJ~e jh roG s'A T[sgzB


B ØN



1. Bks/dkoh dh ftnkfynk eo' ns/ UBK dhnK Pq/DhnK d~;'.2. fjzd{nK ft~u gfotko ns/ Bks/dkoh dh ftnkfynk eo''.

3. T[Zso ns/ d~yD Gkos dhnK Bks/dkoh ftt;EktK d/ ft~u ;wkBsktK ns/ ftG/dK T[Zs/ gqekP gkU.4. Gkos ft~u fe; gqeko dh Bks/dkoh gkJh iKdh j?< ;whfynk eo'.5. fBwBfbfys T[Zs/ fN~gDh fby'^

(i) Bks/dkoh (ii) e/Adoh Gkos ft~u Bks/dkoh

T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD (Answers: Self Assessment) (i) (d) (ii) (a) (iii) (b) (iv) (a) (v) (c) (vi) (a)


1H P[eoh, nfjwd, w[jzwvB bk Uc w?foi n?Av fvt'o;, 19172H e/H n?wH egkVhnk, w?foi n?Av c?fwbh fJB fJzvhnk, nke;c'ov :{Bhtof;Nh gq?; fd~bh,

1972


p[e;

fJekJh^6L Gkos ft~u iksh ftt;EkfJekJh^6L Gkos ft~u iksh ftt;EkfJekJh^6L Gkos ft~u iksh ftt;EkfJekJh^6L Gkos ft~u iksh ftt;EkfJekJh^6L Gkos ft~u iksh ftt;Ek

B ØN


fJekJh^6L Gkos ft~u iksh ftt;EkfJekJh^6L Gkos ft~u iksh ftt;EkfJekJh^6L Gkos ft~u iksh ftt;EkfJekJh^6L Gkos ft~u iksh ftt;EkfJekJh^6L Gkos ft~u iksh ftt;Ek(Caste System in India)


T[d/P (Objectives)


6H1 iksh ftt;Ek dhnK ftP/PsktK (Characteristics of Caste System)

6H2 Gkos ft~u iksh dk gqGktPkbh y/so (Power dimensions of Caste in India)

6H3 gqpb iksh (Dominant Caste)

6H4 nzsoiksh ;zpzX (Inter-Caste Relations)







• iksh ftt;Ek dhnK ftP/PsktK ns/ T[; d/ gqGktPkbh y/so Bz{ ikDB ft~u.• gqpb iksh, nzsoiksh ;zpzX dh ftnkfynk eoD ft~u


Gkos ft~u iksh ftt;Ek dk nfXn?B fszB gfog~yK ft~u ehsk frnk j?L GkosPk;soh (Indological),;wki^wkBtPk;soh (socio-anthropological) ns/ ;wki^Pk;soh (sociological). GkosPk;sohnK B/iksh dk nfXn?B Xow rqzEh (scriptual) fdqPNhe'D Bkb ehsk j?, ;wki wkBtPk;sohnK B/ ;z;zfeqfsefdqPNhe'D Bkb ehsk j? ns/ ;wkiPk;sohnK B/ ;soheoD d/ fdqPNhe'D Bkb ehsk j?.

GkosPk;soh gfog~y ft~u GkosPk;sohnK B/ iksh gqEk dh T[sgsh, T[d/P ns/ fJ; d/ Gft~y d/ ftP/ ft~uXowrqzEK dk ;jkok fbnk j?. UBK dk wzBDk j? fe “toD” dh T[sgsh ftokN g[oP pqjwk d[nkok j'Jh j?ns/ ikshnK fJ;/ toD ftt;Ek d/ nzdo yzvs (fissioned) fJekJhnK jB fiBK dk ftek; nB[b'w nsgqshb'w ftnkj gqEktK d/ cb;o{g j'fJnk. fJBK fJekJhnK iK ikshnK Bz{ toD ftt;Ek d/ nzsors fJ~ed{i/ d/ ;zpzX ft~u nkgDk nkgDk doik (rank) gqkgs j'fJnk. uko toDK d[nkok ehs/ ikD tkb/ Xkofweekoi ns/ ;z;eko (rituals) ;sohfeqs (statusbound) jB fiBK dk T[b/y JhH ;hH 800 ;kb g{op ofusg[;se “pqkjwD” ft~u fwbdk j?, id'A fe jo iksh gkbD ehs/ ikD tkb/ ohsh fotkiK ns/ fB:wK dk ;gPNT[b/y “;fwqshnK” ft~u fwbdk j?. ekbKso ft~u iksh ;zpzXK Bz{ y/so, GkPk ns/ wsK ft~u nzso B/ thgqGkfts ehsk j?. GkosPk;sohnK d/ nB[;ko iksh dh T[sgsh dk T[d/P fwjBs dk ftGkiB eoBk ;h.fit/A fit/A b'eK B/ ;wki ft~u uko ;w{jK iK eqwK ns/ torK ft~u ftGkiB ;theko eoBk P[o{ ehsk, UjnfXe em'o j[zd/ rJ/ ns/ iksh dh ;d~;sk ns/ eko'pko tzPkB[rs j[zd/ rJ/. ;wkfie ftt;Ek ft~u pqkjwDKBz{ ;otPq/Pm ;EkB fd~sk frnk feUAfe nfijk ftPtk; ehsk iKdk j? fe pqkjwDK Bz{ fB:wK dh ftnkfynkeoD ns/ UBK Bz{ bkr{ eotkUD dk d?th^nfXeko (divine right) gqkgs j?. fJ; gqeko iksh ftt;Ek ft~uem'osk dk ;wkt/P “eow”$ (ekoi) ns/ “Xow” $ (eos~t ns/ fIzw/dkoh) ft~u ftPtk; d/ ekoD j[zdk frnk

Satyabrata Kar, Lovely Professional UniversityRipudaman Singh, Lovely Professional University


B ØN


fi; s'A ;gPN j? fe iksh o{VhnK, gozgoktK ns/ fB:wK (dogmas) ft~u ftPtk; d/ fg~S/ Xow jh fBPfuso{g Bkb gq/oe Pesh fojk j?. iksh d/ Gft~y d/ ftP/ ft~u GkoPk;soh wzBd/ jB fe feUAfe ikshnK d?thouBk jB, fJ; bJh fJBK dk n;fs~st pfDnk oj/rk.

j~NB, foIb/, j'p/b, eq'po nkfd ;wkfie wkBtPk;sohnK B/ ;z;feqfse fdqPNhe'D Bz{ uko fdPktK ft~u;gPN ehsk j?L ;zrmBkswe (Organisation), ;zouBkswe (Structural), ;z;Ekswe (Institutional)ns/ ;zpzXkswe (Relational). j~NB nkfd dh ;zrmBkswe ns/ ;zouBkswe ftukoXkok d/ nB[;ko ikshgqEk e/tb Gkos ft~u jh gkJh ikD tkbh nd[~sh ftt;Ek j?. d'jK ftukoK (;zrmBkswe ns/ ;zouBkswe)ft~u nzso e/tb J/Bk j? fe gfjbk ftuko iksh ftt;Ek dh T[sgsh T[Zs/ e/Adfos j? ns/ d{ik ftuko ikshftt;Ek d/ ftek; ns/ ;zouBk ft~u nkUD tkb/ gfotosB dhnK gqfeqnktK Bkb ;zpzfXs j?. foIb/ ns/eq'po fij/ ftdtkBK dk ;z;Ekswe fdqPNhe'D iksh Bz{ e/tb Gkos d/ gq;zr ft~u jh nB[e{b BjhA wzBdk, pbfegqkuhB fw;o, w~XekbhB :{og ns/ toswkB d~yD ;z:[es oki nwohek ft~u th fJ; Bz{ nB[e{b wzBdk j?.;zpzXkswe fdqPNhe'D tkb/ ftdtkBK dk wzBDk j? fe iksh fijhnK ;fEshnK ;?Bk, tgko^gqpzX, c?eNohnkfd ft~u th gkJhnK iKdhnK jB ns/ ;wki ft~u iksh ftt;Ek dh T[g;fEsh iK nD^T[g;fEsh ;w{jKft~u rshPhbsk dh T[g;fEsh iK nD^T[g;fEsh Bkb ;zpzfXs j[zdh j?. i/eo rshPhbsk nkw j't/rh sKiksh ftt;Ek BjhA j't/rh gqzs{ i/eo fJ; ft~u o[ektN j't/ sK iksh ftt;Ek j[zdh j?.

6H16H16H16H16H1 iksh ftt;Ek dhnK ftP/PsktK iksh ftt;Ek dhnK ftP/PsktK iksh ftt;Ek dhnK ftP/PsktK iksh ftt;Ek dhnK ftP/PsktK iksh ftt;Ek dhnK ftP/PsktK (Characteristics of Caste System)

iksh dh ;zouBk dk nfXn?B fJ; dhnK gqw[~y ftP/PsktK d/ ftPb/PD d[nkok ehsk ik ;edk j?. p{rb B/ ikshd/ fszB s~s d~;/ jBL tzPkB[rs ftP/P~rsk, Pq/Dhp~Xsk ns/ nkeoPe ns/ fto'Xl j'ekoN B/ Xkofwe feqnkêbkgKdh gft~sosk ns/ ngft~sosk T[Zs/ pb fd~sk j?, id'A fe foIb/ B/ nzso^ftnkj (endogamy) ns/ tzPkB[rsg/P/ (occupation) T[Zs/ pb fd~sk j?. X[o/, e/beo, n?BH e/H d~s nkfd B/ th fJBK ftP/PsktK t~b ;ze/s ehskj?. fJBK ftP/PsktK Bz{ d~;d/ j'J/ fJBK ;G ftdtkBK B/ iksh Bz{ fJ~e fJekJh ns/ fJ~e ftt;Ek d/ o{g ft~u nzsoBjhA ehsk j?. fJ; nzso Bz{ fXnkB ft~u o~yd/ j'J/ fJj wzfBnk ik ;edk j? fe fJ~e fJekJh d/ o{g ft~u ikshdhnK fJj ftP/PsktK jBL tzPkB[rs ;d~;sk, nzsoftnkj, fBPfus eko'pko ns/ iksh ;fwshnK, id'A feftt;Ek d/ o{g ft~u iksh dhnK ftP/PsktK jBL Pq/Dheqw, ykD^gkUD T[Zs/ gqshpzX ns/ ;ohfoe ns/ ;wkfied{ohnK T[Zs/ gqshpzX. n;hA iksh dhnK fJBK ftt;EktK ns/ fJekJhnK dk t~y t~y ftt/uB eoKr/.

6H1H1 ftt;Ek d/ o{g ft~u iksh dhnK ftP/PsktK6H1H1 ftt;Ek d/ o{g ft~u iksh dhnK ftP/PsktK6H1H1 ftt;Ek d/ o{g ft~u iksh dhnK ftP/PsktK6H1H1 ftt;Ek d/ o{g ft~u iksh dhnK ftP/PsktK6H1H1 ftt;Ek d/ o{g ft~u iksh dhnK ftP/PsktK(n) iBw T[Zs/ nkXkfos Pq/Dheqw (n) iBw T[Zs/ nkXkfos Pq/Dheqw (n) iBw T[Zs/ nkXkfos Pq/Dheqw (n) iBw T[Zs/ nkXkfos Pq/Dheqw (n) iBw T[Zs/ nkXkfos Pq/Dheqw (Hierarchy based on birth)^̂̂̂̂fe;/ th d' ikshnK dh fJ~e ;wkB;fEsh BjhA j[zdh. fJ~e iksh dk d{ih iksh Bkb ;zpzX dk ;so T[Zuk iK BhtK j[zdk j?. iksh Pq/Dheqw ftt;Ekft~u jo iksh dk fBPfus iK nB[wkfBs ;so iK gq;fEsh dk fBoXkoD eoBk i/eo n;zGt BjhA sK w[PfebIo{o j?. Pq/Dheqw d/ fBoXkoD ft~u d' sohe/ ngDkJ/ rJ/ jBL ntb'eD ftXh ns/ ws^w[~bKeD ftXh. ntb'eDftXh ft~u iksh dh gq;fEsh fBoXkoD d/ bJh iK sK ;ze/sBkswe (attributional) ftXh iK nzsofeqnkswe(interactional) ftXh gq:'r ehsh rJh j?. ;ze/sBkswe ftXh iksh dh gq;fEsh dk fBoXkoD T[; d/ fttjkos'A eodh j?l T[dkjoD bJh ngwkBiBe eko'pko eoBk, fJ; dhnK gqEktK, Pkekjkoh j'Dk ns/ wfdokgkB nkfdnkdsK. nzso feqnkswe ftXh d' ikshnK d/ fJ~e d{i/ Bkb ;zpzX ft~u gq;fEsh dk w[~bKeD UBK d/ ykD^gkDdhnK nzsofeqnktK ns/ ftnkj ;zpzXK d/ ntb'eD d[nkok eodh j?. i/eo “n” iksh “p” iksh dh bVeh Bkbftnkj eoBk ;theko eo b?Adh j?, gqzas{ T[; iksh ft~u nkgDh bVeh BjhA fdzdh sK “n” dk ;so “p” d/ ;sos'A T[Zuk j't/rk. fJj nB[b'w (hypergamy) ftnkj fB:w d/ ekoD j? fi; d/ nB[;ko fBwB iksh dh bVehT[Zu iksh ft~u ftnkj eo ;edh j? gqzs{ fJ; s'A T[bN BjhA. fJ;/ soK i/eo “n” iksh d/ w?Apo “p” ikshd/ w?ApoK dk G'iB ;theko BjhA eod/, gqzs{ “p” iksh d/ w?Apo “n” iksh s'A G'iB ;theko eo b?Ad/ jB sKfJj “p” iksh d/ T[Zgo “n” iksh d/ Pq/Pm ;so Bz{ gqrN eodk j?.

ws^w[~bKeD (opinion-assessing) ftXh ft~u ;w{fje Pq/Dheqw ft~u ftfGzB ikshnK dh gq;fEsh d/fBoXkoD ft~u fGzB ikshnK d/ T[ZsodksktK d/ ws t~b fXnkB fd~sk iKdk j?. ws^w[~bKeD ftXh dk ntb'eD


B ØN


ftXh dh s[bBk ft~u fJj bkG j? fe gfjbh ftXh ft~u Pq/Dheqw ns/ nzsofeqnk Bz{ d' nb~r nb~r uo(variables) wzBDk ns/ UBK d/ ;zpzXK dk nfXn?B ;zGt j?. J/H ;hH w/no, n?wH n?BH PqhfBtk;, vhH n?BHwi{wdko, n?;H ;hH d[p/, gkfbB wjko nkfd ftdtkBK B/ iksh Pq/Dheqw ft~u iksh dh ;fEsh d/ ftPb/PDft~u ntb'eD ftXh dk gq:'r ehsk ;h, id'A fe w?few w/ohnN ns/ ;N?Bb/ cqhv B/ ws^w[~bKeD ftXh dkgq:'r ehsk j?. n?;H ;hH d[p/ B/ iksh Pq/Dheqw ftt;Ek ft~u s/bzrkBk ft~u fszB fgzvK ft~u iksh gq;fEshfBoXkoD bJh fJ~e jh nkXko gq:'r ehsk, fi; ft~u UBK B/ d~f;nk fe fejVhnK fejVhnK ikshnK feBKfeBK ikshnK Bkb G'iB eo ;edhnK jB. w/no B/ d{i/ gk;/ ;fjG'i d/ nkXko dk gq:'r ehsk, fi; d/nzsors ykDk^gkDh ns/ ftfGzB ikshnK ftueko “j[~ek” gq:'r dk nkdkB^gqdkB Pkfwb j?. gkfbB wjkoB/ pj[̂ nB[wkg (multiple-scaling) ftXh d[nkok ikshnK dk ;fEsh fBoXkoD UBK dh Xkofwe (eoweKv)gft~sosk ns/ ngft~sosk d/ nkXko s/ ehsk.

UBK B/ 13 fpzd{nK tkbh fJ~e gqPBktbh ikoh ehsh fi; ft~u Xkofwe (eoweKv) gft~sosk ns/ ngft~soskBkb ;zpzfXs ftP/ T[Zs/ ikshnK ft~u ;G gqeko dh nzso feqnk Bkb ;zpzfXs gqPB ;B. n?wH n?BH PqhfBtk;(1955), vhH n?BH wi{wdko (1959) B/ iksh Pq/Dheqw dh nkgDh nb~r s;tho pDkJh. PqhfBtk; fJ; r~bBkb ;fjws jB fe fJ; gqeko d/ w[~bKeD (Pq/Dheqw dh nkgDh s;tho pDkUDk) e[M e[M ftneshgoe j[zd/jB.

w?few w/fonN ns/ cqhv d'jK B/ jh iksh Pq/Dheqw ft~u jo iksh dh ;fEsh d/ fBoXkoD ft~u w~X gd(median rank) fBPfus eoD bJh ekov ftt;Ek (card system) dk gq:'r ehsk. d'jK B/ jh g~fsnK(cards) dk fJ~e ;?~N (set) g/P ehsk ns/ jo g~s/$ekov T[Zs/ fJ~e iksh dk BK fby fd~sk. T[ZsodksktKft~u'A jo fJ~e Bz{ fBt/dB ehsk frnk fe Uj fJBK g~fsnK Bz{ gd ;fEsh ft~u ftt;fEs eo d/t/. d'jK d/sohfenK ft~u J/Bk jh nzso ;h fe w?few w/ohnN B/ ekov fJ~e fJ~e eo e/ fd~s/ id'A fe cqhv B/ UBKBz{ fJ~em/ d/ fd~s/. PqhfBtk; ns/ w/no dk efjDk j? fe ftnesh dh nkgDh iksh ft~u ;d~;sk iksh Pq/Dheqwd/ pko/ ft~u T[; d/ ftuko Bz{ gqGkfts eo ;edh j? iK x~N s'A x~N Pq/Dheqw ft~u T[; dh nkgDh iksh dh;fEsh Bz{ sK Io{o jh eo/rh. gqzs{ cqhv B/ nfijk BjhA gkfJnk.T[; B/ fd~bh d/ BIdhe PKsh Bro fgzvft~u ;zB 1957^58 ft~u 12 ikshnK ft~u'A Szv/ rJ/ 25 T[ZsodksktK d/ nfXn?B s'A gsk brkfJnk fefInkdkso B/ nkgDh iksh dh gq;fEsh dk fBoXkoD T[;/ ;fEsh d/ nk;^gk; ehsk i' d{finK B/ UBK Bz{fd~sh.fJ; soK UBK B/ fBu'V e~fYnk fe fe;/ ftnesh d/ iksh Pq/Dheqw d/ ftP/ T[Zs/ g{o/ fdqPNhe'D dkiksh ;d~;sk T[Zs/ E'Vk jh gqGkt g?Adk j?.

fgSb/ e[M ;kbK ft~u iksh ftt;Ek d/ e[M b~SDK ft~u gfotosB nkfJnk j?, gqzs{ Pq/Dheqw ftP/Psk ft~ue'Jh gfotosB BjhA nkfJnk j?.

(p) ;fjG'i T[Zs/ gqshpzX (p) ;fjG'i T[Zs/ gqshpzX (p) ;fjG'i T[Zs/ gqshpzX (p) ;fjG'i T[Zs/ gqshpzX (p) ;fjG'i T[Zs/ gqshpzX (Commensal restrictions)^̂̂̂̂fJ~e ftnesh d/ ftfGzB ikshnK d/ w?ApoKBkb ykD^gkD ;zpzXh nB/e ns/ ft;fsqs fB:w gqubB ft~u jB. fJ; ftP/ T[Zs/ pbzN (Blunt) d/ nB[;ko;~s wj~stg{oD fBP/X (taboos) gqu~fbs jBL (i) ;fjG'i^fBP/X, i' ftnesh d/ j'o ftneshnK Bkb G'iBykD d/ fB:w fBoXkfos eodk j?. (ii) o;'Jh fBP/X, fi; ft~u o;'Jh pDkUD ;zpzXh fBP/X jB fe fejVkfejVk ftnesh feBK feBK ftneshnK d/ ykD :'r fBP/X, fi; ft~u G'iB d/ ;w/A ngDkJ/ ikD tkb/ XkofweekoiK d/ fttoD ns/ fB:w jBl (iv) ghD d/ fBP/X, i' d{i/ ftneshnK d/ j~E s'A ghD dk gkDh b?D d/fB:w d~;d/ jBl (v) G'iB fBP/X, i' fJj d~;dk j? fe fe; gqeko dk G'iB (e~uk, g~ek, joh, ;pIh nkfd)fJ~e iksh dk w?Apo d{ih iksh d/ w?ApoK Bkb yk ;edk j?l (vi) szpke{ iK X{wgkB ;zpzXh fBP/X, i' fJjd~;dk j? fe fe; ftnesh dk j[~ek fe; iksh dk ftnesh gq:'r eo ;edk j?l (vii) posB fBP/X, i' fJjd~;dk j? fe fe; gqeko d/ posB ftnesh Bz{ ngft~sosk s'A puD bJh gq:'r eoBk iK puDk ukjhdk j?.

pbzN dk ftPtk; j? fe G'iB nkfd d/ gqshpzX, ftnkj gqshpzXK dk cb j?, gqzs{ j~NB dk dktk j? fe fJjd'jK gkf;nK s'A ;zGt j?. G'iB fBP/XK d/ nkXko s/ pbzN B/ ikshnK Bz{ gzi GkrK ft~u torhfeqs ehsk j?L(i) Uj ikshnK i' e~uk G'iB (gkDh Bkb gekfJnk) ns/ g~ek G'iB (xh Bkb gekfJnk) e/tb nkgD/ jhnzsoftnkjh ;w{jK d/ w?ApoK d[nkok gekfJnk j'fJnk b?AdhnK jBl (ii) Uj ikshnK i' nkgDh jh iksh d/w?ApoK d[nkok pqkjwDK d[nkok pDkfJnk G'iB b?AdhnK jBl (iii) Uj ikshnK i' nkgDh iksh d/ w?ApoK iK


B ØN


pqkjwDK iK okig{sK d[nkok pDkfJnk G'iB b?AdhnK jBl (iv) Uj ikshnK i' nkgDh iksh, pqkjwDK ns/okig{sK s'A fJbktk UBK fBwB ikshnK d/ b'eK d[nkok pDkfJnk G'iB b?AdhnK jB fiBK Bz{ Uj x~N s'A x~NnkgD/ ;so dk ;wMdhnK jBl ns/ (v) Uj ikshnK i' fe;/ d/ d[nkok th pDkfJnk frnk G'iB b?AdhnKjB. gqzs{ j~NB (1963^75) B/ fJ; torheoD dh nkb'uBk fJ; nkXko s/ ehsh j? fe e~u/ ns/ ge/ j'J/G'iB T[Zs/ gqshpzX nb~r nb~r brkJ/ rJ/ jB. e[M ikshnK nfijhnK jB fiBK Bz{ e~u/ G'iB d/ nkXkoT[Zs/ fJ~e ;w{j ft~u o~fynk iKdk j? gqzs{ id'A ge/ G'iB T[Zs/ gqshpzX bkr{ eoD dh r~b nkUAdh j?, fi;d/ pko/ Uj em'o BjhA j[zdh, sK UBK Bz{ d{i/ ;w{j ft~u o~fynk iKdk j?. T[dkjoD bJh, e[M pqkjwD ikshnK,ekxh (;pIh t/uD tkbh) ns/ e[wjko ikshnK ;w{j fJ~e ft~u nkUDrhnK, gqzs{ e[M ikshnK fit/A ebkb(Pokp t/uD tkb/) e~u/ G'iB bJh ;w{j fJ~e ft~u ns/ ge/ G'iB bJh ;w{j fszB ft~u. fJ;/ soK jbtkJhiksh e~u/ G'iB bJh ;w{j fJ~e ft~u ns/ ge/ G'iB bJh ;w{j uko ft~u nkJ/rhl ekfJ;E d't/A gqeko d/gqshpzX d/ nkXko s/ ;w{j d' ft~u nkUDr/. fJBK T[dkjoDK s'A ;gPN j[zdk j? fe jo iksh d/ nkgD/ bJhnkgD/ jh fB:w j[zd/ jB. ftfGzB ikshnK fJ~e' tor/ ;w{jK ft~u BjhA nkUAdhnK. e[M fgSb/ dPeK s'A fJjth d/fynk ik fojk j? fe ykDgkD d/ gqshpzX em'osk s'A BjhA wzB/ ik oj/. d{i/ PpdK ft~u, iksh gqEk d/fJ; b~SD ft~u gfotosB j[zd/ ik oj/ jB.

(;) ;wkfie Gkrhdkoh T[Zs/ Xkofwe wkBsktK dh wip{oh (;) ;wkfie Gkrhdkoh T[Zs/ Xkofwe wkBsktK dh wip{oh (;) ;wkfie Gkrhdkoh T[Zs/ Xkofwe wkBsktK dh wip{oh (;) ;wkfie Gkrhdkoh T[Zs/ Xkofwe wkBsktK dh wip{oh (;) ;wkfie Gkrhdkoh T[Zs/ Xkofwe wkBsktK dh wip{oh (Compelling religious sanctionson social participation) ^̂̂̂̂ ;wkfie nzso feqnkebkgK T[Zs/ gqshpzX brkUD dk ekoD fJj ftPtk; j?;ohfoe ;zgoe s'A ngft~sosk (pollution) dk ;zgq/PD j[zdk j?. fJ; gqeko d/ ftPtk;K d/ ekoD jh i' fBwBiksh d/ b'e fBfeqPN XzfdnK ft~u b~r/ j[zd/ jB, UBK Bz{ T[Zu iksh d/ b'e nkgD/ s'A d{o jh o~yd/ jB. fJ;/gqeko rT{ wk; ykD tkb/ nB/e fBwB iksh d/ b'e ns/ uwko, X'ph, v'w nkfd nkw s"o s/ nS{s wzB/ iKd/jB, ns/ UBK Bz{ b'eK d[nkok nkgD/ s'A t~y jh o~fynk iKdk j?. fJ;/ gqeko T[Zu iksh ns/ w~X iksh d/b'eK Bkb nzso feqnk bJh, nkdo^;seko bJh, d?fBe fttjko bJh ns/ Xkofwe feqnkêbkgK Bkb ;zpzfXsfBPfus ns/ fGzB fGzB fB:w pD/ j'J/ jB.

(j) ikshpkjoh iK nS{s T[g;so (j) ikshpkjoh iK nS{s T[g;so (j) ikshpkjoh iK nS{s T[g;so (j) ikshpkjoh iK nS{s T[g;so (j) ikshpkjoh iK nS{s T[g;so (The Out Cast substratum) ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ i' ikshnK fBfeqPN ns/wfbBsk c?bkUD tkb/ g/fPnK ft~u b~rhnK j[zdhnK jB, UBK Bz{ nS{s wzfBnk iKdk j?. UBK Bz{ pkjoh ikshnK(dbs tor), iK nB[;{fus ikshnK th fejk iKdk j?. fJBK ikshnK d/ ftP/ ft~u wzfBnk iKdk j? fe UjnkfonK d/ nkUD s'A gfjbK Gkos ft~u ofjD tkbhnK gqikshnK s'A ntshoD j'JhnK. pknd ft~u UBK B/fjzd{ ;wki dhnK fBwBsw ;fEshnK Bz{ ;theko eo fbnk. fJBK ikshnK d/ w?Apo nkw s"o s/ fgzv iKp;sh d/ pkjo ofjzd/ jB ns/ w?bk ;kc eoD tkb/, i[~shnK pDkUDk, uwVk P'XD nkfd ezwK s'A ihftekubkUAd/ jB. UBK Bz{ UBK y{jK s'A gkDh b?D dh nkfrnk BjhA j[zdh fiBK s'A T[Zu ikshnK d/ b'e gkDh b?Ad/jB. UBKL Bz{ iB^;VeK, ;e{bK, wzfdoK, woxNK, j'NbK ns/ ukj dhnK d[ekBK nkfd d/ gq:'r s'A th tzfuso~fynk iKdk j?. Uj UBK d?AsK Bz{ gq;zB eoD bJh gP{ pbh th fdzd/ jB, i' UBK d/ ihtB T[Zs/ nfXekoo~yd/ jB. UBK dh T[g;fEsh ns/ S{jD th d{finK Bz{ d{fPs$ngft~so eo d/Dr/, nfijk wzfBnk iKdk j?.

g/Ptk ekb ft~u g{Bk Bro ft~u v'w iksh d/ b'eK Bz{ Pkw S/ ti/ s'A ;t/o/ 9 ti/ s~e Bro ft~u gqt/P dhnkfrnk BjhA ;h, feUAfe fJj wkBsk ;h fe UBK dk goSktK th (i' fJ; ekb ft~u ;{oi v[~pD ns/ T[ZrDekoD bzpk j' iKdk j?) T[Zu iksh d/ b'eK Bz{ d{fPs eo ;edk j?. fJ;/ ekoD d~yD Gkos ft~u vkeNo b'enkgD/ P{do o'rhnK dh BpI d/yD s'A gfjbK nkgD/ j~EK Bz{ o/Pwh e~gV/ Bkb Ye fbnk eod/ ;B. fJ;/soK, N'eoh pDkUD tkb/ “gkBw”, s'Vh d/ o[~y s'A s'Vh e~YD tkb/ fsnkB, g[fbnkB, PkBB nkfd d~yDGkos dhnK fBwB ikshnK d/ b'eK Bz{ T[Zu ikshnK d/ b'eK ;kjwD/ fJ~e fBPfus d{oh s~e nkUD dh nkfrnkBjhA ;h.T[Zu iksh d/ b'eK s'A UBK Bz{ nkgDh ;fEsh d/ nB[;ko edwK dh d{oh pDk e/ o~yDh g?Adh ;h.iksh o{VhnK (mores) B/ fJBK nS{s b'eK Bz{ ;dk nfrnkB ns/ gsB d/ jB/fonK ft~u X~fenk j? feUAfewkBsk d/ nB[;ko Uj nkgD/ fgSb/ iBwK d/ gkgK Bz{ G'r oj/ jB. gqzs{ toswkB ft~u fJBK ikshtkdh b'eK d[nkokE'g/ rJ/ fBP/X pj[s x~N j' rJ/ jB. ukj/ fJj fBP/X ftXkfBe o{g Bkb jNk fd~s/ rJ/ jB ns/ fInkdkso T[ZuikshnK d/ fjzd{nK d[nkok ngft~sosk d/ vo Bz{ th ;wkfie o{g Bkb BjhA wzfBnk ik fojk, fco th e[M XkofwefeqnkêbkgK ft~u gqshpzX ikoh j?, ukj/ d?fBe ihtB ft~u fJBK Bz{ bkr{ BjhA ehsk ik fojk.


B ØN


6H1H2 fJekJh d/ o{g ft~u iksh dhnK ftP/PsktK6H1H2 fJekJh d/ o{g ft~u iksh dhnK ftP/PsktK6H1H2 fJekJh d/ o{g ft~u iksh dhnK ftP/PsktK6H1H2 fJekJh d/ o{g ft~u iksh dhnK ftP/PsktK6H1H2 fJekJh d/ o{g ft~u iksh dhnK ftP/PsktK(n) gqd~s gq;fEsh (n) gqd~s gq;fEsh (n) gqd~s gq;fEsh (n) gqd~s gq;fEsh (n) gqd~s gq;fEsh (Ascribed Status) ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ iksh ft~u ftnesh dh ;d~;sk T[; d/ iBw s'A fBoXkfosj[zdh j?. jo iksh dk j'o ikshnK dh s[bBk ft~u feUAfe fJ~e fBPfus doik (rank) j[zdk j?, fJ; bJhftnesh dh T[Zu ns/ fBwB ;fEsh fJ; T[Zs/ fBoGo eodh j? fe fi; iksh ft~u T[; dk iBw j'fJnkj? T[; dh eoweKvg gq;fEsh eh j?. n;b ft~u, fJ~e gozgokfBPm ftnesh d/ ihtB dk jo gfjb{ T[;d/ iBw T[Zs/ nNfenk j[zdk j?. T[; d/ xo/b{ ;z;eko ns/ ohsh^fotkI, T[; dh wzfdo nkfd ft~u g{ik, T[;dh fw~so^wzvbh ns/ T[; dk eko'pko ;G e[M T[; iksh d/ ;so T[Zs/ nkXkfos j[zd/ jB fi; ft~u T[; B/iBw fbnk j?.

(p) nzso^ftnkj (p) nzso^ftnkj (p) nzso^ftnkj (p) nzso^ftnkj (p) nzso^ftnkj (Endogamy)^̂̂̂̂jo iksh d/ w?ApoK Bz{ nkgDh jh iksh iK T[giksh ft~u ftnkj eoBkj[zdk j?. fJ; gqeko nzsoftnkj iksh ;w{jK ft~u fJ~e ;EkJh o[ektN ;fEsh j?.

(;) fBPfus eko'pko (;) fBPfus eko'pko (;) fBPfus eko'pko (;) fBPfus eko'pko (;) fBPfus eko'pko (Fixed Occupation)^̂̂̂̂jo iksh dk fBPfus tzPkB[rs g/Pk j[zdk j?. fJ~e g[okDhejkts j? fe pqkjwD ;dk pqkjwD jh j[zdk j? ns/ uwko ;dk uwko jh j[zdk j?. e[M eko'pko rzd/ (unclean);wM/ ikd/ jB fi; ekoD i' ftnesh fJBK ft~u b~r/ j[zd/ jB, Uj nS{s j' iKd/ jB ns/ i/eo e'Jh j'ofJBK eko'pkoK Bz{ ngDkUAdk j?, sK T[; Bz{ iksh s'A pkjo eo fd~sk iKdk j? sK fe Uj iksh Bz{ d{fPs Bkeo ;e/. gqzs{ fJ; dk noE fJj th BjhA j? fe pqkjwD iksh ft~u ;G pqkjwDK Bz{ gzfvskJh eko'pko ft~ujh ;dk b~r/ ofjDk j? iK fco ;G okig{sK Bz{ o~fynk ekoi ft~u b~rD d/ ekoD ;?Bk ft~u jh Pkfwb j'Dkj?. e[M gfo;fEshnK ti'A fJ~e iksh d/ w?Apo Bz{ d{ik eko'pko eoD dh nkfrnk fwb ikdh ;h. fJ;/ gqekofJ~e jh iksh dhnK ftfGzB T[gikshnK ftftX eko'pko ngDk b?AdhnK jB. T[dkjoD bJh, yfNe (e;kJh)iksh dhnK uko T[gikshnK T[Zso gqd/P ft~u e;kJh (p/eBtkbk), okirho (okiro), o~;h pDkUD tkb/(;'wp~N) ns/ cb t/uD d/ eko'pko ft~u b~r/ jB. fJ;/ gqeko pzrkb ft~u s/bh iksh d/ d' T[gGkr jBL“fsbh” ns/ “s/bh”. “fsbh” s/b e~YD ns/ “s/bh” s/b t/uD d/ ezw ft~u b~r/ j'J/ jB. s/b e~YD dkezw jhDfdqPNh Bkb d/fynk iKdk j? feUAfe fJ; ft~u phi s'A s/b e~YDk j?, fJ; bJh ihtB (phi) dhjkBh j[zdh j?. fJ;/ ekoD “fsbh” b'eK Bz{ nS{s wzfBnk ikdk j?, id'A fe “s/bh” nS{s BjhA wzB/ iKd/.i/eo “s/bh” iksh ft~u'A e'Jh s/b e~YD dk ezw eoD b~r/ sK T[; Bz{ iksh s'A pfjPfeqs eo fd~sk iKdk j?.eko'pko gfotosB Bkb iksh gfotosB Io{oh BjhA j[zdk ;h, id'A s~e fe ;fEsh ft~u gfotosB Bk j't/. pbzN d/ nB[;ko id'A ;fEsh ft~u fJ; gqeko dk gfotosB j[zdk j? sK Uj fszB o{g XkoD eo b?Adh j?L(i) fJ~e BthA iksh ft~u t~y j'Dk (ii) Bt/A ;w{j dk gfjbK s'A n;fs~st tkbh iksh ft~u fwbB (iii) w"fbeiksh d/ nzdo jh fJ~e nzsofttkjh T[giksh dh ouBk.

iksh d[nkok E'g/ rJ/ eko'pkoh gqshpzXK fg~S/ nkw s"o s/ Xkofwe T[d/P j[zdk j?, gqzs{ ed/ ed/ UBK dk ftP[~XnkofEe T[d/P th j[zdk j?.T[dkjoD bJh, Uw?b/ B/ w~X gqd/P d/ fJ~e fIb/ d/ ;[fBnkoK d/ ;zdoG ft~u fejkj? fe Uj b'e fJ~e dkts dk nk:'iB eod/ jB fi; ft~u Uj e;w yKd/ jB ns/ UBK b'eK Bz{ iksh s'Apkjo e~YD dk vo fdykUAd/ jB i' fJj oj~; y'bDr/ fe ;'B/ ft~u fezBh j'o Xks{nK fe; wksok ft~ufwbkJhnK iKdhnK jB.

(d) iksh gzukfJs (d) iksh gzukfJs (d) iksh gzukfJs (d) iksh gzukfJs (d) iksh gzukfJs (Cast Panchayats) ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ jo iksh dh nkgDh ;fwsh j[zdh j?, fi; Bz{ gzukfJs efjzd/jB. jkb jh d/ ;w/A s~e fJBK gzukfJsK dk nkgD/ w?ApoK T[Zs/ ekch gqGkt ;h. ukj/ n~i e[M iksh gzukfJsKdhnK PkyktK g{o/ d/P ft~u jB feUAfe ;zuko wkfXnwK dk g{ok ftek; j'fJnk j?, gqzs{ e[M dPkdpdhnKgfjbK s~e fJBK (PkyktK) dk ekoi y/so J/Bk ;hfws ;h fe w?Apo nk;kBh Bkb fJ~em/ j' ;eD ns/ fJ~ed{i/ gqsh ikDekoh o~y ;eD. ;zuko ;[ftXk ns/ j'o ;EkfBe dPktK fJBK gzukfJsK dk ekoiy/so fBoXkfos

d' wjK:[~XK s'A pknd ns/ d/P d/ T[d:'rheoD s'A pknd iksh gqDkbh dhnK ftP/PsktK ft~u'Agozgokrs eko'pko gfotosB d/ ;zpzX ft~u wj~stg{oD gfotosB nkJ/ jB. eko'pko;zpzXh gqshpzXK ft~u fPfEbsk nkJh j? ns/ eko'pkoh rshPhbsk ;zGt j'Jh j?.

B'N;


B ØN


eodhnK jB. fJ; gqeko feUAfe ;w[~uh iksh iK T[gîksh bJh fJ~e jh gzukfJs j'D d/ nkdoP Bz{gqkgs eoBk n;zGt j?, fJ; bJh fJ~e iksh iK T[giksh d/ w?Apo fJ~e ;zpzfXs ;w{j dk fBowkD eod/jB fi; Bz{ “fpokdoh” (Bks/dkoK dh ;fwsh) fejk ikdk j?. fJj fpokdoh fJ~e ftiksh fttkj(exogamous) fJekJh d/ o{g ft~u nzsofttkjh iksh iK T[giksh dh soK ezw eodh j?. fJj ;w{j(fpokdoh) iksh iK T[giksh bJh ezw eodk j? ns/ nkgD/ w?ApoK Bz{ nkgD/ ekoi x/o/ d/ nzdo jhwkBsktK Bz{ wBtkUD bJh wip{o eodk j?. e[M ;wK gfjbK s~e fJBK gzukfJsK B/ i' ngokX d/ wkwb/nkgD/ ekoi y/so ft~u bJ/ ;B UBK ft~u'A gqw[~y ;B^ d{ih iksh ns/ T[giksh ft~u G'iB d/ wkwb/fiBK d/ Bkb fBP/X ;h, d{ih iksh dh n"os Bz{ oy?b d/ o{g ft~u o~yDk, fttkfjs n"os Bkb nt?X;zpzX o~yDk, ftnkj d/ tkd/ Bz{ s'VBk, ndkfJrh s'A fJBeko, S'N/ w'N/ MrV/, ohsh fotkiK dk T[bzxDnkfd. nfijk eoD s/ i' dzv dk ftXkB ngDkfJnk iKdk ;h T[; ft~u iksh s'A e~YDk, noEdzv, ikshd/ b'eK Bz{ dkts d/Dk iK ;ohfoe dzv gqw[~y ;B. iksh d/ ;G w?Apo gzukfJs d/ fBoD/ Bz{ wzBD bJhwip{o j[zd/ ;B. fpqfNP ekb ft~u th fJj gzukfJsK J/BhnK PeshPkbh j[zdhnK ;B fe fBnKb/ d[nkokfBoDk ehs/ rJ/ wkwfbnK Bz{ th g[Boftuko bJh b? b?AdhnK ;B. fJ; gqeko iksh gzukfJs fJ~enoX^gqG[sk ;zgzB (semi sovereign) ;z;Ek ;h.

gzukfJs d/ ekoiekoh gdkfXekoh iK sK tzPkB[eqw Bkb j[zd/ ;B iK UBK dk BKwKeD j[zdk ;h iK u[Bkt. pbzN,;bhw/B, Uw?b/ ns/ j~NB B/ d~f;nk j? fe ;wkfie wkBdzv ft~u iksh fizBh S'Nh j[zdh ;h, UBk jh wIp{sUBK dk ;zrmB j[zdk ;h. w[~edw/ bJh ngDkfJnk frnk sohek pj[s ;ob ns/ nD^n"gukfoe j[zdk ;h.

fJBK iksh gzukfJsK d/ nfXekoK d/ ;zdoG ft~u ekgVhnk B/ ;zB 1962, 1912 ns/ 1861 s~e d/ e[M T[dkjoDfd~s/ jB fiBK B/ fJ~e ftXtk Bkb ftnkj ehsk, gqzs{ UBK dh iksh gzukfJs B/ UBK Bz{ pj[s ngwkfBs ehskns/ nzs ft~u gsh^gsBh d'jK Bz{ jh nsw^j~fsnk eoBh gJh. T[dkjoD fJ~e nfij/ ftnesh dk j? i'bzdB ikD d/ ekoD iksh s'A pfjPfeqs eo fd~sk frnk ns/ tkfg; nkUD s/ 1500 o[gJ/ dk dzv d/ e/ ikshft~u Pkfwb j'fJnk. 50 ;kb pknd 1912 d/ nk;^gk; d/ ;w/A d/ ;zdoG ft~u ekgVhnk B/ fJ~e owB GkJhBkwe ftnesh dk T[dkjoD fd~sk j? fi; Bz{ nkgD/ s'A fBwB iksh ft~u ykDk ykD ekoD iksh s'A pkjoe~Y fd~sk frnk ;hl ns/ d{ik T[dkjoD i?;[y bkb w/jsk dk fd~sk j? fi; Bz{ nkgDh ftXtk G?D dk ftnkjeotkUD d/ ekoD pfjPfeqs eo fd~sk frnk ;h. 1962 dh ;wK ntXh dk ;zdoG fdzd/ j'J/ ekgVhnk B/fJj wzfBnk j? fe id'A gzukfJs Bz{ ekBz{Bh nkXko T[Zs/ iksh^fBPek;B d[nkok nkgD/ w?ApoK T[Zs/ gozgokrsnkdoPK d/ nB[;ko u~bD d/ nfXeko gq:'r s'A tzfus eo fd~sk frnk, sK th fJj (iksh gzukfJs) UBKd/ fdwkr ns/ fttjko Bz{ fB:fws eodh j?. 1994^95 ft~u fgzvK ft~u iksh gzukfJsK dk e[M gqGkt j';edk j?, gqzs{ Bro y/soK ft~u UBK dk e'Jh gqGkt BIo BjhA nkUAdk.

6H26H26H26H26H2 Gkos ft~u iksh dk gqGktPkbh y/so Gkos ft~u iksh dk gqGktPkbh y/so Gkos ft~u iksh dk gqGktPkbh y/so Gkos ft~u iksh dk gqGktPkbh y/so Gkos ft~u iksh dk gqGktPkbh y/so (Power Dimensions of Castein India)

iksh Bz{ ;wkfie ;zpzXK dh fJ~e ftnkge ftt;Ek d/ o{g ft~u ;wfMnk frnk j?. fJj th fejk ik ;edkj? fe e[M ftdtkBK B/ iksh Bz{ fjzd{ ;wki dh soK jh wzfBnk j?. Gkosh ;wkfie ftfrnkB nB[;zXkB gfoPdd[nkok gq;s[s fJ~e fBpzX ft~u ;[oihs f;Bjk B/ iksh T[Zs/ j'J/ nfXn?BK ft~u fiBK w[~fdnK T[Zs/ pb fd~skj?, Uj fJ; gqeko jBL g/Av{ nfXn?B, iksh ns/ okiBhsh, iksh, tor ns/ ;wkfie nkofEe ftek;, ikshns/ g~N/dkoh, iksh, tor ns/ ;wkfie n;wkBsk, iksh Pq/DheoD dk ftfPPN nfXn?B, iksh ftt;Ekft~u rshPhbsk, iksh dh ;wkfie ;zouBk, iksh ns/ gfotosh ftXh ftt;Ek, iksh dh iD^nKfeeh,Broh gfot/P ft~u iksh, Gkos ns/ gkfe;skB ft~u r?o^fjzd{nK ft~u iksh, ftfGzB ;~fGnksktK dknfXn?B, iksh ns/ Gkosh ;~fGnsk, iBikshîksh fBozsosk, iksh, ftnefs~st ;zouBk, iksh ns/;wkfie p'bh. f;Bjk B/ iksh ftt;Ek ft~u fBwB gqftq~shnK dk T[b/y ehsk j?L

1H iksh gqEk dh T[sgsh pko/ ekbgfBe f;XKsK dk toDB pzd j' frnk j?. n;b r~b sK fJj j? fen~i n;hA T[sgsh dh uouk BjhA eod/ jK, pbfe Gkosh ;wki ft~u iksh d/ T[dGt d/ ;soK dhftnkfynk eod/ jK.


B ØN


2H iksh T[Zs/ nfXeso ezw ;wkfie wkBtPk;so ns/ ;wkiPk;so dh g~Xsh d[nkok pj[iksh fgzvK Bz{nfXn?B dk nkXko wzB e/ ehsk iKdk j?.

3H fJBK nfXn?BK ft~u BthnK gfo;fEshnK ns/ gfotosBK dhnK PeshnK d/ Bkb iksh dh nB[e{bskBz{ ;wMD T[Zs/ pb fd~sk frnk j?.

4H nzsoiksh gq;fEsh d/ Pq/DheoD dk nfXn?B s~EK d/ ftPb/PD d[nkok ehsk ikdk j?.

5H iksh ftt;Ek ft~u ;zouBkswe (nB[bzph), ;fEfse (;w;soh) ;wkfie rshPhbsk ns/ gfotosBKd/ nfXn?B th ehs/ rJ/ jB.

6H gft~sosk ngft~sosk d/ d'rb/ gqshe{bsk T[Zs/ nkXkfos ;'gkB dh ntXkoDk T[Zs/ ekch pb fd~skfrnk j?. fvT{w' d/ wskB[;ko, d'rbh gqshe{bsk dk noE fJj j? fe iksh ftt;Ek ft~u jo t;s{ Bz{gft~so ns/ ngft~so d/ ;zdoG ft~u d/fynk ik ;edk j?. gft~so ngft~so Bz{ x/o/ o~ydk j?. d{i/PpdK ft~u gft~so T[Zu ns/ Pq/Pm j? ns/ ngft~so fBwB ns/ nXhB j?. fJ; soK Uj fJ~e d{i/ d/fto'Xh jB. gqzs{ gft~so^ngft~so ns/ ngft~so^gft~so ft~u ftfd~nkwkB j? feUAfe Uj fJ~e jhw[~b ftt;Ek d/ nzr jB.

7H Gkos ft~u nzsoy/soh ns/ Gkosh ;~fGnsk s'A go/ ftt;EktK Bkb iksh dhnK s[bBktK ehshnkrJhnK jB.

fJBK w[~fdnK s'A fJbktk iksh ns/ tor Xo[tsk, ;wkfie ;soheoD d/ nfXn?B bJh iksh, tor, PeshT[gkrw, ns/ iksh Bz{ fJ~e ;z;feqfse gfjb{ iK ;zouBkswe ;o{g d/ o{g ft~u nfXn?B eoD dh Io{os j?.n;b ft~u, iksh ft;Ek dh ftukoXkok iK f;XKs, iksh ;w{jK dh ;zouBk ns/ iksh ;zouBk Bz{ gqGkftseoD tkbhnK gqfeqnktK dh iKu eoD dh Io{os j?.

6H2H1 iksh, toD ns/ tor6H2H1 iksh, toD ns/ tor6H2H1 iksh, toD ns/ tor6H2H1 iksh, toD ns/ tor6H2H1 iksh, toD ns/ tortoD fJ~e nfyb Gkosh ouBk j? fi; d/ nzsors fjzd{ ;wki uko e'NhnK noEks pqkjwD, y~soh, t?Pns/ P{do ft~u ftGkfis j?. iksh th fJe nfyb Gkosh gqxNBk j?, gqzs{ ftfPPN ikshnK ;EkfBeiK T[g y/soh fJekJhnK d/ o{g ft~u gkJhnK iKdhnK jB. fe;/ fJ~e fgzv iK fJ~e y/so d/ pj[s ;ko/ fgzvKft~u nB/e iksh ;w{j gkJ/ iKd/ jB. fJj iksh jh fJ~e gqGktekoh nzsofeqnkswe fJekJh, fJ~e ;EkfBes~E, Pesh iK ;o's iK fJ~e fgzv ft~u r[NK d/ fBowkD d/ nkXko d/ o{g ft~u gkJh iKdh j?. fJj ikshnKi' fgzvK iK e;fpnK ft~u ofjzdhnK jB, ;wkfie ;z;or ns/ fttkfje ;zpzXK ft~u ;fjG'ih ns/ fttkfjefB:wK dk gkbD eodhnK jB.

iksh fJ~e nftt;Ek d/ o{g ft~u ftPkb ftukoXkok pD u[eh j? fi; dk gqt/P fjzd{nK d/ ;G gfjb{nK ft~ufdydk j?. ;G ;wkfie ;zpzXK dk T[drw iksh dh ftukoXkok s'A j[zdk j?. d{i/ PpdK ft~u ;'gkBngft~sosk^gft~sosk, ns/ ;wkt/P^toDB dhnK XkoDktK d[nkok jh ;wkfie ;zpzXK dh gqfeqsh fBPfusj[zdh j?. iksh nkdoPkswe ftt;Ek ns/ tk;sfte ;wkfie ;zpzXK dh ftt;Ek d't/A jB.

fJ; bJh gqPB j? fe iksh s'A ;kvk eh wsbp j?< fJ; gqPB dk T[Zso d/Dk ;ob BjhA j?. fJ~e iksh d/w?Apo fJ~e d{i/ Bkb gqsh:'frsk eod/ jB, ns/ Uj fJ~e d{i/ dk ;fj:'r th eod/ jB.fJ; bJh n~i ikshtor nkXkfos ftG/d pj[s ;gPN fdykJh fdzd/ jB. fJ~e fgzv ft~u fe;/ fJ~e iksh d/ w?ApoK ftuekonkofEe ftG/dK Bz{ Gkos dh tor ;zouBk dhnK gqw[~y pj[PkyktK d/ o{g ft~u d/fynk ik ;edk j?. fJj nb~rr~b j? fe ftnkj d/ fB:wK gkbD eod/ ;w/A ftfGzB ikshnK d/ w?Apo fttkfje rmpzXBK ft~u tor iKgq;fEsh Bz{ nfXe wj~st fdzd/ jB.

6H2H2 iksh fJ~e ftukoXkok d/ o{g ft~u6H2H2 iksh fJ~e ftukoXkok d/ o{g ft~u6H2H2 iksh fJ~e ftukoXkok d/ o{g ft~u6H2H2 iksh fJ~e ftukoXkok d/ o{g ft~u6H2H2 iksh fJ~e ftukoXkok d/ o{g ft~ub[Jh fvUw' iksh gqEk T[Zs/ nkXkfos n;wkBsk Bz{ fJ~e ftP/P gqeko dh n;wkBsk wzBd/ jB. b'eK d/tk;sfte ns/ ntb'efDe fttjko Bz{ ikDB bJh “ftuko ns/ w[~b” nkXko jB. fvT{w' d/ nB[;ko, iksh;'gkB d/ bJh gft~so ns/ ngft~so dk ftuko gqw[~y j?. ;'gkB fJ~e “;kotG"fwe Io{os” j?. fvT{w' dkws j? fe Gkosh ;wki ;fEo fojk j?. ;wki d/ nzdo gfotosB j'fJnk j?, gqzs{ ;wki dk gfotosB


B ØN


r?ojkfIo fojk j?. fJ~e ftfPPN g/Av{ iK Broh ;zdoG ft~u iksh Bz{ fJ~e nB[Gkfte n;fbns d/ o{g ft~ub~fGnk ik ;edk j?. fJBK ;zdoGK ft~u iksh fJ~e ftP/P gq;fEsh ;w{j d/ o{g ft~u fdykJh fdzdh j?. gqzs{ftPkb ;so T[Zs/ iksh J/ekswesk dk fJ~e ;kXB j?. ftPkb ;so T[Zs/ iksh nD^nDn"gukfoe ns/ d?fBe;zpzXK dh fJ~e ekoiekoh n;fbns BjhA j?.

T[dkjoD bJh, fJ~e sfwb pqkjwD ns/ T[Zso gqd/P d/ fJ~e ekBe[pI pqkjwD d/ ft~u fJ; ftPkb ;so T[Zs/iksh ftnkj dk nkXko BjhA j[zdh. gqzs{ fco th fJ~e sfwb ns/ fJ~e ekBe[pI pqkjwD ft~u fJ~e jh ;wkfietzP j'D dh GktBk gkJh ik ;edh j?, ns/ nkw fjsK bJh ftP/P eo e/ ;zeN dhnK ;fEshnK ft~u, Uj;fj:'r th eod/ jB.

d{ik gqPB fJj j? fe eh iksh fJ~e fjs ;w{j j?< Io{o jh iksh wB'ftfrnkfBe ns/ ;wkfie ;zdoGK ft~ufJ~e “;z;kXB” j?. gqzs{ iksh dh ;z;kXBsk iksh dh Pq/Dh T[Zs/ fBoGo eodh j?, ns/ iksh dh Pq/Dh Bz{ fe;/y/so iK T[gy/so Bz{ fXnkB ft~u o~y e/ jh ;wMDk Io{oh j?. fJ~e iksh d/ w?Apo nkofEe, ;wkfie ns/okiBhfse fjsK Bz{ ftfGzB ;soK T[Zs/ gqrN eod/ jB.

6H2H3 Gkosh ;wki dk iksh wkvb6H2H3 Gkosh ;wki dk iksh wkvb6H2H3 Gkosh ;wki dk iksh wkvb6H2H3 Gkosh ;wki dk iksh wkvb6H2H3 Gkosh ;wki dk iksh wkvbfit/A fe n;hA gfjbK ;ze/s d/ u[e/ jK fe b[Jh fvT{w' Gkosh ;wki Bz{ fJ~e “iksh ;wki” d/ o{g ft~u wzBd/jB. fJ; gqeko “iksh” skofee nkXko T[Zs/ “tor” ftt;Ek d/ T[bN j?. nKdo/ p/s/Jh B/ Gkosh ;wkid/ iksh wkvb dhnK fBwB w[~y ftP/PsktK d~;hnK jB^

1H fJj wkvb ;wki d/ e[M nB[GkrK d/ ftukoK iK UBK d[nkok gqrN ehs/ ftukoK T[Zs/ nkXkfos j?, Bkfe b'eK d/ ntb'fes fttjko T[Zs/. “nkdoP” ns/ “tk;sfte” d/ ft~u ;dk nzso gkfJnk iKdkj?.

2H Xow rqzEK ft~u tofDs iksh Bz{ fJ; wkvb ft~u fJ~e gqeko dk gqkoEfwe ns/ ;kotG"fwe wj~stfd~sk frnk j?, gqzs{ s~E sK fJj j? fe iksh pj[s pdb u[eh j? ns/ gfotosB gfo;fEshnK ft~uiksh B/ Bt/A nk:kw ns/ G{fwektK rqfjD eo bJhnK jB.

3H ;zg{oD iksh ftt;Ek e[M fBPfus f;XKsK iK “y/b d/ fB:wK” s'A Pkf;s j[zdh j?.

4H nfijk ;wfMnk iKdk j? fe ftfGzB ikshnK ekoi g{ok eodhnK jB ns/ UBK d/ nkg;h ;zpzX“nfto'Xkswe” jB. fJ~E/ noE iiwkBh ftt;Ek s'A j?, fi; d/ nzsors tzPkB[rs nkXko T[Zs/ftfGzB ikshnK d/ w?ApoK Bz{ fBPfus ekoi g{o/ eoD dh fIzw/dkoh fd~sh iKdh j?.

p/s/Jh dk ws j? fe fJj wkvb fJ~e ftnkge :'iBk d/ o{g ft~u fe;/ ;wki d/ ftfPPN r[DK dk p'X eokUDft~u ;jkfJe BjhA j?. d{ih r~b fJj j? fe wkvb nkgD/ ftfPPN ;o{g ft~u nkofEe ns/ okiBhfse ihtBdhnK w[~y ftP/PsktK dh ftnkfynk BjhA eodk j?. fJ; bJh fJj wkvb ftukoK ns/ w[~bK Bkb jh w[~y o{gft~u i[fVnk j'fJnk j?. fJ; dh T[g:'frsk Xkofwe nt;EktK dh ftt;EktK dh ftnkfynk eoD ft~unfXe j?. Gkosh ;wki d/ “iksh wkvb” dh wdd d[nkok “fjsK”, okiBhfse, nofEe ;w~f;nktK ns/nzso ;w{j ;zpzXK dk nfXn?B nX{ok jh ofjzdk j?. fJ; wkvb Bz{ ngBkUD Bkb fJ~e ;z;feqfse ftt;Ekd/ o{g ft~u iksh dk nfXn?B th ;hfws j' iKdk j?.

id'A iksh Bz{ fJ~e ;z;feqfse iK ftukoe ftt;Ek wzBd/ jB, sK iksh d/ ;zouBkswe gfjb{ T[Zs/ T[fusfXnkB BjhA fd~sk iKdk. fBwB ns/ T[Zu ikshnK, G{;tkwh, G{whjhD ikshnK, iiwkB ns/ ewhD ikshnKftueko ;zpzXK Bz{ ;wMD bJh iksh dk ;zouBkswe fdqPNhe'D Bkb nfXn?B eoBk j't/rk.;zouBkswegfog~y d/ nzsors T[dkjoD bJh gqG[~st ns/ nXhB;Ek, nfsfoes pus ns/ P'PD, ftP/PkfXeko ns/tzuB ;zdoG w[~d/ j[zd/ jB. ;z;feqfse gfog~y ft~u ftukoK ns/ w[~bK T[Zs/ pb fd~sk iKdk j?, noEksngft~sosk^gft~sosk, ftnkj d/ fB:w ns/ nzsoiksh ;zpzXK d/ fB:w nkfd dk nfXn?B ehsk iKdk j?.

6H2H4 iksh d/ ;z;feqfse ns/ ;zouBkswe gfjb{6H2H4 iksh d/ ;z;feqfse ns/ ;zouBkswe gfjb{6H2H4 iksh d/ ;z;feqfse ns/ ;zouBkswe gfjb{6H2H4 iksh d/ ;z;feqfse ns/ ;zouBkswe gfjb{6H2H4 iksh d/ ;z;feqfse ns/ ;zouBkswe gfjb{fBo;zd/j iksh gqEk dh pj[^nk:kwh ns/ ifNbsk d/ ekoD iksh dh fJ~e ;[fBPfus gfoGkPk d/D ft~u nB/eK efmBkJhnK nkUAdhnK jB. n;hA gfjbK fJ; r~b dk T[b/y ehsk j? fe iksh d/ pko/ ft~u d' gqw[~y ws


B ØN


jBL (1) iksh dk ;zouBkswe gfjb{ fJ; ;soheoD dk fJ~e nkw f;XKs ;theko eoD Bkb ;wM ;ed/jKl ns/ (2) iksh dh ;z;feqfse ftt;Ek Bz{ fJ; ngft~sosk^gft~sosk ns/ ;'gkB dhnK XkoDktK, nbrktns/ ;fwPNsk d/ ;zdoG ft~u ;wMd/ jK. ;zouBkswe fdqPNhe'D dk noE j? fe ;soheoD fJ~e ;kotG"fewtk;sftesk j?. fJ; bJh iksh fJ; tk;sftesk dk fJ~e gfjb{ j?. ;z;feqfse fdqPNhe'D d/ nB[;ko, ikshfJ~e ftfPPN gfoxNBk j? ns/ fJj ftP/P eo e/ Gkos ft~u gkJh iKdh j?.

e[M ftdtkB iksh Bz{ ;wkfie ;soheoD dh fJ~e “pzd ftt;Ek” ;wMd/ jB. gqzs{ j'o ftdtkB iksh Bz{ “pzd”ns/ “y[~bk” d't/A wzBd/ jB. pzd ftt;Ek d/ o{g ft~u iksh dh gqfeqsh “;kt:th” j?, noEks ftfGzB ikshnK;wkfie^;z;feqfse ns/ nkofEe Io{osK Bz{ g{ok eoD bJh fJ~e d{i/ T[Zs/ fBoGo ofjzdhnK jB. “y[~bh” ftt;Ekd/ o{g ft~u iksh dh gqfeqsh yzfvs j?, noEks ftfGzB ikshnK fJ~e d{i/ s'A e[M ;[szso ofjzdhnK jB feUAfe Gkosft~u “ftG/dhfeqs ;zouBktK” dk T[d/ j'fJnk j?. fJBK ftPb/PDkswe nzsoK d/ ekoD th iksh dh fJ~e nkwgfoGkPk pDkUD ft~u o[ektN nkUAdh j?. fJBK wsK s'A fJj sK ;gPN j[zdk j? fe iksh e[M noEK ft~u ;soheoDdhnK j'o ftt;EktK d/ ;wkB j?, id'A fe e[M j'o ;zdoGK ft~u iksh fpbe[b nB[~mh ftt;Ek j?.

n;b ft~u, iksh fJ~e pj[s buhbh ftt;Ek BjhA j?, gqzs{ fJfsjk; s'A gsk ubdk j? fe gqkuhB ekb s'A n~i s~e “ikshrshPhbsk nzd'bB” j[zd/ oj/ jB. n?wH n?BH PqhfBtk; d/ nB[;ko, ;z;feqsfeoD dh gqfeqnk d[nkok fBwB iksh d/ b'enkgDh ;fEsh ft~u ;[Xko eoD dh fdqPNh Bkb T[Zu ikshnK dhnK ihtB P?bhnK, Xkofwe ekoiK ns/ fttjkoK dknB[;oD eod/ jB. iksh ftt;Ek ft~u rshPhbsk dh nfijh gqfeqnk Bkb ;w;soh ftG/d nkJ/ jB iK PqhfBtk; d/PpdK ft~u “;fEfse” gfotosB j'J/ jB. ;fEfse gfotosB Bkb iksh gfotofss BjhA j[zdh j?, iksh ft~ugfotosB nkUAdk j?. “;zouBkswe” gfotosB dk noE ;wkfie ;zouBk dh ftPw;soh ftt;Ek ft~u gfotosBs'A j?, fJj gfotosB nzs ft~u ftt;Ek dk gfotosB j[zdk j?. ;zouBkswe gfotosB ftPkb ns/ bx{ d'jK ;soKs/ j[zdk j?, ;wkfie ftt;Ek dk “;o{g” ft~u nfXe ns/ T[; d/ “;ko” ft~u x~N j[zdk j?.

fJ~e iksh Bz{ iksh ftt;Ek d/ wkDeK d[nkok fBod/fPs j' e/ ofjDk g?Adk j?. iksh UBK gfjb{nK ft~u ;[szsoofj ;edh j? i' fe gfotofss j' u[e/ jB ns/ UBK dh EK s/ Bt/A T[gkn b~G bJ/ rJ/ jB. fJ~e iksh,iksh ftt;Ek Bkb pzBh j'D d/ pkti{d th nkgD/ fotkiK, ;z;feqfse ekoiK ns/ d{ihnK ikshnK s'A nkgD/nfXekoK dh o~fynk eoD ft~u ;[szso j?. n;bhns sK fJj j? fe iksh B/ nkgD/ nkg Bz{ gqsho'XK ns/gqshe{b gfo;fEshnK d/ Bkb Ykb fbnk j?, ns/ gozgokswe ekoiK iK wkDeK dh EK s/ Bt/A T[gkn b~GbJ/ jB. n~i th fJ~e fgzv ft~u ofjD tkbhnK ftfGzB ikshnK ;wkfie w"fenK ns/ y/sh feqnktK ft~u fJ~efBPfus gqeko d/ nkg;h ;fj:'r dh T[whd o~ydhnK jB.

fJj efjDk th Gqkwe j? fe ikshnK Io{o jh fJ~e d{i/ Bkb ;fj:'r eodhnK juB. nfto'X ns/ ;'gkBd't/A jh fB:w gqshrgs e'NhnK jB. n;bhns ft~u ftfGzB ikshnK d/ ft~u ntj/bDk ns/ ;zxoP iK fjsKdk Neokt nkw r~b j?. fJj ws fe iksh dk noE ;fj:'r s'A j? ns/ gqsh:'frsk (iK ;zxoP) torK Bkbi[Vh j'Jh j?^;fji ns/ ntk;sfte j?. i/eo fJj ;~u j? fe T[Zu ikshnK nkgD/ gqG[~st Bz{ pDk e/ o~yDbJh fBwB ikshnK Bz{ ;zo~fynD d/D bJh fJ~e d{i/ Bkb gqsh:'frsk eodhnK jB sK fJj th ;jh j? fefBwB ikshnK gqG{ ikshnK s'A ;woEB gqkgs eoD bJh fJ~e d{i/ Bkb gqsh:'frsk eodhnK jB. fJ~e gqG{iksh ;zfynkswe pj[bsk G{̂ ;tkfw~st, T[Zu ;z;ekfoe gq;fEsh, ;wkfie ns/ okiBhfse ;zgoeK d/ nkXkos/ gfoGkfPs ehsh ik ;edh j?. fJ~e fBPfus ;w/A T[Zs/ fJ~e ftfPPN iksh dk gqG[~st fJ~e iK fJBK r[DKd/ fwPoD d/ nkXko T[Zs/ fBoXkfos ehsk ik ;edk j?.

fi; gqsh:'frsk dk n;hA T[b/y ehsk j? Uj e'Jh BthA r~b BjhA j?. gqkuhB ns/ w~XekbhB Gkos ft~upqkjwDK ns/ y~sohnK ftueko fJ~e y/so d/ T[Zgo nfXeko gqkgs eoD bJh MrV/ brksko j[zd/ ofjzd/ ;B.nzsoiksh ;zxoPK s'A fJbktk, fBwB ikshnK T[Zu ikshnK d/ fto[~X pokpo ftdo'j eodhnK ojhnK jB,ns/ fJj s~E iksh dh fJfsjkf;esk dk nzr pD u[ek j?.

6H2H5 fjzd{nK s'A fJbktk j'o ;w[dktK ft~u iksh6H2H5 fjzd{nK s'A fJbktk j'o ;w[dktK ft~u iksh6H2H5 fjzd{nK s'A fJbktk j'o ;w[dktK ft~u iksh6H2H5 fjzd{nK s'A fJbktk j'o ;w[dktK ft~u iksh6H2H5 fjzd{nK s'A fJbktk j'o ;w[dktK ft~u ikshn;hA fJ; r~b dk T[b/y eo u[e/ jK fe iksh g{oh soK fjzd{ ;z;Ek j?, gqzs{ e[M nfXn?BK s'A gsk ubdk j?fe w[;bwkBK, f;~yK ns/ Jh;kJhnK ft~u th ikshnK gkJhnK iKdhnK jB. ;[szsosk s'A gfjbK iBrDBk


B ØN


nk:[esK B/ toDB ehsk j? fe Gkos ft~u iksh fit/A nzsoftnkjh ;so r?o^fjzd{nK ft~u th gkJ/ iKd/ jB.ebe~sk ns/ T[Zso gqd/P d/ w[;bwkBK, f;~y, i?Bh ns/ :j{dh ;w[dktK ft~u iksh ftt;Ek dh soK ;wkfiens/ nkofEe ;zpzX gqshwkfBs j[zd/ jB. fJBK ;w[dktK ft~u tzPkB[rs eko'pkoh ;w{j nzso ftnkjh Pq/DhfeqsT[g ;w{jK d/ o{g ft~u gkJ/ ikd/ jB. nB/eK fBwB iksh d/ fjzd{nK B/ fJ; T[whd Bkb fJ;bkw Xow ngDkfbnk fe Uj nkgDh ;fEsh ft~u ;[Xko eo ;eDr/ feUAfe fJ;bkw ft~u iksh dh soK d/ ftG/d BjhA gkJ/iKd/ ;B gqzs{ fJj b'e nkgDh iksh ;fEsh ft~u gfotosB fbnkUD ft~u ;cb BjhA j'J/. Gkos ft~uw[;bwkB iksh gqEk d/ brGr ;wkBKso jh ;w{jK ft~u ftGkfis jB. ukj/ fJ;bkw ft~u nfgt~sosk ns/S{sSks dhnK XkoDktK bJh e'Jh EK BjhA j?, fco th fJj w[;bwkBK ft~u gkJh iKdh j?.

Gkos ft~u w[;bwkB nPoc ns/ r?o nPoc ;w[dktK ft~u tzv/ j'J/ jB. nPoc T[Zu tzP d/ jB ns/ w[~yo{g ft~u PfjoK ft~u ofjzd/ jB id'A fe r?o nPoc fjzd{ Xow S~v e/ w[;bwkB pD/ j'J/ b'e jB ns/ w[~ys"o s/ fgzvK ft~u ofjzd/ jB. w[;bwkBK ft~u Gzrh, ewhD, ;~ek, BkJh ns/ fIzwhAdko nkfd T[Zs/ nkXkfosftG/d th jB ns/ fJBK ftG/dK d/ Bkb ;z;ekfoe w[~b th i[fVnk j'fJnk j?. f;~yK ns/ j'o ;w[dktK ft~uu~eow{be ikshnK th gkJhnK ikdhnK jB fiBK d/ Bkb e[M nzP s~e ngft~sosk ns/ S{sSks th i[Vh j'Jhj?.

fJ~E'A s~e fe Pqhbzek ft~u th iksh ;w{j gkJ/ ikd/ jB fi~E/ f;zjbh b'e p[~X Xow Bz{ wzBd/ oj/ jB. powk,ikgkB ns/ e[M j'o d/PK ft~u th gqeko ikshnK d/ T[dkjoD fwbd/ jB. nwohek d/ ekb/ b'eK dh s[bBkGkos d/ nS{sK Bkb ehsh rJh j?. fi; soK Bkb iksh fJ~e ftukoXkok pD e/ g{o/ fjzd{ ;wki ft~u gqt/P eo rJh j?, T[; o{g ft~u j'o fes/ BjhA gkJh iKdh, fJ; bJh iksh ;z;feqfse fdqPNh Bkb ftfPPNns/ nB[~mh ftt;Ek j?.

;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD (Self Assessment)1H ;jh ftebg u[D' 1H ;jh ftebg u[D' 1H ;jh ftebg u[D' 1H ;jh ftebg u[D' 1H ;jh ftebg u[D' (Choose the correct option) ^ ^ ^ ^ ^

(i) fJ~e fJekJh d/ o{g ft~u iksh dhnK ftP/PsktK jB^

(a) tzPkB[rs ;d~;sk (b) nzsoftnkj (c) fBPfus eko'pko (d) T[go'es ;ko/.

(ii) i' ikshnK rzdk c?bkUD tkb/ g/fPnK ft~u b~rhnK j[zdhnK jB, UBK Bz{ wzfBnk iKdk j?^

(a) nS{s (b) dfbs tor (c) nB[;{fus ikshnK (d) T[go'es ;ko/.

(iii) fe; Bz{ ;wkfie ;zpzXK dh fJ~e ftnkge ftt;Ek d/ o{g ft~u ;wfMnk frnk j?^

(a) iksh (b) fpokdoh (c) T[giksh (d) nB[;{fus iksh.

(iv) Gkosh ;wki Bz{ fJ~e iksh d/ o{g ft~u wzBd/ jB^

(a) Uw?b/ (b) w?e; t/po (c) b{Jh fvUw' (d) cqhv.

(v) Gkos ft~u w[;bwkB fezB/ ;w[dktK ft~u tzv/ j'J/ jB^

(a) d' (b) uko (c) S/ (d) n~m.

6H36H36H36H36H3 gqpb iksh gqpb iksh gqpb iksh gqpb iksh gqpb iksh (Dominant Caste)

Gkos ft~u g/Av{ y/soK ft~u iksh ;zxoP Bz{ ;wMD bJh ;EkfBe gqpb iksh (dominant caste) dk ns/j'o ikshnK d/ P'PD dk ftPb/PD wj~stg{oD j?. ed/ ed/ nk;^gV"; d/ fgzvK ft~u fJ~e jh iksh gqpb j[zdhj?. n?wH n?BH PqhfBtk; d/ nB[;ko iksh sK jh gqpb j[zdh j? id'A fJj d{ih iksh s'A ;zfynk ft~u nfXej[zdh j?, id'A T[; Bz{ nfsnkfXe nkofEe ns/ okiBhfse ;~sk gqkgs j[zdh j? ns/ id'A fJj ;EkfBe iksh;z;soD ft~u T[Zu ;z;ekfoe gq;fEsh (ritual status) o~ydh j?. gqG[~st (dominance) d/ d' j'o b~SD ikshft~u f;~fyns ftneshnK ns/ T[Zu eko'pkoh b'eK dh ;zfynk th j?. id'A iksh e'b gqpb j'D d/ ;G s~s(;zfynk, nkofEe ns/ okiBhfse Pesh, T[Zu f;~fynk ns/ T[Zu ;z;eko tkbh gq;fEsh) j[zd/ jB, sK ikshBz{ fBoDkfJe o{g Bkb “gqpb” fejk ik ;edk j?. gqzs{ fBoDkfJe gqpbsk nkw BjhA j?. fJ~e fgzv ft~u


B ØN


gqpbsk d/ ftfGzB s~s ikshnK ft~u ftGkfis ofjzd/ jB. fJ; gqeko fJ~e iksh fi; Bz{ T[Zu ;z;ekoK tkbh;fEsh gqkgs j?, rohp ns/ x~N ;zfynk tkbh j' ;edh j?, id'A fe ;zfynk ft~u nfXe j'D tkbh iksh rohpns/ ;z;ekoK dh fdqPNh s'A fBwB ;fEsh tkbh j' ;edh j?. id'A iksh fJ~e gqeko dh gqpbsk dk bkGT[mkUAdh j?, sK j'o gqeko dh gqpbsk tkb/ r[D nkgD/ nkg ekbKso ft~u gqkgs eo b?Adh j?. gqzs{ fJj s~EnS{s ikshnK T[Zs/ bkr{ BjhA j[zd/. Uj ikshnK fiBK d/ w?Apo G{whjhD wId{o iK ;KMh ns/ pj[s S'N/G{;[nkwh j[zd/ jB, eJh tko gqpb ikshnK d/ P'PD dk fPeko j' iKdhnK jB. ed/ ed/ nS{s ikshnK thnfijhnK ;/tktK eoD s'A fJBeko eo d/AdhnK jB, fit/A T[Zu ikshnK d/ xoK s'A fwqs gP{nK Bz{ jNkUDk,fgzv ft~u d/th d/tsktK d/ fsUjko s/ Y'b tikUDk, ns/ ftnkj nkfd nt;oK T[Zs/ G'iB dhnK i{mhnK g~sbKnkfd dh ;ckJh eoBk nkfd. T[Zu iksh d/ b'e fJ; r~b T[Zs/ BkokI j[zd/ jB ns/ nS{s b'eK Bz{ e[~Nd/ jBiK UBK d/ xoK ft~u n~r brk fdzd/ jB. fJ; gqeko gqpbsk gqG[~st iwkUD dh e'fPP ns/ gqpbsk$gqG[~std/ gqsho'X d/ ekoD iksh ;zxoP nkozG j[zd/ jB.

6H3H16H3H16H3H16H3H16H3H1 T[Zu ikshnK d[nkok fBwB ikshnK dk P'PD T[Zu ikshnK d[nkok fBwB ikshnK dk P'PD T[Zu ikshnK d[nkok fBwB ikshnK dk P'PD T[Zu ikshnK d[nkok fBwB ikshnK dk P'PD T[Zu ikshnK d[nkok fBwB ikshnK dk P'PDT[Zu ikshnK dk fdqPNhe'D ;dk fJjh fojk j? fe Uj nkgDh ;fEsh gqpb pDkUD ns/ T[; Bz{ T[Zuk pDke/ o~yD. w~Xtorh ns/ fBwB iksh d/ b'e ;dk jh nkgD/ nkg Bz{ tzfus (deprived) ns/ P'fPs wzBd/jB. nkgDh “wkBsk pDk e/ o~yD” dh T[Zu ikshnK dh fJj e'fPP jh iksh ;zxoP g?dk eodh j?. P'PD,nkofEe go/PkBhnK d/ ekoD ns/ tzuBktK d/ ekoD g?dk j'J/ iksh ;zxoP d/ ;G s'A uzr/ T[dkjoD fpjkoft~u fwbd/ jB. pqkjwD, G{whjo, okig{s ns/ ekfJ;E ikshnK ;dk jh T[Zu fgSVhnK ikshnK fit/A :kdt,e[owh ns/ e'oh nkfd Bkb ns/ XB[e, e[wjko, b[jko, w[~bkl s/bh ns/ e[wjko fijhnK fBwB fgSVhnKikshnK Bkb ;zxoP eodhnK ojhnK jB. wkou 1990 ns/ nes{po 1994 d/ ft~u fpjko ft~u 30 s'A thnfXe iksh j~fsnktK dhnK xNBktK j'JhnK. fgSb/ 15 ;kbK ft~u ;G s'A fxqDk:'r Bo;zxko j'J/ ;B^12cotoh, 1992 Bz{ r:k s'A 40 feb'whNo d{o “pkok” fgzv ft~u fi~E/ 44 T[Zu ikshnK d/ G{whjoK Bz{ 1500fgSVhnK ikshnK d/ n?wH ;hH ;hH jwbktoK d[nkok w"s d/ xkN T[sko fd~sk frnkl 23 fd;zpo, 1991 dkBo;zxko fi; ft~u T[Zu iksh d/ ;toD w[esh w'ouk (n?;H n?bH n?cH) d/ w?ApoK d[nkok 10 fBwB ikshnKd/ wkUtkdh ;kwtkdh e/Ado (n?wH ;hH ;hH) d/ w?ApoK dh p/dodh Bkb j~fsnk eo fd~sh. n?;H n?bH n?cHd/ G{whjoK d[nkok n?wH ;hH ;hH d/ fgSV/ tor d/ 10 ;woEeK dh j~fsnk i' fe whB ns/ pkof;wjk ft~uehsh rJhl 1987 dh db/bue^Gr[tkok (n"ozrkpkd) dh T[Zu iksh d/ ftneshnK dh j~fsnkl ns/ 1987ft~u u/ukBh ft~u ;~s :kdtK dh j~fsnk d/ pdb/ d/ T[d/P Bkb ehsh rJh 54 okig{sK dh r'bh wko e/ j~fsnk,nkfd. fJ; s'A gfjbK wJh 1977 ft~u p/buh ft~u XBh e[owh G{;[nkwhnK d[nkok n~m johiBK Bz{ fIzdk ibkfd~sk frnk ;h. ns/ 1978 ft~u ftPokwg[o ft~u nB/e G{whjhD wId{oK Bz{ e[owhnK d[nkok fIzdk ibk fd~skfrnk ;h. fJ;/ soK 1980 d/ dPe d/ j'o j~fsnkeKv i' fe pj[s uzrh soK ;G Bz{ gsk jB, fJ; gqekojB^ gko;phxk ns/ iogk ft~u G{whjoK d[nkok :kdtK dk Bo;zxko, d'fjik ft~u :kdtK d[nkok G{whjoKdh j~fsnk ns/ e[owhnK d[nkok ftPokwg[o, p/Bhnkg~Nh, uzdkdkB', r'gkbg[o efbnk, ghgok ns/ g[goh ft~uehs/ rJ/ johiBK dk Bo;zxko.

fpjko d/ g/Av{ y/soK ft~u tXdk j'fJnk iksh tor sBkt, iksh tor dhnK fBih ;?BktK d/ rmpzXB d/cb;o{g T/d/ j'fJnk. wkUfJ;N efwT{fB;N ;?ANo (n?wH ;hH ;hH) 1970 d/ nkozG ft~u fJ~e Be;btkdhB/sk d[nkok ;Ekfgs ehsk frnk. fJ; ;zrmB B/ nKXo gqd/P d/ iB ;zrqkw ;w{j (People’s War Group,wsbp PWG) Bkb rmpzXB ehsk, ukj/ fJBK d'jK ;zrmBK ft~u t?ukfoe G/d jB. fpjko ft~u id'A ed/fJj efmBkJh j[zdh j?, sK ekch ;zfynk ft~u n?wH ;hH ;hH d/ w?Apo eqKshekoh o;s/ ngDkUAd/ jB fi; Bkbfe Uj iksh ns/ tor d/ d[PwDK dk ftBkP eo ;eD. n?wH ;hH ;hH ft~u w[~y s"o s/ fgSVh iksh d/ b'ew?Apo jB ns/ r:k, n"ozrkpkd, jIkoh pkr ns/ gkbkwVk fifbnK d/ ;?AeV/ fgzvK T[Zs/ fJBK dk gqGkt j?.fg~S/ fij/ fJBK B/ “iB ;[o~fynk ;zxoP wzu” dh ;EkgBk ehsh j?. n?wH ;hH ;hH “ozrdkoh eo” th m/e/dkoK ns/ t~v/ fIzwhAdkoK s'A d?fBe youk ubkUD bJh t;{b eodh j?.

T[Zu iksh G{;[nkwhnK B/ nkgD/ gqG[~st T[Zs/ u[B"sh d/y e/ “;toD w[esh w'ouk” (Savarna LiberationFront wsbp SLF) dk ;zrmB ehsk. n?;H n?bH n?cH Bz{ nkofEe wdd d/D tkb/ fJ~e ;K;d ns/ d'


B ØN


ftXkfJe ;wM/ ik oj/ jB. n?;H n?bH n?cH B/ n?wH ;hH ;hH Bz{ 1992 d/ pkok j~fsnkeKv d/ pdb/ dhekotkJh dh Xweh th fd~sh ;h. fJBK Bo;zxkoK dh rzGhosk d/ pkti{d th b'e g[fb; Bkb ;fj:'r BjhAeod/ jB feUAfe gqPk;B s'A b'eK dk ftPtk; T[m frnk j?.

e[M b'e fpjko d/ fJBK Bo;zxkoK Bz{ iksh ;zxoP dh pikJ/ y/sh ;zpzXh n;zs'P efjzd/ jB. gqzs{ rtkjK s'AfJj f;~X BjhA j[zdk feUAfe T[Zu iksh d/ b'eK B/ fInkdkso w~X Pq/Dh d/ fe;kBK dh j~fsnk ehsh j? fiBKe'b n";sB 5 phxk s~e jh G{wh ;h. T[Zu iksh d/ b'e G{wh ;[XkoK ft~u x~N s'A x~N o{uh o~yd/ jB. UjsK “itkjo o[Irko :'iBk” fijhnK :'iBktK ft~u th o[ektNK g?dk eod/ jB fi; dk T[d/P rohp tordh wdd eoBk j?. Uj T[; XB okPh Bz{ th jV~gD dh e'fPP eod/ jB i' fBwB iksh d/ rohp b'eK ft~utzvD bJh j[zdh j?. T[Zu ikshnK ft~u nfij/ G{;[nkwh th jB fiBK e'b 1,000 J/eV s~e G{wh j?. fBT{BswwId{oh nfXfB:w th fJ~e wIke pD e/ ofj frnk j?. fpjko d/ nfXeso y/so ft~u pzX{nk wId{oh(bonded labour) d/ o{g ft~u r[bkwh gqEk n~i th gqu~fbs j? fi; Bkb jIkoK wId{oK Bz{ P'PD dk fPekons/ Boeh ihtB G'rDk g? fojk j?. e[M ;t?̂ fJS~[e ;zrmBK dhnK e'fPPK Bz{ T[Zu iksh d/ G{;[nkwhnK d[nkokgqPk;fBe nfXekohnK Bkb fwb e/ fBooEe ns/ BPN ehsk ik fojk j?.

T[go'es ftt/uB d[nkok ;gPN j? fe T[Zu ikshnK d[nkok fBwB ikshnK ns/ fgSVhnK ikshnK dk P'PD,fgSVhnK ikshnK d[nkok nD^fd~sh ;/tk (unpaid labour) eoD s'A fJBeko ns/ UBK d[nkok ;kj{ekoK ns/G{^;[nkwhnK Bz{ nkgD/ T[sgkdB t/uD s'A fJBeko, fBwB ikshnK d[nkok G{^wbehns dh wzr, S'N/ ezwKns/ BIokBk d/D s'A fJBeko nkfd T[Zu iksh d/ G{^;[nkwhnK ns/ wjkiBK Bz{ fjz;kswe gqshfeqnk bJhgq's;kfjs eod/ jB. cb;o{g, iksh dzr/ j[zd/ jB. G{;[nkwh fBwB ns/ fgSVhnK ikshnK d/ fto[~X dpkngkUD bJh i' T[gkn ngDkUAd/ jB Uj jB^ UBK Bz{ G{wh s'A p/dyb eo fdzd/ jB, wekB ykbh eok b?Ad/jB, uokrkjK ft~u gP{ ukoD dh nkfrnk BjhA fdzd/, sbkpK s'A ghD dk gkDh d/D s'A fJBeko eod/ jBns/ g{oh soK ;wkfie pfjPeko eo fdzd/ jB. fJBK iksh ;zxoPK ft~u fgSVhnK ikshnK d/ ns/ johiBb'e n?wH ;hH ;hH t~b nkeofPs j' rJ/ jB ns/ T[Zu iksh b'e n?;H n?bH n?cH t~b nkeofPs j' rJ/ jB.

i{B 1992 ft~u oki;EkB d/ Gosg[o fib/ d/ e[wj/o e;p/ ft~u iksh dzr/ GVe/ fi; ft~u 14 b'eK dhnKikBK rJhnK ns/ ;?AeV/ b'e p/xo j' rJ/. fJ; Bo;zxko ft~u i' ;w[dkJ/ Pkfwb ;B^T[Zu iksh ikN ns/nB{;{fus iksh d/ ikNtÛBK dk fJ~e bzpk ns/ e"Vk y{B Gfonk fJfsjk; j?. 1 i{B, 1992 Bz{ fJ~ef;B/wk jkb ft~u S'Nh fijh jkEkgkJh s'A dzr/ P[o{ j'J/, id'A fe ;EkfBe ikNt :[teK d/ fJ~e ;w{j B/fJ~e P'n ft~u dotkIk s'V e/ f;B/wk ft~u x[;D dh e'fPP ehsh. UBK e'b iK sK fNeN BjhA ;B iK UBKBz{ IwhB T[Zs/ p?m e/ fcbw d/yD Bz{ fejk frnk ;h. Uj :[te r[~;/ ft~u jkb s'A pkjo ub/ rJ/ ns/ eq'fXsGhV Bz{ Bkb b? e/ nkJ/, fi; B/ f;B/wk jkb ft~u s'V^c'V ehsh. d' fdB pknd jh ikNt bVfenK dk dbf;B/wk jkb d/ e[M eowukohnK Bkb BIdhe d/ fgzv ft~u jkEkgkJh ft~u T[bM frnk ns/ p;^n~v/ T[Zs/s'V^c'V P[o{ eo fd~sh. ikNK T[Zs/ ikNtK d/ n~fsnkuko dh nctkj c?b rJh. e[M ikN gfjbtkBK B/ pdbkb?D dk fBPuk ehsk. J/Xo g[fb; B/ ikNt eb"Bh s'A ft;c'Ne ;w~rqh th pokwd ehsh. pknd ft~u fdBd/ ;w/A jfEnko ;w/s ikN Nq?eNoK ns/ Nq~eK ft~u Go e/ ikNt eb"Bh gj[zu rJ/ ns/ fszB ;" s'A nfXe fgzvKft~u n~r brk fd~sh. ikNt eb"Bh ft~u fJj gkrbgD uko xzfNnK s~e ubdk fojk. fJj nctkj j? fe46 ikN gqG[~st tkb/ fgzvK ft~u ftP/P o{g Bkb p[bkJh rJh ;Gk s'A pknd fJ~e jIko jfEnkopzd ns/pbtkB ikN fJ; fwPB T[Zs/ fB~eb/ ;B. nrb/ fdB e[wj/o s'A gzi feb'whNo d{o ;/AEkoh fgzv ft~ujfEnkopzd ikNK B/ jwbk ehsk. UBK B/ uko ikNtK dh j~fsnk ehsh ns/ 25 xoK Bz{ ibk fd~sk. fJj fjz;kgzi fdB s~e ubdh ojh. brGr ;G okiBhfse dbK d/ gqshfBXhnK B/ e[wj/o dk d"ok ehsk ns/ dzfrnKbJh fJ~e d{i/ Bz{ d'Ph mfjokfJnk. oki ;oeko d[nkok nkd/P T[Zs/ ;hH phH nkJhH iKu th eotkJh rJh.;gPN j? fe okiBhfse B/sk nkgD/ fjsK dh ;kXBk ft~u iksh ;zxoP Bz{ ihfts o~yDk ukj[zd/ ;B. e'JhfszB ;kb gfjbK nkrok ft~u ikNîkNtK d/ ft~u pkoks d/ o;s/ Bz{ b? e/ ;zxoP j'J/. e[M ;w/A gfjbK nfijhfog'oN ;h fe ikNtK dh fJ~e t~vh ;zfynk f;~y Xow ft~u gfotosB dh r~b ;'u ojh ;h. e[wj/o, nkroknkfd ft~u fjz;k dhnK xNBktK s'A fJ~e e"Vk ;~u T[d/ j[zdk j? fe iksh^fxqDk ihfts j? ns/ Gkos ft~u gDgojh j?.


B ØN


6H3H26H3H26H3H26H3H26H3H2 rshPhbsk ns/ okiBhfse ;~sk gqkgsh ft~u o[ektNK rshPhbsk ns/ okiBhfse ;~sk gqkgsh ft~u o[ektNK rshPhbsk ns/ okiBhfse ;~sk gqkgsh ft~u o[ektNK rshPhbsk ns/ okiBhfse ;~sk gqkgsh ft~u o[ektNK rshPhbsk ns/ okiBhfse ;~sk gqkgsh ft~u o[ektNKn?wH n?BH PqhfBtk; d/ nB[;ko ;EkfBe ;z;soD ft~u ikshnK dh rshPhbsk dh ;zGktBk ;dk jh ojh j?.rshPhbsk d/ gqGktekoh ;o's jB^ ;z;feqsheoD dh gqfeqnk, XB d/ ;kXBK dh T[gbpXh, dPkpdh iBrDBkft~u iBrDBk nfXekohnK s'A iksh dh ;fEsh ft~u gfotosB bJh fBt/dB eoBk, ns/ iksh ;zx pDk e/iksh ;w{jK Bz{ rshtkB pDkUDk nkfd. G{^wbehns d/ ekoD T[Zu iksh d/ w?ApoK B/ Bk e/tb okiBhfse;~sk gqkgs ehsh (fit/A d~yD Gkos ft~u wokmk, o/Zvh, BkfJo, e{or ns/ t/bkbk ikshnK ft~u y/sohgq;fEsh), pbfe iBikshnK ns/ fBwB ns/ w~X ikshnK d/ b'eK B/ th okiBhfse Pesh gqkgs eo e/gq;fEsh dk dktk ehskl T[dkjoD bJh, :kdt, e[owh, e'oh, fpjko ft~u, g~shdko r[ioks ft~u, gkbk g{ophpzrkb ft~u, G{whih ns/ w[zvk g{oph Gkos ft~u B/ y~soh j'D dk dktk ehsk. nB/e fBwB ns/ fgSVhnKikshnK B/ T[Zu gq;fEsh gqsheK (symbols) fit/A okiBhfse ;~sk, f;~fynk ns/ Bt/A nkofEe w"fenK ft~ufj~;k gqkgs eoD dh e'fPP ehsh. T[Zu ikshnK B/ fBwB ikshnK d[nkok fuzBK d/ gq:'r dk fto'X ehsk.fJ; gqeko d/ gqsheK dk T[g:'r eoD tkb/ f;ofcfonK Bz{ dzfvs eoD bJh T[Zu iksh d/ b'e okiBhfsenfXekohnK T[Zs/ ftPtk; Bk eo ;e/. UBK dk ftPtk; ;h fe nfij/ fBwB iksh d/ b'eK Bz{ ;ohfoe dzvd/D iK iksh pfjPeko eoD dk UBK Bz{ “B?fse nfXeko” j?. d; ;kbk iBrDBk dh ;z;Ek B/ 1901 s'AfBwB ikshnK dh pj[s wdd ehsh. UBK B/ ;'funk fe iBrDBk fog'oN ft~u T[Zu ;fEsh dk dktk eoDBkb UBK dh ;fEsh ft~u e'Jh th fttkd yVk BjhA j't/rk.

T[Zu b?n d/ ;[zdo ;z;feqs d/ BK o~yD dh gfogkNh ikshnK ft~u ft;fsqs o{g Bkb ngDkJh ik ojh ;h.T[Zu gq;fEsh dh dkt/dkoh bJh gozgoktK, fotkiK ns/ g"okfDe eEktK s'A T[dkjoD fd~s/ rJ/. fJ; ;GBkb iksh ;zxoP tX/ feUAfe ukj/ nkozG ft~u fBwB ikshnK dk T[d/P iksh gqEktK ft~u ;[Xko eoBk ;hns/ T[Zu ;fEsh dk dktk eoBl ;h, gqzs{ ;[szsosk s'A pknd fJj ikshnK okiBhfse dpkn ;w{j pD rJ/ns/ u[Bkt bJh fNeNK, e?phB/N ft~u wzsoh pDBk, gqPk;B ft~u T[Zu B"eoh ns/ fJ~E'A s~e fe okPNogshgd s~e d/ dkt/dko j' rJ/. r[ioks, fd~bh, T[Zso gqd/P, oki;EkB ns/ j'o eJh okiK ft~u 1970, 1980ns/ 1990 d/ dPeK ft~u j'J/ iksh ;zxoP fJBK dkftnK d/ Bshi/ ;B.

;zy/g ft~u, fBwB ns/ fgSVhnK ikshnK d[nkok rshPhbsk bJh ngDkJ/ rJ/ o;fsnK dk T[Zu ikshnKd[nkok iw e/ fto'X ehsk frnk j?. T[Zu ikshnK d[nkok fto'X dhnK e'fPPK ns/ fBwB ikshnK d[nkokrshPhbsk dhnK e'fPPK B/ UBK ft~u ;zxoP g?dk ehsk j?.

6H3H36H3H36H3H36H3H36H3H3 nkofEe w"fenK Bz{ gqkgs eoD bJh w[ekpbk ns/ T[Zu gq;fEsh d/ nkofEe w"fenK Bz{ gqkgs eoD bJh w[ekpbk ns/ T[Zu gq;fEsh d/ nkofEe w"fenK Bz{ gqkgs eoD bJh w[ekpbk ns/ T[Zu gq;fEsh d/ nkofEe w"fenK Bz{ gqkgs eoD bJh w[ekpbk ns/ T[Zu gq;fEsh d/ nkofEe w"fenK Bz{ gqkgs eoD bJh w[ekpbk ns/ T[Zu gq;fEsh d/ gqshe gqkgs eoBk gqshe gqkgs eoBk gqshe gqkgs eoBk gqshe gqkgs eoBk gqshe gqkgs eoBk

ukj/ iksh ;z;soD ft~u jo iksh dh gq;fEsh fBPfus j?, gqzs{ ;z;soD ft~u iksh gq;fEsh dh ;gPNgfoGkPk d/ nGkt ft~u ikshnK dh ;fEsh dh n;gPNsk pDh ofjzdh j?. ;[szso Gkos ft~u ftfGzB ikshnKft~u w[ekpbk fJ~e nkw r~b j' rJh j?. iBsk d/ j~EK ft~u okiBhfse Pesh nkUD Bkb ikshnK dpkn;w{j pD rJhnK jB ns/ Pesh gqkgsh dh j'V br rJh j?. fJ; gqft~sh B/ d/P ft~u iksh ;zxoP Bz{gq's;kfjs ehsk j?. ed/ ed/ d{ihnK ikshnK Bkb ;cbskg{ote w[ekpb/ dh fJ~Sk S'N/ yzvK Bz{ fJ~em/ j'D bJhwip{o eo fdzdh j? ns/ Uj fJ~e iksh Pq/Dh ft~u pzB/ iKd/ jB. nKdo/ p/s/Jh B/ th fJzfrs ehsk j? fe“gd ns/ Pesh bJh w[ekpb/ ft~u yzvK d/ fJ~e i[N j'D dh Io{os j[zdh j? feUAfe fJ~e iksh fJ~ebh PeshbJh w[ekpb/ ft~u BjhA nk ;edh.” id'A S'N/ yzv fJ~em/ j' ikd/ jB sK Uj fJ~e PeshPkbh iksh pD iKd/jB. r[ioks ft~u e'bh ns/ T[Zso gqd/P ft~u :kdt fJ; r~b d/ T[dkjoD jB fe Uj nkgDh okiBhfsePesh Bz{ wIp{s eoD bJh fJ~ei[N j' e/ fJ~e iksh Pq/Dh d/ o{g ft~u ;zrfms j' rJ/.

gqpb iksh s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'<Nk;e


B ØN


iksh ;zxoPK ft~u fJj s~E gqw[~y j? fe ukj/ ;zfynkswe Pesh iksh Pesh dk nkXko j?, gqzs{ ;zrmB fJ; s'Ath wj~stg{oD j?. fJ; ;zpzX ft~u iksh ft~u ;wkfie ns/ nkofEe ;fEsh tkb/ b'e wj~stg{oD G{fwek fBGkUAd/jB. S'N/ fe;kB ns/ y/sh wId{o x~N PeshtkB j'D d/ ekoD ftP/P ;[ftXktK dh sK eh t?XkfBe nfXekoK Bz{th gqkgs BjhA eo ;ed/ jB. nfij/ b'e eqKshekoh ;zrmBK d/ ikb ft~u c; iKd/ jB ns/ nkgD/ nfXekoK ns/ gq;fEshbJh ;zxoP eod/ jB. fpjko, T[Zso gqd/P ns/ nKXo gqd/P ft~u j'J/ iksh ;zxoP fJBK dk jh Bshik jB.

6H46H46H46H46H4 nzsoiksh ;zpzX nzsoiksh ;zpzX nzsoiksh ;zpzX nzsoiksh ;zpzX nzsoiksh ;zpzX (Inter-Caste Relations)

nzsoiksh ;zpzXK d/ ftPb/PD bJh ikshnK Bz{ fszB ;w{jK ft~u ftGkfis ehsk ik ;edk j?^ ;t~S (clean)ikshnK (pqkjwD, okig{s, ekfJ;E, ikN nkfd), n;t~S (unclean) ikshnK (s/bh, X'ph, BkJh, e[wjko,b[jko nkfd) ns/ nS{s ikshnK (Gzrh, uwko, gk;h nkfd). fJBK ikshnK ft~u ;zpzXK Bz{ uko ;soK T[Zs/nfXn?B ehsk ik ;edk j?^ ;fjG'i ;zpzX, fttkfje ;zpzX, eko'pkoh ;zpzX ns/ ;wkfie ;zpzX. jo ;soT[Zs/ ;zpzX gozgokrs ns/ gfotosB:'r ;zpzXK d/ o{g ft~u d/y/ ik ;ed/ jB.

;fjG'i ;zpzXK dk noE UBK ;zpzXK s'A j? i' iksh$ftnesh Bkb G'iB eoD Bkb ;zpzfXs j[zd/ jB. d?fBe;zpzXK ft~u ftnesh nkgDh iksh d/ w?ApoK s'A jh G'iB ;theko eod/ jB. ;fjG'i d/ ;zpzXK dk gqPB e/tb e[M ftP/P w"fenK T[Zs/ j'D tkb/ G'i s/ jh T[Zmdk j?. nfij/ w"fenK T[Zs/ nkw gqubB fJj j? fe ukj/ftfGzB ikshnK d/ ftneshnK Bz{ nkwzsfos ehsk iKdk j?, gqzs{ T[; dk noE fJj fpbe[b th BjhA j? feUj ;G fJ~em/ G'iB eoD. ;t~S ikshnK d/ w?Apo fJ~e esko ft~u p?md/ jB, id'A fe n;t~S ikshnK d/b'e d{ih esko ft~u nb~r p?md/ jB. d'jK eskoK ft~u e[M EK S~vh ikdh j?. e/H n?;H wkE[o B/ e[M ngtkdKBz{ th fJzfrs ehsk j? fiBK ft~u d'jK gqeko dhnK ikshnK d/ w?Apo fJ~em/ p?md/ jB. fi; ;w/A ;t~S ikshnKd/ w?Apo G'iB eo oj/ j'D, nS{s ikshnK d/ w?Apo UBK Bkb BjhA p?mDr/. id'A ;fjG'i dk dkfJok S'Nkj[zdk j?, sK G'iB ;zpzX ft;fsqs j' iKd/ jB.

G'iB ;zpzXK ft~u ykDk, wfdokgkB ns/ X{wgkB Pkfwb j[zd/ jB. T[Zu iksh dk ftnesh T[; b'N/ dk gq:'rBjhA eo/rk i' fBwB iksh d/ w?Apo B/ gq:'r ehsk j't/ iK id'A s~e T[; b'N/ Bz{ fw~Nh, oky nkfd Bkb ;kcBk ehsk frnk j't/. j[~ek gq:'r d/ th fB:w brGr Ujh jB i' G'iB ft~u Gkr b?D d/ ;B. d{finK BkbykDk ykD d/ ;zpzX ft~u, noEks e~uk ykDk, g~ek ykDk, joh ;pIh ns/ fSbe/ tkb/ cbK bJh nb~r fBP/X (taboos) j?. e~uk ykDk nfsnzs P[~X wzfBnk iKdk j?. fJ; bJh fJj nfs nP[~Xsk d/ :'r j[zdk j? feUAfefJj gkDh ns/ Bwe s'A pDdk j?. g~ek ykDk x~N nP[~X j[zdk j? feUAfe fJ; ft~u xh dk gq:'r j[zdk j?.joh ;pIhnK ns/ cb nkfd x~N s'A x~N nP[~X j[zd/ jB. e~u/ G'iB dh ;thfeqsh fJ~esock j[zdh j? (noEks;t~S iksh d/ w?Apo n;t~S iksh ns/ nS{s iksh d/ w?ApoK s'A G'iB BjhA b?Ad/) id'A fe g~e/ G'iB dh;thfeqsh d' sock j[zdh j?. fJ; gqeko G'iB ;zpzXh ;zpzX d' r~bK T[Zs/ fBoGo eod/ jB^ (i) d/D tkb/ ns/b?D tkb/ dk ;z;ekfoe (ritual) ;so (ii) fd~s/ ikD tkb/ ns/ gqkgs G'iB dh ;z;ekfoe P[~Xsk dk gqeko.

e/H n?;H wkE[o B/ nkgD/ nfXn?B ft~u i' fe UBK B/ ftftX ikshnK tkb/ fgzv T[Zs/ ehsk, ikshnK Bz{ gzi ;w{jKft~u ftGkfis ehsk ;h. ;w{j fJ~e, d' ns/ fszB ft~u ;t~S ikshnK Bz{ Pkfwb ehsk frnk ;h, ;w{j uko ft~u n;t~SikshnK Bz{ ns/ ;w{j gzi ft~u nS{s ikshnK Bz{. fBwB fu~so gzi ;w{jK ft~u ;fjG'i ;zpzXK Bz{ do;kUAdk j?̂

;w{j I^pqkjwD

okig{s ;w{j II pBhnk BkJh ;w{j III b[jko

(B'A ikshnK) gzi ikshnK

i'rh ;w{j IV uwko ;w{j IV Gzrh(B'A ikshnK) uko ikshnK

fu~so 1fu~so 1fu~so 1fu~so 1fu~so 1e/H n?;H wkE[o d[nkok nfXn?B ehs/ rJ/ ftftX ikshnK tkb/ fgzv d/ gzi ;w{jK ft~u ;t~S ns/

n;t~S ikshnK dh ;zouBk ns/ ;fjG'ih ;zpzX


B ØN


vhH n?BH wi{wdko (1958) B/ th T[Zso gqd/P d/ byBT{ d/ e'b d/ jh fJ~e fgzv w'jBk ft~u ftfGzB ikshnKft~u ;fjG'i ;zpzXK dk nfXn?B 1955 ft~u ehsk ;h. fgzv ft~u 112 xo ;B, fi; ft~u 15 fGzB ikshnKd/ ftnesh e[b ;zfynk ft~u 806 ofjzd/ ;B. e[b 112 gfotkoK ft~u'A 23H5# uwko, 21H5# mke[o, 18H5#gk;h, 10H8# njho, 5H8# e[wjko, 5H6# X'ph ns/ 3H1# BkJh ;B. pkeh n~m ikshnK (soykD,ebtko, rVohnk, b[jko, pqkjwD, Gke;o, yfNe ns/ e[owh) ft~u 0H1# s'A 2H5# s~e gfotko ;B.Gke;o s'A fJbktk ;G ikshnK ihtB^:kgD bJh gqs~y iK ngqs~y o{g Bkb y/sh T[Zs/ jh fBoGo ;B. fgzvdh IwhB dk 41H43# Gkr mke[oK dk ;h, 15H0# gk;hnK dk, 12H6# uwkoK dk, 9H4# njhoK dk ns/8H5# e[wjkoK dk ;h. fu~so 2 ft~u ftftX ikshnK dh ;z;sokDswe ;zouBk fd~sh rJh j?.

wi{wdko B/ d/fynk fe pqkjwD j'o ikshnK s'A f;~Xk (e~uk ykd gdkoE) ;theko eo b?Ad/ ;B, njho mke[oKs'A th e~uk G'iB ;theko BjhA eod/ ;Bl mke[o njhoK d/ j~E s'A gkDh gh b?Ad/ ;Bl gqzs{ njho mke[oK d/j~E dk gkDh BjhA b?Ad/ ;B.

nzsoiksh ;fjG'i ;zpzXK d/ gqsh fdqPNhe'D dk nfXn?B eod/ j'J/ e[~g{;[nkwh B/ 1956 ft~u d~yD Gkos d/188 pqkjwDK ns/ 290 r?o^pqkjwDK dk nfXn?B ehsk. UBK B/ gkfJnk fe 81H8# T[Zsodksk fe;/ th ikshd/ ftnesh Bkb G'iB eoD bJh fsnko ;Bl 12H5# johiBK Bz{ S~v e/ ;G ikshnK Bkb G'iB eoD d/g~y ft~u ;B ns/ 3H8# e/tb nkgDh iksh d/ w?ApoK Bkb G'iB eoD dh fJ~Sk o~yd/ ;B.

phH thH Pkj (1968) B/ ;fjG'i d/ gqsh fdqPNhe'D dk ftPb/PD eod/ j'J/ r[ioks d/ 200 ftfdnkoEhnKdk nfXn?B ehsk ns/ gkfJnk fe 13H5# fJ; d/ fto'X ft~u ;Bl 54# nkgD/ wksk fgsk d/ ;kjwD/ fJ;d/ fto'X ft~u ;Bl 14H0# B/ fejk fe Uj e/tb UBK fBwB ikshnK d/ w?ApoK Bkb G'iB eoBk ukj[Dr/fiBK ft~u UBK dh iksh Bkb x~N s'A x~N ;z;feqfse nzso j't/ ns/ 18H5# nkgD/ wksk fgsk dh T[g;fEshft~u jh gozgokrs fBP/XK Bz{ nb~r o~yD bJh fsnko ;B.

1955 ft~u ;fjG'i ;zpzXK T[Zs/ ftnkfynk eod/ j'J/ ekgVhnk B/ fejk^” fJj ;~u j? fe g/Av{ y/soK ft~uth Uj nzsoG'i fi; ft~u ;G ikshnK d/ w?Apo fJ~e jh esko ft~u p?m e/ yKd/ jB, n~ie~b nfrnks BjhAj?l gqzs{ nfij/ th T[dkjoD jB fiBK s'A gsk ubdk j? fe fJ; gqeko dh nzsopkXktK Pfjoh y/soK ft~uth wB'ftfrnkfBe o{g Bkb g{oh soK ysw BjhA j'JhnK jB.” fJ; bJh ekgVhnk B/ gqPB T[mkfJnk feeh fJj wzBDk T[fus j't/rk fe fjzd{ ;wki ft~u ;fjG'i fBP/X brGr ysw j' rJ/ jB<

fJj ;G nfXn?B brGr uko dPkpdh gfjbK ehs/ rJ/ ;B. T[; ;w/A s'A pknd j[D s~e Uj b'e nfXeT[dko j' rJ/ jB ns/ j'o ikshnK d/ w?ApoK gqsh nfXe y[~b/ fdwkr Bkb ftuko eoD b~r/ jB. fJ~E'A s~efe n;t~S ikshnK gqsh th UBK d/ fdqPNhe'D ft~u ft;sko j'fJnk j?. id'A s~e n;t~S iksh d/ w?Apon;t~S ekoi BjhA eod/, b'e UBK Bkb G'iB eoD Bz{ p[ok BjhA ;wMd/, gqzs{ gozgokrs fjzd{ (fiBK dh;zfynk nfXe BjhA j?) n~i th ykD ghD d/ fBP/XK ft~u ftPtk; o~yd/ jB.

pqkjwD mke[o

njho rvohnk e[owh

b[jko e[wjko soykD

BkJh/yfNe/ebtko

gk;h uwko, Gke;o X’ph

fu~so 2fu~so 2fu~so 2fu~so 2fu~so 2

vhH n?BH wi{wdko d[nkok T[Zso gqd/P d/ w'jBk fgzv ft~u nfXn?B ehshnK rJhnK ikshnK dh;z;sokDswe ;zouBk


B ØN


fttkfje ;zpzX fttkfje ;zpzX fttkfje ;zpzX fttkfje ;zpzX fttkfje ;zpzX (Merital Relations)nzsoiksh ns/ nzso;w[dkfJe (inter-community) ftnkjK Bz{ ftXkfBe ns/ ;wkfie wkBsk gqdkBeo fd~sh rJh j?. ukj/ b'e j'o ikshnK ft~u ftnkj eoD Bz{ p[ok BjhA wzBd/, fco th t~vh ;zfynkft~u b'e nkgDh jh iksh ft~u ftnkj eod/ jB. fJj PkfJd fJ; bJh j? feUAfe p~funK d/ ftnkjn~i th wksk fgsk d[nkok s?n ehs/ iKd/ jB ns/ UBK dk ftPtk; j? fe dzgsh ;zpzX pokpo g[PmG{whtkb/ gfotkoK ft~u nfXe ;obsk Bkb ;w^nk:'fis j[zd/ jB. nfij/ th T[dkjoD jB fi~E/ Bk e/tbp~u/ pbfe UBK d/ wksk fgsk th iksh s'A pkjo ftnkj s?n eo fdzd/ jB. fJ; d/ fg~S/ w[~y ftukofJj j? fe ftnkj Bz{ “nfXe s'A nfXe nkg;h s~E” ;wfMnk ik fojk j?. n~i dk :[tk, iksh Bz{, ;kEhd/ u[Bkt ft~u nfXe wj~st BjhA fdzdk, pbfe Uj sK nfijk ;kEh ukj[zdk j? fi; Bz{ Uj uzrh soK;wMdk j't/ ns/ i' T[; Bz{ nfXe s'A nfXe ;zs[PNh dh nB[G{sh gqdkB eo ;edk j't/. nfijk ftneshT[; dh jh iks dk th j' ;edk j? iK BjhA th j' ;edk j?. P[o{nksh d"o ft~u bVe/ ns/ bVehnK fJ~ejh ebk;$;e{b ft~u gVd/ jB iK fJ~e jh dcso ft~u ezw eod/ jB, iK fJ~e jh gV"; ft~u ofjzd/ jB,fco th fJ~e d{i/ bJh “niBph” j[zd/ j'J/ th Uj E'Vh pj[s nkswhnsk ftef;s eoBk ukj[zd/ jB sKfe Uj fJ~e d{i/ gqsh nkeoPD ftef;s eo ;eD. gqzs{ wksk fgsk j[D th ;z;ekoK T[Zs/ I'o fdzd/ jBns/ wzBd/ jB fe iksh ns/ gfotkfoe g[PmG{wh s'A jh ftnesh dk ftnefs~st pDdk j? ns/ fJ;/Bkb d'jK ;kEhnK ft~u ftnkj s'A pknd GktBkswe gq/w T[sgzB j[zdk j?. fJ; bJh ukj/ :[tk ns/ p[I[ord't/A jh d{ihnK ikshnK Bkb fttkfje ;zpzXK d/ fto[~X BjhA jB, fco th fttjko ft~u j[D th Uj ftnkjBz{ nkgDh jh iksh s~e ;hfws o~yDk ukj[zd/ jB.

brGr ;kY/ fszB dPe gfjbK e[~g{;[nkwh, phH thH Pkj ns/ wkorq/N e'ow?e fij/ ftdtkBK B/ nkgD/ e[MftfdnkoEh T[ZsodksktK Bz{ nzsoiksh ftnkj d/ g~y ft~u gkfJnk. e[~g{;[nkwh B/ 1956 ft~u 478ftfdnkoEhnK d/ nfXn?B ft~u gkfJnk ;h fe 68H8# ftfdnkoEh nzsoiksh ns/ nzsoT[giksh ftnkjd/ g~y ft~u ;B, 22H4# ftfdnkoEh fto'X ft~u, ns/ 8H8# nzsoT[giksh ftnkj d/ g~y ft~u ;B. phHthH Pkj B/ r[ioks ft~u 200 ftfdnkoEhnK d/ nfXn?B ft~u gkfJnk fe 65# T[Zsodksk iksh ns/ T[gikshd/ nzdo ftnkj d/ g~y ft~u ;Bl 26# nzsoiksh ftnkj d/ g~y ft~u ;B ns/ 9# Pos;fjs nzsoikshftnkj d/ g~y ft~u ;B.e'ow?e B/ ftfGzB okiK d/ ftfGzB ftPtftfdnkfbnK d/ 500 ftfdnkoEhnK d/ wkskfgsk d/ fdqPNhe'D d/ nfXn?B ft~u gkfJnk fe 51H2# wksk fgsk fJ; r~b T[Zs/ ;fjws ;B fe i/eo UBKdh iksh s'A pkjo :'r ftnesh fwb ikt/ sK nkgD/ p~funK dk ftnkj Uj j'o iksh ft~u eo ;ed/ ;B,id'A fe 28H5# nzsoiksh ftnkj d/ fpbe[b fto[~X ;B. n~i nfXeso b'e nzsoiksh ftnkj d/ g~y ft~uj' ;ed/ jB, gqzs{ fttjko ft~u Uj nkgDh jh iksh ft~u ftnkj d/ g~yXo jB.

fJ; gqeko :[tk b'e d' ;zxoPwJh wkBdzvK d/ nkXko s/ ezw eod/ jB^ fJ~e ;gPN (explicit) ns/ d{iknftnes (implicit) wkBdzvK T[Zs/. d{i/ gk;/, n~i d/ wksk fgsk, iksh s'A pkjo fttkfje ;zpzXK d/ ftP/ft~u J/BhnK fInkdk PzektK Bkb ghfVs jB, fizBhnK fe fJ~e ghVh gfjbK d/ wksk fgsk ;B. fJj nfXn?BfJj gqrN eod/ jB fe fInkdkso bVe/ ns/ bVehnK nkgD/ wksk fgsk dhnK fJ~SktK d/ fto[~X gqdoPBft~u vo, Pow, nkswu/sBk ns/ p/u?Bh dk nB[Gt eod/ jB. cb;o{g, Uj j'o iksh ft~u ftnkj d/ fto[~XBk th j'D, sK th nkgDh jh iksh ft~u ftnkj eod/ jB.

eko'pkoh ;zpzX eko'pkoh ;zpzX eko'pkoh ;zpzX eko'pkoh ;zpzX eko'pkoh ;zpzX (Occupational Relations)eko'pkoh ;zpzX dk noE j? fe fB:fws o{g ft~u T[sgkdB ns/ ;/tktK dk nkdkB^gqdkB. iksh ftt;EkikshnK Bz{ e[M eko'pkoK bJh ;thfeqsh ns/ e[M bJh fBP/X gq;s[s eodh j?, gqzs{ gozgokrs ftP/P :'rskikshnK dh nkg;h fBoGosk fBPfus eodh j?. nBki T[sgkdB eoD tkb/ gfotkoK d/ w~X, i' fJBK Bz{ftfGzB t;sK ns/ ;/tktK i[NkUAd/ jB, ;w{j^nfGw[y ns/ bzph ntXh tkb/ ;zftdkswe pzXBK (contrac-tual bounds) ft~u fBozsosk ns/ gfotosB ;zpzXh ftPb/PD iiwkBh ftt;Ek tkb/ gkm ft~u ehsk frnkj?. fJ; dk ;G s'A tXhnk ftPb/PD vhH n?BH wi{wdko B/ T[Zso gqd/P d/ byBT{ fib/ d/ w'jBk fgzv d/nfXn?B d/ nkXko s/ ehsk j?.


B ØN


fu~so 3 ns/ 4 mke[o gfotko ft~u “iBw” ns/ “w[zvB” d/ w"fenK T[Zs/ eko'pkoh ;zpzXK Bz{ do;kUAd/ jB^

;wkfie ;zpzX ;wkfie ;zpzX ;wkfie ;zpzX ;wkfie ;zpzX ;wkfie ;zpzX (Social Relations)id'A g/Av{ b'e ;fwsh iK ;Gk iK r~g^P~g bJh fwb e/ p?md/ jB, sK Uj nkw s"o s/ iksh dh gq;fEshd/ nB[;ko jh p?md/ jB. e[M b'e wzfinK T[Zs/ ns/ e[M IwhB T[Zs/ p?md/ jB. T[Zu gq;fEsh tkbh ikshd/ b'e (pqkjwD, okig{s nkfd) wzi/ d/ T[Zu/ Gkr T[Zs/ p?md/ jB id'A fe UBK s'A x~N gq;fEsh tkbh ikshd/ b'e g?oK t~b p?md/ jB. w~Xw iksh d/ w?Apo wzi/ d/ e'b jh IwhB s/ p?md/ jB, id'A fe fBwB ikshd/ b'e wzi/ s'A d{o IwhB T[Zs/ p?md/ jB. id'A e/tb w~X ns/ fBwB ikshnK d/ b'e T[g;fEs j'D sK w~Xiksh d/ w?Apo IwhB T[Zs/ jh p?mDr/. p?mD dh ftt;Ek Pesh ns/ nfXeko ;zpzXK dh ;{ue j?. pqkjwDns/ okig{s wzi/ T[Zs/ p?md/ jB ns/ p'bD ft~u n~r/ ofjzd/ jB. cb;o{g, p?me ft~u fJ~ews fBu'V ft~uth UBK dh EK jh T[Zgo ofjzdh j?. UBK fgzvK ft~u fi~E/ pqkjwDK dh ;zfynk x~N j[zdh j?, T[ZE/ UBK d/ j~Eft~u Pesh BjhA j[zdh. fJ; gqeko fe;/ nbg^;zfyne T[Zu iksh dh fBoDk b?D ;zpzXh gqGkt ft~u fPfEbskjh j't/rh.

ftftX ikshnK ftueko ;wkfie ;zpzXK dk w[~bKeD p?mD dh ftPwsk T[Zs/ jh fBoXkfos BjhA j[zdk, pbfenfGtkdB, ;[nkrs ns/ fsUjkoK T[Zs/ fwbDî[bD d/ sohe/ T[Zs/ th fBoXkfos j[zdk j?. ;wki ft~uft~fdnkwkB iksh o{VhnK (caste stereotypes) d/ nkXko s/ th ;zpzXK Bz{ d/fynk ik ;edk j?. e[M o{VhnKfJ; gqeko jB^ ”njho ;~m ;kb s~e Bkpkfbr ofjzdk j?.”, “ekfJ;E dk p~uk ed/ Bk ;~uk”, “p?mk pkDhnkeh eo/, fJ~Xo dk XkB T[ZXo eo/”, “e[owh fe;/ bJh tckdko BjhA j[zdk”, “;t/o/ s/bh dk w[zj d/yD BkbnzB BjhA fwbdk”. ukj/ fJj o{VhpZX ftuko fe;/ soe T[Zs/ nkXkfos BjhA jB, gqzs{ fJ~e tko nofiseoD s'A pknd fJj ;obsk Bkb BjhA pdb/ ik ;ed/.

iBw g~soh pDkUAdk j?

uke{ eVk fdzdk j? ;zd/Ptkje dk ezweodk j?

e~gV/ X'Adk j?

iBw d/D ft~u ;jkfJsk eodk j?

g~sbK dh g{osh eodk j?

pqkjwDb[jko

mke[o

Ge;'oX'ph gk;h

BkJh


mke[o gfotko ft~u iBw ;wko'j d/ ;w/A ftfGzB ikshnK Bkb eko'pkoh ;zpzX

ikshnK ft~u ;wkfie ;zpzX iksh ;z;soD ft~u iksh dh gq;fEsh T[Zs/ fBoGoj[zd/ jB.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j'


B ØN


fgSbhnK e[M PskpdhnK ft~u ftfGzB ;soK T[Zs/ nzsoiksh ;zpzXK ft~u wj~stg{oD gfotosB nkJ/ jB.e[M fJ; soK jB^

(i) pqkjwD fBwB iksh d/ w?ApoK s'A e~uk G'iB ;theko eoD ft~u j[D ;ze'u BjhA eod/.

(ii) p?mD dh ftt;Ek ft~u ftPwsk ;zpzXh fB:w ysw j[zd/ ik oj/ jB.

(iii) e[M fBwB ikshnK pqkjwDK Bz{ nkgD/ ;wko'jK ft~u fBwzsfos eodhnK jB.

(iv) fBwB ikshnK d/ w?Apo T[Zu ikshnK d/ w?ApoK d/ nkd/PK dk gkbD u[~gukg ns/ fBwoskg{ote BjhA eod/ jB.

(v) fBwB ikshnK d/ w?Apo T[Zu ikshnK bJh p/rko BjhA eod/ jB.

fBu'V bJh fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe j[D T[Zu ikshnK d/ b'e fBwB ikshnK d/ gqsh fdqPNhe'DK ft~u nfXe;fjPD{ j' rJ/ jB. fJBK gfotosBK bJh T[ZsodkJh ekoe jB^ Pfjoh b'eK Bkb ;zgoel fIzwhAdkohT[Bw{bD, ;[Xko d/ ;oekoh T[gkn ns/ fBwB ikshnK ft~u nfXeko u/sBk.

nzsoiksh ;zxoP nzsoiksh ;zxoP nzsoiksh ;zxoP nzsoiksh ;zxoP nzsoiksh ;zxoP (Inter-Caste Conflicts)i/eo ikshnK ft~u ;fj:'r j? sK ;zxoP th. ;zxoP sK g?dk j[zd/ jB id'A^ (i) fJ~e iksh d{ih iksh T[Zs/gqG[~st iwkUAdh j?. (ii) id'A T[Zu iksh d/ b'e fBwB ikshnK dk P'PD eod/ jB. (iii) id'A ikshnK d{ihnKikshnK Bz{ rshPhbsk ft~u ns/ okiBhfse Pesh gqkgs eoD ft~u o[ektN wzBdhnK jB. (iv) id'A ikshnKBthB nkofEe w"fenK Bz{ gqkgs eoD ft~u n;cb j[zdhnK jB iK T[Zu ;fEsh gqkgs BjhA eo gkUAdhnK.ukj/ iksh ;zxoP ns/ iksh fjz;k g/Av{ y/soK ft~u jh gkJ/ ikd/ jB, fco th Pfjoh y/soK ft~u th n~ie~bfJj gkJ/ ikD b~r/ jB. fJ~e gk;/ fi~E/ r[ioks ns/ wjKokPNo ft~u iksh fjz;k d/ wkwb/ Pfjoh y/soK ft~u;kjwD/ nkJ/ jB, d{i/ gk;/ fpjko, T[Zso gqd/P, T[Vh;k ns/ pzrkb ft~u iksh fjz;k dhnK xNBktK g/Av{ y/soK ft~u fog'oN ehshnK rJhnK jB. e[M ftdtkBK B/ sfwbBkv{, oki;EkB, w~Xgqd/P, eoBkNe nkfdgqd/PK ft~u okiBhsh s'A gq/fos iksh fjz;k dhnK xNBktK dk ;zdoG fd~sk j?. n;hA fJ~E/ T[go'es uko ekoDKdk ;zy/g ftt/uB eoKr/.

g~sbK fdzdk j?

k

pqkjwD

mke[o

e[wjko

gk;h

e[bjV d/Adk j?

BkJh

tkb e~Ndk j?

;z;eko ;wko'j dk fdB fBPfuseodk j? ns/ ;wko'j ;zgzB eotkUAdk j?


mke[o gfotko ft~u w[zvB ;z;eko d/ ;w/A ftfGzB ikshnK Bkb eko'pkoh ;zpzX


B ØN



(i) HHHHHHHHHHHHHH d/ nB[;ko iksh gqpb sK j[zdh j?, id'A Uj d{ih iksh s'A ;zfynk ft~u nfXe j[zdh j?.

(ii) wkou 1990 ns/ nes{po 1994 d/ ftueko HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ft~u 30 s'A th nfXe iksh j~fsnktK dhnK xNBktK j'JhnK.

(iii) HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 1970 d/ nkozG ft~u fJ~e Be;btkdh B/sk d[nkok ;Ekfgs ehsk frnk.

(iv) HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH d/ ftPb/PD bJh ikshnK Bz{ fszB T[g;w{jK ft~u ftGkfis ehsk ik ;edk j?.

(v) nzsoiksh ns/ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ftnkjK Bz{ t?XkfBe ns/ ;wkfie wkBsk gqdkB eo fd~sh rJh j?.

(vi) ikshnK ft~u ;wkfie ;zpzX HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ft~u iksh dh gq;fEsh T[Zs/ fBoGo j[zd/ jB.


• iksh ftt;Ek d/ nfXn?B ft~u fJ; dk noE fJj BjhA j? fe ;wkiPk;soh GkosPk;sohnK ns/ ;wkfiewkBtPk;sohnK dh soK iksh Bz{ ;wkfie ;soheoD dk Bshik BjhA wzBd/ jB. ;wkfie wkBtPk;sohns/ ;wkiPk;soh d't/A jh iksh ftt;Ek d/ pkjoh gfjb{ (fJ~e iksh d/ j'o ikshnK Bkb ;zpzX) ns/nzdo{Bh gfjb{ (fJ~e iksh d/ nzdo w?ApoK d/ nkg;h ;zpzX) dk nfXn?B eod/ jB ns/ iksh ftt;Ek d/cb;o{g g?dk j'JhnK ;fEshnK dk ftPb/PD eod/ jB. iksh ftt;Ek d/ ftfGzB g~yK d/ ;wkiPk;sohftPb/PD s'A gfjbK iksh dhnK ntXkoDktK Bz{ ;wMDk Io{oh j?.

• iksh dh ;zouBk dk nfXn?B fJ; dhnK gqw[~y ftP/PsktK d/ ftPb/PD d[nkok ehsk ik ;edk j?. p{rb B/iksh d/ fszB s~s d~;/ jBL tzPkB[rs ftP/P~rsk, Pq/Dhp~Xsk ns/ nkeoPe ns/ fto'Xl j'ekoN B/ XkofwefeqnkêbkgK dh gft~sosk ns/ ngft~sosk T[Zs/ pb fd~sk j?, id'A fe foIb/ B/ nzso^ftnkj (endogamy)ns/ tzPkB[rs g/P/ (occupation) T[Zs/ pb fd~sk j?. X[o/, e/beo, n?BH e/H d~s nkfd B/ th fJBK ftP/PsktK t~b ;ze/s ehsk j?. fJBK ftP/PsktK Bz{ d~;d/ j'J/ fJBK ;G ftdtkBK B/ iksh Bz{ fJ~e fJekJh ns/fJ~e ftt;Ek d/ o{g ft~u nzso BjhA ehsk j?. fJ; nzso Bz{ fXnkB ft~u o~yd/ j'J/ fJj wzfBnk ik ;edkj? fe fJ~e fJekJh d/ o{g ft~u iksh dhnK fJj ftP/PsktK jBL tzPkB[rs ;d~;sk, nzsoftnkj, fBPfuseko'pko ns/ iksh ;fwshnK, id'A fe ftt;Ek d/ o{g ft~u iksh dhnK ftP/PsktK jBL Pq/Dheqw,ykD^gkUD T[Zs/ gqshpzX ns/ ;ohfoe ns/ ;wkfie d{ohnK T[Zs/ gqshpzX. n;hA iksh dhnK fJBKftt;EktK ns/ fJekJhnK dk t~y t~y ftt/uB eoKr/.

• p{rb B/ iksh d/ fszB s~s d~;/ jBL tzPkB[rs ftP/P~rsk, Pq/Dhp~Xsk ns/ nkeoPe ns/ fto'Xl j'ekoN B/Xkofwe feqnkêbkgK dh gft~sosk ns/ ngft~sosk T[Zs/ pb fd~sk j?, id'A fe foIb/ B/ nzso^ftnkj(endogamy) ns/ tzPkB[rs g/P/ (occupation) T[Zs/ pb fd~sk j?. X[o/, e/beo, n?BH e/H d~s nkfd B/th fJBK ftP/PsktK t~b ;ze/s ehsk j?. fJBK ftP/PsktK Bz{ d~;d/ j'J/ fJBK ;G ftdtkBK B/ iksh Bz{ fJ~efJekJh ns/ fJ~e ftt;Ek d/ o{g ft~u nzso BjhA ehsk j?.


• nB[b'w ftnkjnB[b'w ftnkjnB[b'w ftnkjnB[b'w ftnkjnB[b'w ftnkj ^ T[Zu toD d/ wod dk nkgD/ s'A jhD toD dh n"os Bkb ftnkj.

• gqshb'w ftnkj gqshb'w ftnkj gqshb'w ftnkj gqshb'w ftnkj gqshb'w ftnkj ^ Uj ftnkj fi; ft~u wod fBwB toD ns/ n"os T[Zu toD dh j't/.


1. iksh ftt;Ek dh ft;fsqs ftnkfynk eo'.

2. iksh ftt;Ek s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'< fJBK dhnK ftP/PsktK d~;'.


B ØN


3. Gkos ft~u iksh ftt;Ek dk gqGktPkbh y/so eh j?< ;wMkU.

4. Gkos ft~u gkJhnK ikD tkbhnK gqpb ikshnK dk ftt/uB eo'.

5. nzsoiksh ;zpzX T[Zs/ gqekP gkU.

T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD (Answers: Self Assessment)

1H (i) (d) (ii) (d) (iii) (a) (iv) (c) (v) (a)

2H (i) n?uH n?BH PqhfBtk; (ii) fpjko (iii) efwT{fB;N ;?ANo

(iv) nzsoiksh ;zpzX (v) nzso;w[dkfJe (vi) iksh ;z;soD

6H86H86H86H86H8 ;zdoG g[;seK ;zdoG g[;seK ;zdoG g[;seK ;zdoG g[;seK ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

1H ekPh gq;kd ;e;/Bk, w[;fbw ftnkj, 19592H e/H n?wH egkVhnk, w?foi n?Av c?fwbh fJB fJzvhnk, nke;c'ov :{Bhtof;Nh gq?; fd~bh,

1972

3H P[eoh, nfjwd, w[jzwvB bk Uc w?foi n?Av fvt'o;, 1917

p[e;

fJekJh^7L iksh^ftt;Ek dk GftZy ns/ gfotofss gqftoshnKfJekJh^7L iksh^ftt;Ek dk GftZy ns/ gfotofss gqftoshnKfJekJh^7L iksh^ftt;Ek dk GftZy ns/ gfotofss gqftoshnKfJekJh^7L iksh^ftt;Ek dk GftZy ns/ gfotofss gqftoshnKfJekJh^7L iksh^ftt;Ek dk GftZy ns/ gfotofss gqftoshnK

B ØN


fJekJh–7L iksh^ftt;Ek dk GftZy ns/ gfotofss gqftoshnKfJekJh–7L iksh^ftt;Ek dk GftZy ns/ gfotofss gqftoshnKfJekJh–7L iksh^ftt;Ek dk GftZy ns/ gfotofss gqftoshnKfJekJh–7L iksh^ftt;Ek dk GftZy ns/ gfotofss gqftoshnKfJekJh–7L iksh^ftt;Ek dk GftZy ns/ gfotofss gqftoshnK(Changing Trends and Future of Caste System)


T[d/P (Objectives)


7H1 iksh–ftt;Ek dh gfotofss gqftoshnK (Changing Trends of Caste System)

7H2 iksh^ftt;Ek ftu w[~y gfotosB (Broad Changes in the Caste System)

7H3 iksh^ftt;Ek dk Gft~y (Future of Caste System)



7H6 nfGnk;–gqPB (Review Questions)




• iksh–ftt;Ek dh gfotofss gqftoshnK Bz{ ikDB ftul

• iksh^ftt;Ek ftu eh w[Zy gfotosB j'J/ jB ns/ iksh^ftt;Ek d/ Gft~y Bz{ ;wMkT[D ftu.


;wki Pk;soh gfog/y ftu iksh^ftt;Ek Bz{ ;wki ftu g~XoheoD d/ o{g ftu ns/ ;wkfie n;wkBskdh gqxNBk d/ o{g ftu d/fynk frnk j?. fJ; gfog/y d/ nB[;ko ;wki d/ e[M ;zouBkswe gZy j[zd/ jBns/ ;wki nkgD/ w?ApoK Bz{ ftfGzB ;wkfie ;fEshnK (Position) ftu tzv fdzdk j?. fJBQK w?ApoK d/ ftudh nzso feqnk ;wkfie ;zouBktK dk nkXko j[zdh j? ns/ nzso feqnk d/ gqeko ns/ ;zpzX nkdoP (norms);wkfie ;zouBktK Bz{ P/qDh eod/ jB.

iksh^ftt;Ek d/ nfXn?B ftu fJ; dk fJj noE BjhA j? fe ;wki Pk;soh, Gkos Pk;soh ns/ ;wkfiewkBt Pk;soh dh soQK iksh Bz{ ;wkfie g~XoheoB dk gfoDkw BjhA wzBd/ jB. ;wkfie wkBt Pk;sohns/ ;wki Pk;soh d't/A jh iksh^ftt;Ek d/ pkjoh gfjb{ (fJe iksh d/ j'o ikshnK d/ ;zzpzX) ns/ nKsfoegfjb{ (fJe iksh d/ nzdo w?ApoK d/ gko;gfoe ;zpzX) dk nfXn?B eod/ jB ns/ iksh^ftt;Ek d/ gfoDkw;o{g T[sgzB j'Jh ;fEshnK dk ftPb/PD eod/ jB. iksh^ftt;Ek d/ ftfGzB gZyK d/ ;wki Pk;sohftPb/PD d/ gfjbK iksh dh ntXkoBk Bzz{ ;wMDk io{oh j?.

7H17H17H17H17H1 iksh ftt;Ek dh gfotofss gqftoshnK iksh ftt;Ek dh gfotofss gqftoshnK iksh ftt;Ek dh gfotofss gqftoshnK iksh ftt;Ek dh gfotofss gqftoshnK iksh ftt;Ek dh gfotofss gqftoshnK (Changing Trendsof Caste)

iksh^ftt;Ek, fi; o{g ftu toswkB ftu gkJh iKdh j?, PskpdhnK d/ ;w/A ftu ftef;s j'JhnK jB.iksh–ftt;Ek d/ ftt/uB d/ bJh n;hA Gkos d/ fJfsjk; Bz{ uko :[rK ftu tzv ;ed/ jK L (1) gqkuhB :[r,fi; ftu (n) t?fde ekb, (p) pqkjwD ekb, (;) w"fonk ekb, (d) w"fonUso (Post Maurya) ekb(:kBh fe, ;KrK, e[PkD s/ r[gs ekb) ns/ (J) joPtoXB ekb s/ j'o ekb Pkwb jB. (2) wZX :[r,

Sukanya Das, Lovely Professional UniversityRipudaman Singh, Lovely Professional University


B ØN


fi; ftu (n) okig{s ekb ns/ (p) w[;fbw ekb Pkwb jB. (3) fpqfNP :[r, fi; ftu (n) g{otT[d:'fre ekb ns/ (p) ;[szsosk^g{ot T[d:'fre ekb Pkwb jB. (4) ;[szsosk s'A pknd ekb.

7H1H1 t?fde iK g{ot p"X ekb7H1H1 t?fde iK g{ot p"X ekb7H1H1 t?fde iK g{ot p"X ekb7H1H1 t?fde iK g{ot p"X ekb7H1H1 t?fde iK g{ot p"X ekbt?fde ekb ftu iksh d/ fJfsjk; ns/ doPB T[Zs/ j'fJnk t?fde ;kfj~s ftu nB[;zXkB dk gfoDkw j?, fi;ftu t/d, pqkjwD ns/ T[gfBPdK dk nfXn?B w[Zy o{g ftu Pkwb jB. fJfsjk;e ;zdoG ftu Gkos dkfJfsjk; fort/d s'A nkozG j'fJnk. fJj wzfBnk iKdk j? fe t?fde ekb dk nkozG 4000 JhH g{ot j'fJnkns/ 1000 JhH g{ot se ikoh fojk. (ghHthH ekB/ d/ nB[;ko). fezs{ iKd/ ftPb/PD d/ T[d/P s'A n;hA t?fdeekb Bz{ 1500 JhH g{ot s' (fort/d ouBk dk nB[wkfBs ekb) 322 JhH g{ot se c?fbnk j'fJnk wzB b?Ad/jK. T[; ;w/A ftu uzdor[gs B/ ;~sk gqkgs ehsh ;h ns/ w"fonk tzP dk nkozG j'fJnk ;h fi; ftuT[gfBPdK d/ w{b ftukoK dh ouBk ns/ T[BQK dk T[gd/P nkozG j'fJnk.

t?fde ekb ftu iksh^ftt;Ek d/ ftP/ ftu d' ftukoXkoktK jB. fJe ftukoXkok d/ nB[;ko iksh^ftt;Ekdk w{b nkeko sK fort/d d/ nkozGe uoD s'A jh w"i{d ;h ns/ pqkjwD, yZsoh, t?P ikshnK d/ fszB Gkrth w"i{d ;B fiBQK Bz{ ssekbhB fort/d ;wki ftu wkBsk th gqkgs ;h (fJ; ftukoXkok d/ nB[;ko ‘P{do’iksh T[; uoD ftu n;fsst ftu BjhA ;h ns/ fJ; dh ouBk fort/d d/ nzfsw uoD ftu nkohnB d[nkokehsh rJh. d{ih ftukoXkok d/ nB[;ko fJj fszBK ‘ikshnK’ BjhA ;B pbfe ‘toD’ ;B i' fe tzPkB[rs(hereditary) BjhA ;B pbfe buhb/ (flexible) ;h. fwT{o fiwo, p/po ns/ X[foJ/ d{ih ftukoXkok d/gqw[Zy gqtose jB. d{i/ gk;/ T[j b'e jB fiBQK B/ fJ; ftukoXkok Bz{ n;theko ehsk ns/ gfjb/ ftukodk ;woEB ehsk j?L fit/A jkr eoB, d~s ns/ nkgN/. fJBQK dh wkBsk j? fe iksh^ftt;Ek fort/d ekbftu jh ;h Gkt/A fJj fte;s nt;Ek ftu BjhA ;h. phHnkoH eKpb/ B/ jkb ftu jh dZf;nk j? fefort/de ekb ftu iksh ftt;Ek ekch uzrh ;h ns/ T[; ;w/A fJj buhbh BjhA ;h pbfe fJ; B/ nB/eo[ektNK yVhnK eo fdZshnK ;B.

7H1H2 pqkjwD ekb7H1H2 pqkjwD ekb7H1H2 pqkjwD ekb7H1H2 pqkjwD ekb7H1H2 pqkjwD ekbfort/fde ekb d/ nzs s'A T[Zso^t?fde ekb dk nkozG j[zdk j?, fi; Bz{ pqkjwD ekb d/ Bkw s'A th ikfDnkiKdk j?. fJ; ekb d/ ;kfjZs ftu ‘pqkjwD’ ns/ ‘T[gfBPd’ Pkwb jB. fJ; :[r dh nB[wkfBs 400 ;kbKdk ;wK wzfBnK iKdk j?. fi; dk nkozG 1000 JhH g{ot j'fJnk. fJ; ekb ftu pqkjwDtkd d/ ftek; dkdoPBh o{g ;kjwD/ nkT[Adk j? fi; ftu pqkjwDK Bz{ Xow d/ ;kXB d[nkok ftP/PkfXeko gqkgs j'J/ ;B.tZv/ okiK d/ T[d/ B/ yZsohnK Bz{ t?PK ns/ P{doK d/ T[Zs/ ;/qPmsk gqdkB ehsh Gkt/A (yZsoh) pqkjwDK dh T[g/ePk nkgDh dt?shne ;fEsh s'A n;zs[PN jh pD/ oj/. JhH g{ot u"Eh Pskpdh d/ nk; gk; pqkjwD ns/yZsoh ;zxoP dh ;fEsh ftu nk rJ/ ns/ jo/e fJe d{i/ T[Zs/ nkgDh ;/qPmsk Bz{ ;Ekgs eoB ftu o[ZMfrnk. iBikshnK d/ skbw/b, BthB jZdK dh T[gbpXh ns/ ft;sko, okiK d/ nkeko ftu tkXk, ns/ :[ZXKftu okfinK d/ e[Pb ns/ ;cb nrtkJh B/ yZsohnK dh tXdh j'Jh Pesh Bz{ j'o wIp{s pDk fdZsk. fJegk;/ yZsohnK d/ pb ns/ Pesh ftu tkXk ns/ gow nfXeko (Prerogatives) dh gqkgsh ns/ d{i/ gk;/pqkjwDK dh n;zGt wzrK d/ ekoD d'tK ftu ;zxoP dh ;fEsh pDh. nfijk j'D Bkb nb~r^nb~r ;wkfie;w{jK d/ ftu nkgDh ;fEsh, ftP/PkfXekoK, ns/ fBo^:'rsktK d/ j[zd/ j'J/ ;wkfie ;zpzXK dh ;wZf;nk B/;ot T[Zu wj~st gqkgs eo fbnk. ‘;zfjsk’ ns/ ‘pqkjwD’ ;kfjsK ftu iksh G/d j'o th ;gPN j'e/ T[d/j'fJnk. fJ; d/ fJbktk, u"Eh iksh ‘P{do’ nkohnB d/ ;wki dk nfGzB nzr ;h Gkt/A T[BQK dh ;fEsh BhthA;h. fJ; ekb d/ ;kfjZs ftu uko ikshnK dk ;zdoG eJh tko fwbdk j? ns/ fJ; gqeko uko ‘;Ekgs’ns/ em'o j' rJh.

fJ; bJh, wjKekft ekb ftu tor G/d rfjokT[Adk frnk. yZsoh Pk;eK d/ nkg;h :Z[XK dk bkG T[mkT[Ad/j'J/ pqkjwDK B/ nkgD/ nkg Bz{ nbZr tor d/ o{g ftu ;zrfms eo fbnk. T[Zso^wjkekft ekb ftu g[o'fjstzPkB[eqw s'A j'D br/l pqkjwD y{B dh P[~Xsk T[Zs/ pb d/D br/. T[BQK ‘rqfj ;{so’ ns/ ‘Xow ;{so’ fbye/ ;wkfie ihtB Bz{ ;zrfms eoB dk ikfrqs isB nkozG eo fdZsk. ‘rqfj ;{so’ ftu ftnesh d/ iBws'A fwqse (dkj ;z;eko) se coIK dk ;{yw fttoD fdZsk frnk ns/ ‘Xow ;{so’ ftu ftnesh d/ ;wkfie


B ØN


fttjko ns/ ;zpzXK dh ;zfjsk T[Zs/ gqekP gkfJnk frnk. ;' fJj fejk ik ;edk j? iksh ftt;Ek dk nkozGfpzd{ t?fde ekb dk nzfsw uoD ns/ T[Zso^t?fde ekb ;h. feT[Afe ;wkfie g~XoheoD (stratification)dk nkXko Pqw^ftGkiB ;h. fJ; bJh w{b o{g ftu iksh ftt;Ek dh ng/ePk tor ftt;Ek ;h.

7H1H3 w"fonk ekb7H1H3 w"fonk ekb7H1H3 w"fonk ekb7H1H3 w"fonk ekb7H1H3 w"fonk ekb322 JhH g{ot ftu Bzd tzP d/ gsB d/ pknd w"fonk ekb nkozG j'fJnk. fJ; ekb d/ d' gqw[Zy Pk;e;B, uzdor[gs w"fonk ns/ nP'e. fJ; ekb ftu fJj ;G s'A gfjbK nt;o ;h id fe ;zg{oB GkosokiBhfse fdqPNh Bkb fJe j'fJnk ;h ns/ fJe ftnesh d/ Pk;B ftu nkfJnk ;h. okiBhfse J/eskd/ cb;o{g d/P ftu ;K;feqfse J/esk dk T[d/ j'fJnk. e'fNfbnk dh g[;se ns/ b/eK s'A fJ; ekb ftu;wkfie ;zrmB ns/ iksh^ftt;Ek dh ekoi gqDkbh dk e[M frnk j[zdk j?. e'fNfbnk i' fe fJe pqkjwDns/ uzdor[gs w"fonk — fJe P{do — dk wzsoh ;h, B/ x'PDk eotkJh fe Pk;B d/ ekBz{B Xow ekBz{Bs'A T[Zs/ j'Dr/ ns/ fJ; gqeko T[;B/ T[BQK gqfspzXK Bz{ P{doK d/ T[Zs'A jNtkT[D dk isB ehsk i' pqkjwDK d[nkokT[BQK T[Zs/ E'g/ rJ/ ;B. uzdor[gs w"fonk d/ g'so/ nP'e d/ ;w/A ftu pqkjwDK d/ ftP/PfXekoK ns/ nfXekoKBz{ j'o ;ZN bZrh. nP'e dh Xkofwe Bhsh w[Zy o{g Bkb ;kotG"fwe GkJhukok (universal brotherhood)ns/ ;fjDPhbsk (toleration) T[Zs/ nkXkfos ;h. fi; ftu iksh pzXBK iK G{r'fbe o[ektNK dk e'Jh ;EkBBjhA ;h. fJ; ekb ftu t?fde ;z;eko g[~N ;[ZN/ rJ/ ;B ns/ gP{ pbh T[Zs/ o'e brk fdZsh rJh ;h. fJBQKT[gktK d/ ekoD, fJ; ekb ftu iksh^ftt;Ek fJe e~No ;z;Ek d/ o{g ftu ftek; BjhA eo ;eh.

7H1H4 T[Zso w"fonk ekb7H1H4 T[Zso w"fonk ekb7H1H4 T[Zso w"fonk ekb7H1H4 T[Zso w"fonk ekb7H1H4 T[Zso w"fonk ekbnzfsw w"fonk Pk;B nkgD/ jh pqkjwD ;?Bkgsh g[fPnfwZso ;[zrk d[nkok wko fdZsk frnk ;h i' 184 JhHg{ot ftu nkg Pk;e pD frnk. T[; B/ ;[zrk tzP dh ;EkgBk ehsh fi; B/ 112 ;kbK se Pk;B ehsk.g[fPnfwZso pqkjwDtkd dk gqpb ;woEe ns/ ;ozfyne ;h, fi; ekoD PeshPkbh s/ bVke{ pqkjwDgqshfeqnk T[; d/ Pk;B dh gqw[Zy ftP/Psk pD rJh. ;' ;z[rk, eBt ns/ e[PkD okfinK d/ ;zofynD ftZupqkjwD Xow d/ g[BoikroD (revival) ns/ iksh&ftt;Ek d/ ftek; Bz{ g/qoDk gqdkB ehsh rJh. ‘wzBz{f;fwqsh’ ftu T[b/y j? fe T[j P{do i' dfti dk ngwkB eod j? T[; dh ihG eZN bJh ikDh ukjhdh,i/eo T[j fe;/ dfti d/ Bkw iK iksh dk fso;eko Bkb T[b/y eodk j?, sd d; T[Arbh d/ pokpo bzwhfJe feZb T[; d/ wz{j ftu gk d/Dh ukjhdh j?, i/eo T[j nfGwkBtP pqkjwDK Bz{ T[BQK dk coI dZ;dk j?,sd okik T[; d/ wz{j ns/ ezBK ftu T[pbdk j'fJnk s/b gtk d/t/rk. i/eo okik XB d/ nGkt ekoB fwqs{dh nt;Ek ftu jz[dk j? sd th T[j t/d gkozrs pqkjwD T[Zs/ fe;h gqeko dk eo BjhA brkJ/rk. fJ; gqekod/ T[b/yK s'A ekBz{Bh ;wkBsk fpbe[b ;wkgs j' rJh ns/ iksh^ftt;Ek eZNo ftt;Ek d/ o{g ftu ;Ekgsj' rJh ns/ T[; dk fJe BtK YKuk gqrN j' frnk.

Gkt/A pqkjwDtkd dh w[V ;EkgBk dh BhAj ;[zrk, eBt ns/ e[PkD tzPK ftu oZyh rJh gozs{ fJ; :EkoEftek; r[gs ekb ftu j'fJnk, fi; Bz{ fjzd{ g[BoikroD dk ;toD :[r fejk iKdk j?. fJ; ekb ftupqkjwDtkd jh fBoikshJ/ (ethnic) Xow j' frnk ns/ iksh^ftt;Ek Bz{ fJe BtK ihtB fwfbnk. fcoth, iksh^ftt;Ek dk fJzBk em'o ;o{g fJ; ekb ftu d/yD Bz{ BjhA fwbdk j? fizBk fe nzso ftnkj, nzsoG'i ns/ XzfdnK d/ ;zzdoG ftu, w[;fbw ns/ fpqfNP ekb ftu d/fynk iKdk j?. ftnkj fB:w e[M buhb/;B ns/ ftfGzB ikshnK ftu th gko;gfoe ftnkj j[zd/ ;B. g{ot fJfsjk;e ftuko fe P{do Bz{ dftidh ;/tk s'A jh ;zs[PN ofjDk ukjhdk, Bk sK f;XKs o{g ftu ;theko ehsk frnk. Bk jh fttjko ftu gkbBehsk frnk. fJ; ekb ftu P{doK B{z fe;kB, tgkoh ns/ d;seko pDB dh nkfrnk ;h. S{nk^S{s brGr

iksh^ftt;Ek dh ouBk ftu gqiksh (racial) ekoe, ftt;kfJe g{otkrqfj, eow dkdoPB, ns/ gft~sosk s/ ngft~sosk dh Xkofwe ftukoXkok, ;kfonK B/ fwb e/ :'rdkBehsk j?.

B'N;


B ØN


toswkB o{g ftu th w"i{d ;h. BhthA iksh d/ b'e gqw[Zy p;shnK d/ pkjo jh ofjzd/ ;B ns/ p;shnKftu gqt/P eod/ ;w/A bZeVh ibk fbnk eod/ ;B sK fe b'e T[BQK d/ nkrwB s'A ;{fus j' ikD ns/ T[BQKd/ ;zgoe ftu nkT[D s'A pu ;eD.

7H1H5 joP toXB ns/ j'o ekb7H1H5 joP toXB ns/ j'o ekb7H1H5 joP toXB ns/ j'o ekb7H1H5 joP toXB ns/ j'o ekb7H1H5 joP toXB ns/ j'o ekbr[gs ;kwoki d/ gsB d/ gPuks T[Zso Gkos fco s'A S'N/^S'N/ okiK ftu tzv frnk ns/ nkrkwh 50;kbK ftu S'N/^S'N/ okiK dk T[d/ j' frnk. gozs{ joP toXB d/ ;w/A ftu S'Nh fJekJhnK e/AdohnfXeko ftu nk rJhnK ns/ Gkos ftu okiBhfse J/esk w[V ;Ekgs j' rJh. ;' r[gs ekb dh GKshjh fJ; ekb ftu th iksh^ftt;Ek dh T[jh ;zouBk pDh ojh. fJ; ekb d/ Gkos dh nkofEe, ;wkfiens/ Xkofwe dPktK dk ft;fsqs fttoD ;kBz{ uhBh :ksoh fjT{B ;Kr (Hieuntsang) d/ b/yK ftufwbdk j? i' 630 JhH g{ot ftu Gkos x[zwD bJh nkfJnk ;h ns/ 643 JhH g{ot se fJE/ fojk. T[jfbydk j? fe d/P ftu pqkjwDK dk tou;t ;h, ;wkfie ;zouBk dk ;zukbB iksh Bkb j[zdk ;h, ns/i' n;t~S (unclean) feZsk eoB tkb/ ftnesh fit/A e;kJh, wS{nko/, Gzrh j[zd/ ;B, T[BQK Bz{ Brodh uko dhtkoh s'A pkjo ofjDk g?Adk ;h.

7H1H6 okig{s ekb7H1H6 okig{s ekb7H1H6 okig{s ekb7H1H6 okig{s ekb7H1H6 okig{s ekbwZX ekb ftu okig{s ns/ w[;fbw ekb Pkwb jB. ;ZsthA Pskpdh d/ wZX ftu joP toXB dh w"s d/Bkb jh gqkuhB fjzd{ ekb ;wkgs j'fJnk ns/ fJfsjk; dk wZXekb nkozG j'fJnk. Gkos fco s'A S'N/^S'N/okiK ftu tzfvnk frnk ns/ jo/e oki T[Zs/ fJe okig{s Pk;e fpokiwkB j' frnk. fJ; gqeko fJj ekb(;ZsthA Pskpdh d/ wZX s'A pkoQthA Pskpdh d/ nzs se) T[Zso Gkos ftu okig{s Pesh dk T[d/ ns/ T[EkBdo;kT[Adk j?.

fjzd{nK ftu ;K;feqfse ihtB okig{s ekb d/ nkozG ftu, noEks fJ;bkw d/ nkrwB s'A g{ot, gqkuhBekb d/ nzs ftu, :kBh fe joP toXB ekb s'A, fGzB BjhA ;h. fJ; ekb dh ;wkfie ftt;Ek Bz{ gqGktseoB tkbk ;G s'A wjZstg{oB ns/ T[b/yBh s~E fJj ;h fe d/P pkjoh \sfonK s'A w[es fojk ns/ ;ko/ftPt s'A, ftP/P eoe/ gV';h d/PK — fit/A uhB, iktk ns/ ;[wksok — s'A nb~rÊb~r fojk. bzw/ ;w/Ase ftPt dk e'Jh d/P ftPt ftu fJzBK eZfNnk j'fJnk BjhA fojk fizBK 500 ;kbK se Gkos eZfNnk fojk.fJ; d/ d{orkwh gqGkt j'J/. Gkosh ;wkfie ftt;Ek ftu gfotosB BjhA nkfJnk, ;wki ;fEo j' frnkns/ iksh^ftt;Ek ftu em'osktK tX rJhnK. pqkjwDK B/ pj[s fInkdk ftP/PfXeko gqkgs eo bJ/ ns/g{ik^nouBk ftu wk;, Pokp ns/ fJ;sqh gq:'r dh nkfrnk th gqdkB ehsh rJh. Pzeokukohnk d[nkok;Ekgs ‘wm’ ftbk;h ihtB d/ e/Ado pD rJ/. d/tdk;h gqEk B/ wzfdo ̂ t?fPnkftqsh d/ ftek; s'A T[sPkfjsehsk fi; Bkb B?fse ;zfjsk dk gsB j'D bZrk. okig{s tzP d/ gqsh fBPmktkB ;B ns/ tzP d/ ;BwkBd/ bJh :[ZX G{wh ftu fwqs{ B{z gqkgs eoBk ftneshrs fi~s ;wMd/ ;B. nkgD/ tzP ns/ T[; d/ w[yhnkd/ gqsh fBPmk B/ okig{sK Bz{ ;zg{oB Gkos d/ fjsK d/ gqsh T[dk;hB pDk fdZsk. Bshi/ ti'A id edh ftd/Ph ;?BktK B/ Gkos T[Zs/ jwbk ehsk, T[BQK dk ;kjwDk fJe o{g ftu ehsk frnk, fi; ftu fJ~e^fJ~e tzPjh T[BQK d/ ;kjwD/ frnk i' d/P d/ bJh nfsnzs xkse f;~X j'fJnk. fJ; ;fEsh ftu pj[s frDsh ftuBthnK ikshnK ns/ T[g ikshnK dk T[d/ j'fJnk. pqkjwDK B/ iksh gqshpzXK B{z j'o th e; fdZsk ns/ ;zxKdh tXdh j'Jh em'osk Bkb nkgD/ pukn ftu br rJ/. ;zGt s"o s/ ftxNB dh gqfeqnk pqkjwD iksh s'Ajh nkozG j'Jh. gqkuhB fort/dh ns/ :i[ot/dh pqkjwDK d/ nbktk T[BQK dhnK T[g ikshnK ftu tkXk j'Dbrk ns/ T[j nkgDh y/soh jZdK s'A gSkD pDkT[D br/, fit/A eB"ihnk pqkjwD, e'AeDh pqkjwD, s/br{pqkjwD, nkfd. fJ; gqeko yZsohnK ns/ t?PK ftu th tzv nkozG j' rJh. T[fus nzsokb ftu tZvh frDshftu ftt;kfJe ikshnK fiBQK dk nkozG ftu f;o| ftt;kfJe ;zxK (guilds) d/ o{g ftu T[d/ j'fJnk ;h,;gPN o{g Bkb ikshnK s/ T[g ikshnK ;wMhnK ikD bZrhnK, fit/A i[bkj/, b[jko, soykD, ebkb,wS{nko/, rtkb/. jo/e iksh s/ T[giksh dh BIo feT[Afe nkgD/ jh fjsK se ;hws ojh, fJ; bJhd/P dk okiBhfse s/ ;wkfie ihtB p[oh soQK gqGkts j'fJnk. fJ; gqeko w[;bwkBK d/ nkrwB s'A gfjbKjh ;kv/ d/P ftu ikshnK dh pj[bsk s/ iksh fB:wK d/ em'o gkbB d/ o{g ftu ;kvh ;wkfie ;zouBk ftutZvk gfotosB nk frnk ;h.


B ØN


7H1H7 w[;fbw ekb7H1H7 w[;fbw ekb7H1H7 w[;fbw ekb7H1H7 w[;fbw ekb7H1H7 w[;fbw ekbfJ;bkw d/ nkrwB B/ ns/ w[;fbw Pk;eK d/ ;zofynD ftu fte;s j' ojhnK w{osh g{ik fto'Xh gqftoshnKB/ Gkos ftu pqkjwDtkd Bz{ ;[oZfyns nB[;oD d/ bJh fBoftxB BjhA ofjD fd~sk. t?;/ sK ;ZsthA Pskpdhftu th w[;bwkBK B/ Gkos ftu gqt/P d/ nB/e :sB ehs/ ;B, fezs{ 711^713 JhH g{ot d/ ;w/A ftu jhw[jzwd^fpBêkf;w f;zX ns/ w[bskB T[Zs/ fi~s gqkgs eo ;fenk. fco th, nop s'A nkJ/ w[;bwkB T[;y/so ftu bzw/ ;w/A se nkgDk nfXeko Bk pDk e/ oy ;e/. fJ; d/ pknd wfjw{d }IBh B/ d;thA Pskpdh(995^1030 JhH g{ot) ftu gzikp T[Zs/ fiZs gqkgs ehsh. gozs{ Gkos ftu w[;fbw ;kwoki dh ;EkgBk1175 ftu wfjw{d r"oh d[nkok ehsh rJh. shj ;kbK d/ ;w/A ftu jh T[;B/ Gkos d/ nB/e Gkr fi~s bJ/ns/ fJ; gqeko w[;fbw ekb dk nkozG j'fJnk. w[;fbw ekb ftu fGzB^fGzB tzPK (dynasties) ftu,(noEks r[bkw tzP (1206^1290), fybih tzP (1290^1320), s[rbe tzP (1320^1412), ;Jhnd tzP(1414^1451), b'Xh tzP (1451^1525) ns/ w[rb tzP (1526^1757) fi; ftu pkpo (1526^1530),j[wK:{ (1530^1540) ns/ (1554^1555), nepo (1556^1605), ijKrho (1605^1627), PkjijK(1627^1658), n"ozrI/p (1658^1707) ns/ T[; d/ T[sokfXekoh pjkdoPkj (1707^1857) d/ Pk;B ekbPkwb jB) iksh gqEk j'o th ;\s j' rJh feT[Afe w[;fbw buhb/ fjzd{ y/w/ ftu Bk ;wk ;e/. fJBQK dkfJ;bkw Xow fJe/Ptotkdh (monotheistic) (:kBh fe fJj f;XKs fe f;o| fJe jh y[dk j?) j'D d/ ekoDpj[d/ttkd (polytheism) d/ Bkb ;wM"sk Bk eo ;fenk. fJ; bJh fjzd{ ns/ w[;fbw fJe d{i/ Bkbx[b^fwb Bk ;e/. feT[Afe w[;bwkB B/ Gkos ftu fJe Xkofwe nzd'bB S/fVnk ns/ fjzd{nK B{z fJ;bkwngDkT[D ftu br rJ/, ;' pqkjwDK B/ fjzd{nK d/ Xow gfotosB dh fizw/tkoh Bz{ ;zGkbd/ j'J/ T[BQK T[Zs/j'o ;\s pzXB brk fdZs/, fi; Bkb iksh^ftt;Ek j'o ;\s j' rJh. Gkt/A fJ; :[r ftu e[M Grs ;zsKB/, fit/A, okwkB[i, epho, BkBe, u?sfBnk, s[ekokw, s[b;hdk;, Bkwd/t, nkfd, B/ Grsh dk okjfdykfJnk, fi; ftu w{osh g{ik ns/ iksh gqEk dh fBzdk ehsh rJh ns/ gqkDh ;wkBsk dk T[gd/P fdZskfrnk, fInkdk eowêKv dk fto'X ehsk frnk, ns/ g[o'fjs tor d/ gqG{st dh fBzdk ehsh, fco th fJjGrsh nzd'bB iksh ftt;Ek Bz{ ftxfNs Bk eo gkfJnk. fjzd{nK d/ Xkofwe ns/ ;wkfie y/so ftupqkjwDK d/ gqG{st dk fJj ekoD fJj ;h fe wzdoK T[Zs/ fB:zsqD pqkjwDK d/ jZE ftu ;h ns/ wzfdo f;o|g{ik nouBk d/ bJh jh T[g:'r BjhA j[zd/ ;B, pbfe T[j okiBhfse, ;K;feqfse ns/ f;fyne rshftXhnKd/ th e/Ado ;B. pqkjwDK B/ iksh G/d Bz{ fJj x'PDk eoe/ j'o th fInkdk em'o pDk fdZsk fe w[;bwkBKBz{ ns/ T[BQK d/ bJh ezw eoB tkb/ ;ko/ fjzd{nK Bz{ ‘wb/S’ wzfBnK ikJ/rk. fJ; gqeko ;[Bko, b[jko, BkJh,X'ph ns/ yksh nkfd ikshnK BhthAnK ikshnK wzBhnK ikD bZrhnK. g[okDK B{z d[pkok fbfynk frnk ns/Bt/A nkd/P ikoh ehs/ rJ/, fi; Bkb iksh^ftt;Ek j'o th em'o pD rJh.

7H1H8 g{ot^T[d:'fre fpqfNP ekb7H1H8 g{ot^T[d:'fre fpqfNP ekb7H1H8 g{ot^T[d:'fre fpqfNP ekb7H1H8 g{ot^T[d:'fre fpqfNP ekb7H1H8 g{ot^T[d:'fre fpqfNP ekb;skoQthA Pskpdh d/ nkozG ftu Jh;N fJzvhnk ezgBh B/ w[rb Pk;eK Bkb tgko ;zpzXh e[M ftP/PfXekogqkgs eo bJ/ ;B. ibdh jh ezgBh B/ w[rb s/ wokfmnK d/ jZEK s'A ;Zsk th fyZu bJh ns/ fJ;gqeko 1774 s'A fpqfNP ekb nkozG j' frnk ns/ tko/B j/f;zrN; Gkos d/ gfjb/ rtoBo iBob fB:[eshehs/ rJ/. fpqfNP Pk;B ekb ftu G"fse ftek;, P/P ftPt s'A ;kv/ ;zgoeK d/ i[VB, ;oeko dhgqPk;B s/ ;wkfie^nkofEe BhshnK, ns/ e[M t?XkfBe T[gktK d/ ekoD ;kv/ Xkofwe ftukoK, gqEktKns/ ;wki dh iksh ;zouBk T[Zs/ th pj[s gqGkt fgnk. nzrq/IK B/ iksh gzukfJsK d/ dzvBhn nfXekoKBz{ dhtkBh s/ c"idkoh ndkbsK Bz{ ;"Ag fdZsk, fi; d/ ekoB gzukfJsK d/ nfXeko s/ w?ApoK T[Zs/ fB:zsqDT[Zs/ pj[s gqGkt fgnk. 1850 d// iksh fBo:'rsk T[Bw{bB nfXfB:w (Cast Disabilities RemovalAct, 1850), 1856 d/ ftXtk g[Boftnkj nfXfB:w ns/ 1872 d/ ftP/P ftnkj nfXfB:w nkfd B/iksh ftt;Ek B{z rfjoh ;ZN gj[zukJh. e[M ;wkfie T[gktK d[nkok BhthA ikshnK dh e[M fBo:'rsktKBz{ ysw eoe/ nzrq/iK B/ iksh ftt;Ek T[Zs/ j'o tko ehsk. gozs{ fpqfNP ;oeko B/ ;ko/ edw gqPk;Bdh fdqPNh s'A uZ[e/ ;B, Bk fe iksh^ftt;Ek Bz{ ysw eoB d/ bJh. X[foJ/ (1961:190) B/ th fbfynkj? fe fpqfNP ;oeko d/ nfXeko ezw gqPk;B dh fdqPNh s'A ehs/ rJ/ ;B, Bk fe iksh dh em'osktKBz{ ysw eoB d/ bJh.


B ØN


fpqfNP ekb ftu ;wki ;[XkoeK d/ e[M nzd'bBK B/ th iksh^ftt;Ek T[Zs/ tko ehsk. 1820 ftu okik okww'jB okJ/ d[nkok ;z;Ekfgs ns/ e/H;hH ;?B ns/ d/t/Ado BkE N?r'o d[nkok gq's;kfjs ehs/ rJ/ pqjw ;wkinzd'bB B/ th iksh ftGkiB d/ pzXBK Bz{ n;theko ehsk ns/ w{osh g{ik, gP{ pbh, nkfd dk fto'X ehskns/ ;kotG"fwesk (Universalism) ns/ wB[~yK d/ Goksoh gkt T[Zs/ pb fdZsk. 1849 ftu wjkokPNoftu gqkoEBk ns/ gowjz; ;Gk d/ Bkw Bkb nkozG j'Jh i' pknd ftu fJe JhPtotkdh (theistic) ;zrmBd/ o{g ftu wzBh ikD brh. iZi okBkv/ dk ;woEB gqkgs eo fJ; ;wki B/ ;wki ;[Xko T[Zs/ fXnkBe/Ados ehsk, fit/A nzsoîksh ;fjG'i, nzsoikwh ftnkj ns/ ftXtk g[Boftnkj nkfd. pknd ftu fJ;/gqkoEBk ;wki s'A Gkos ;/te ;wki (Society of the Servants of India) dk iBw j'fJnk, fi; B/ ;wki;[Xko Bz{ g'qs;kjB d/D ftu wj~stg{oB G{fwek fBGkJh. pqjw ;wki s/ gqkoEBk ;wki T[BQK g[BoikroD;zpzXh ftukoK d/ gqshcb ;B i' gZSw Bkb ;zpzfXs ;B ns/ i' g~Swh soetkd d/ gqsh Gkosh gqshfeqnkdk gqshfBXhst ed/ ;B. ;wki ;[Xko d/ y/so ftu d' ns/ nzd'bB gqkuhB rqzEK ns/ Gkos d/ nshs s'Agq/oDk gqkgs eo nkozG j'J/. fJj d' nzd'bB — ‘nkohnk ;wki’ ns/ ‘okw feqPB fwPB’ — nkeqwefjzd{tkd d/ g[BoikroD d/ bJh T[ZsodkJh jB.

nkohnk ;wki B/, fi;dh ;EkgBk ;tkwh dfJnkBzd ;o;tsh (1824^1883) B/ ehsh ;h, ;G s'A gfjbKfjzd{nK Bz{ nkeqwe j'D dk T[gd/P fdZsk. nkohnk ;wki B/ ‘f;fwqshnK’ ns/ ‘g[okDK’ Bz{ n;theko eofdZsk, pj[ JhPtotkd dh fBzdk ehsh, ns/ ‘fJe t/d’, ‘fJe Xow’, ns/ ‘fJe/Ptotkd d/ doPB’ Bz{;theko ehsk. nkohnk ;wki B/ iksh ns/ fJ; d/ d[nkok ;w[zdoh :ksok T[Zs/ brkJ/ rJ/ gqsh pzX dk fto'Xehsk ns/ ‘;[Xh’ nzd'bB nkozG ehsk ns/ gfssK (outcastes), gfotofssK (converts) ns/ pkjoh b'eKBz{ d[pkok fjzd{st ftu fbnkT[D dk ekoi nkozG ehsk. ;wki ;/tk dh T[seN fJZSk Bkb gq/fos nkohnk;wki nZi th T[Zso Gkos ftu fjzd{nK d/ g[Bo^T[EkB ftu wjZstg{oB ekoe j?.

okw feqPB fwPB gqkuhB ns/ nkX[fBe dk skbw/b j?. okwfeqPB gowjz; dh fwqs{ d/ d; ;kb pknd T[BQKd/ gow fPP ;tkwh ftt/ekBzd (18861^1902) d[nkok nkozG ehs/ rJ/ fJ; fwPB dk T[gd/P ;h feiksh^ftt;Ek T[BQK d/ bJh j? i' JhPto s'A d{o j[zd/ jB, fJ; bJh fJ; Bz{ ysw ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?.fJj P[ZX t/dKs f;XKs Bz{ wzBdk j? feT[Afe fJ; dk nkdoP ns/ T[d/P fJj j? fe ftnes Bz{ nkgDh ;woZEkd/ nB[o{g nfXnksfwe ftek; eoBk j?. ftt/ekBzd B/ ;kjf;e x'PDk ehsh fe iksh Bz{ fjzd{ tkd, XowiK iBw nkfd Bkb e[M b?Dk^d/Dk BjhA j? ns/ fjzd{ ;fGnsk ns/ ;z;feqsh ;otP/qPm jB, B/ ftPt Bz{ j?okBeo fdZsk ns/ fjzd{nK ftu BthB u/sBk dk ;zuko ehsk, feT[Afe T[; ;w/A fjzd{nK ftu :{ogh ;fGnsk ns/;z;feqsh d/ ;kjwD/ nkgD/ nkg Bz{ jhD ;wMD dh GktBk ftnkgs ;h.

fJj ;G :sB ns/ nkeqwD iksh^ftt;Ek dh em'osktK B{z ;wkgs eoB ftu ;cb BjhA j'J/, Gkt/A ikshdh e[M ;zouBkswe ftP/PsktK T[Zs/ fBPu/ jh fJBQK dk gqGkt fgnk.

7H1H9 iksh ftt;Ek Bz{ gqGkts eoB tkb/ sZs7H1H9 iksh ftt;Ek Bz{ gqGkts eoB tkb/ sZs7H1H9 iksh ftt;Ek Bz{ gqGkts eoB tkb/ sZs7H1H9 iksh ftt;Ek Bz{ gqGkts eoB tkb/ sZs7H1H9 iksh ftt;Ek Bz{ gqGkts eoB tkb/ sZsT[go'es ftPb/PD d/ nkXko T[Zs/ fJj XkoBk BjhA pDkT[Dh ukjhdh fe ;ko/ iksh ;zouBk fe ftP/P;w/A ftu ftP/P ;o{g fbZsh j'Jh ;h ns/ pknd ftu fJ; ftu gfotosB ehs/ rJ/, pbfe nfij/ e[Mj'o ekoK dk T[b/y ehsk ik ;edk j? i' fJj dZ;d/ jB fe fe; ;w/A ns/ fe; ;EkB T[Zs/ T[BQK dk gqGktfgnk. bko/A; o'; B/ fJ; ;zpzX ftu S/ ekoe dk T[b/y ehsk j?—

1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H nkohnB s'A gfjbK d/ G'iB ns/ feZs/ ;zpzXh fBP/X nkohnB s'A gfjbK d/ G'iB ns/ feZs/ ;zpzXh fBP/X nkohnB s'A gfjbK d/ G'iB ns/ feZs/ ;zpzXh fBP/X nkohnB s'A gfjbK d/ G'iB ns/ feZs/ ;zpzXh fBP/X nkohnB s'A gfjbK d/ G'iB ns/ feZs/ ;zpzXh fBP/X (Pre-Aryan food and OccupationalTaboos) — — — — — nkohnB d/ nkrwB ns/ T[Zso Gkos ftu ;Ekgs j'D s'A gfjbK Gkos d/ w{b

dZyD Gkos ftu p;tK d[nkok, i' ‘fbzrkfJs nzd'bB’ nkozG ehsk frnk, T[;B/ th pqkjwDK dh ;/qPmsk dk fto'X ehsk ns/ w{osh g{ik ns/ iksh^ftt;Ek Bz{;wkgs eoB dh p/Bsh ehsh.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j'


B ØN


nkfd^dqftVK noEks g'qN' nk;Nq/fbUv; (Proto-Australoids) ns/ nk;Nq' J/PhnkfNe; (Austro-Asiatics) B/ ;fj G'iB d/ ftP/ ftu ftd/PhnK d/ Bkb, ftP/P o{g Bkb dqftV GkPh niBphnK d/ BkbnB/e fBP/X (Taboos) bkr{ eo fdZs/ ;B. fJj ftPtk; ;h fe niBphnK d[nkok j'fJnk G'iB ns/ebk feqshnK ‘wkBk’ iK ikd{ Bz{ fBPgqGkth eo d/DrhnK ns/ fJ; gqeko ykD tkfbnK T[Zs/ ysoBkegqGkt S~v/rh. fJBQK g{ot^dqftVK d/ gqshfBXh toswkB ftu nk;kw d/ Bkrk b'e jB i' ni/ thniBphnK d/ Bkb G'iB dk fBP/X eod/ jB.

2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H iBiksh J/esk iBiksh J/esk iBiksh J/esk iBiksh J/esk iBiksh J/esk (Tribal Cohesion)—————w{b iBikshnK B/ j'bh^j'bh fjzd{nK d/ Xkofwe ns/ ;wkfieftt;EktK ftu gqt/P eoBk nkozG eo fdZsk, fco th, T[BQK B/ nkgDh ;wkfie^Xkofwe b'e ohshnKns/ sohfenK T[Zs/ nkXkfos nkgDh w"fbe J/esk B{z pDk e/ oZfynk. fjzd{nK B/ th T[BQK d/ fotkiKBz{ ;fjB ehsk ns/ ;wM"s/ dh GktBk Bkb T[BQK dh gqEktK Bz{ ikoh oZyD dh nB[wsh gqdkB eo fd~sh.fJ; gqeko iBiksh nzso ftnkjh iksh pD rJh. ;kswheoD (assimilation) dh fJj jbeh gqfeqnkGkos d/ nB/e fjZf;nK ftu ftek; d/ ftfGzB nt;EktK ftu d/yh rJh j?.

3 H3 H3 H3 H3 H iksh P[ZXsk dh nkohnB dh fJZSk iksh P[ZXsk dh nkohnB dh fJZSk iksh P[ZXsk dh nkohnB dh fJZSk iksh P[ZXsk dh nkohnB dh fJZSk iksh P[ZXsk dh nkohnB dh fJZSk (The Aryan Desire for Racial Purity)—JhH g{ot d{ihPskpdh ftu id nkohnB B/ Gkos ftu gqt/P ehsk sK T[j fszB torK ftu ftGes ;B—:"X toriK Pk;e tor, g[o'fjs tor, ns/ ;wkfBn iB. nkozG ftu fJe tor dk d{i/ ftu gqt/P ;zGt ;h.nkohnK B/. i' nkgDh gqikshJ/ P[ZXsk (racial purity) pDk e/ oyDk ukj[zd/ ;B, w{b fBtk;hnK d/Bkb ftnkj fBP/X eo fdZsk. nZi se th T[Zu iksh d/ b'e dh uwVh BhthA ikshnK d/ ng/ePkfeqsr'oh ns/ T[BQK dh fs~yh B~e j[zdh j?.

4 H4 H4 H4 H4 H fPbgh ;zxK dh fBozsosk fPbgh ;zxK dh fBozsosk fPbgh ;zxK dh fBozsosk fPbgh ;zxK dh fBozsosk fPbgh ;zxK dh fBozsosk (Guild Perpetuation)—T[d:'rK d/ ;fji/ ftek; B/ Pqw ftGkiB Bz{iBw fdZsk. nkohnB B/ uzr/ feZs/ XkoB eoe/ ns/ nkgD/ pZfunK Bz{ gfotkfoe gozgokrs Xzd/T[gbpX eok e/ ns/ fPbgh^;zxK (guilds) ftu nzso ftnkj T[Zs/ pb d/ e/ T[BQK d/ fjsK dh oZfynknkozG eo fdZsh. w{b fBtk;hnK ftu'A e[M T[Zs/ Gkoh ;ohoe Pqw, Gzrh dk ezw, fwqs gP{nK Bz{ u[~eDdk ezw, nkfd bd fdZsk. i' b'e fJBQK ezwK d/ bJh wip{o eo fd~s/ rJ/ ns/ ;BwkfBs g/P/ tkb/ b'eKd/ Bkb ftnkj ;zpzXK s'A tzfus eo fdZsk frnk. fJ; gqeko nkgD/ fPbg iK g/P/ Bz{ ns/ nfXekoKBz{ ikoh oZyD dh fJZSk B/ iksh Bz{ pb gqdkB ehsk.

5 H5 H5 H5 H5 H g[o'fjsh ;/qPmsk ns/ Xkofwe wskrqfj g[o'fjsh ;/qPmsk ns/ Xkofwe wskrqfj g[o'fjsh ;/qPmsk ns/ Xkofwe wskrqfj g[o'fjsh ;/qPmsk ns/ Xkofwe wskrqfj g[o'fjsh ;/qPmsk ns/ Xkofwe wskrqfj (Priestly Superemacy And Religious Dog-mas)—id nkohnk b'e Gkos ftu nkJ/ sK nkozG ftu g[o'fjsK^g[ikohnK B/ j'o torK d/ b'eK Bz{ thnkgD/ ftu fwbk fbnk. fco th g[o'fjs tor :'Xk (military) tor d/ nXhB (Subordinate) ;h.j'bh^j'bh pqkjwDK B/ g[[o'fjs ezwK T[Zs/ fJekfXeko iwk e/ nkgDh ;/qPmsk gqkgs eo bJh. 550 JhHg{ot id p[ZX Xow Bz{ oki d/ Xow d/ o{g ftu ;theko eo fbnk frnk sd p[ZX Xow B/ w[esh d/wkor (salvation) d/ o{g ftu iBw dh ng/ePk (virtue) Bz{ pb d/ e/ iksh ftt;Ek dk fto'X ehsk.yZsohnK d/ Bkb :[ZX d/ pknd pqkjwDK B/ nkgD/ Bz{ T[Zuk wzB e/ nB/e wsk rqfj (dogmas) bkr{ eofdZs/ ns/ nkgDh ;/qPmsk Bz{ pDk e/ oZfynk. fJBQK wskfrqjK T[Zs/ gftZso Gkt Bkb ftPtk; ehskiKdk ;h ns/ :[rK se fJBQK B/ iksh^pzXBK d/ gqubD Bz{ fJe Xkofwe gqPmG{wh gqdkB ehsh. XkofweftukoK dk nkozG (initiation) S{s dh fpwkoh d/ ;wkB c?bD tkbk fojk. pqkjwDK d/ ;tkoE g{oB fjsKBz{ Bkrfoe PeshnK (civil powers) d[nkok ;woEB fwbdk fojk. nB/e T[g ikshnK dk Bt/A ;z;ekoKd/ Bkb T[d/ j'fJnk ns/ T[BQK B/ nzso ftnkjh iksh d/ o{g ftu ;Ekgs j'D dk dktk ehsk. fJ; gqekoikshnK dh frDsh ftu tkXk j[zdk fojk. ;' iksh ftt;Ek ftu em'osk ftu th tkXk jz[dk frnk.

6 H6 H6 H6 H6 H gqtoiB gqtoiB gqtoiB gqtoiB gqtoiB (Migration)—id ;w{j (ikshnK$T[gikshnK) Bt/A ;EkBK Bz{ ikD br/, T[j nkgDh g?sqeiksh s'A nbZrÊbZr g? rJ/ feT[Afe nktkrwB d/ ;kXBK dk ftek; BjhA j'fJnk ;h. g?db iKp?brkVh nkfd Bkb jh T[j nkgD/ foPs/dkoK Bkb ;zgoe pDk e/ oyd/ ;B. j'bh^j'bh nZr/ nkT[Dtkb/ ;kbK ftu T[BQK dk G'iB T[BQK d/ ohsh^fotki ns/ ;z;eko pdbd/ oj/. fJBQK ftftXsktK B/ thBt/A iksh ;w{jK Bz{ iBw fdZsk.


B ØN


7H1H10 ;[szsosk g{ot T[d:'fre ekb7H1H10 ;[szsosk g{ot T[d:'fre ekb7H1H10 ;[szsosk g{ot T[d:'fre ekb7H1H10 ;[szsosk g{ot T[d:'fre ekb7H1H10 ;[szsosk g{ot T[d:'fre ekbnzrq/IK B/ Gkos dh Xkofwe ns/ ;wkfie gozgoktK d/ gfotosB ftu pj[s xZN ezw ehsk. fB:'fis;wkfie gfotosB d/ bJh T[BQK B/ ‘j~E MkV' Bhsh’ (Hands off) dk ;jkok fbnk. T[BQK B/ b'eK Bz{ g{ikftu ;[szsosk ns/ Xkofwe fBog/ysk (religious neutrality) dk tkfJdk ehsk. G{wh brkB t;{b eoBtkfbnK Bz{ fiwhAdko ns/ wjkokik d/ gd T[Zs/ fpmk fdZsk frnk. iksh ;z;eoD ftu T[Zu;E b'eK d/ j'ob'eK d/ ;zdoG ftu ;Zsk s/ gqkfXekoK Bz{ ;thfeqsh gqdkB ehsh rJh. nfijh dPktK ftu iksh Bkb ;zpzXohsh^fotki gBgd/ oj/. gozs{ e[M ngtkd th ;B, fit/A e[M Bkrfoe ftXkB (T[dkjoD bJh ikshfBo:'rsk T[Bw{bB nfXfB:w) ns/ e'oNK B/ ftnkj Bz{ fB:w eoB d/ :sB ehs/, ns/ iksh gzukfJsK dhpikJ/ c"idkoh ndkbsK e[M wkwfbnK ftu fBoD/ b?D bZrhnK, fit/A, wkoêZ[N, go fJ;sqh rwB,pbkseko nkfd. 1872 d/ ftP/P ftnkj nfXfB:w d/ d[nkok nzsoiksh ftnkj nfXfB:w d/ pkti{d thfJj ftnkj frDsh dh fdqPNh s'A wj~stg{oB BjhA oj/.

ftPt :[ZX d/ pknd Gkos ftu T[d:'rheoB ftu tkXk j[zdk frnk fi; d/ ekoD b'eK B/ fgzvK s'A PfjoKftu gbkfJD nkozG eo fd~sk ns/ d' ekoeK d/ nbktk e[M j'o ekoeK B/ th fJ; ekb ftu iksh ;zouBkBz{ gqGkts ehsk. toswkB ftu iksh^ftt;Ek dh ftnkfynk eoB ns/ fJ; dh ;\shnK B{z fYZbk j'D d/ekoDK dh ftt/uBk eoB d/ g{ot fJj io{oh j? fe thjthA Pskpdh dh gfjbh gzi PskpdhnK ftu iksh;zouBk ftu gfotosB fbnkT[D tkb/ d' wj~stg{oB ekoeK ns/ T[d:'rheoB ns/ BroheoD dk toDBehsk ikt/.

T[d:'rheoB T[d:'rheoB T[d:'rheoB T[d:'rheoB T[d:'rheoB (Industrialsation)—————T[d:'rK d/ ftek; B/ jZE fPbg Bz{ ysw eo fdZsk ns/ ihtB^fBotkjdh nD;[Dh ftXhnK dk gq:'r ehsk ikD bZfrnk. ftt;kfJe rshPhbsk ns/ g?fsqe fgzvK s'A ikD dh gqfeqnkB/ iksh d/ T[BQK wkBdzvK Bz{ s'VBk nkozG eo fd~sk fiBQK dk ftnkj Bkb e'Jh ;zpzX BjhA ;h. T[d:'rheoBBkb :ksk:ks d/ Bt/A ;kXB th fte;s j'J/. Bshi/ ti'A pZ;K s/ o/bK ftu tXdh j'Jh GhV s'A ftfGzB ikshnKdh bZyK dh ;zfynk ftu b'eK dk fJe d{i/ d/ Bkb T[mD^p?mD d/ ekoD ;z;kfoe gft~sosk (Ritual Purity)ysw fijh j' rJh. fit/A^fit/A T[d:'fre Pqfwe nkgD/ gfotko fgzvK ftu S~v e/ PfjoK ftu iK T[d:'frey/soK ftu ik e/ ftfGzB ikshnK d/ b'eK d/ Bkb fJe jh wekB ftu ofjD br/ T[t/A^T[t/A ykD^ghDdh fBP/X th xZN gqGkth j[zd/ rJ/.

fco th, T[d:'rheoB dk gqGkt fJe ;wkB BjhA j'fJnk j? ns/ iksh ftt;Ek dhnK ;kohnK ftP/PsktKfJ; Bkb g{oB o{g ftu gqGkts BjhA j'JhnK jB. T[dkjoD bJh, fJ; dk ftnkj T[Zs/ ns/ iksh d/ wkBdzvKT[Zs/ e'Jh gqGkt BjhA fgnk j?. fJ; dk eoB fJj j? fe ;wkfie edoKêhwsK dh iVK pj[s vz{xhnK jB.gozs{ fJ; ftu ;zd/j BjhA j? fe iksh ;zouBk T[Zs/ T[d:'rheoB dk gqGkt io{o fgnk j?.

e[M ftdtkBK dk ftPtk; ;h fe T[d:'rheoB Bkb nkgD/ nkg iksh ftt;Ek ysw j' ikJ/rh ns/ fJ; d/ ;EkBT[Zs/ j'bh^j'bh tor ftt;Ek nk ikJ/rh i' fe g~Swh fte;s T[d:'fre ;wkiK ftu gkJh iKdh j?. fJe j~dse fJj nkPk ns/ d{o^fdqPNh fJ; ftPtk; Bkb g?dk j'Jh fe wPhBheoB ns/ T[sgkdB ftu okPNoh GktBkdk gq:'r ;wkfie gfotosB dk fJe ;q's j?. gozs{ ;wkfie gfotosB Bkb ;zpzfXs fJj XkoDk e/tb nkofEegfog/y gq;s[s eodh j?. ;wkfie gfotosB dk ;wkfie^;zouBkswe ns/ iB;zfynkswe g~y th j?. T[d:'fre;wki dk g{oB o[g/D p[~Xh;zrs (Rational) ;wki j'Dk io{oh BjhA j?.

PfjoheoB PfjoheoB PfjoheoB PfjoheoB PfjoheoB (Urbanization)—BroK d/ ftek;, :ksk:ks d/ fte;s ;kXBK, ns/ ;zuko d/ ;kXBK ftuso~eh B/ Gkos ftu iksh dh ekoi gqDkbh Bz{ pdfbnk j?. Bk f;o| fJ; B/ ;fjG'i ;zpzXh (Commensal)fB:wK Bz{ fPfEb ehsk j?, ;r'A pqkjwDK d/ nfXeko T[Zs/ th gqPB fuzBQ brk fdZsk j?. fJ; ;zdoG ftun?wHn?BH ;qhfBtk; B/ fejk j? fe pqkjwDK d/ PfjoK ftu gqtoiB d/ ekoD, r?o pqkjwD T[BQK Bz{ T[j ;BwkBd/D s'A fJBeko eod/ jB i' T[j T[BQK Bz{ gfjb/ fdZsk eod/ ;B. nzsoiksh ykD^ghD d/ fBP/XK ftu thfPfEbsk nkT[D brh j?. X[foJ/ B/ th ;theko ehsk fe iksh ftt;Ek dh ;\skJh Bkb gfotosB BroKd/ gk;/ ikD tkbh iB;zfynk d/ ekoD ns/ BroK d/ ftek; d/ ekoD j'J/ jB. fezr;b/ v/ft; B/ th wzfBnKj? fe PfjoK dh r[wBkwhgB dh gqftosh (anonymity), GhV^GkV, rshPhbsk, Xow^fBog/ysk, ns/gfotosBPhbsk iksh d/ ezwK Bz{ n;zGt pDkT[Adh j?.


B ØN


Bowd/Pto gq;kd B/ fpjko dh gzi ikshnK ftu fJj gsk brkT[D d/ BjhA nB[;zXkB ehsk fe iksh ;zpzXT[Zs/ Pfjoh^T[d:'fre PeshnK dk eh gqGkt j[zdk j?. T[BQK B/ fJe gk;/ sK Sgok fiZb/Q d/ fJe fgzv dk ns/d{i/ gk;/ Sgok Bro dk, i' fJe T[d:'fre y/so th ;h, dk nfXn?B ehsk. fiBQK gzi ikshnK dk nfXn?Behsk frnk T[j ;B—pqkjwD, okig{s, njho, X'ph ns/ uwko. T[BQK B/ rqkwhD ns/ T[d:'fre^Brohy/so s'A jo/e iksh d/ thj ftneshnK dk nfXn?B ehsk. fJ; gqeko T[BQK B/ PfjoK s/ fgzvK ftu ikshnKdh ekoi^gqDkbh dh s[bBk d/ bJh 200 ftneshnK dk nfXn?B ehsk. T[BQK B/ gkfJnk fe fgzv ftujo/e iksh Gbh GKs r[zfdnk j'fJnk fJe ;wo{g (homogeneous) ;w{j j?. fJ; ftu nzsoG'i dkfBP/X j?, iksh gzukfJs g{oB PeshwkB j?, iksh G'i io{oh j?, ;kohnK ikshnK ;wkfie s/ Xkofwe ezwKftu ;fj:'r eodhnK jB, nBfBotkj ikoh j? ns/ iksh ;z;eoD ftfdnwkB j?. d{i/ gk;/ Pfjo ftu ikshJ/esk BjhA j?, fGzB^fGzB ikshnK d/ b'e fJe jh ewo/ ftu Bkb^Bkb G'iB eod/ jB, iksh gzukfJsedhêdh j[zdh j? ns/ n;EkJh j?, iksh^G'i ;op^ftnkgh BjhA j?, ns/ ;wkfie^Xkofwe nk:'iBK ftuiksh ;fj:'r th BjhA j?. gziK ikshnK d/ gkozgfoe fe~fsnK ftu gfotosB dk nfXn?B eod/ j'J/ T[BQKB/ d/fynk fe fi~E/ Pfjoh^T[d:'fre y/so ftu g{oDo[g/D ftubB dh ;fEsh ;h, T[E/ d{i/ gk;/ rqkwhDy/so ftu nKfPe ftubB ;h. fgzv ftu nfXn?B ehs/ rJ/ 100 ftneshnK ftu'A f;o| 19# (njho 9,okig{s 7, pqkjwD 3) nkgD/ gozgokrs fe~fsnK Bkb ftufbs j' rJ/ ;B. fJj do;kT[Adk j? fePfjoh^T[d:'fre y/so ftu iksh d[nkok gqd~s gozgokrs ezw j[D ezw BjhA eod/. nkgD/ T[ZsodksktK dhnzsoîksh ftnkj d/ ;zpzX ftu nfGo{uhnK dh s[bBk eod/ j'J/ T[BQK B/ gkfJnk fe Pfjoh s/ g/Av{ d't/A jhy/soK ftu fInkdkso T[Zsodksk (87# g/Av{ y/soK ftu ns/ 75# Pfjoh y/soK ftu) fJ; Bz{ Bkg;zd eod/;B. fJj ;G do;kT[Adk j? fe BroheoD dk iksh ftt;Ek T[Zs/ gqGkt g?Adk j?.

7H1H11 ;[szsosk s'A pknd dk ekb7H1H11 ;[szsosk s'A pknd dk ekb7H1H11 ;[szsosk s'A pknd dk ekb7H1H11 ;[szsosk s'A pknd dk ekb7H1H11 ;[szsosk s'A pknd dk ekbd/P dh okiBhfse ;[szsosk d/ pknd T[d:'rheoB ns/ BroheoD nkfd ekoeK d/ nbktk j'o wj~stg{oBekoe fiBQK B/ iksh^ftt;Ek Bz{ gqGkts ehsk j? T[j jB — ftfGzB gqKsK dk w/b (merger), ftftX ekBz{BKdk feqnkBftnB, f;fynk dk ft;sko, ;wkfie^Xkofwe ;[Xko, g~SwheoD, nkX[fBe feZfsnK dk ftek;,;EkBe rshPhbsk ns/ pkiko^noE ftt;Ek dk ftek;, nkfd. ;[szsosk s'A gfjbK e[M oki sKiksh^ftt;Ek d/ fdqVQ e/Ado ;Bl gozs{ okiK d/ w/b d/ pknd ns/ g{o/ d/P d/ bJh Bt/A ;zftXkB d/ ouBkBkb fi; ftu Xow ns/ iksh d/ G/d d/ fpBK ;ko/ ftneshnK d/ bJh fBnK, ;[szsosk s/ ;wkBsk dk gqktXkBj?, ns/ T[; d/ d[nkok S{nk^S{s Bz{{ ysw fdZsk frnk j?, iksh ftt;Ek fJzBh ;\s BjhA ofj rJh j?.

;kyosk ftu th tkXk j'fJnk j?. 1941 s'A id dh ;kyosk dk gqshPs 16H1 ;h, 1991 ftu fJj tX e/52# j' frnk (g[oPK ftu 63H8# ns/ n"osK ftu 39H4#). f;fynk b'eK Bz{ T[dko, ftPkb fdb tkbk,ftt/ePhb s/, iBsKsfoe pDkT[Adh j?. f;fyns b'e iksh wkBdzvK ns/ gqEktK dk fJzBK gkbD BjhA eod/jB. T[j Bk sK o{VQhtkdh j[zd/ jB ns/ Bk nzXftPtk;h. fB;zd/j iksh^ftt;Ek n~i Pfjoh y/soK ftu x~N;\s j' rJh j?.

fjzd{nK ftu j[D fJ; ftuko dh e'Jh wkBsk BjhA j? fe ftnesh BhthA iksh d/ ftnesh Bkb ;zgoe ftunk e/ fGqPN j' iKdk j?. nkX[fBe ;fEshnK d/ ekoD ykB^gkB ;zpzXh fBP/X j'bh^j'bh ewI'o g?Ad/ ik oj/jB. fco th e[M ikshnK pb cVdhnK ik ojhnK jB. fpjko tor/ e[M okiK ftu BhthAnK ikshnK B/nkgDh ‘;?BktK’ yVh eo bJhnK jB, sK fe T[BQK d/ fBih fjsK dh oZfynk j' ;e/. okiBhsh iksh s'A gqGktsj' ojh j?. e[M ikshnK B/ okiBhfse s/ ;wkfie Pesh gqkgs eoB d/ bJh J/eheoD dh gqfeqnk nkozG eofdZsh j?. ikshtkd dh GktBk ftu tkXk j'fJnk j?. e[M okiK ftu sK nzsoiksh ;zxoPK ftu tkXk j'fJnkj?. e[M ikshnK B/ d{ihnK ikshnK d/ T[BQK s'A th PeshPkbh j' ikD d/ vo Bkb nkgDh, f;fyne, nkofEe

gqtoiB s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'<Nk;e


B ØN


ns/ Xkofwe ;fEsh ;pb s/ fdqVQ pDkT[Dk nkozG eo fdZsh j? ns/ fxofDs fto'XhnK Bz{ frDkT[Dk nkozGeo fdZsk j?. d{ih so| nB[;{fus ikshnK dh dPk ftu ;[Xko nkT[D brk j?. okytKeoD Bhsh d/ nzsorsT[BQK Bz{ f;fynk ns/ B"eohnK d/ y/so ftu fInkdk s'A fInkdk nt;o fwb oj/ jB. Gkt/A S{nk S{s Bz{ nshsdh xNBk BjhA fejk ik ;edk j?, fco th fJ; dk gqubD xZN j'fJnk j?.

;t^w[bKeD ;t^w[bKeD ;t^w[bKeD ;t^w[bKeD ;t^w[bKeD (Self Assessment)1H fd~s/ rJ/ eEBK d/ ;kjwD/ ns/ dk fBPk brkU 1H fd~s/ rJ/ eEBK d/ ;kjwD/ ns/ dk fBPk brkU 1H fd~s/ rJ/ eEBK d/ ;kjwD/ ns/ dk fBPk brkU 1H fd~s/ rJ/ eEBK d/ ;kjwD/ ns/ dk fBPk brkU 1H fd~s/ rJ/ eEBK d/ ;kjwD/ ns/ dk fBPk brkU (State whether the followingstatements ‘Right’ or ‘Wrong’) — — — — —

(i) ;wkfie gfotosB b'eK d/ ihtB gqfswkBK ftu j'D tkb/ gfotosB Bz{ fBofdqPN

eodk j?.

(ii) ;wkfie gfotosB ;ko/ ;wkiK ftu xfNs BjhA j[zdk.

(iii) nkX[fBe ekb ftu ;wkfie gfotosB dh rsh 1947 d/ g{ot ekb dh ng/ePk s/i j?.

(iv) J/ebtkdh f;XKs ;wkfie gfotosB dh ifNb gfoxNBk dh ;w[fus ftnkfynk

gq;s[s eodk j?

(v) Gkosh g[okDK d/ nB[;ko wB~[y uko :[rK — ;s:[r, s/qsk, dtkgo s/ eb:[r d/ ftu'A

r[Ifonk j?.

(vi) t/uo vh bkg{i dk ftuko ;h e iksh ;z;feqsh dk ;otkfXe wjZstg{oB fBoXkoe j?.

(vii) fJe ;N[noN u/fgB B/ ;zrqfj dh ntXkoDk Bz{ ;wkfie gfotosB d/ nkgD/

f;XKs dk nkXko pDkfJnk.

(viii) jo/e ;wki ftu nkgD/ ‘nkrfjD’ j[zd/ jB ns/ jo/e nt;Ek T[BQK dk gq:[Zso j?.

(ix) nkr;s ekws/ B/ ;wkfie gfotosB dh nt;EktK dh ebgBk ehsh j?.

7H27H27H27H27H2 iksh^ftt;Ek ftu w[Zy gfotosB iksh^ftt;Ek ftu w[Zy gfotosB iksh^ftt;Ek ftu w[Zy gfotosB iksh^ftt;Ek ftu w[Zy gfotosB iksh^ftt;Ek ftu w[Zy gfotosB (Broad Changes in the CasteSystem)

Gkt/A fJ; nfXnkJ/ ftu ;wekbhB gkos ftu iksh dh gfotofss ;zouBk dk nbr s'A ftPb/PD ehskfrnk j?, fco th ;zy/g ftu toswkB ;w/A ftu iksh dh ekoi^gqDkbh d/ Bshi/ j/m fbys gqeko d/ dZ;/ik ;ed/ jB—

• iksh ftt;Ek dk g{oBsk T[Bw{bB (;wkgsh) BjhA j' fojk, pbfe fJj nkX[fBe gfotosBK d/ Bkb ek|h;wk:'iB eo ojh j?.

• iksh dk Xkofwe nkXko Yfj frnk j?.

• eJh gqeko dh gqshpzX brkT[D tkbh ;wkfie ekoi^gqDkbh ysw j' ubh j?. j[D iksh BthB w[Zb T[Zs/nkXkfos ftneshrs ;[szsosk T[Zs/ e'Jh pzXB BjhA brkT[Adh j?.

• iksh j[D ftnesh d/ feZs/ tkb/ ihtB dk fBoXkoD BjhA eodh, Gkt/A T[; dh ;wkfie gq;fEsh j[D thiksh d/ w?Apo j'D T[Zs/ fBoGo j[zdh j?.

• nB[;{fus ns/ fgSVh ikshnK B{z, fiBQK dk iksh ftt;Ek d/ gqshpzXK d/ ekoD j/m fbys podkPs eoBhgJh ;h, ;wkBsk gqdkB eoB d/ :sB rzGhoskg{ote ehs/ ik oj/ jB.

• nzsoiksh ;zxoPK ftu tkXk j' fojk j? i' eoweKvh gaq;fEsh d/ ekoD BjhA, nfgs{ Pesh gqkgs eoB d/bJh j[zd/ jB.

• ikshtkd Bk e/tb ;w[dkfJe ihtB ftu ikoh j? pbfe fJ; gqeko Bkb fJ; ftu tkXk jh j'fJnk j?.

• fgzvK ftu iiwkBh gqEk ewI'o gJh j? fi; Bkb nzsoiksh ;zpzXK T[Zs/ gqGkt fgnk j?.


B ØN


• iksh ns/ okiBhsh fJe d{i/ B{z gqGkts eoB br/ jB.

• fJe gk;/ fi~E/ e[M iksh ;zrmB wIp{s j'J/ jB, d{i/ gk;/ t~vh frDsh ftu ikshnK B/ ;w{fje J/esk ns/fizw/tkoh dh GktBk Bz{ r[nk fdZsk j?.

• iksh j[D okPNo d/ ftek; ns/ ;wkfie gqrsh ftu pkXe BjhA jB. iksh^ftt;Ek d/ pkti{d th GkosrshwkB j?.

7H37H37H37H37H3 iksh^ftt;Ek dk GftZy iksh^ftt;Ek dk GftZy iksh^ftt;Ek dk GftZy iksh^ftt;Ek dk GftZy iksh^ftt;Ek dk GftZy (Future fo Case System)

iksh^ftt;Ek dh geV fYZbh j'D/ d/ e'Jh ;ze/s BjhA jB. ftfGzB ikshnK d/ T[Zs/ T[ZmD s/ ;wkfie gqshPmkgqkgs eoB d/ fdqPNhe'D ftu gfotosB nt~P nkfJnk j?. iksh^ftt;Ek ftu gfotosB fBozso ns/fB:fws o{g Bkb j' oj/ jB, gozs{ ;ko/ ftjkoe T[d/P d/ bJh iksh ftt;Ek fiT[A dh fsT[A pDh j'Jh j?.fJ; Bz{ Gzr eoB dh fdPk ftu gfotosB BjhA j' gk fojk j?. eJh ikshnK ftu'A fJe gqeko dhtorû/sBk dk T[d/ j'fJnk j?. nzso;w{j dh GktBk s'A gq/fos j'e/ T[j iksh ftt;Ek ƒ j'o th e~; e/ cV/j'J/ jB. nZieb iksh nkgD/ nkg Bz{ ;wkfie, nkofEe, ns/ okiBhfse T[d/PK dh g{osh d/ bJh ;zrfmseoB d/ gq:sB ftu ;zbrB j?. iksh nkXko T[Zs/ u'DK bVhnK ik ojhnK jB. j[D iksh ;zrmB th j?,fit/A nfyb Gkosh yZsoh wjk;gk, nfyb Gkosh wkE[o ;zx, nfyb Gkosh Gkort ;zrmB nkfd.

iksh ftt;Ek d/ GftZy d/ ftP/ ftu gqrshPhb fjzd{ fszB fdqPNhe'D gq;s[s eod/ jB—

1H nfij/ b'e jB i' iksh Bz{ p[okJh wzBd/ jB ns/ fJ; dh ;wkgsh ukj[zd/ jB.

2H d{i/ T[j jB i' fJj ;'ud/ jB fe iksh dk gsB j' uZ[fenk j? ns/ gozgokrs uko ftt;EktK(orders) Bz{ g[Bo ;Ekgs eoB dh io{os j?. fJ; ftukoXkok d/ gqpb ;woZE wjkswk rKXh ;B.

3H nfij/ b'e th jB i' iksh^ftt;Ek Bz{ ikoh oyDk ukjz[d/ jB gozs{ fpbe[b nbr Yzr Bkb fJ; Bz{w[V ;Ekgs eoBk ukj[zd/ jB. fJj b'e T[BQK ftfGzB T[gikshnK Bz{ fwbkT[Dk ukj[zd/ jB fiBQK ftunkofEe ;wkBsk ns/ ;K;feqfse J/esk ftdwkB j?. j'bh^j'bh T[j ikshnK i' brGr fJe jh fijhnkXko ns/ ftP/PsktK tkbh j'DrhnK T[j fJe j' ikDrhnK ns/ nzs ftu iksh^ftjhB ;wki dh;EkgBk j' ikJ/rh. fJj b'e ukj[zd/ jB fe fJ; gqfeqnk dh rsh ;fji/ j'Dh ukjhdh j? feT[Afe fJjftneshnK B{z f;fynk d/ bJh :E/Pm ;wK gqdkB eo/rh ns/ T[BQK ikshnK$torK d/ wB Bz{ wkBf;e;wk:'iB d[nkok gfotosB d/ bJh fsnko eo/rh i' nkgD/ :[rK g[okD/ ohsh^fotkiK ftu gfotosBBjhA ukj[zd/ jB.

J/Hi/HJ/H NkJ/Bph (A.J. Toynbee), NhHn?uH wkoPb (T.H. Marshall), ghHe'dKdk okt (P.K. KodandaRao), nkfd tor/ ftdtkBK B/ fJBQK fszBK ftukoXkoktK dk w[bKeD ehsk j?. rKXh ih d/ ftukoK dk ftt/uB eod/ j'J/ T[j wzBd/ jB fe fJj nftjkoe j? feT[Afe uko ftt;EktK ftu'A ftneshnK Bz{ fJe ftt;Ekftu oZyD d/ bJh T[j feZsk io{oh j? fi; dk gkbB T[j eo oj/ jB. nZi d/ ;wki ftu Xzd/$feZs/ fJzB/ftfPPN ns/ eJh gqeko d/ jB. ns/ fJe jh gfotko d/ w?Apo nbZr^nbZr XzfdnK ftu br/ j[zd/ jBfe T[BQK fJe ftt;Ek dh w?ApofPg gqdkB eoBk n;zGt j?. d{i/ i/eo fJj ftt;Ek ikshnK Bz{ fszBftt;EktK ftu'A fe;h fJe ftu oyDk ;zGt th j't/ sK nS{s ikshnK dk eh j't/rk< rKXh ih B/, i' fenS{s ftt;Ek d/ fto'Xh ;B, fJBQK ikshnK d/ bJh ;BwkBiBe g~Xo dk gq;skt ehsk. gozs{ fJj ;GT[BQK Bz{ (nS{s ikshnK Bz{) feE'A T[gbpX j'Dk j?< fi; ftt;Ek ftu th T[BQK Bz{ Pkwb ehsk ikt/rk, T[E'Ajh T[BQK d/ fto[ZX ;[o T[ZmDr/. shi/, wzB fbnk ikt/ fe uko ftt;Ek tkbk torheoD ;zGt th j' ikJ/sK eh n;hA fJBQK ukoK ftt;EktK d/ ft~u ftnkj ;zpzXK dh nkfrnk d/Dr/ iK fBP/X eoBr/< eh n;hA G'i;zpzX gqshpzXK Bz{{ ikoh oZyDr/< d'tK dh jh nkgDh ;wZf;nktK j'DrhnK. ;' fJj Bshi/ ti'A fejk ik ;edkj? fe ;wki dh uko ftt;EktK ftu ftGkiB dh tkg;h nftjkoe j?, ns/ i/eo fJ; Bz{ bkr{ th eo fbnkikt/ sd th fJ; s' fe;h bkG tkbh T/[d/P dh g{osh Bk j' ;e/rh.

i/eo d{ik fdqPNhe'D fbnk ikt/ fe T[gikshnK Bz{ fwbk e/ tZvh iksh ftu Pkwb eo iksh dk j'bh^j'bhysw eo fdZsk ikt/ sK ftdtkBK dk efjDk j? fe nfijk eoBk ;jh ;wZf;nk Bz{ r[nk d/Dk j?. pzpJh ftu


B ØN


fJj sohek jh dPeK se ngDkfJnk frnk ;h go Bshi/ xkse fBeb/. fiBQK T[gikshnK B{z fJe tZv/ ;w{jftu Pkwb ehsk frnk ;h, T[BQK B/ nkgDh nbrgB ;zpzXh nKsfoe GktBktK Bz{ nkgD/ Bkb pDkJ/ ofynk.fJj BtK ;w{j d{ih ikshnK d/ gqsh e~NV otJhnk ngBkT[D bZrk. ftP/P eo T[BQK d/ gqsh i' T[BQK dhs[bBk ftu T[Zu s/ BhthA ;fEsh dhnK ;B. fJ; gqeko ftdtkBK dk dktk j? fe fJ; Bkb iksh fBPmks/ ikshtkd dh GktBk dk T[d/ jz[dk j?, ns/ i/eo n;hA d{ik fdqPNhe'D ngDkJ/ sK ikshtkd Bz{ x~N eoBkw[Peb j'J/rk ns/ fJj nfijk n;t;E tksktoD fsnko eo/rk fi; Bkb g{oB okPNoh u/sBk d/ ftek;ftu o[ektN g?dk j't/rh.

e[M ftdtkBK B/ shi/ fdqPNhe'D dk ;woEB ehsk j? fe iksh^ftt;Ek Bz{ ssekb jh ysw eo fdZsk ikDkukjhdk j?. T[BQK dk ftuko j? fe ;kBz{ ikshtkd d/ fto[~X ;zxoP eoBk j? ns/ fJ; Bz{ ;w{b BPN eoBkj?. X[foJ/ B/ fJ; fdqPNhe'D dk ;woEB ehsk j?. gozs{ T[BQK B/ nkgDk fJj ws 1931 ftu ftnes ehsk;h. T[;/ ;w/A s'A S/ Pskpdh s'A th fInkdk ;wK pshs j' u[Zek j? ns/ Gkosh ;wki ftu ;[szsosk d/ nbktkiksh^ftt;Ek d/ fto[ZX nB/e ftXkB gkfos j' uZ[e/ jB. T[dkjoD bJh, Gkos d/ ;zftXkB d/ nB[;ko —(i) iksh d/ nkXko T[Zs/ oki fe;h Bkrfoe d/ Bkb G/d Gkt BjhA eo/rk (;kohnK ikshnK d/ bJh ;wkBnt;o) (ii) iksh d/ nkXko T[Zs/ e'Jh th Bkrfoe d[ekBK d/ gq:'r, o/;soK d/ gq:'r, ;kotifBe y{jK,sbktK d/ gq:'r T[Zs/ th gqshpzX s'A ghVs BjhA j't/rk. (iii) nS{s dk fBP/X. fJ;h gqeko feZfsnK Bz{ngDkT[D ftu e'Jh gqshpzX BjhA j?. ;wkBsk, ;[szsosk ns/ GkJhuko/ dh GktBktK Bz{ gq's;kjB fwfbnkj? fiBQK Bkb iksh dh iVQ jh e~N rJh j?. 1951 ftu fJe ftP/P nfXekoh (efwPBo) nB[;{fus ikshns/ fgSV/ tor d/ b'eK dh d/yGkb d/ bJh fB:[es ehsk frnk ;h. iBrDBk ftu ftnesh dh ikshdk T[b/y BjhA ehsk iKdk. fgSb/ e[M dPeK ftu fJBQK ;G gfotosBK d/ j[zd/ j'J/ th n;hA ikshtkdns/ iksh ftt;Ek dh p[okJhnK B{z ;wkgs BjhA eo gkJ/ jK. nkPhotkdw d/ ftuko Bkb ‘nshs ftuiksh dk e'Jh th bkG iK T[g:'r feT[A Bk fojk j't/, nZi fJj gqrsh ftu o[ektN j?, fJ; bJh ;kBz{fJ; dk T[seN fto'X eoBk ukjhdk.’ vhHn?BH wi{wdko B/ th 1950^1960 d/ ftu fejk fe fi; gqekoT[Arbh N[~ND T[Zs/ f;o| T[Arbh dk jh gqsh ;EkgB j[zdk j? Bk fe ;zg{oB j~E dk, fJ;/ gqeko nS{s,P'PD ns/ iksh gqEk d/ nfij/ jh j'o jkBhekoe gZyK Bz{ ysw eo fdZsk ikDk ukjhdk j? Bk fe ;w{uhftt;Ek Bz{.

fJj ;Zu j? fe iksh^ftt;Ek nkfXnkswe s/ G"fse so~eh ftu ns/ okPNoh ns/ ;wkfie soZeh ftuo'Vk j?. id se fJj ;Vh rbh ftt;Ek ubdh oj/rh sd se n;hA nkgD/ ;wkfie nkdoPK Bz{ gqkgs BjhAeo ;ed/. fJ; bJh fizBh ibdh fJ; dh fwqs{ dh xzNh ti/rh T[ABh jh ibdh ;kvk GftZy fInkdk T[ibkj't/rk. fco th fJj fJe ;Zu j? fe fJ; Bz{ S/sh Bkb ysw BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. fJ; dh p[okJhnK Bz{xZN eoB d/ bJh n;hA e/tb e[M T[gkn eo ;ed/ jK.

;tkb T[Zmdk j? fe iksh Bz{ fe; gqeko g[ZfNnk ikt/ iK T[; Bz{ ewI'o ehsk ikt/< fJ; ;zpzX ftu e[M T[gknfJ; gqeko Bkb ;[MkJ/ ik ;ed/ jB—

1H nzsoiksh ftnkjK Bz{ g'qs;kjB fwbDk ukjhdk. fJ; d/ bJh ftnesh Bz{ ihtB^;kEh d/ u'D dh;[szsosk j'Dh ukjhdh, ns/ bVe/$bVehnK Bz{ nkg;h ;zgoe d/ nT[;o gqkgs j'D/ ukjhd/ jB fit/A;fj^f;fynk ns/ ;fjêzw.

2H tZv/ BroK s/ e;fpnK ftu g{oBsk fBrokBh:[es :[te^:[tshnK d/ bJh ebZp ns/ wB'oziB e/AdoK ns/ ftfdnkoEhnK d/ ofjD dk gqpzX j'Dk ukjhdk j?. fJBQK ;EkB T[Zs/ T[j iksh fit/A ftukoKB{z G[~bDr/ ns/ T[; dkfJo/ s'A pkjo nk e/ ;wkfie nkdkB^gqdkB ftu Gkr b?Dr/.

3H iksh ns/ T[giksh Bz{ Bkw d/ Bkb i'VD dh gqEk Bkb ;wkfiesk Bz{ pb fwbdk j?, ;' fJ; Bz{ yswehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?.

4H okiBhfse T[d/PK d/ bJh iksh dk P'PD BjhA j'Dk ukjhdk (fit/A t'N wzrDk, okiBhfse gd ;"AgDk,nkfd). iksh ns/ okiBhsh d/ gftZso rmpzXB Bk f;o| ;zgodkfJe GkJhuko/ Bz{ m/; gj[zukT[Ad/jB pbfe d/P dh ;[oZfynk Bz{ th jkBh gj[zukT[Ad/ jB.


B ØN


5H pqkjwDK Bz{ g[o'fjs ;/tktK d/ y/so dh fJekfXeko dh nkfrnk BjhA fdZsh ik ;edh. fJ; T[d/P s'AfJe e/Adoh ;zrmB gqKse PkyktK ;fjs j'Dk ukjhdk fi; ftu g[o'fjs eow dh dhfynk fdsh ik;e/. Xkofwe gqshG{shnK (Religious Endowment) T[Zs/ 1950 ftu fB:[es ehs/ rJ/ nJhnonk:'r B/ th fJ; gqeko d/ e/Ado dh ;EkgBk dh f;ckfoP dh ;h.

Bowd/Pto gq;kd d[nkok fszB y/soK ftu — T[d:'fre, r?o^T[d:'fre, ns/ g/Av{ — ehs/ rJ/ nfXn?Bftu iksh ftt;Ek Bz{ ewI'o ehs/ ikD d/ bJh nkgD/ T[ZsodksktK s'A j/m fby/ T[gkn gqkgs j'J/ — f;fynkns/ ;kfonK d/ bJh ;wkB nT[;o (39H1#), nzsoiksh ftnkj (35H3#), nS{s fBtkoD (12H2#), ns/;wkBsk d/ nkXko T[Zs/ b'eK Bkb fttjko (13H4#). fezs{ eh fJBQK T[gktK Bkb iksh ftt;Ek ewI'oj't/rh iK ysw j' ;e/rh< PkfJd BjhA. Btzpo 1992 ftu wzvb nk:'r dh f;ckfoPK bkr{ eoB ;zpzXhnkgD/ fBoD/ ftu jkJh e'oN B/ th ;gPN o{g ftu fJj wzst gqrN ehsk j? fe okytKeoD dk nkXkoe/tb iksh jh j'J/rk.

;t^w[bKeD ;t^w[bKeD ;t^w[bKeD ;t^w[bKeD ;t^w[bKeD (Self Assessment)

2H ykbh ;EkB Go' 2H ykbh ;EkB Go' 2H ykbh ;EkB Go' 2H ykbh ;EkB Go' 2H ykbh ;EkB Go' (Fill in the blanks)—————(i) HHHHHHHHHHHHHH d/ GftZy d/ ftP/ ftu gqrshPhb fjzd{ fszB fdqPNhe'D gq;s[s eod/ jB.

(ii) HHHHHHHHHHHH nS{s ftt;Ek d/ fto'Xh ;B.

(iii) iksh^ftt;Ek nfXnksfwe s/ G"fse soZeh ftu ns/ okPNoh s/ ;wkfie soZeh ftu HHHHHHHHH j?.

(iv) HHHHHHHHHHHH T[d/P d/ bJh iksh dk P'PD BjhA j'Dk ukjhdk.


• ftt/uB d/ bJh n;hA Gkos d/ fJfsjk; Bz{ uko :[rK ftu tzv ;ed/ jK L (1) gqkuhB :[r, fi; ftu (n)t?fde ekb, (p) pqkjwD ekb, (;) w"fonk ekb, (d) w"fonUso (Post Maurya) ekb (:kBh fe, ;KrK,e[PkD s/ r[gs ekb) ns/ (J) joPtoXB ekb s/ j'o ekb Pkwb jB. (2) wZX :[r, fi; ftu (n)okig{s ekb ns/ (p) w[;fbw ekb Pkwb jB. (3) fpqfNP :[r, fi; ftu (n) g{ot T[d:'fre ekb ns/(p) ;[szsosk^g{ot T[d:'fre ekb Pkwb jB. (4) ;[szsosk s'A pknd ekb.

• ;ko/ iksh ;zouBk fe ftP/P ;w/A ftu ftP/P ;o{g fbZsh j'Jh ;h ns/ pknd ftu fJ; ftu gfotosBehs/ rJ/, pbfe nfij/ e[M j'o ekoK dk T[b/y ehsk ik ;edk j? i' fJj dZ;d/ jB fe fe; ;w/A ns/ fe;;EkB T[Zs/ T[BQK dk gqGkt fgnk.

• iksh^ftt;Ek dh geV fYZbh j'D/ d/ e'Jh ;ze/s BjhA jB. ftfGzB ikshnK d/ T[Zs/ T[ZmD s/ ;wkfiegqshPmk gqkgs eoB d/ fdqPNhe'D ftu gfotosB nt~P nkfJnk j?. iksh^ftt;Ek ftu gfotosBfBozso ns/ fB:fws o{g Bkb j' oj/ jB, gozs{ ;ko/ ftjkoe T[d/P d/ bJh iksh ftt;Ek fiT[A dh fsT[ApDh j'Jh j?. fJ; Bz{ Gzr eoB dh fdPk ftu gfotosB BjhA j' gk fojk j?. eJh ikshnK ftu'A fJegqeko dh torû/sBk dk T[d/ j'fJnk j?.

• fJj ;Zu j? fe iksh^ftt;Ek nkfXnkswe s/ G"fse so~eh ftu ns/ okPNoh ns/ ;wkfie soZeh ftuo'Vk j?. id se fJj ;Vh rbh ftt;Ek ubdh oj/rh sd se n;hA nkgD/ ;wkfie nkdoPK Bz{ gqkgsBjhA eo ;ed/. fJ; bJh fizBh ibdh fJ; dh fwqs{ dh xzNh ti/rh T[ABh jh ibdh ;kvk GftZy fInkdkT[ibk j't/rk. fco th fJj fJe ;Zu j? fe fJ; Bz{ S/sh Bkb ysw BjhA ehsk ik ;edk.


• ;z;soD^;z;soD^;z;soD^;z;soD^;z;soD^gos do gos, sj, ft;so

• njho^njho^njho^njho^njho^ rtkbk, nGho


B ØN



1H iksh ftt;Ek d/ Gft~y ns/ T; dhnK gfotofss gqftq~shnK dh ft;fsqs ftnkfynk eo'.

2H iksh ftt;Ek Bz{ gqGkfts eoD tkb/ s~sK dh ;whfynk eo'.

3H iksh ftt;Ek ft~u j'J/ w[~y gfotosBK T[Zs/ gqekP gkU.

4H iksh ftt;Ek d/ Gft~y dk ftt/uB eo'.

5H fBwBfbfys T[~s/ fN~gDh fby'^

(i) T[d:'rheoD (ii) PfjoheoD (iii) w[;fbw ekb


1. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)

(vi) (vii) (viii) (ix)

2. (i) iksh^ftt;Ek (ii) rKXh ih (iii) o'''''Vk

(iv) okiBhfse


1H ;hH NhH yzBk, fJzNo ek;N n?Av fJzNo efwT{fBNh w?foi fJB fJzvhnk, gkg[bo p[efvg', pKp/, 1960 .

2H ihH JhH X[o/, ek;N, ebk; n?Av ne[g/PB, gkg[bo p[e fvg', pKp/, 1961 .

p[e;

fJekJh^8L iiwkBh ftnt;EkfJekJh^8L iiwkBh ftnt;EkfJekJh^8L iiwkBh ftnt;EkfJekJh^8L iiwkBh ftnt;EkfJekJh^8L iiwkBh ftnt;Ek

B ØN


fJekJh–8L iiwkBh ftnt;Ek fJekJh–8L iiwkBh ftnt;Ek fJekJh–8L iiwkBh ftnt;Ek fJekJh–8L iiwkBh ftnt;Ek fJekJh–8L iiwkBh ftnt;Ek (Jajmani System)

ftP/ t;s{ ftP/ t;s{ ftP/ t;s{ ftP/ t;s{ ftP/ t;s{ (Contents)T[d/P (Objectives)


8H1 iiwkBh^ftnt;Ek (Concept of Jajmani System)

8H2 iiwkBh^ftnt;Ek fJe P'PD dh ftnt;Ek (Jajmani System : an Ex;oitative System)







• iiwkBh–ftnt;Ek dh ntXkoDk Bz{ ;wMD ftul

• iiwkBh^ftnt;Ek Bz{ fJe P'PD ftnt;Ek d/ o{g ftu ikDB ftu.


iiwkBh ftnt;Ek dk toDB nzso^gfotkoe nzsoiksh ;zzpzX d/ o{g ftu ehsk frnk j? fi; ftu;ozfyneK (Patrons) ns/ ;/tkeosktK d/ ftZu d/ ;zpzX ;tkwh ns/ nXhB (Superordinate-Subordi-nate) d/ j[zd/ jB. ;ozfyne ;tZS ikshnK d/ gfotko j[zd/ jB, idfe ;/tkeosk BhthA ns/ n;t~S ikshd/ gfotko j[zd/ jB. ;' fJ fejk ik ;edk j? fiiwkBh ftnt;Ek fJe ftsoD ftnt;Ek j?, fi; ftu T[Zuiksh d/ iwhB d/ wkbeK gfotkoK Bz{ BhthA iksh d/ b'eK d[nkok ;/tktK gqdkB ehshnK iKdhnK jB. ;/teiksh d/ b'eK Bz{ ‘ewhB’ efj e/ p[bkfJnk iKdk j?, idfe ;/fts ikshnk Bz{ ‘iiwkB’ fejk iKdk j?. ;/teikshnK Bz{ T[BK dh ;/tk d/ pdb/ ftu Bed iK t;s{ d/ o{g ftu G[rskB ehsk iKdk j?.

8H18H18H18H18H1 iiwkBh ftt;Ek dh ntXkoDk iiwkBh ftt;Ek dh ntXkoDk iiwkBh ftt;Ek dh ntXkoDk iiwkBh ftt;Ek dh ntXkoDk iiwkBh ftt;Ek dh ntXkoDk (Concept of Jajmani System)

iiwkBh^ftt;Ek gozgokrs fe~fsnK d/ coIK (Occupational obligations) dh ftt;Ek j?. gqkuhBGkos ftu ikshnK fJe d{i/ T[Zs/ nkofEe o{g Bkb fBoGo j[zdhnK ;B. fJe g/Av{ ftnesh gozgokrsftfPPN fe~sk T[; dh iksh Bz{ ;"Agh rJh ftP/PZrsk d/ nkXko T[Zs/ ngDkT[Adk ;h. fe~fsnK d/ ftfPPNeoDB/ g/Av{ ;wki ftu ;/tktK d/ ndkB^gqdkB Bz{ iBw fdZsk. ;/tk eosk (Serving) ns/ ;/fts (Served)ikshnK d/ ftu fJj ;zpzX ftneshrs, n;EkJh, ;hfws ns/ ;zftdkswe (contractual) BjhA ;h, pbfefJj iksh^nfGw[y, ;EkJh ns/ ft;fsqs ;woEB d/D tkbk ;h. T[j ftt;Ek fi; ftu iwhB d/ wkbe(Land owning) gfotko ns/ T[BQK iwhBjhB gfotkoK ftu, i' T[; Bz{ uhIK ns/ ;/tktK gqdkB eod/ jB,;EkJh ;zpzX fwbd/ jB, T[; Bz{ iiwkBh ftt;Ek fejk iKdk j?.

:'r/Ado f;zx B/ iiwkBh ftt;Ek dk toDB eod/ j'J/ fejk j? fe fJj fJe nfijh ftt;Ek j? i' fgzvK d/nzsoiksh ;zpzXK ftu gko;gfoesk T[Zs/ nkXkfos ;zpzX d[nkok fBnzfsqs j[zdh j?. JhPtoB B/ iiwkBhftt;Ek (fi; Bz{ dZyD Gkos ftu w?;{o ftu ‘nkfJnk’ fejk iKdk j?) d/ ;zdoG ftu fejk j? fe fJj fJe

Rosy Hastir, Lovely Professional UniversityRipudaman Singh, Lovely Professional University


B ØN


nfijh ftt;Ek j? fi; ftu ;zg{oB ;w[dkfJe ihtB ftu jo/e iksh Bz{ fJe G{fwek fBGkT[Dh j[zdh j?.fJ; G{fwek ftu nkofEe, ;wkfie ns/ B?fse ezw j[zd/ jB.

‘iiwkB’ Ppd dk gq:'r w{b o{g s'A T[; n;kwh (Client) d/ bJh ehsk iKdk ;h fi; d/ bJh pqkjwD g[ikohXkofwe g{ik s/ eoweKv (Rituals) eod/ ;B, gozs{ pknd ftu fJj ftfPPN ;/tktK Bz{ gqkgs eoB tkb/ftnesh ns/ ;zofyne d/ bJh gq:'r ehsk ikD brk. phvbw?B B/ fejk j? fe ‘;/tkdkoK’ noEks uhIKns/ ;/tktK gqdkB eoB tkfbnK d/ bJh ‘ewhB’ Ppd d/ nbktk fGzB y/soK ftu j'o Ppd fit/A g[oiB,goXkB, nkfd th gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?.

8H1H1 iiwkBh ;zpzX8H1H1 iiwkBh ;zpzX8H1H1 iiwkBh ;zpzX8H1H1 iiwkBh ;zpzX8H1H1 iiwkBh ;zpzXedhêdh uhIK dh ng{osh (Supply) d/ nkXko T[Zs/ d' iK d' s'A fInkdk ikshnK d/ ;zpzX ;zftdkswej' ;ed/ jB, fezs{ iiwkBh BjhA. T[dkjoD bJh fi; i[bkj/ Bz{ T[; dh pDkJh j'Jh ns/ t/uh j'Jh t;s{d/ bJh Bed G[rskB ehsk iKdk j?, T[j gqEk d/ nB[;ko c;b ftu'A fjZ;/ dk nfXekoh BjhA j[zdk j?. T[jBk ‘ewhB’ jB ns/ Bk jh yohdD tkbk T[; dk ‘iiwkB’. fco, iiwkBh ;zpzXK ftu e[M nfijh ;/tktKns/ uhIK j' ;edhnK jB fiBQK dk nB[pzX (Contract) j[zdk j? ns/ nb~r s'A G[rskB th T[dkjoD d/ bJhfgzv ftu oZ;h pDkT[D tkbh iiwkBh ftt;Ek d/ nzsors fe;kB Bz{ ;kohnK io{oh oZ;hnK dh g{osh eod/jB, f;o| T[; oZ;h d/ i' y{j ftu T[g:'rh j[zdh j? ns/ ek|h bzwh ns/ w'Nh j[zdh j?. fe;kB Bz{ T[; d/bJh nb~r s'A G[rskB d/Dk j[zdk j?.

iiwkBh ;zpzXK ftu Xkofwe feqsK, ;wkfie ;woEB ns/ nkofEe nkdkB^gqdkB ;ko/ dk ;wkt/P j?. ;/te ikshnK iiwkB d/ xo iBw, ftnkj, ns/ fwqs{ d/ nt;oK T[Zs/ Xkofwe ;z;ekfoe ;wko'jK ftu coIKdk gkbB eod/ jB. vhHn?BH wi{wdko B/ T[Zso gqd/P d/ byBT{ fiZb/Q d/ fJe fgzv dh okig{s iksh d/ mke[ogfotko dk T[dkjoD ehsk j? fi; ftu d; ftfGzB ikshnK d/ gfotko ihtB u~eo^gE d/ ;z;ekoK (Life-cycle rites) dh g{osh d/ bJh mke[o gfotko dh ;/tk ftu br/ j[zd/ jB. T[dkjoD bJh pkbe d/ iBw dhdknts d/ ;w/A pqkjwD BkweoB ;z;eko eokT[Adk j?, ;[Bko Btiks fPP{ d/ bJh ;'B/ d/ rfjD/ T[gbpXeokT[Adk j?, X'ph rzd/ egV/ X'Adk j?, BkJh ;zd/P tkjB dk ezw eodk j?, yksh T[j g~Nk pDkT[Adk j? fi;go pZu/ Bz{ BkweoB d/ bJh fpmkfJnk iKdk j?, b[jko b'j/ dk eVk pDkT[Adk j?, x[fwnko e[~bQV nkfd gkDhghD ns/ ;pIhnK nkfd oZyD d/ bJh T[gbpX eokT[Adk j?, gk;h G'iB d/ bJh gZs+K i[NkT[Adk j? ns/Gzrh dknts d/ pknd ;ckJh dk ezw eodk j?. T[j ;ko/ b'e i' fJ; gqeko ;fj:'r eod/ jB T[gjko o{gftu G'iB, egV/ ns/ XB gqkgs eod/ jB i' nKfPe o{g s'A gqEk T[Zs/, nKfPe o{g Bkb iiwkB d/ nkofEeg~Xo T[Zs/ ns/ nKfPe o{g s'A gqkgs eosk dh p/Bsh T[Zs/ fBoGo eodk j?.

‘ewhB’ (BhthA ikshnK) i' nkgD/ ‘iiwkBK’ (T[Zu ikshnK) Bz{ ftfPPN e[Pbsk ns/ ;/tktK gqdkB eod/jB, nkg th d{finK s'A uhIK ns/ ;/tktK ukj[zd/ jB. j?o'bv r{bv d/ nB[;ko fJj BhthAnK ikshnK iK sKgqsZy o{g s'A Pqw d/ nkdkB^gqdkB d[nkok XB iK t;s{ d/ o{g ftu G[rskB d/ wkfXnw Bkb nkgDh nkgdh iiwkBh ftt;Ek eo b?Ad/ jB. wfXnw ikshnK th BhthA ikshnK d/ ;wkB jh iK sK ;/tktK d/ pdb/Bed G[rskB d/ o{g ftu iK ;/tktK d/ nkdkB^gqdkB d/ o{g ftu fJe d{i/ d/ gqsh coIK dk gkbB eodhnKjB.

ewhB nkgD/ iiwkBK Bz{ Bk e/tb uhIK T[gbpX eokT[Ad/ jB pbfe T[BQK d/ bJh T[j ezw th eod/ jB i'T[BQK B/ (iiwkBK Bz{) ngftZso eodhnK jB, T[dkjoD bJh (X'ph d[nkok) rzd/ egfVnK dk X'Dk, (BkJhd[nkok) tkbK dk eZNDk, (B?D d[nkok) pZu/ dk iBw fdtkT[Dk, ns/ (Gzrh d[nkok) fJPBkB rqfj$P"u xo

iiwkBh ftt;Ek fJe ftsoB ftt;Ek j? fi; ftu T[Zu iksh d/ iwhB d/ wkbe gfotkoKBz{ BhthA iksh d/ b'eK d/ d[nkok ;/tktK gqdkB ehshnK iKdhnK jB.

B'N;


B ØN


nkfd dh ;ckJh eoBk, nkfd. Gkt/A X'ph, BkJh, b[jko nkfd BhthA ikshnK ftu nkT[Ad/ jB fco th johiBdh ‘ewhB’ d/ o{g ftu ;/tk BjhA eod/ ns/ Bk jh pqkjwD fJBQK BhthA ikshnK Bz{ nkgDk iiwkB pDkT[Ad/jB, sd'A id BhthA iksh gfotko wkfJe gZXo s/ uzr/ j' iKd/ jB sK T[j d{fPs feZs/ Bz{ fsnkr fdzd/ jBns/ ;z;eko ftP/PZrK (Ritual Specialists) dh ;/tktK gqkgs eoB dk :sB eod/ jB ns/ fJ; ftu ;cbth j' iKd/ jB.

iiwkBh ;zpzX ikshnK dh ng/ePk gfotkoK ftu j[zd/ jB. fJ; gqeko okig{s iksh dk gfotko fgzv ftub[jko iksh d/ fJe ftP/P gfotko d/ Xks{ d/ n"Iko gqkgs eodk j?, Bk fe fgzv d/ ;ko/ b[jko ikshnK s'A.fJ;h ftfPPN b[jko gfotko Bz{ jh c;b T[Zs/ okig{s gfotko dh c;bK ftu'A fJe fjZ;k fwb/rk Bk fed{i/ b[jko gfotkoK Bz{. b[jko ns/ okig{s d' gfotkoK d/ ftZu fJj iiwkBh ;zpzX ;EkJh jB feT[Afe b[jkogfotko T[;/ okig{s gfotko dh ;/tk eodk ofjzdk j? fi; dh ;/tk T[; d/ fgsk ns/ dkdk eod/ ;B. okig{sgfotko th nkgD/ n"Iko ns/ T[BQK dh w[ozws T[;/ b[jko gfotko s'A eokT[Adk j? fi; s'A T[; d/ g{otieokfJnk eod/ ;B. i/eo ;zpzX gfotkoK ftu'A fJe gfotko ysw j' iKdk j? sK T[; gfotko d/ tzPi T[;;EkB Bz{ rqfjD eo ;ed/ jB. T[dkjoD bJh, T[g:[es gqeoD ftu nro b[jko d/ gfotko ftu fInkdkg[Zso jB fiBQK ;kfonK dk T[BQK dk iiwkB okig{s gfotko ;ozfynD BjhA d/ ;edk sK e[M b[jko g[Zsod{i/ n;EkBK d/ ik e/ Bt/A ;fj:'rh bZG b?Ad/ jB fi~E/ b[jkoK dh ewh j[zdh j?.

n'o/A;NhB B/ wzfBnk j? fe fgzv d/ gdkfXekoh$eowukoh iK g/Av{ ;/teK d/ gfotko (fit/A u"ehdko) fgzv ftuftP/P gfotkoK dh ng/ePk ;zg{oB fgzv Bkb iiwkBh ;zpzXK Bz{ wzBd/ jB. fJ; gqeko u"ehdko d/ gfotkoBz{ fgzv d/ jo/e iwhB d/ wkbe fe;kB gfotko s'A c;b d/ ;w/A e[M Bk e[M :'rdkB gqkgs jz[dk j?. fgzvd/ ;/te fgzv dh iwhB dk N?e; w[es gq:'r th eo ;ed/ jB. e[M ;/te gfotko ftneshrs gfotkoKdh ng/ePk fgzv d/ fJe fjZ;/ (Segment) s'A iiwkBh ;zpzX pDk e/ oyd/ jB. nfij/ ;/te gfotkoK Bz{fgzv d/ T[; ftP/P fjZ;/ ftu ofjD tkb/ ;ko/ gfotko dh ;/tk eoB dk nfXeko j[zdk j?.

iiwkBh ftt;Ek d/ ;zdoG ftu e'b/Avk B/ fejk j?L “fjzd{ iiwkBh ftt;Ek Bz{ Gkosh fgzvK ftu fJe ;z;EkiK ;wkfie ftt;Ek d/ o{g ftu d/fynk ik ;edk j?, i' fe G{fwektK ns/ gqshwkBK (norms) d/ ikb d[nkokpDh j[zdh j?. fJj ikb G{fwektK ns/ ;zg{oB ftt;Ek Bkb r[zfdnK j[zdk j? fi; Bz{ nkw ;K;feqfseedoKêhwsK d[nkok t?Xsk ns/ ;woEB gqkgs j[zdk j?.” iiwkBh ftt;Ek ftu fiBQK wjZstg{oB gqPBKdk ftPb/PD io{oh j? T[j jBL fJ; ftt;Ek dk ezw eh j?< fJ; ftu fejVh G{fwektK fBfjs jB< fJ;d/ gqshwkB ns/ w[Zb eh jB< fJ; ftt;Ek ftu Pesh ns/ nfXekoK dk ftsoB fe; gqeko j[zdk j?< fJjftt;Ek d{ih ftt;EktK Bkb fe; gqeko ;zpzfXs j?< ftt;Ek pDk e/ oZyD dh eh g/qoDk j?< ftt;Ek ftueh gfotosB j'J/ jB<

8H1H2 gqekoi ns/ G{fwektK8H1H2 gqekoi ns/ G{fwektK8H1H2 gqekoi ns/ G{fwektK8H1H2 gqekoi ns/ G{fwektK8H1H2 gqekoi ns/ G{fwektKiiwkBh ftt;Ek s/ ezwK dk ftPb/PD eod/ j'J/ bhu B/ fejk j? fe iiwkBh ftt;Ek Pqw ftGkiB ns/ikshnK d/ nkofEe go;go fBoGosk Bz{ fB:fws eodh j? ns/ pDk e/ oydh j?. tkJhIo d/ nB[;koiiwkBh ftt;Ek Gkosh fgzv Bz{ fJe nksw fBoGo ;w[dkJ/ d/ o{g ftu pDk e/ oZyD ftu ;jkfJe j[zdhj?. j?okbv r{bv B/ fejk j? fe iiwkBh ftt;Ek Bhu ns/ d;sekoh ;/tktK d/ pdb/ ftu y/sh T[sgkdBdk ftsoB eodh j?. phvbw?B dk ws j? fe iiwkBh ftt;Ek T[Zu ikshnK d/ ;BwkB Bz{ pDk e/ oydhj?.

iiwkBh ftt;Ek ftu ‘iiwkB’ ns/ ‘ewhB’ dh d' G{fwektK Pkwb jB. ‘ewhB’ ikshnK ‘iiwkB’ ikshnKd/ bJh e[M ftt;kfJe, nkofEe ns/ ;wkfie ;/tktK gqdkB eodhnK jB fi; d/ bJh iiwkB fBPfusnzsokb ftu iK ftP/P nt;oK T[Zs/ G[rskB eod/ ofjzd/ jB. gozs{ fJ; nkg;h b?D^d/D ftu ;kohnKikshnK io{oh o{g ftu fjZ;k BjhA b?AdhnK jB. T[dkjoD bJh, s/bh fJe nfijh iksh j? i' nkw o{g ftufJ; ;/tk b?D^d/D ftt;Ek ftu Pkwb BjhA j[zdh. ewhB dh n;kwhnK (Clientele) ftu T[; d/ fgzv ns/nk;gk; d/ fgzvK d/ gfotko Pkwb j[zd/ jB. ewhB nkgD/ iiwkB d/ gqsh nfXekoK Bz{ d{i/ ewhB Bz{ d/ ;ed/jB. fJ; iiwkBêwhB d/ G{fwek ;zpzXh ftu wj~stg{oB rZb ftfGzB gqeko dh S{N fonkfJs d/D dh j?


B ØN


fit/A w[|s G'iB, w[|s egV/, w[|s fojkfJP, brkB w[|s iwhB, nukBeue ;jkfJsk, w[e~dw/ ftu;jkfJsk, nkfd ns/ iiwkBK d[nkok ihtB dh eJh ;zeN ekb gfo;fEshnK ftu ewhBK dk ;zofynD eoBkth Pkwb j?.

iiwkBh ftt;Ek ;ko/ fgzvK ftu nkdkB^gqdkBswe (Reciprocal) BjhA j?. e'b/Avk dh wkBsk j? fe Gkosd/ fInkdk so fgzvK ftu fJ; gqeko d/ ;zpzXK ftu gqpb ikshnK Pesh ;zs[bB nkgDh so| eo b?AdhnKjB. :'r/Ado f;zx th ftPtk; eod/ jB fe Gkos d/ fgzv nZiêZbQ nkofEe ;z;EktK, ;Zsk ;zouBk ns/nzsoiksh ;zpzXK d/ noE ftu pdb oj/ jB. nkofEe gfotosB dk gqw[Zy ;q's G{wh ;[Xko j? i' fewfXn;Esk ;wkgsh, feokJ/dko ;[Xko, G{wh uZepzdh, G{wh d/ w[V ftsoB, ;fjekoh y/sh d/ ftek; ns/nzso feqnk, iiwkBh ftt;Ek ns/ ;wkfie ftt;Ek Bz{ gqGkts ehsk j?.

8H1H3 gqfswkB ns/ w[Zb8H1H3 gqfswkB ns/ w[Zb8H1H3 gqfswkB ns/ w[Zb8H1H3 gqfswkB ns/ w[Zb8H1H3 gqfswkB ns/ w[Zbd/P ftu brGr ;ko/ y/soK ftu G[rskB dh gozgokrs ftXh fJj j? fe G[rskB c;b eZND d/ ;w/A ehskiKdk j?, id jo/e iwhB d/ wkbe fe;kB gfotko ftfGzB ‘ewhB’ gfotkoK Bz{ nzB d/ Bt/A T[sgkdB ftu'Ae[M Bk e[M fdzdk j?. fco th c;b d/ ;w/A dk fJj G[rskB ewhB gfotko B{z gqkgs j'D tkb/ G[rskBK dkfJe jh fjZ;k j[zdk j?. ewhB nkgD/ wekB pBtQkT[D d/ bJh ;EkB, ikBtoK d/ uoB d/ bJh ;EkB, bZeVhns/ T[gb/ d/ JhAXB, n"IkoK dk eoI nkfd d/ bJh nkgD/ iiwkB T[Zs/ jh fBoGo eodk j?. fJ; d/ Bkb^Bkb iiwkB ftfGzB ;wko'jK T[Zs/ egV/ nkfd dh G/AN th fdzdk j? ns/ nkgks ekb ftu eoI d/ o{g ftuXB Bkb th ;jkfJsk eodk j?.

tkJhIo B/ ewhB B{z iiwkB s'A fwbD tkb/ ;skoQK gqeko d/ gqshcb$bpXhnk (Considerations) frDkJ/jB. j?o'bv r{bv B/ th 1954^55 ftu T[Zso gqd/P d/ c?ikpkd fiZb/Q d/ P/og[o fgzv ftu ehs/ rJ/ iiwkBhftt;Ek T[Zs/ nkgD/ nfXn?B ftu iiwkBh pzXBK ftu fJBQK ‘bpXhnK’ B{z wjZstg{oB gkfJnk. fJBQK ftu'Ae[M ‘bpXhnK’ fJ; gqeko jBL w[|s fojkfJP, gfotko d/ bJh w[|s G'iB, w[|s egV/, gP{nK d/ bJhw[|s G'iB, w[|s fJwkosh bZeVh, gkEhnK, brkB^w[es iwhB, eoI ;j{bsK, g{oe o'Irko d/ nt;o,w[|s n"IkoK s/ ikBtoK dk T[g:'r, w[|s uwVk, w[e~dw/ ftu ;jkfJsk, w[|s fusk dh bZeVh ns/ eZu/gdkoEK dk w[|s gq:'r nkfd. j?o'bv r{bv B/ iiwkBK d[nkok ‘g{oiBK’ dh ;/tktK d/ bJh G[rskB dk thnfXn?B ehsk. T[dkjoD d/ bJh pqkjwD Bz{ jo iiwkB gfotko s'A c;b d/ ;w/A T[Zs/ gzdoK feZb' nBkifwbdk ;hl i[bkj/ Bz{ gqsh iiwkB gzdoK feZb' nBki gqsh c;b ns/ thj o[gJ/ gqsh wjhB/ fwbdk ;h,x[fwnko, BkJh, b[jko Bz{ gqsh gfotko gqsh c;b nZm fe~b' nBki fwbdk ;hl ns/ X'ph Bz{ jo/e c;b T[Zs/xo ftu gqsh fJ;sqh d/ fj;kp Bkb uko feb' nBki fwbdk ;h.

fJe fgzv ftu fJe ewhB gfotko Bz{ ;kfonK iiwkBK s'A gqkgs j'D tkb/ nBki dk T[dkjoD fdzd/ j'J/ j?okbvr{bv efjzd/ jB fe T[BQK d/ fgzv ftu T[BQK B/ gkfJnk fe fJe BkJh Bz{ gZuh fJekeh tkb/ gzdoK ;z:[esgfotkoK s'A brGr 312 fe~b' nBki gqkgs j'fJnk. ftfGzB ikshnK ftu iiwkBh ;zpzXK Bz{ b? e/ T[BQK B/gkfJnk fe P/og[o fgzv d/ ;ko/ iiwkBK B/ fJe ;kb ftu th ‘g[oiB’ gfotkoK Bz{ 2039 fe~b' nBki fdZsk;h. T[; fgzv ftu 228 b'eK dh e[b iB;zfynk T[Zs/ 43 gfotko ;B. fJBQK ftu'A f;o| T[ZBh gfotkoiiwkB gfotko ;B fiBQK Bz{ ;/tktK gqkgs ;B ns/ i' nBki fdzd/ ;B. fJ; Bkb frnks j[zdk j? fe nkofEenzso feqnk fezBh fInkdk ;h.

ewI'o c;b tkb/ ;kb ftu fe;kB iiwkB nkgD/ ewhb gfotkoK Bz{ fInkdk nzB BjhA fdzdk, gozs{ uzrhc;b T[Zs/ T[j T[BQK ewhB gfotkoK Bz{ e[M ckbs{ nBki d/D ftu nkBkekBh BjhA eodk fiBQK B/ T[BQK Bz{;/tktK gqdkB ehshnK jB. i/eo ewhB iiwkB dh ;/tk ftu e[M X'y/ tkbh rZb eodk j? (fit/A b[jko T[;d/ n"IkoK dh ;jh w[ozws BjhA eodk iK X'ph T[; d/ egV/ r[nk fdzdk j? iK ckV fdzdk j?) sK iiwkB T[;

ewhB fe; Bz{ efjzd/ jB<Nk;e


B ØN


Bz{ fInkdk BjhA fdzdk fJ;/ gqeko ewhB th gqkgs j'D tkb/ G[rskB d/ nB[;ko jh iiwkB dh ;/tk eodkj?. n?wHn?BH ;qhfBtk; d/ nB[;ko th T[BQK iiwkBK Bz{ fInkdk wjZst fd~sk iKdk j? i' G[rskB o[gJhnKftu Bk eoe/ nBki d/ o{g ftu eod/ jB.

phvbw?B d/ nB[;ko iiwkB ns/ ewhB d/ ftu Pesh dh tzv (Allocation) ftu ;K;ekfoe gftZsoskns/ ngftZsosk (Ritual Purity and Pollution) wjZstg{oB BjhA j?. BhthA iksh dk ftnesh dkftnesh Gb/ jh iiwkB j't/, T[Zu iksh d/ ewhB s'A EZb/ jh wzfBnK iKdk j?. T[Zu iksh dh Pesh iwhBd/ wkbe ns/ XB T[Zs/ nkXkfos j[zdh j? ns/ ewhB d/ e'b fJj Pesh BjhA j[zdh j?. j?okbv r{bv B/ wzfBnkj?L fe “w"fbe nzso fJe gk;/ iwhB d/ wkfbe fe;kB ikshnK ftu i' ;wkfie ftt;Ek ftu gqG[stoydhnK jB ns/ d{i/ gk;/ G{whjhD Bhu ns/ d;sekoh ikshnK d/ ftu gkfJnk iKdk j?.” g'eke th fJ;/gqeko efjzd/ jBL “i/eo iiwkBh ;zpzX fJe ftt;Ek BjhA pDkT[Ad/ jB, sK fJe ;zrmB pDkT[Ad/ jB. T[jfJe ;z;Ek d/ uko'A so| ;zrfms jB i' (;z;Ek) T[; y/so dh gqpb iksh j?. iiwkB ns/ ewhBK d/ coIK,nfXekoK, G[rskBK ns/ bkGK d/ ;zpzX ftu th gqshwkB j?. iiwkB Bz{ nkgD/ ewhB d/ gqsh fgso Gkt oydkukjhdk j? ns/ T[BQK dh wzrK g{ohnK eoBhnK ukjhdk j?. ewhB Bz{ th fgsk d/ bJh g[~so dh soQK fttjkoeoBk ukjhdk j?. T[; Bz{ nkgD/ iiwkB dk T[; d/ r[N ;zpzXh fttkdK ftu ;woEB eoBk ukjhdk.

iiwkBh ftt;Ek dk ;K;feqfse w[Zb fJj j? fe dkB ns/ T[dkosk Xkofwe coI jB ns/ n;wkBsk JhPtodh d/D jB. gftZso, noX gftZso ns/ fBog/y fjzd{ ;kfjZs ns/ w"fye gozgoktK iiwkB ewhB ;zpzXKBz{ T[fus s/ nfXekfoe wzBd/ jB. rbsh eoB tkb/ iiwkBK ns/ ewhBK Bz{ dzv d/D dk nfXeko ikshgzukfJs Bz{ j?. Bkb^Bkb T[go'es nB[frnktK (Sanctions) fJj th nkfrnk fdzdh j? fe ukj/ sK ewhBtKSBh ;/tktK Bk eoB ns/ iiwkB ukj/ sK ewhB Bz{ fdZsh j'Jh iwhB tkg; b? bJ/.

T[dkjoD bJh, i/eo fJe x[fwnko gfotko d{i/ x[fwnko d/ iiwkBK B{z b?Dk ukjz[dk j? sK gqGkts x[fwnkogfotko x[;g?mhJ/ Bz{ o'eD d/ bJh nkgDh iksh gzukfJs B{z fBt/dB eodk j? ns/ i/eo fgzv d/ x[fwnkofJj ftPtk; eo b?D fe T[BQK d/ iiwkB (fe;kB) T[BQK d/ Bkb rbs fttjko eo oj/ jB sK T[j fgzv d/fe;kB iiwkBK dk pfjPeko sd se eoB dk :sB eo ;ed/ jB id se fe T[j nkgD/ rbs fttjkoBz{ SZv Bk d/D.

;t^w[bKeD ;t^w[bKeD ;t^w[bKeD ;t^w[bKeD ;t^w[bKeD (Self Assessment)2H fdZs/ rJ/ eEBK d/ ;kjwD/ ns/ fBPkB brkU 2H fdZs/ rJ/ eEBK d/ ;kjwD/ ns/ fBPkB brkU 2H fdZs/ rJ/ eEBK d/ ;kjwD/ ns/ fBPkB brkU 2H fdZs/ rJ/ eEBK d/ ;kjwD/ ns/ fBPkB brkU 2H fdZs/ rJ/ eEBK d/ ;kjwD/ ns/ fBPkB brkU (State whether the followingstatements ‘Right’ or ‘Wrong’)—————

(i) ‘iiwkB’ Ppd dk gq:'r T[; n;kwh d/ bJh ehsk iKdk ;h fi; d/ bJh pqkjwD g[ikoh

Xkofwe g{ik s/ eoweKv efonk eod/ ;B.(ii) iiwkBh ;zpzXK ftu Xkofwe feqsK ;wkfie ;woEB ns/ nkofEe nkdkB^gqdkB dk ;wkt/P

BjhA j[zdk j?.

(iii) iiwkBh ;zpzX ikshnK dh ng/ePk gfotkoK ftu j[zd/ jB.(iv) iiwkBh ftt;Ek Paqw ftGkiB ns/ ikshnK d/ nkofEe go;go fBoGosk Bz{ fB:fws

eodh j?.

(v) iiwkBh ftt;Ek ftu ‘iiwkB’ ns/ ‘ewhB’ dh fszB G{fwektK Pkwb jB.

(vi) rbsh eoB tkb/ iiwkBK ns/ ewhBK Bz{ dzv d/D dk nfXeko iksh gzukfJs Bz{ j?.

8H28H28H28H28H2 iiwkBh^ftt;Ek L fJe P'PD dh ftt;Ek iiwkBh^ftt;Ek L fJe P'PD dh ftt;Ek iiwkBh^ftt;Ek L fJe P'PD dh ftt;Ek iiwkBh^ftt;Ek L fJe P'PD dh ftt;Ek iiwkBh^ftt;Ek L fJe P'PD dh ftt;Ek (Jajmani System : anExploitative System)

eh iiwkBh ftt;Ek fJe P'PD dh ftt;Ek j?< eh iiwkB x~N g?;k d/ e/ iK x~N wksok ftu nzB d/ e/iK j'o fe;/ gqeko Bkb ewhB gfotkoK dk P'PD eod/ jB< phvbw?B ;gPN o{g Bkb iiwkB Bz{ P'Pe ns/ewhB Bz{ P'fPs wzBd/ jB ns/ fJ; ftt;Ek (iiwkBh) Bz{ ;kwzsh (Feudal) efjzd/ jB. T[BQK dk ftPtk;


B ØN


j? fe iiwkBh ftt;Ek T[Zu iksh d/ iwhB wkbe fjzd{nK d/ d[nkok dpkn, fB:zsoD, t?XeoD, ns/ vokT[DXwekT[D d/ gqw[Zy ;kXBK ftu'A fJe j?. b[Jh; ns/ pkoBT{ fJ; ftuko d/ jB fe PeshPkbh ns/ XBhiiwkBK ns/ rohp G{whjhD ewhB d/ ftZu tZv/ nzso ekoB jh ewhB dk P'PD j[zdk j? ns/ T[Zu gZXohb'e T[BQK Bz{ dpk e/ nkgDh esh Bz{ pDk e/ oyd/ jB. e[M ftdtkBK dk ftuko j? fe iiwkBh ftt;Ek ftue'Jh Pesh iK dpkn BjhA j?. gfjbK sK ewhB nkgDh ihtek d/ bJh nkgD/ iiwkBK T[Zs/ g{oh soQK fBoGoBjhA j[zd/. T[j nkgDh uhIK ns/ ;/tktK Bz{ d{i/ ftneshnK iK gfotkoK Bz{ d/D d/ bJh ;[szso jB i' T[BQKBz{ Bed G[rskB eod/ jB. d{i/, id ewhB nfijk nB[Gt eod/ jB fe T[BQK Bkb nfBnK j' fojk j? sKT[j nkgDh iksh gzukfJsK dh ;jkfJsk b?Ad/ jB i' iiwkBK Bz{ ewhB (;/tk ;w{jK) dh wzrK ;theko eoBd/ bJh wip{o eod/ jB. fJ;/ gqeko id iwhB d/ wkbe iiwkB fJj nB[Gt eod/ jB fe T[BQK dk e'Jh;/tkdko ewhB nkgD/ coIK s'A ftw[y j' fojk j? iK T[BQK dh (iiwkB dh) Pesh s/ gq;fEsh Bz{ ysok g?dkj' fojk j?, sK iiwkB gfotko ewhB dk G[rskB o'e e/ iK fe;/ j'o soQK Bkb T[BQK T[Zs/ ;w{je dpkn gkT[Ad/jB. gozs{ fJj ;w{je ekotkJh ;w{uh iksh d/ fjsK Bz{ gqGkts BjhA eodh. shi/, iiwkB nkgD/ ewhBBkb gfogkbe Gkt (Paternalistic) s'A fttjko eod/ jB ns/ w[Peb d/ ;w/A ftu T[BQK dh ;jkfJsk eod/jB. u"E/, iiwkBh fB:w fJzB/ buhb/ j[zd/ jB fe fJBQK dk noE fe;/ th gqeko s'A brkfJnk ik ;edk j?ns/ ;/tk gqpzXK ftu gfotosB ;zGt pDkfJnk ik ;edk j?. fco th jo/e iiwkBh ;zpzX ftu fJe;w/A ftu xZN s'A xZN fJe gZXo pfDnk ofjzdk j?. nzs ftu, T[Zu iksh d/ w?Apo ngft~so eoB tkb/ftfPPN ezwK s'A puDk ukj[zd/ jB. fJ; bJh T[BQK Bz{ ewhB gfotkoK T[Zs/ io{oh ;/tktK ns/ t;s{nK d/ bJhfBoGo ofjDk g?Adk j?. iiwkB nkdkB^gqdkB Bz{ go;go bkG dk ftP/ wzB e/ T[j edhêdh ewhB dh rbswzrK th ;fjD eo b?Ad/ jB, fi; gqeko ewhB ;w/A^;w/A T[Zs/ nkgD/ iiwkBK dk dpkn ;fjD eod/ jB.fJ; bJh iiwkBh ftt;Ek Bz{ P'PD dh ftt;Ek efjDk soe;zrs BjhA j't/rk. okt, e'b/Avk, n'o/A;NhB(1962), ns/ j?o'bv r{bv B/ th ;theko ehsk j? fe iiwkBh ftt;Ek Bz{ P'Pe ftt;Ek efjDk ns/ fJ;gqeko fJe nkw Bshik eZYDk pj[s fInkdk Xz[dbk eo d/D tkbk eEB j't/rk. j?o'bv r{bv B/ fejk j? feiiwkBh ftt;Ek dk ;kwzsh ftt;Ek d/ xNe d/ o{g ftu ftPb/PD rbs s/ r?o fizw/tkohg{oD sZE gskbrdk j?. nkofEe feqnk d/ fe;/ th Bkw d/ o{g ftu iiwkBh ftt;Ek dk ft;sko S'Nk j?. fJj ftt;Ekfe;/ soe ;zrs nkofEe gq:'iB d/ ekoB BjhA ubdh pbfe fJ; bJh ;fEo ofjzdh j? feT[Afe fJj ;wkfiegfo;fEsh Bz{ pDk e/ oZyD ftu wjZstg{oB j[zdh j? ns/ ;wkfie nzso feqnk d/ fJBQK ;o{gK dk thnB[o~fynD eodh j? i' g/Av{ fjzd{tkd d/ ;cb gqubD d/ bJh io{oh jB. iiwkB ns/ ;/te ikshnK d/ ftZupzXB ;wkB Xkofwe^nkofEe ;zpzXK dk nkBzd b?Dk j?, Bk fe ;wki ftu XB ns/ Pesh d/ ;q'sK d/ gqshnkw ;zpzX dk nkBzd b?Dk.

fJ; gqeko fejk ik ;edk j? fe iiwkBh ftt;Ek ftu iiwkB dh gfo;fEsh Bk sK fiwhAdko tor Bkbw/b yKdh j? ns/ Bk jh fe;/ gqpb iksh Bkb ns/ Bk fJj fe;/ ftP/P ;wkfie ;w{j ftu w?ApofPg T[Zs/fBoGo eodh j?, pbfe iwhB d/ wkbekBk iK iwhB s'A T[sgkdB (fe;/ th ;kXB) T[Zs/ fBoGo eodh j?.w/no, wkE[o ns/ g'eke dh th wkBsk j? fe IwhB dk wkbekBk Gkos ftu iksh w[es (Caste free) fojkj? fi; dk noE j? fe fe;h th o{g ftu iiwkB dh ;fEsh ;Ekfgs eoB d/ bJh fiBQK ;kXkoD ;kXBKdh io{os jz[dh j? T[j iksh ;z;eoD ftu jo iksh d/ w?ApoK Bz{ gqkt?fXe o{g ftu T[gbpX j[zd/ jB. j?o'bvr{bv d/ fJ; eEB Bz{ wzBd/ j'J/ fe iiwkB dh gfo;fEsh fJe ;wkfie Pq/Dh (Stratum) Bk j' e/ fJeXkofwe^nkofEe Pq/Dh j?, fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe iiwkBK Bz{ P'Pe (fJe ;wkfie tor d/ o{g ftu)jh wzfBnK ik ;edk. fInkdk s'A fInkdk fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe toswkB :[r ftu iiwkBK d[nkok ewhB

iiwkB w{b s"o s/ fJe nkofEe s/ okiBhfse fdqPNh s'A ;wo{g tor BjhA j?,pbfe fJe Xkofwe^nkofEe ;ztor (Category) j? i' fe Gkosh ;fGnsk ftung{otsk Bkb (Uniquely) ngDkJh rJh j?.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j'


B ØN


Bz{ fdZsk ikD tkbk XB iK nBki fJzBk xZN j? fe ewhB Bz{ j'o ;kXBK s'A nkgDh nkwdB tXkT[D bJhwip{o j'Dk g?Adk j?. d{i/ gk;/ iiwkBh gZXo edh th iwhB d/ nXko T[Zs/ nwho j'D (Landedaristocracy) se ;hws BjhA fojk j?. (fJE'A se fe g[okDh ftt;Ek ftu th BjhA). ftfGzB ikshnK d/b'eK Bz{ iiwkB pDB d/ nt;o ;B. gozs{ iiwkB j'dk ns/ toswkB gqGktPkbh okiBhfse ftt;Ek dknzr j'Dk nkgD/ nkg ftu ;jkt;kBh (Conterminous) BjhA ;h. okiBhfse ;z;eoD ftu w?ApofPg sKf;o| PeshPkbh ;fEsh gqkgs eoB dk ;kXB ;h fi; Bkb iiwkB j'D ftu ;jkfJsk fwbdh ;h. fJjfJewkso ;kXB edh BjhA fojk.

iiwkB j'D dk noE ;h o{VQhtkdh fjzd{ j'Dk fi; dh w[~b ftt;Ek e[M ftfPPN ;/tkdkoK (nEtk ;/tk eoskikshnK) Bz{ fB:[es eoBk io{oh wzBdh ;h. fiwhAdko j'D dk noE ;h Pk;e tor dk w?Apo j'Dk (j?okbvr{bv). iiwkB ewhB dk P'Pe BjhA ;h, Gkt/A fiwhAdko P'Pe j' ;edk ;h. iiwkB j'D dh fJ~Sk oyDkBk sK ;kwzsh ;fEsh gqkgs eoB dh fJ~Sk j? ns/ bk jh ewI'o tor d/ P'PD dh fJ~Sk j?, T[BQK ;z;ekoKs/ eoweKvK dk gkbB eoB ns/ T[; ihtB g~Xsh dh fJ~Sk j? fi; ftu ngftZsosk s'A d{o ofjDk io{ohj[zdk j?.

8H2H1 iiwkBh gqEk ftu gfotosB8H2H1 iiwkBh gqEk ftu gfotosB8H2H1 iiwkBh gqEk ftu gfotosB8H2H1 iiwkBh gqEk ftu gfotosB8H2H1 iiwkBh gqEk ftu gfotosBiiwkBh ftt;Ek j'o ftt;EktK Bkb ;zpzfXs j?, fit/A iksh ftt;Ek, Xow ftt;Ek, iwhB d/ wkbekBkjZe dh ftt;Ek, Bks/dkoh ftt;Ek ns/ fgzv dh okiBhfse ;zouBk. ;' fJBQK ;kfonK ftt;EktK ftugfotosB Bkb toswkB ftu iiwkBh ftt;Ek dh ekoi gqDkbh th gqGkts j'Jh j?. rs gzi^S/ dPeKftu ;wki ftu w[Zy gfotosB fiBQK B/ iiwkBh ftt;Ek Bz{ gqGkts ehsk j? T[j fJ; gqeko jB — fgzvkd/ pI[orK dh gfoPdK dh PeshnK ftu ewh j'Dk, ewhB d[nkok fdZsh ikD tkbhnK ;/tktK T[Zs/ c?eNohftt;Ek s/ T[d:'rheoB dk gqGkt, iksh ftt;Ek dh ;\skJh ftu gfotosB, f;fynk dk ft;sko,wfXnw ns/ BhthAnK ikshnK d/ b'eK dk feZs/ ns/ G"fse ;[y^;kXBK dh y'i ftu PfjoK dh so| gbkfJD,ikrhodkoh ftt;Ek dk ysw j'Dk, G{wh ;[XkoK dk bkr{ j'Dk, Pfjoh y/soK ftu uzr/ o'Irko fwb ikDk,nkX[fBe :ksk:ks d/ ;kXBK dh T[gbpXh d/ ekoD pkIko ;zpzX b?D^d/D ;ob j' ikDk, nkfd. fJBQK ;kfonKekoDK Bkb fInkdkso fgzvK ftu iiwkBh ftt;Ek dk nfXekokgfjoD (Supplantation) j'fJnk j?. idfee[M fgzvK ftu fJj fpbe[b ;wkgs j' rJh j?. ekohro nkgD/ wkb d/ bJh g?;k b?Dk fInkdk uzrk wzBd/jB. g?;/ tkb/ fe;kB Bed G[rskB d/ e/ pkIko s'A uzrh fe;w dh uhIK yohdDk fInkdk g;zd eod/ jB.gqpb iksh (Dominant Caste) nkgD/ ;woEB d/ bJh ewhB T[Zs/ fBoGo ofjD dh ng/ePk okiBhfse;jkfJsk wzrDk g;zd eodh j?. ;' fJ; ftu e'Jh j?okBh BjhA j? fe toswkB ftu iiwkBh ftt;Ek pj[sewI'o j' rJh j?. fJoktsh eot/ ns/ tkJhHphH vkwb/ B/ 1962 ftu wjkokPNo d/ gzi fgzvK ftu ehs/ rJ/nkgD/ ;ot/yD ftu d'^fsjkJh T[ZsodksktK Bz{ ns/ p'; ns/ i'Xk B/ g~Swh oki;EkB d/ pkVw/o fiZb/Q ftu1962 ftu ehs/ rJ/ nkgD/ ;ot/yD ftu 86# T[ZsodksktK Bz{ iiwkBh ftt;Ek d/ gZy ftu gkfJnkfeT[Afe T[BQK Bz{ nkofEe bkG, Xkofwe s/ eoweKvh ;/tktK dh T[gbpXsk, r[NpkIh ;zxoPK ftu e[M iwhBd/ wkfbe gfotkoK dk ;woEB ns/ w[Peb ;w/A ftu ;ozfynD, nkfd bkG gqkgs j[zd/ ;B. fco thtk;sftesk fJj j? fe gozgokrs iiwkBh ;zpzX j[D nZiêZbQ pj[s ewI'o j' rJ/ jB. g/Av{ noE ftt;Ekj[D iiwkBh ftt;Ek s'A finkdk BjhA ubdh j?. phvbw?B th fJ; ftuko d/ jB fe iiwkBh ftt;Ek fBeNGftZy ftu ihts oj/rh, fJj ;zd/jkswe j?.

;t^w[bKeD ;t^w[bKeD ;t^w[bKeD ;t^w[bKeD ;t^w[bKeD (Self Assessment)2H ykbh ;EkB Go' 2H ykbh ;EkB Go' 2H ykbh ;EkB Go' 2H ykbh ;EkB Go' 2H ykbh ;EkB Go' (Fill in the blanks)—————

(i) HHHHHHHHHHHHHH iiwkB Bz{ P'Pe ns/ ewhB Bz{ P'fPs wzBd/ jB.(ii) HHHHHHHHHHHH w{b s"o s/ fjZe nkofEe s/ okiBhfse fdqPNh Bkb ;wo{g tor BjhA j?, pbfe fjZe

Xkofwe^nkofEe ;ztor j?.(iii) HHHHHHHHHHHHH nkgDh ihtek d/ bJh nkgD/ iiwkBK T[Zs/ g{oh soQK fBoGo BjhA j[zd/.(iv) HHHHHHHHHHHH iiwkB dh fjZe ;wkfie Pq/Dh Bk j'e/ fjZe Xkofwe nkofEe P/qDh j?.


B ØN



• iiwkBh^ftt;Ek gozgokrs fe~fsnK d/ coIK (Occupational obligations) dh ftt;Ek j?.gqkuhB Gkos ftu ikshnK fJe d{i/ T[Zs/ nkofEe o{g Bkb fBoGo j[zdhnK ;B. fJe g/Av{ ftneshgozgokrs ftfPPN fe~sk T[; dh iksh Bz{ ;"Agh rJh ftP/PZrsk d/ nkXko T[Zs/ ngDkT[Adk ;h.

• ‘iiwkB’ Ppd dk gq:'r w{b o{g s'A T[; n;kwh (Client) d/ bJh ehsk iKdk ;h fi; d/ bJh pqkjwDg[ikoh Xkofwe g{ik s/ eoweKv (Rituals) eod/ ;B, gozs{ pknd ftu fJj ftfPPN ;/tktK Bz{ gqkgseoB tkb/ ftnesh ns/ ;zofyne d/ bJh gq:'r ehsk ikD brk.

• iiwkBh ;zpzXK ftu Xkofwe feqsK, ;wkfie ;woEB ns/ nkofEe nkdkB^gqdkB ;ko/ dk ;wkt/P j?. ;/te ikshnK iiwkB d/ xo iBw, ftnkj, ns/ fwqs{ d/ nt;oK T[Zs/ Xkofwe ;z;ekfoe ;wko'jK ftucoIK dk gkbB eod/ jB.

• iiwkBh ;zpzX ikshnK dh ng/ePk gfotkoK ftu j[zd/ jB. fJ; gqeko okig{s iksh dk gfotko fgzv ftub[jko iksh d/ fJe ftP/P gfotko d/ Xks{ d/ n"Iko gqkgs eodk j?, Bk fe fgzv d/ ;ko/ b[jko ikshnK s'A.fJ;h ftfPPN b[jko gfotko Bz{ jh c;b T[Zs/ okig{s gfotko dh c;bK ftu'A fJe fjZ;k fwb/rk Bk fed{i/ b[jko gfotkoK Bz{. b[jko ns/ okig{s d' gfotkoK d/ ftZu fJj iiwkBh ;zpzX ;EkJh jB feT[Afeb[jko gfotko T[;/ okig{s gfotko dh ;/tk eodk ofjzdk j? fi; dh ;/tk T[; d/ fgsk ns/ dkdk eod/;B.

• iiwkBh ftt;Ek s/ ezwK dk ftPb/PD eod/ j'J/ bhu B/ fejk j? fe iiwkBh ftt;Ek Pqw ftGkiB ns/ikshnK d/ nkofEe go;go fBoGosk Bz{ fB:fws eodh j? ns/ pDk e/ oydh j?. tkJhIo d/ nB[;koiiwkBh ftt;Ek Gkosh fgzv Bz{ fJe nksw fBoGo ;w[dkJ/ d/ o{g ftu pDk e/ oZyD ftu ;jkfJe j[zdhj?.

• iiwkB Bz{ P'Pe ns/ ewhB Bz{ P'fPs wzBd/ jB ns/ fJ; ftt;Ek (iiwkBh) Bz{ ;kwzsh (Feudal) efjzd/jB. T[BQK dk ftPtk; j? fe iiwkBh ftt;Ek T[Zu iksh d/ iwhB wkbe fjzd{nK d/ d[nkok dpkn,fB:zsoD, t?XeoD, ns/ vokT[D XwekT[D d/ gqw[Zy ;kXBK ftu'A fJe j?.

• iiwkB j'D dk noE ;h o{VQhtkdh fjzd{ j'Dk fi; dh w[~b ftt;Ek e[M ftfPPN ;/tkdkoK (nEtk ;/tkeosk ikshnK) Bz{ fB:[es eoBk io{oh wzBdh ;h. fiwhAdko j'D dk noE ;h Pk;e tor dk w?Apo j'Dk(j?okbv r{bv). iiwkB ewhB dk P'Pe BjhA ;h, Gkt/A fiwhAdko P'Pe j' ;edk ;h.

• iiwkBh ftt;Ek j'o ftt;EktK Bkb ;zpzfXs j?, fit/A iksh ftt;Ek, Xow ftt;Ek, iwhB d/ wkbekBkjZe dh ftt;Ek, Bks/dkoh ftt;Ek ns/ fgzv dh okiBhfse ;zouBk. ;' fJBQK ;kfonK ftt;EktK ftugfotosB Bkb toswkB ftu iiwkBh ftt;Ek dh ekoi gqDkbh th gqGkts j'Jh j?.


• nB[frnJ/A^nB[frnJ/A^nB[frnJ/A^nB[frnJ/A^nB[frnJ/A^nB[Pk;soh, dzv^ftXkB• ewhBêwhBêwhBêwhBêwhB^ iiwkBh ftt;Ek ftu ;/tk^Gkt Bkb ezw eoB tkbhnK ikshnK


1H iiwkBh ftt;Ek dh ntXkoDk Bz{ ;gPN eo'. ns/ fJ; d/ ekoi ns/ G{fwektK d~;'.2H iiwkBh ;zpzX fe; Bz{ efjzd/ jB< gqekP gkU.3H eh iiwkBh ftt;Ek fJ~e P'PD ftt;Ek j?< ;whfynk eo'.

4H fBwBfbfys T[Zs/ fN~gDh fby'^(i) gqshwkB ns/ w[~b (ii) iiwkBh gqEk ft~u gfotosB


B ØN



1. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)

(vi)

2. (i) phvbw?B (ii) iiwkB (iii) ewhB (iv) gfo;fEsh


1H ihH JhH X[o/, ek;N, ebk; n?Av ne[g/PB, gkg[bo p[e fvg', pKp/, 1961 .2H ;hH NhH yzBk, fJzNo ek;N n?Av fJzNo efwT{fBNh w?foi fJB fJzvhnk, gkg[bo p[e

fvg', pKp/, 1960 .

3H :'frzdo f;zx, J/;/i nkB wkvoBkJhI/PB fJB fJzvhnk, fd~bhL wB'jo p[e vhg{, 1978 .

p[e;


B ØN


fJekJh–9L fJ;sqhnK dh gfo;fEsh fJekJh–9L fJ;sqhnK dh gfo;fEsh fJekJh–9L fJ;sqhnK dh gfo;fEsh fJekJh–9L fJ;sqhnK dh gfo;fEsh fJekJh–9L fJ;sqhnK dh gfo;fEsh (Status of Women)


T[d/P (Objectives)


9H1 fbzr G/d (Gender Discrimination)

9H2 n"osK d/ fto[~X fjz;k (Violence Against Women)

9H3 ;wsk dh y'i (Quest for Equality)

9H4 fJ;sqhnK dh ;fEsh ftu pdbkn (Changing Status of Women)







• fbzr^G/d eh j?< ikDB ftu.

• n"osK d/ fto[ZX fjz;k ns/ ;wsk dh y'i Bz{ ;wMD ftu.

• fJ;sqh dh ;fEsh ftu j'J/ pdbkn dh ftnkfynk eoB ftu.


Gkos ns/ j'o d/PK ftu g[oP^gqXkB ;wki B/ fJ;sqhnK Bz{ fJe gdkoE ;ohyk wzB e/ T[;d/ Bkb fttjkoehsk j?, gozs{ g[oPK ns/ fJ;sqhnK d/ ftu ;wkfie, ;K;feqfse ns/ nkofEe ftG/dK dk nkw gqfswkB BjhAj?. Gkos ftu :"B^nkXkfos u/sBk dh T[sgsh wfXnw torK d/ gqkd[oGkt ns/ T[BQK dh ;wZf;nktK Bkbi[Vh j'Jh j?. Gkos ftu ;[szsosk gqkgsh d/ 40 ;kb r[io ikD d/ pknd ns/ nB/e wfjbk T[sEkB d/ pj[sfij/ nzd'bB d/ pkti{d g[oP^szso pj[s fdqVQ j?. :"B B?fsesktK dk iksh ns/ tor ;w{jK T[Zs/ gqsZy o{gs'A gqGkt j?.

wfjbktK d/ ;zdoG ftu uko gfjb{nK dk ft;fsqs nfXn?B ehsk frnk j?. fJj gfjb{ jB — (1) T[sgkdB,(2) gqiBB, (3) b?Afresk ns/ (4) p~funK dk ;wkiheoB. Gkos d/ ;zdoG ftu wkoe;tkdhnK ns/;wkitkdhnK B/ T[sgkdB T[Zs/ io{os s'A fInkdk pb fdZsk j?. Gkosh ;zdoG ftu fJBQK ukoK gfjb{nKftu g[oPK dh gqXkBsk j? idfe fJBQK y/soK ftu fJ;sqhnK dk w[Zy T[ZsodkfJst j?. g[oP dh ;ot T[Zuiksh, tor, g[oP^szso ns/ g[oPêkw[esk s'A T[sgzB j[zdh j?.

gfotko ftu fJ;sqh, ;~;^;j[ok fJE'A se fe T[;d/ gsh d[nkok dfbs dh soQK ;wMh iKdh j?. fJ;sqhnKdh ;fEsh, rqfjD eoB tkbh ;fEsh j?. fJj r~b T[BQK ;G ikshnK ns/ torK d/ gfotkoK dh fJ;sqhnKd/ pko/ ftu ;jh j? fiBQK T[Zs/ n~i th ;kwzstkd dk gqGkt j? iK fiBQK dh ihtB^gqDkbh ns/ w[Zb ;kwzshjB. fgzvK ftu Bt XBkY b'eK B/ fJ;sqhnK T[Zs/ T[Zu f;fynk rqfjD eoB, gqt;B ns/ B"eoh eoB T[Zs/gqshpzX brk oZy/ jB. ;jh rZb sK fJj j? fe g[oPK ns/ g[oPK d[nkok fBofws tksktoD B/ fJ;sqhnKB{z gokXhB pDk fd~sk j?. fJ;sqhnK Bz{ g[oPK d/ Bkb ;wsk dh y'i Bz{ ;wMD dh fdqPNh s'A n;hA gqkuhB,


fJekJh^9L fJ;sqhnK dh gfo;fEshfJekJh^9L fJ;sqhnK dh gfo;fEshfJekJh^9L fJ;sqhnK dh gfo;fEshfJekJh^9L fJ;sqhnK dh gfo;fEshfJekJh^9L fJ;sqhnK dh gfo;fEsh

B ØN


w~XekbhB, fpqfNP ns/ ;[szso Gkos ekb ftu fJ;sqhnK dh gfo;fEsh, wfjbk ;zrmBK dh G{fwek, ftXkB,;wkfie nzd'bB ns/ fJ;sqh^g[oP ;zpzXK dk ftPb/PD fJ; nfXnkJ/ ftu ehsk j?.

9H1 fbzr^G/d 9H1 fbzr^G/d 9H1 fbzr^G/d 9H1 fbzr^G/d 9H1 fbzr^G/d (Gender Discrimination)

;kbK s'A e[M ;wki Pk;soh ns/ r?o^;wki Pk;soh ;kv/ ;wki ftu fJ;sqhnK dh ;wf;nktK d/ w[bKeDns/ T[BQK dh gfo;fEsh ftu nk oj/ gfotosB d/ nfXn?B ftu :sBPhb oj/ jB. e[M b/yeK B/ idfJ;sqhnK d/ T[sokfXeko, ;kotifBe ezwK ftu T[BQK dh Gkrhdkoh ns/ ftnkj ftu T[BQK d/ ekBzz{Bh nfXekoKd/ ;zdoG ftu fbfynk j?, e[M j'o (b/yeK) B/ g[oPK d[nkok T[BQK d/ Bkb G/dGkt g{oB ftt;Ek dk ftdwkBohsh^fotkiK d/ ;zdoG ftu ftt/uB ehs/ jB. t?XkfBe fdqPNh s'A fJ;sqhnK dh ;fEsh Bz{ T[Zuk T[mkT[Dd/ bJh ukj/ fezB/ th edw u[~e/ rJ/ j'D, ftjkoe fdqPNh s'A T[BQK d/ Bkb G/dGkt g{oB otJhnk, ns/ T[BQKdk fso;eko, ngwkB s/ gqskVBk ni/ th ikoh jB. j[D th T[BQK dk ftuko ikDB d/ bJh rzGhosk BjhAdo;kJh iKdh, T[BQK B{z g[oPK d/ ;wkB BjhA ;wfMnk iKdk, ns/ T[BQK Bz{ T[fus ;BwkB BjhA fdZsk iKdk.nfij/ T[dkjoD jB fiE/ efBPm gd^nfXekoh fJ;sqhnK tfoPm gd^nfXekohnK d[nkok go/PkB ehshiKdhnK jB ns/ tfoPm ezwêkih wfjbk fbfgeK, NkJhfg;NK nkfd d/ Bkb d[o^fttjko ehsk iKdk j?.nfij/ gqeoD th nkw o{g ftu fwbd/ jB fiBQK ftu g[oP nkgD/ nXhB ezw eoB tkbhnK wfjbktK d/ BkbN?bhc'B n?e;u/AiK ftu, ;futkfbnK ftu, ;wkuko g~so d|soK ftu, gzi skok j'NbK ftu, d{odoPB e/AdoK ftu, ftPtftfdnkb/ ns/ ftfdnkbK ftu, seBheh ;z;EkBK nkfd ftu ;z;{ue gq;skt (Suggestiveovertures) oyd/ jB s/ ekw[e o{g Bkb j?okB eod jB.

fJ;sqh g[oPK d/ ;zpzXK ftu, ;pb ftneshst tkbk ftnesh jh gqGktPkbh ;fEsh gqkgs eodk j?. nkwo{g ftu, g[oP fJ;sqh T[Zs/ nkXkfos nkfrnk d/D dk nfXeko ;wMdk j?. Gkt/A e[M wkwfbnK ftu fJ;sqhth g[oP d/ T[go fB:zsqD oZyD dh ;fEsh ftu ofjzdh j?. Gkosh ;z;feqsh ftu nkozG s'A jh ;w{j d/ o{gftu fJ;sqhnK T[Zs/ g[oPK B/ gqG[st iwkfJnk j? ns/ ;wki s/ gfotko ftu T[BQK ;fEsh BhthA o~yh j?.1930 ns/ 1940 d/ dPeK ftu ;wkfie okiBhfse B/sktK dh ;wkBsk d/ bJh gqshpZXsk B/ Gkosh wfjbktKd/ T[dko ;wsktkdh edoKêhwsK d/ bJh ehs/ ik oj/ nzd'bB Bz{ gqGkts ehsk. fJ;sqhnK dh dPk ftu fJ;gfotosB d/ nfXn?B d/ bJh n;hA gqkuhB ekb s'A jh nkozG eoKr/.

9H1H1 gqkuhB Gkos ftu fJ;sqhnK9H1H1 gqkuhB Gkos ftu fJ;sqhnK9H1H1 gqkuhB Gkos ftu fJ;sqhnK9H1H1 gqkuhB Gkos ftu fJ;sqhnK9H1H1 gqkuhB Gkos ftu fJ;sqhnKgqkuhB Gkos ftu fJ;sqhnK dh ;fEsh Bkb ;zpzfXs d' ftuko ;zgodkJ/ fwbd/ jB. fJe ;zgodkJ/ efjDkj? fe fJ;sqhnK ‘g[oPK d/ pokpo’ ;B, idfe d{i/ ;zgodkJ/ dh wkBsk j? fe fJ;sqhnK dk Bk e/tb ngwkBjh j[zdk ;h pbfe T[BQK d/ gqsh fxoDk th ehsh iKdh ;h. d'tK ;zgodkJ/ B/ nkgD/ fdqPNhe'D dh g[PNh ftuXkofwe ;kfjZs s'A T[dkjoD fdZs/ jB. nkg;szp B/ fBofdPN ehsk ;h. “id fJ;sqh o;s/ ftu ik ojhj't/ sK ;G T[; Bz{ o;sk d/D”. n;hA fiBQK dk ;BwkB eod/ jK T[BQK d/ Bkb fJjh fttjko eod/ jK, ;'fJj do;kT[Adk j? fe fJ;sqhnK Bz{ T[Zu ;EkB gqkgs ;h. wB{z B/ fejk ;hL “fi~E/ fJ;sqhnK dh d[odPk j[zdhj? T[E/ ;zg{oB gfotko ftBkP Bz{ gqkgs j[zdk j?, fezs{ fi~E/ T[j ;[yh jB T[E/ gfotko ;dk bJh so~eh gqkgseodk j?.” :krtbe B/ th fejk ;hL “fJ;sqhnK Xosh T[Zs/ ;ko/ d?th r[DK dk gqshe jBl ;'w B/ nkgDh;koh gftZsosk T[BQK Bz{ gqdkB ehsh j?, rKXot B/ whmh pkDh, ns/ nrBh B/ T[BQK Bz{ nfsnzs nkeoPepDkT[D d/ bJh nkgDh ;koh uwe T[BQK T[Zs/ fBSkto eo fdZsh j?.” fJ;sqhnK d/ ftP/ ftu fJzB/ T[Zu/nkdoP okwkfJD ns/ wjKGkos ftu th ;EkB^;EkB T[Zs/ d[jokJ/ rJ/ jB. wjKGkos ekb ftu fJ;sqhnKBk e/tb rqfj;s ihtB dk e/Ado ;B pbfe ;koh ;wkfie ;zrmB dh nkXko^fpzd{ ;B. nfijh nkPk ehshiKdh ;h fe g[oP nkgDh gsBh dh fJZSk d/ nZr/ BhtK j'J/rk ns/ T[;dh ;/tk s/ g{ik eo/rk.

fJj fuZso dk fJe gZy j?. fJ;dk d{ik gZy th j?. fJ;sqhnK Bz{ ewI'o wB tkbh wzB e/ T[BQK Bz{ ftPtk;d/ :'r BjhA ;wfMnk iKdk ;h. T[BQK Bz{ g[oPK dh ;ohoe fJ~SktK dh g{osh dk ;kXB wkso ;wfMnk iKdk;h ns/ T[BQK d/ bJh ;zskB gqkgsh dk ;kXB th. wjKGkos ftu fJe ;EkB s/ fejk frnk j?L “fJ;sqhnKs'A fInkdk gkg dh j'o e'Jh t;s{ BjhA j?l” “fJ;sqh ;koh p[okJhnK dh iV j?.” e'Jh th j'o ihtXkoh


B ØN


fJzBk gkgh BjhA j[zdk fizBh fJ;sqh. fJ;sqh ibdh j'Jh itkbk j?. T[j wkfJnk ofus fJe Gqw j?, T[j T[;so/dh s/i Xko j?, T[j nrBh j?.” okwkfJD ftu fejk frnk j? fe, “fJ;sqhnK d/ w[y g[oPK dh GKsh jB,T[BQK d/ Ppd Pfjd dhnK p{zdK dh GKsh jB. fezs{ T[BQK d/ wB s/i T[;so/ dh GKsh j?, T[BQK d/ wB dh Ekjfe;h Bz{ BjhA j' ;edh j?.” fi; gqeko wBz{ fJ;sqhnK Bz{ nfXeko dh t;s{ wzBDk ukj[zd/ ;B ns/ fi; gqeko:[fXPNo d[nkok i{J/ dh y/v ftu dq'gdh B{z dKt T[Zs/ brkfJnk frnk ;h, T[; Bkb sK fJjh f;ZX j[zdk j?fe ;fGnsk d/ nkozGe :[rK ftu fJ;sqhnK B{z r[bkw ns/ w[ZbtkB gqshG{s (Chattel) jh wzfBnk iKdk ;h.

T[go'es ;zdoG T[dkjoDK Bz{ ;wki ftu fJ;sqhnK dh ;jh ;fEsh dZ;D bJh ftPt;Bh nkXko BjhA wzfBnKik ;edk. ftfGzB eEB nb~r ;zdoGK ftu fdZs/ rJ/ ;B. i/eo GhPw B/ fejk ;h, “gsh B{z ukjhdk j?fe T[j gsBh Bz{ ;zgsh d/ o{g ftu ;wM/.” i/eo GrtkB okw B/ fejk ;h “w?A nkgDk ;kok oki T[sokfXeko,fJE'A se fe nkgDh gsBh ns/ ;ko/ w[Zb Bz{ Gos Bzz{ ;t/Sk Bkb gqdkB eo ;edk jK”, sK fJj ;G f;o|gq;zr tP jh fejk frnk ;h. fJ;sqhnK dh tk;sfte ;fEsh dk w[bKeD T[BQK d/ nkofEe, ;wkfie,okiBhfse ns/ Xkofwe nfXekoK d/ gqekP ftu ftPb/PD d[nkok ehsk ik ;edk j?.”

9H1H2 t?fde ns/ T[Zso^t?fde ekb ftu fJ;sqhnK9H1H2 t?fde ns/ T[Zso^t?fde ekb ftu fJ;sqhnK9H1H2 t?fde ns/ T[Zso^t?fde ekb ftu fJ;sqhnK9H1H2 t?fde ns/ T[Zso^t?fde ekb ftu fJ;sqhnK9H1H2 t?fde ns/ T[Zso^t?fde ekb ftu fJ;sqhnKt?fde ns/ T[Zso^t?fde ekb ftu fJ;sqhnK dh ;fEsh dk fBoXkoD fJ; s~E Bkb ehsk ik ;edk j? feT[BQK Bz{ fezBh ;[szsosk gqkgs ;h T[BQK T[Zs/ fe; j~d se gqshpzX br/ j'J/ ;B. t?fde ns/ okwkfJD^wjKGkos(wjKekft) ekb ftu fJ;sqhnK edh th godk BjhA eodhnK ;B. T[BQK Bz{ ihtB ;kEh d/ toD ftu ;[szsoskgqkgs ;h. T[j f;fynk gqkgs eo ;edhnK ;B. ftXtktK Bz{ g[Boftnkj dh nkfrnk ;h, Gkt/A ftnkjftS/d dh nkfrnk T[BQK Bz{ gqkgs BjhA ;h. g[oPK Bz{ th fJj nkfrnk gqkgs BjhA ;h. xo ftu T[BQK B{zg{oB ;[szsosk gqkgs ;h ns/ T[BQK Bz{ noXKfrBh wzfBnK iKdk ;h. wjKGkos ftu fejk frnk ;h, “fwqd{GkPh gsBhnK ;[y ftu nkgD/ gsh dh fwZso j[zdhnK jB, Xkofwe feqsK d/ ;w/A T[j T[BQK d/ fgsk d/ ;wkBj[zdhnK jB ns/ d[y s/ ePN d/ ;w/A T[BQK dh wksk d/ ;wkB j[zdhnK jB.” rqfj;s ihtB ftu fJ;sqhnK;ot'goh j[zdhnK ;B. fJ; gqeko ;wkfie y/so ftu fJ;sqhnK dh ;fEsh g{oDo[g/D dhB tkbh ;fEsh BjhA;h, pbfe T[BQK dh ;fEsh fJe nfij/ ftnesh dh soQK ;h i' fBnK ns/ n"fus s'A gq/fos ;h.

nkofEe y/so ftu th fJ;sqhnK Bz{ g{oB ;[szsosk gqkgs ;h. T[j Bk fes/ B"eoh eodhnK ;B ns/ Bk XBfJeZmk feT[Afe T[BQK d/ bJh fJj io{oh BjhA ;h. xo T[sgkdB dk e/Ado ;hl egV/ pDkT[D dk ezw xoftu jh j[zdk ;h. fJ;sqhnK y/sh d/ ezwK ftu th nkgD/ gsh d/ ;jkfJsk eodhnK ;B. e[M fJ;sqhnKnfXnkgB ekoi ftu th ftn;s j[zdhnK ;B.

;zgsh d/ T[sokfXeko d/ ftP/ ftu fJ;sqhnK Bz{ e'Jh nfXeko gqkgs BjhA ;B. Gkt/A g[Zsoh d/ o{g ftufJ;sqhnK dk nkgD/ fgsk dh ;zgsh ftu e'Jh fjZ;k BjhA j[zdk ;h. fco th jo/e nDftnkjh g[~soh Bz{ nkgD/GoktK Bz{ fwbD tkb/ fgso XB dk fJe u"ekJh fjZ;k gqkgs eoB dk nfXeko ;h. fwqs{ d/ gPuks wK dh;zgsh g[~soK ns/ nDftnkjh g[~sohnK ftu pokpo o{g ftu tzvh iKdh ;h. ftnkjhnK g[~sohnK Bz{ f;o|;BwkB ;o{g E'Vk jh fj~;k fwbdk ;h. fJ;sqh XB dh T[ZsokfXekoh f;o| nDftnkjh g[~sohnK j[zdhnK ;B.gsBh d/ o{g ftu fJ;sqh dk nkgD/ gsh dh ;zgsh ftu e'Jh gqs~y fjZ;k BjhA ;h. gozs{ gfofsnesk Bz{nkgD/ gsh d/ XB dk fJe fsjkJh fjZ;k gqkgs eoB dk nfXeko ;h. i/eo gsBh rohp j[zdh ;h sK gshT[;d/ GoB g'PD d/ bJh r[ikok G~sk d/D d/ bJh wip{o ;h. fezs{ i/eo ;zgsh dh tzv gsh d/ ihtB ekbftu jh j' frnk j[zdk sK gsBh B{z g[~soK d/ pokpo dk fj~;k fwbdk ;h. ftXtk fJ;sqh Bz{ ;z:wh s/ t?okrhihtB pshs eoBk g?Adk ;h. ;' T[; Bz{ nkgD/ gsh Bz{ ;zgsh s'A e'Jh fjZ;k BjhA fdZsk iKdk ;h. ftXtkwK d/ o{g ftu T[; Bz{ e[M nfXeko ;B. fJ; Bkb fJj ;gPN j[zdk j? fe Gkt/A fJ;sqhnK d/ Bkb ;zgshftu nfXeko d/ ftP/ ftu gZygks g{oD fttjko ehsk iKdk ;h. fco th gsBh ns/ g[~soh d/ o{g ftuT[BQK Bz{ e[M ;zofynD gqkgs ;h.

fJ;sqhnK dh okiBhfse ;fEsh d/P ftu okiBhfse dPk ns/ ftdwkB okiBhfse gqDkbh T[Zs/ fBoGo eodhj?. gqkuhB Gkos ftu okiBhfse gqDkbh okiszso T[Zs/ nkXkfos ;h. fJ; bJh ftXkB ;Gk, okiBhfsedb, e{NBhfse ;zpzX, ns/ nzsookPNoh ;zw/bB nkfd BjhA ;B. nfijh gfo;fEshnK ftu fJ;sqhnK Bz{


B ØN


t'N gkT[D dk nfXeko iK u'D bVD dh ;[szsosk dk gqPB jh BjhA T[mdk ;h. fJ;sqhnK Bz{ ;GktK ftugqt/P dh nkfrnk BjhA ;h feT[Afe fJBQK ;EkBK dk gq:'r okiBhfse ftuko^tNKdo/ d/ nbktk i[nk ns/Pokp dh tos'A nkfd d/ bJh th ehsk iKdk ;h. e[M T[dkjoD nfij/ io{o jB idfe fJ;sqhnK nkgD/ gshd/ Bkb :[ZX d/ ;EkB ftu iKdhnK ;B, fit/A okwkfJD ftu e?e/Jh dk :Z[X ftu ikDk. w?r;EBhi B/uzdor[gs w"fonk d/ wfjb ftu P;so wfjbk nzrôfyneK dk ;zdoG fdZsk j?l e"fNfbnk B/ th ‘noEPk;so’ ftu P;so wfjbk nzrôZfyneK dh rZb ejh j? i' sho ewkB Bkb ;[P'fGs ;?fBeK d/ o{g ftuj[zdhnK ;B. ;' id g[oPK Bz{ jh okiBhfse nfXeko gqkgs BjhA ;B sd fJ;sqhnK dh nkgDh nbr s'AokiBhfse gfo;fEshnK fet/A j' ;edh ;h.

Xkofwe y/so ftu gsBh ;ko/ nfXekoK dk T[gG'r eodh ;h ns/ fB:fws o{g Bkb nkgD/ gsh d/ Bkb;ko/ Xkofwe ezwK s/ ;z;ekoK ftu fjZ;k b?Adh ;h. tk;st ftu, Xkofwe ezw sd se ng{oD wzB/ iKd/;B id se gsBh T[; ftu fjZ;k BjhA b?Adh ;h. fJ;sqhnK Xkofwe tkoskbkgK ftu nZr/ j'e/ fjZ;k b?AdhnK;B. ftfrnkBe Xkofwe f;XKsK ns/ ohshnK d/ ;zfjskeoD eoB bJh iBe tor/ okfinK d[nkok nk:'fisftPt dh nB'yh Xowh ns/ ;zgqdkfJnK d/ ;zw/bB ftu rkorh, pqkjwtkfdBh, tkukeBph torh ftd{PhwfjbktK dk fjZ;k b?Dk ns/ g[oPK d/ Bkb Pk;sokoE eoBk fJ; ;Zu dk fXT[se j? fe gqkuhB Gkos ftufJ;sqhnK dk Xkofwe y/so ftu T[Zuk ;EkB ;h. i?fwBh dh ‘g{ot whwK;k’ ftu, fi;dh fNek ;po ;tkwhB/ fbyh, tofDs j? fe T[Zu/ Xkofwe ;z;ekoK ftu fJ;sqh g[oP dh Gkrhdkoh pokpo dh j[zdh ;h. j/wkdohB/ f;fyns nDftnkjh efBnKtK (e[wkoh) Bz{ ‘ftd{Ph’ fejk j? ns/ dZf;nk j? fe nfijh efBnKtK dkftnkj pokpo d/ f;fyns to, fi;Bz{ ‘wBhPh’ efjzd/ ;B, Bkb jh ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?.

fJ; gqeko fBPeoP ftu fejk ik ;edk j? t?fde Gkos ftu fJ;sqhnK dh ;fEsh BhthA BjhA ;h. ;wkfiens/ Xkofwe y/soK ftu T[BQK Bz{ pj[s fInkdk nfXeko gqkgs ;B gozs{ nkofEe ns/ okiBhfse y/soK ftuT[BQK d/ nfXeko ;hws ;B. T[BQK Bz{ g[oPK d/ nXhB BjhA wzfBnK iKdk ;h pbfe g[oPK d/ ;wkB ;wfMnkiKdk ;h.

9H1H3 g"okfDe ekb ftu fJ;sqhnK9H1H3 g"okfDe ekb ftu fJ;sqhnK9H1H3 g"okfDe ekb ftu fJ;sqhnK9H1H3 g"okfDe ekb ftu fJ;sqhnK9H1H3 g"okfDe ekb ftu fJ;sqhnKg"okfDe ekb ftu fJ;sqhnK dh ;fEsh ftu ewh nkJh. (fjzd{ ;wki ftu Xkofwe rzqEK dk fJfsjk;e eqwfJ; gqeko Bkb j? L t/d, pqkjwD, T[gfBPd, rqfj^;{so, Xow Pk;so, f;fwqshnK, okwkfJD, wjKGkosns/ g[okD). ;wkfie y/so ftu g{ot :"B fte;s (Pre-Puberty) ftnkj dk gqubD nkozG j'fJnk, ftXtkftnkj dk fBP/X j'D brk, gsh Bz{ fJ;sqh d/ bJh GrtkB dk doik fdZsk ikD brk, fJ;sqhnK d/ bJhf;fynk dk g{oD fBP/X nkozG j'fJnk, ;sh gqEk gqubD ftu nkJh, godk gqEk nkozG j'Jh, ns/ pj[ gsBhgqEk fttjko ftu ;theko ehsh ikD brh. “fJe gsBh ns/ r[bkw ;zgsh d/ nfXekoh BjhA j[zd/, wkBskd/ nkXko T[Zs/ fJ;sqh Bz{ T[;d/ gsh dh ;zgsh ftu fjZ;/ s'A tzfus eo fdZsk frnk. Xkofwe y/so ftufJ;sqh Bz{ pbdkB G/AN eoB s'A, gqkoEBk s'A, jm :'r s'A ns/ shoE :ksok eoB s'A th tzfus eo fdZskfrnk.”

gqGksh w[yoih B/ g"okfDe ekb ftu fJ;sqhnK dh BhthA ;fEsh d/ ekoD Bz{ dZ;d/ j'J/ nbN/eo, ftzNofBi,fwZso ns/ u"Xoh B/ T[dfXqs ehsk j?. fJj ekoD jBL ;zg{oB T[Zs/ pqkjwDK d[nkok E'g/ rJ/ ;z:'wK d/ ekoD,iksh ns/ gqEk d[nkok brkJ/ gqshpzXK d/ ekoD, ;z:[es gfotko d/ ekoD, fJ;sqhnK d/ bJh f;fynk dhx~N ;j{bsK d/ ekoD, nkohnk gfotko ftu r?o^nkohnk gsBh dk gqt/P, ns/ ftd/Ph jwfbnK d/ ekoD.

9H1H4 p"X ekb ftu fJ;sqhnK9H1H4 p"X ekb ftu fJ;sqhnK9H1H4 p"X ekb ftu fJ;sqhnK9H1H4 p"X ekb ftu fJ;sqhnK9H1H4 p"X ekb ftu fJ;sqhnKp"X Xow dk T[d/ fjzd{tkd T[Zs/ gqfsfeqnk d/ cb;o{g j'fJnk. pqkjwD ns/ g[okDK d/ ekb ftu fJ;sqhnKT[Zs/ nB/e nfBnKg{oB ns/ rbs ;wkfie fBP//X E'g fdZs/ rJ/, fit/A g{ot :"B ftef;s ftnkj, f;fynkd/ nfXeko s'A tzfus eoBk, ihtB ;kEh u[DB dk nfXeko Bk d/Dk, Xkofwe ftuko tNKdo/ ftu fjZ;k b?Ddh nkfrnk bk j'Dk nkfd. p"X ekb ftu fJ;sqhnK dh ;fEsh ftu e[M ;[Xko j'fJnk. Xkofwe y/so ftufJ;sqhnK Bz{ ;gPN o{g Bkb T[sfeqPN ;EkB gqkgs j'fJnk. T[BQK dk nkgDk ;zx pfDnk fi; Bz{ fGyP{Dh;zx fejk frnk. fJ; ;zx d/ th T[jh fB:w fBod/P ;B i' ‘fGyP{nK’ d/ ;B. ;zx B/ fJ;sqhnK Bz{


B ØN


;K;feqfse g'qrokw, ;wki ;/tk ns/ ;kotifBe ihtB ftu nB/e ;EkBK T[Zs/ fjZ;k b?D d/ nt;o gqdkBehs/. ;wkfie y/so ftu T[BQK Bz{ ;BwkfBs ;EkB gqkgs j'fJnk, Gkt/A T[BQK dh nkofEe s/ okiBhfse;fEsh ftu e'Jh gfotosB BjhA j'fJnk.

9H1H5 wZX ekb ftu fJ;sqhnK9H1H5 wZX ekb ftu fJ;sqhnK9H1H5 wZX ekb ftu fJ;sqhnK9H1H5 wZX ekb ftu fJ;sqhnK9H1H5 wZX ekb ftu fJ;sqhnKGkos T[Zs/ w[;bwkBK dk gfjbk jwbk nZmthA Pskpdh ftu j'fJnk, fi; ekb ftu Pzeokukohnk ihts ;B.Pzeokukohnk dh nrtkJh ftu fjzd{ ;wki tXd/ j'J/ p"X Xow dk ;kwQDk eoB dh ftXhnK y'iD ftu ftn;s;h. Pzeokukohnk B/ p"X Xow d/ tXd/ gqGkt Bz{ xN eoB d/ T[d/P s'A t/dK dh T[sfeqPmsk (Supremacy)T[Zs/ d[pkok pb fd~sk ns/ t/dK ftu fJ;sqhnK Bz{ ;wkBsk dk nfXeko gqkgs ;h. frnkoQthA Pskpdh ftufco wfjw{d }IBth B/ Gkos T[Zs/ jwbk ehsk ns/ fiZs gqkgs ehsh. fJ; ekb d/ pknd nmkothA Pskpdhd/ wZX se id fpqfNP ;kwoki dh ;EkgBk j'Jh, ns/ brGr 700 ;kbK se, ;wkfie ;z;EktK dk ftyzv,gozgokrs okiBhfse ;zouBk ftu T[Eb^g[Eb, pj[s frDsh ftu b'eK dk gqtk;B, ns/ d/P ftu nkofEewzdh, nkfd B/ d/P ftu ;wkfie ihtB ftu, ftP/P o{g s'A wfjbK d/ gsB ftu, :'rdkB ehsk. godk gqEkfJ; j~d se tZX rJh fe fJ;sqhnK d/ bJh ;\s J/eKs se fB:s jh pD frnk. f;fynk dh ;j{bsg{oDo[g/D ysw j' rJh. gzdQothA Pskpdh ftu ;fEsh ftu e[M gfotosB nkfJnk. fJ;/ ;w/A ftuokwkB[ikukohnk B/ gfjbk Grsh nzd'bB dk nk:'iB ehsk, fi; ftu Gkos dh fJ;sqhnK d/ Xkofwe s/;wkfie ihtB ftu BthB gqftoshnK dk ;{sogks ehsk. u?sfBnk, r[o{ BkBe, whoK, epho, okwdk;,s[b;h s/ s[ekokw tor/ ;zsK B/ fJ;sqhnK d/ bJh Xkofwe g{ik nouBk dk ;pb gZy gq;s[s ehsk. Gkt/A T[BQK dh (GrsK dh) fJ;sqhnK d/ gqsh XkoDk T[BQK d/ ;w/A d/ gqubs fdqPNhe'D s'A w[es BjhA ;h, fcoth fJ; nzd'bB B/ fJ;sqhnK dh Xkofwe ;[szsosk d/ wkor gqP;s eo fdZs/. godk gqEk ysw eo fdZshrJh. eEk s/ GiB ehosB ftu ikD Bkb fJ;sqhnK xo/b{ ezw eki s'A ek|h w[es j' rJhnK. Grsh nzd'bBftu rqfj;s nkPow T[Zs/ pb fdZsk frnk, gozs{ ;zsK Bz{ nkgDh gsBh dh fJZSk d/ fpBk ;zfBnk; b?Ddh nkfrnk BjhA ehsh rJh. fJ; ftu fJ;sqhnK d/ wjZstg{oD nfXeko fBfjs ;B. fJ; nzd'bB d/ d{i/gqGkt th j'J/. wBz{ d/ ;w/A s'A jh fJ;sqhnK Bz{ f;fynk s'A o'e fdZsk frnk ;h. ;zsK B/ fJ;sqhnK Bz{ Xkofweg[;seK d/ nfXn?B ns/ nkg Bz{ f;fyns pDkT[D d/ bJh gq/fos ehsk. fJ; gqeko Grsh nzd'bB B/fJ;sqhnK ftu Bt/A gqkDK dk ;zuko ehsk. fezs{ fJ; nzd'bB B/ nkofEe ;zouBk ftu e'Jh gfotosB BjhAehsk. ;' fJ;sqhnK dh BhthA ;fEsh pDh ojh. pknd ftu fpqfNP Pk;B d/ gqGkt d/ ekoD T[BQK dh ;fEshftu ;[Xko j'fJnk.

9H2 wfjbktK d/ fto[ZX fjz;k 9H2 wfjbktK d/ fto[ZX fjz;k 9H2 wfjbktK d/ fto[ZX fjz;k 9H2 wfjbktK d/ fto[ZX fjz;k 9H2 wfjbktK d/ fto[ZX fjz;k (Violence against Women)

nZiêZbQ PkfJd jh e'Jh ftP/ ;wkfie ftfrnkBK ftu P'XeosktK, e/Adoh ns/ oki ;oekoK, :'iBk dbKns/ ;[XkoeK dk fXnkB fJzBK nkfeqPm eoBk j't/ fizBk fe wfjbktK dh ;wZf;nktK. wfjbktK dh;wZf;nktK d/ nfXn?B d/ T[gkrw Iok^ftfrnkB (Gerntology) (p~[Ykgk j'D dh gqfeqnktK dk nfXn?B)d/ nfXn?B s'A b? e/ wB'o'r ftfrnkB ns/ ngokX ftfrnkB se j[zd/ jB. gozs{ wfjbktK Bkb ;zpzfXs fJewjZstg[{oD ;wZf;nk fi; T[Zs/ fXnkB BjhA fdZsk frnk j? ns/ fi; s'A pfunk frnk j? T[j j? wfjbktKd/ fto[ZX fjz;k dh ;wZf;nk.

wfjbktK d/ fto[ZX fjz;k dh ;wZf;nk e'Jh BthA BjhA j?. Gkosh ;wki ftu wfjbktK fJe bzp/ ekb s'AntwkBBk (Humiliation) :ksBk ns/ P'PD dk fPeko ojhnK jB, fizB/ ekb d/ ;kv/ e'b ;wkfie ;zrmBns/ gfotkfoe ihtB d/ fbys gqwkD T[gbpX jB. n~i wfjbktK Bz{ g[oPK d/ ihtB ftu wjZstg{oB,gqGktPkbh ns/ noEg{oD ;fj:'rh wzfBnk ikD brk j?l gozs{ e[M dPe gfjb/ se T[BQK dh ;fEsh dhBKtkbh ;h. ftukoXkoktK, ;z;Ekrs fotkiK, ns/ ;wki ftu gqufbs gqfswktK B/ T[BQK d/ T[sghVD ftu ekch:'rdkB fdZsk j?. fJBQK ftu e[M ftjkoe fotki nZi th gDg oj/ jB. ;tkXhBsk d/ pknd ;kv/ ;wkiftu wfjbktK d/ ;woEB ftu pDkJ/ rJ/ ekBz{BK, wfjbktK ftu f;fynk d/ c?bkn ns/ wfjbktK dh j'bh^j'bhtXdh j'Jh nkofEe ;[szsosk d/ pkti{d n;zy wfjbktK j[D th fjz;k dh fPeko jB. T[BQK B{z wkfonk iKdkj?, T[BQK dk ngjoB ehsk iKdk j?, T[BQK Bkb pbkseko ehsk iKdk j?, T[BQK Bz{ ibk fdZsk iKdk j? iK T[BQK


B ØN


dh jZfsnk eo fdZsh iKdh j?. T[j fejVhnK wfjbktK jB fiBQK Bz{ T[sghVs ehsk iKdk j?< T[BQK Bz{T[sghVs eoB tkb/ ns/ fjz;k d/ ngokX eosk e"D b'e jB< wfjbktK d/ fto[ZX fjz;k d/ w{b ekoD ehjB< e[M ftdtkBK B/, fiBQK B/ g~Swh ;wki ftu fJBQK gfjb{nK dk nfXn?B ehsk j?, ftek; ;wZf;nk dhftnkfynk d/ bJh ‘ftneshst’ T[gkrw ns/ ‘gfo;fEsh’ T[gkrw dk T[g:'r ehsk j?. gozs{ fJBQK d'tKT[gkrwK d/ eJh fpzd{nK Bz{ b? e/ T[BQK dh nkb'uBk j'Jh j?.

9H2H1 wfjbktK d/ fto[ZX fjz;k dh gqfeosh, ft;sko ns/ ftP/PsktK9H2H1 wfjbktK d/ fto[ZX fjz;k dh gqfeosh, ft;sko ns/ ftP/PsktK9H2H1 wfjbktK d/ fto[ZX fjz;k dh gqfeosh, ft;sko ns/ ftP/PsktK9H2H1 wfjbktK d/ fto[ZX fjz;k dh gqfeosh, ft;sko ns/ ftP/PsktK9H2H1 wfjbktK d/ fto[ZX fjz;k dh gqfeosh, ft;sko ns/ ftP/PsktKwfjbktK d/ fto[ZX fjz;k dk torheoB fJ; gqeko j' ;edk j?—

1H ngokfXe fjz;k fit/A pbkseko, ngjoB, jZfsnk.

2H xo/b{ fjz;k fit/A dj/i ;zpzXh fwqs{, gsBh Bz{ eZ[NDk, b?Afre d[oftjko, ftXtktK ns/$iK pI[orwfjbktK d/ Bkb d[oftjko.

3H ;wkfie fjz;k fit/A gsBh$Bz{j Bz{ wkdk Go{D (Female Foeticide) dh j~fsnk d/ bJh wip{o eoBk,wfjbktK Bkb S/V^SkV, ;zgsh ftu wfjbktK Bz{ fjZ;k d/D s'A fJBeko eoBk, S'Nh T[wo dh ftXtkBz{ ;sh j'D d/ bJh wip{o eok, B{zj Bz{ j'o fInkdk dki fbnkT[D d/ bJh ;skT[Dk.

fJE/ ftPb/PD Bz{ gfjb/ d' gqeko dh fjz;k T[Zs/ e/Adoh G{s ehsk frnk j? ns/ fJ; ftu w?A nkgD/ “wfjbktKd/ fto[ZX ngokX” T[Zs/ oki;EkB ftu 1982^84 ftu ehs/ rJ/ nkB[Gkfte nfXn?B d/ nKefVnK dkT[g:'r ehsk j?. Gkos ;oeko d/ nKefVnK nB[;ko 1996^98 d/ ftu wfjbktK d/ fto[ZX ngokXK ftu12# tkXk fwbdk j?. ;G s'A fInkdk ngokX (1998) ftu :ksBk d/ (31H5#), ns/ T[;d/ pknd S/VSkV(Molestation) (23H6#), ngjoB (12H5#), pbkseko (11H4#), ;oho tgko (Immoral traffic)(6H6#), dki fwqs{ (5H3#), :"B ;zpzXh T[sghVB (6H2#), dki ekBz{B (2H6#), bVehnK dk nk:ksB(0H1#) fwbd/ jB (eqkJhw fJB fJzvhnk, 1998^156). dki Bkb ;zpzfXs j~fsnktK ftu 1988 ns/ 1998d/ ;w/A ftu 50# dk tkXk fwbdk j?. w'N/ o{g ftu jo 33 fwzN ftu wfjbk d/ fto[X fJe n~fsnkuko dke/; fwbdk j?. e[M wfjbktK d/ fto[ZX ngokX ftu'A (1998 s'A 1,31,338) nZX/ s'A e[M fInkdk ngokX(54H1) f;o| gzi okiK ftu (w~X gqd/P 12H1#, T[Zso gqd/P 13H3#, wjkokPNo 10H9#, nKXok gqd/P8H5, ns/ oki;EkB 9H35#) fwbdk j? ns/ pkeh 45H9# ngokX 20 okiK ns/ e/Ado Pkf;s y/soK ftufwbdk j? (1998^158). gozs{ fJj j? fe wkwfbnK dh ftfGzB ekoBK s'A fPekfJs BjhA jz[dh j? ns/ T[BQKdoi BjhA ehsk iKdk j?. xo/b{ fjz;k d/ wkwb/, fit/A gsBh Bz{ eZ[NDk ns/ gfotko dh fJ;sqhnK d/ Bkbehsk frnk e"N[zfpe ftnGhuko (Forced incest) dh edh fPekfJs BjhA ehsh iKdh. gozs{ ;zefbswkwfbnK Bz{ d/yD Bkb ;kBz{ wfjbktK d/ fto[ZX fjz;k dh gqfeqsh ns/ ft;sko d/ pko/ ftu e[M nzdkIk j';edk j?. n;hA S/ ftneshrs wkwfbnK d/ ft;sko ns/ bePDK dk EZb/ ftPb/PD eoKr/—

1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H pbkseko pbkseko pbkseko pbkseko pbkseko (Rape)—————Gkt/A pbkseko dh ;w~f;nk ;ko/ d/PK ftu rzGho wzBh iKdh j? fco th ;Kfyneho{g ftu Gkos ftu fJj g~Swh ;wki dh s[bBk ftu fJzBh rzGho BjhA j?. T[dkjoD bJh, nwfoekftu pbkseko d/ ngokXK dh jo ;kb dh do brGr 26 j?, eB/vk ftu fJj brGr 8 ns/ fJzrb?Avftu fJj fJe bZy iB ;zfynk T[Zs/ brGr 5H5 j?. fJ;dh s[bBk ftu Gkos ftu fJ;dh do 0H5gqsh fJe bZy iB;zfynk j?. ;kv/ d/P ftu 1996 ns/ 1998 d/ ftu j'J/ pbkseko d/ wkwfbnK dh;zfynk Bz{ fXnkB ftu oyd/ j'J/ fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe jo/e uko xzfNnK ftu ;~s pbkseko j[zd/jB, iK jo ;kb 15,000 wkwb/ j[zd/ jB. e/Adoh ;oeko d[nkok “wfjbktK d/ fto[X ngokX” T[Zs/gq;s[s ehsh rJh fJe fog'oN d/ nB[;ko Gkos ftu jo/e 40 fwzN ftu fJe wfjbk dk pbksekoj[zdk j?. fJ;dk noE j'fJnk fe fJe wjhB/ ftu 1,275 ns/ fJe ;kb ftu 15,300 pbkseko j[zd/jB.

T[wo d/ fj;kp s'A pbkseko d/ fPeko dh gqshPssk 16 s'A 30 ;kb d/ T[wo^;w{j ftu ;G s'A fInkdkj? (56#), idfe 10 ;kb s'A xN T[wo d/ fPeko brGr 4H2# jB, 10 ns/ 16 ;kb d/ ftZu T[wod/ fPeko brGr 22H8# jB, shj ;kb s'A T[go d/ fPeko 20 jB. rohp bVehnK jh fJe~bhnKpbkseko dk fPeko BjhA j[zdhnK, ;r'A wfXnw tor d/ eowukohnK d/ Bkb th wkbeK d[nkok b?Afre


B ØN


ngwkB ehsk iKdk j?. i/bQ ftu e?d wfjbktK d/ Bkb nXhePeK d[nkok pbkseko ehsk iKdk j?,ngokX ;zfdrX wfjbktK d/ Bkb g[fb; nfXekohnK d[nkok, wfjbk wohIK d/ Bkb j;gskb d/eowukohnK d[nkok, ns/ fdjkVh s/ ezw eoB tkbhnK wfjbktK Bkb m/e/dkoK ns/ ftu"bhJ/ d[nkok.fJE'A se fe r{zrh s/ p'bh, gkrb ns/ nzBQh ns/ fGykoDK Bz{ th BjhA SZfvnk iKdk. BhthA wfXnwP/qDh s'A nkJhnK j'JhnK wfjbktK i' fe nkgD/ gfotko d ;[y o{g d/ GoB g'PD eodhnK jB, b?Afred[oftjko B{z \kw'Ph Bkb ns/ fpBk fto'X ehs/ ;fjD eodhnK ofjzdhnK jB. i/eo T[j fto'X eodhnKjB sK T[BQK Bz{ ;wkfie ebze ns/ ngwkB dk ;kjwDk eoBk g?Adk j? fJ; s'A nbktk T[BQK Bz{ gkg dhghVk ns/ ftneshst d/ o'r fGnzeo o{g Bkb ;skT[Ad/ jB.

pbkseko dh fPeko 42 wfjbktK d/ w/o/ nB[Gkth nfXn?B B/ wfjbktK d/ fto[ZX ehs/ rJ/ ngokXKdhnK j/m fbyhnK wj~stg{oD ftP/PsktK Bz{ T[dxkfNs ehsk j?—(1) pbkseko ;d?t g{oDskngfofus ftneshnK ftu BjhA j[zd/l (2) jo/e d; ftu'A B" pbkseko gfo;fEshnK Bkb ;zpzfXs j[zd/jBl (3) brGr fszB^gzuw pbkseko (58H0#) J/eb pbkseko j[zd/ jB (fiBQK ftu fJe jh ngokXhj[zdk j?), fJe^gzuw (21H0#) d' pbkseko j[zd/ (:kBh wfjbk d/ Bkb d' nkdwh pbkseko eod/ jB),ns/ fJe^gzuw (21H0#) ;w{je pbkseko j[zd/ jB. (4) jo/e 10 pbksekoK ftu B"A ftu'A fe;h gqekodh ;oekoh fjz;k iK gosk BjhA j[zdh, :kBh nB/e wkwfbnK ftu wfjbk Bz{ tP ftu eoB d/ bJh bkbuns/$iK fInkdk dpkn ezw ftu bJ/ iKd/ jBl (5) fszBû"EkJh s'A xN pbkseko (70H0#) T[sghVseoB tkfbnK d/ xoK ftu j[zd/ jB ns/ brGr fJeû"EkJh (25H0#) r?o^fojkfJPh GtBK ftu j[zd/jBl ns/ (6) T[sghVsK dh ;G s'A T[Zuh do 15^20 ;kbK d/ T[wo^;w{j ftu j[zdh j?, id fefInkdkso ngokXh 20^30 d/ T[wo ;w{j d/ j[zd/ jB. fJ; gqeko fPeko u[DB ftu :[tkt;EkBz{ ftP/P wj~st fdZsk iKdk j?.

Gik b? ikDk ns/ ngjoD Gik b? ikDk ns/ ngjoD Gik b? ikDk ns/ ngjoD Gik b? ikDk ns/ ngjoD Gik b? ikDk ns/ ngjoD (Abduction and Kidnapping)—————fJe Bkpkfbr (18 ;kb s'A xZNbVeh ns/ 16 ;kb s'A x~N T[wo dk bVek) B{z T[;d/ ekBz{Bh nfGGkte dh ;fjwsh d/ fpBK b? ikDkiK c[;bkT[D Bz{ ‘ngjoD’ efjzd/ jB. ‘Gik b? ikDk’ dk noE j? fe fJe wfjbk Bz{ fJ; T[d/P s'Aipod;sh, egN g{ote iK X'y/pkIh Bkb b? ikDk fe T[; Bz{ pfjek e/ T[;d/ Bkb nt?X ;zpzX ;Ekgsehsk ikt/ iK T[;dh fJ~Sk d/ fto[ZX T[;Bz{ fe;/ ftnesh d/ Bkb ftnkj eoB B{z wip{o ehsk ikt/. ngjoD ftu T[sghVe dh ;fjwsh wj~stjhD j[zdh j?, gozs{ Gik e/ b? ikD ftu T[sghVe dh;t?fSe ;fjwsh ngokX Bz{ wk| eotk fdzdh j?.

S/ ;kb (1992 s'A 1998) dk n";s b? e/ fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe ;kv/ d/P ftu fJe fdB ftu brGr42 bVehnK$fJ;sqhnK dk ngjoB ehsk iKdk j? iK T[BQK Bz{ Gik e/ b? ikfJnk iKdk j? iK brGr15,000 wfjbktK Bz{ fJe ;kb ftu GikfJnk iKdk j?. Gkos ftu Gik e/ b? ikD dh wksok jo/e fJeb~y iB;zfynk T[Zs/ 2H0 j?. Gkos ;oeko dh skIh fog'oN (1998) d/ nB[;ko jo/e 33 fwzN ftufJe wfjbk dk ngjoD j[zdk j?. ns/ fJe fdB ftu 43, fJe ;kb ftu 15,617 e/; j[zd/ jB. jo;kb GikJ/ ikD tkfbnK$ngjoD ehs/ ikD tkfbnK dh e[b ;zfynk dh 86H5 gqshPs wfjbktK ns/13H5# g[oP j[zd/ jB. fJ;d/ nbktk jo ;kb ngjoD eoB$Gik e/ b? ikD tkb/ e[b ftneshnK dh;zfynk (30,520) ftu'A 94H6# g[oP ns/ 5H4# wfjbktK j[zdhnK jBl 59H7# 18 ns/ 30 ;kb d/ftu dh T[wo d/ j[zd/ jB, 34H2# 30 ns/ 50 ;kb d/ ftu, 1H6# 18 ;kb s'A xN ns/ 45# 50;kb s'A T[go j[zd/ jB.

ngjoD$Gik b? ikD dh wj~stg{oD ftP/PsktK i' w/o/ 41 gqeoBK d/ nfXn?B B/ T[dxkfNs ehshnK,T[j jB—(1) nDftnkjh bVehnK d/ Gik b? ikD d/ fPeko pDB dh ;zGktBk ftnkjhnK fJ;sqhnKdh ng/ePk fInkdk j[zdh j?, (2) Gik e/ b? ikD tkb/ s/ T[BQK d/ fPeko fInkdkso gqeoB ftu fJed{i/ d/ gohfus j[zd/ jB, (3) Gik e/ b? ikD tkb/ ns/ T[;d/ fPeko dk nkozGe ;zgoe ;kotifBe;EkBK d/ pikJ/ T[BQK d/ xoK ns/ gV'; ftu j[zdk j?l (4) fInkdkso, Gik e/ b? ikD ftu fJe jhftnesh fbgs j[zdk j?. fJ; gqeko ngokXh dh so|'A Xweh iK T[sghVe dh so|'A fto'X Gik e/b? ikD d/ gqeoBK ftu fInkdk nkw BjhA jBl (5) Gik e/ b? ikD d/ d' ;G s'A fInkdk wj~stg{oB


B ØN


T[d/P ;zpzX (;?e;) ns/ ftnkj j[zd/ jB. nkofEe T[d/P s'A Gik e/ b? ikD tkfbnK dh ;zfynk e[bGik e/ b? ikD tkfbnK dh ;zfynk dh w[Peb Bkb fJe^dPw j[zdh j?. (6) 80 gqshPs s'A fInkdkgqeoBK ftu Gik b? ikD d/ pknd b?Afre jwbk j[zdk j?l ns/ (7) wksk fgsk dk fB:zsqD ns/ gfotkoftu ;B/j g{oB ;zpzXK dk nGkt Gik b? ikD tkb/ ns/ ghVs d/ ;zgoe ns/ bVeh d/ (ghVs d/) fe;hgohfus ftnesh (fi; Bz{ pknd ftu dpkn ftu nk e/ Gik b? ikD tkbk fejk iKdk j?) d/ Bkb xos'A GZi ikD ftu fBoDkfJe ekoD j[zd/ jB.

3 H3 H3 H3 H3 H jZfsnk jZfsnk jZfsnk jZfsnk jZfsnk (Murder)—————wkBt j~fsnk ftP/P o{g s'A Bo^ngokX jB. Gkt/A fbzr d/ nkXko T[Zs/j~fsnktK ns/ T[BQK d/ fPeko$ghVsK Bkb ;zpzfXs nfyb Gkosh nKeV/ T[gbpX BjhA jB, fco th fJj;otftfds j? fe wB[Zyh jZfsnk d/ wkdk fPeko Bo fPekoK dh s[bBk ftu x~N jB. fiE/ nwohekftu wkdk fPeko wB[~y j~fsnk d/ e[b fPekoK d/ 20# ns/ 25# d/ ftZu jB. jo ;kb 25,000 s'A30,000), Gkos ftu brGr 38,000 j~fsnktK ftu'A i' jo ;kb j[zdhnK jB, wfjbktK dhnK j~fsnktKe[b ;zfynk dh brGr 10# jB. j~fsnk eoB d/ ngokX ftu e[b frq|sko ehs/ rJ/ ftneshnK(81,000) ftu'A 95H7# g[oP j[zd/ jB ns/ 4H3# fJ;sqhnK jB.

jfsnkfonK (fJ;sqhnK d/) ns/ T[BQK d/ fPekoK dh wj~stg{oB ftP/PsktK i' w/o/ 33 j~fsnk d/ gqeoBKd/ nkB[Gkfte nfXn?B Bkb fwbh j?, T[j j?—(1) fInkdkso gqeoBK (94H0#) ftu jfsnko/ ns/ T[BQKd/ fPeko fJe jh gfotko d/ j[zd/ jBl (2) brGr uko^gzuw gqeoBK ftu (80H0#) jfsnko/ 25^40;kbK d/ T[wo ;w{j d/ j[zd/ jBl (3) brGr n~XhnK fPeko n"osK j[zdhnK jB fiBQK d/ g[oP jfsnko/Bkb g[okD/ ;zpzX (gzi ;kb s'A fInkdk) j[zd/ jB. ghVsK nkgD/ ikshnK$;Z; ;j[ok d/ Bkb fpskJh rJhn";s ;wK 7H5 ;kb gkJh rJhl (4) j~fsnk ehsh rJh wfjbktK ftu'A brGr n~Xh pZfunK tkbhnK;B. pZfunK (ghVsK d/) dh n";s ;zfynk nkB[Gkfte nfXn?B ftu 3H2 ;h ns/ pZfunK dh n";sT[wo 14H8 ;hl (5) jfsnko/ nfXeKP BhthA gfo;fEsh feZs/ ns/ Bht/A nkwdB ;w{jK ftu'A ;Bl (6)d'^fsjkJh j~fsnktK (66H0#) nfB:'fis ;B ns/ eq'X s/ T[s/fis Gktkt/P ftu ehshnK rJhnK ;Bl(7) uko^gzuw j~fsnktK (80H0#) fpBK fe;h dh ;jkfJsk d/ ehshnK rJhnK ;B, fB:'fis j~fsnktKftu th wjkngokXh gfotko d/ w?Apo j[zd/ jBl (8) wfjbktK dh j~fsnk d/ gqw[Zy ekoD S'N/^S'N/ xo/b{ MrV/, nt?X ;zpzX ns/ fJ;sqhnK dh bzph fpwkoh j[zd/ jB.

4 H4 H4 H4 H4 H dki Bkb ;zpzfXs j~fsnktK dki Bkb ;zpzfXs j~fsnktK dki Bkb ;zpzfXs j~fsnktK dki Bkb ;zpzfXs j~fsnktK dki Bkb ;zpzfXs j~fsnktK (Dowry Deaths)—————Gkt/A dk; fBP/X nkfrnk ekBz{B, 1961 B/ dkigqEk T[Zs/ o'e brk fdZsh j?, gozs{ tk;st ftu ekBz{B f;o| fJjh ;theko eoBk j? fe ;wZf;nkftdwkB j?. tk;sfte o{g ftu fJj edh ;[DB ftu BjhA nkT[Adk fe fe;h gsh iK T[;d/ gfotkoT[Zs/ dki b?D dh gqkoEBk Bz{ b? e/ e'Jh w[e~dwk ubkfJnk frnk j't/. i/eo e[M j'fJnk j? sK fJj fefgSb/ ;kbK ftu dki dh wzr ns/ T[;d/ Bkb^Bkb dki Bz{ b? e/ j~fsnktK tXhnK jB. i/eo fJe;zs[fbs nzdkIk brkfJnk ikt/ sK Gkos ftu dki B d/D ns/ g{ok BjhA d/D d/ ekoD jo ;kb j~fsnktKdh ;zfynk brGr 5,000 wzBhnK ik ;edhnK jB. Gkos ;oeko wJh 2000 ftu fdZsh rJh fog'oNd/ nB[;ko Gkos ftu toswkB ftu 90 fwzN ftu fJe dki Bkb ;zpzfXs j~fsnk j[zdh j?, ns/ fJefdB ftu 16 s/ ;kb ftu brGr 6,000. fInkdkso dki^j~fsnktK gsh d/ xo d/ fJeKs ftu ns/gfotko d/ w?ApoK dh fwbh Grs Bkb j[zdhnK jB. fJ; bJh ndkbsK ;p{s d/ nGkt ftu dzfvs Bkeo gkT[D Bz{ ;theko eoBhnK jB. edhêdh g[fb; SkDphD eoB ftu fJzBh em'o j' iKdh j? fee'oN th g[fb; nfXekohnK d/ ezw dh e[Pbsk ns/ ;~u dh fBPmk T[Zs/ ;zd/j gqrN eod/ jB.

dki j~fsnktK dh wj~stg{oB ftP/PsktK fiBQK dk w/o/ nkB[Gkfte nfXn?B s'A gsk u~fbnk T[j fJjjB—(1) wfXnw tor dh fJ;sqhnK d/ T[sghVB dh do j/mb/ tor iK T[Zu tor dh fJ;sqhnK s'AfInkdk j[zdhnK jBl (2) brGr 70H0# ghVs 21^24 ;kb T[wo^;w{j dh j[zdhnK jB, noEks feT[j e/tb ;ohoe o{g Bkb jh BjhA, ;r'A ;wkfie ns/ Gktkswe o{g Bkb th ftef;s j[zdhnK jBl(3) fJj ;w~f;nk BhthA iksh dh ;w~f;nk dh ng/ePk T[Zu iksh dh fInkdk j?l (4) tk;sfte j~fsnks'A gfjbK itkB Bz{j Bz{ eJh gqeko Bkb ;skfJnk$ngwkfBs ehsk iKdk j? i' fe ghVs d/ gfotko d/w?ApoK d/ ;wkfie fttjko d/ nftnt;fEs ;o{g Bz{ do;kT[Adk j?l (5) dki j~fsnk d/ ekoDK ftu ;G


B ØN


s'A wj~stg{oB ;wki t?frnkfBe ekoe ngokXh T[Zs/ tksktoD dk dpkn iK ;wkfie sDkn j? i'T[;d/ gfotko d/ nKsfoe ns/ pkjoh ekoDK Bkb T[sgzB j'J/ jB, j'o wj~stg{oB wB'ftfrnkBe ekoejfsnko/ iK ;~sktkdh ftneshst, gqpb gqfeqsh ns/ T[;d/ ftneshst dk n;wk:'iB j?l (6) bVehd/ f;fynk d/ gZXo ns/ dki d/ bJh ehsh rJh T[;dh j~fsnk ftu e'Jh gko;gfoe ;zpzX BjhA j[zdklns/ (7) gfotko dh ouBk BthA B{zj Bz{ ibkT[D ftu fBoDkfJe G{fwek ndk eoBk j?.

5 H5 H5 H5 H5 H gsBh B{z eZ[NDk gsBh B{z eZ[NDk gsBh B{z eZ[NDk gsBh B{z eZ[NDk gsBh B{z eZ[NDk (Wife Battering)—wfjbktK d/ fto[X fjz;k ftnkj d/ ;zdoG ftu fInkdkwjZstg{oB j' iKdh j? idfe gsh, fi;d/ bJh fJj ;wfMnk iKdk j? fe T[j nkgDh gsBh Bkb g/qw eo/rk ns/ T[;Bz{ ;[oZfynk gqdkB eo/rk, T[; B{z e[~Ndk j?. fJe fJ;sqh d/ bJh T[; nkdwh d[nkoke[~fNnk ikDk fi; T[Zs/ T[j ;G s'A fInkdk ftPtk; eoBh ;h, fJe fSzB^fGzB eoB tkbk nB[Gt j[zdkj?. fjz;k E~gV ns/ bZsK wkoBhnK s'A b? e/ j~vh s'VBk, :ksBk d/Dk, wko d/D dh e'fPP ns/ j~fsnkse j' ;edh j?. fjz;k edhêdh BP/ d/ ekoB th j' ;edh j? gozs{ jw/Pk BjhA. Gkosh ;z;feqsh ftun;hA ftob/ jh gsBh d[nkok g[fb; e'b e[~ND d/ wkwb/ dh fPekfJs eoB dh rZb ;[Dd/ jK. T[j u[~gofj e/ ngwkB ;fjzdh j? ns/ T[; Bz{ nkgDk Gkr wzBdh j?. i/eo T[j fto'X eoBk th ukj[zdh j? sKBjhA eo ;edh feT[Afe T[; B{z vo j[zdk j? fe T[;d/ wksk^fgsk th ftnkj d/ pknd T[; Bz{ nkgD/xo ftu ;EkJh o{g ftu oZyD Bz{ wBk eo d/Dr/.

gsBh Bz{ e[~ND dh wj~stg{oB ftP/PsktK i' w/o/ 60 gSkD/ j'J/ gqeoBK d/ nkB[Gkfte nfXn?B B/ehshnK T[j jB—(1) gsBhnK i', 25 ;kb dh T[wo s'A xN j[zdhnK jB, T[BQK d/ T[sghVB dk nB[gksfInkdk j[zdk j?l (2) T[BQK gsBhnK Bz{ i' nkgD/ gsh s'A gzi ;kb s'A fInkdk S'NhnK j[zdhnK jB, nkgD/gsh d[nkok e[~N/ ikDk dk ysok fInkdk ofjzdk j?l (3) xN nkwdB tkb/ gfotkoK dhnK wfjbktK dkfInkdk T[sghVB j[zdh j?, gfotko dh nkwdB s'A T[sghVB Bz{ i'VBk fInkdk efmB j?l (4) gfotkod/ nkeko ns/ T[;dh ouBk dk gsBh d/ e[~ND Bkb e'Jh go;go ;pzX BjhA j[zdkl (5) ;kXkoD s"os/ gshnK d/ e[~ND d/ ekoD gsBhnK Bz{ e'Jh rfjoh u'N BjhA brdhl (6) gsBh Bz{ e[~ND d/ wj~stg{oBekoD jBl :"B ;zpzXh n;wk:'iB, Gktkswe rVpV, gsh dk rofts nfjw iK jhD^GktBk, gshdk BPk eoBk, Jhoyk ns/ gsBh dh fBPfeqn ekfJoskl (7) e[ZND tkb/ d/ pugB ftu fjz;k dhftgdrq;ssk gsBh d/ e[ZND ftu fJe wj~stg{oB ekoe j[zdk j?l (8) nBgVQ gsBhnK dh f;fynkgsBhnK dh ng/ePk gsh d[nkok e[~N/ ikD dh ;zGktBk fInkdk j[zdh j?, fco th e[~ND ns/ ghVsK d/f;fyne g~Xo ftu e'Jh wj~stg{oB ;zpzX BjhA j?l ns/ (9) T[BQK gshnK dk fiBQK d/ gsh Pokph j[zd/jB T[sghVB dk nB[gks fInkdk j?. gozs{ d/fynk frnk j? fe fInkdkso gsh nkgDh gsh nkgDhgsBhnK Bz{ BP/ dh jkbs ftu Bk e[~N e/ T[; ;w/A e[~Nd/ jB id T[j j'P^jtk; ftu j[zd/ jB.

6 H6 H6 H6 H6 H ftXtktK d/ fto[ZX fjz;k ftXtktK d/ fto[ZX fjz;k ftXtktK d/ fto[ZX fjz;k ftXtktK d/ fto[ZX fjz;k ftXtktK d/ fto[ZX fjz;k (Violence Against Widows)—————;G ftXtktK fJe jh gqeko dh;w~f;nktK dk ;kwQDk BjhA eodhnK. fJe ftXtk nfijh j' ;edh j? fi;d/ e'Jh pZuk Bk j't/ ns/i' nkgD/ ftnkj d/ fJe iK d' ;kbK ftu jh ftXtk j' rJh j't/l iK T[j nfijh j' ;edh j? i' gzis'A 10 ;kb d/ pknd ftXtk j[zdh j? ns/ T[;d/ fJe iK d' pZu/ gkbD d/ bJh j'D, iK nfijh j't/ i'50 ;kb dh T[wo s'A fInkdk j't/. Gkt/A fJBQK fszBK Pq/Dh dh ftXtktK Bz{ ;wkfie, nkofEe ns/Gktkswe ;wziB dh ;w~f;nktK dk ;kwQDk eoBk g?Adk j?, gfjbh ns/ shih Pq/DhnK dh ftXtktK dhe'Jh fizw/tkoh BjhA j[zdh, idfe d{ih P/qDh dh ftXtktK B{z nkgD/ p~funK d/ bJh fgsk dh G{fwek thndk eoBh g?Adh j?. gfjbh d' Pq/DhnK dh ftXtktK Bz{ i?fte ;wziB dh ;w~f;nk dk th ;kwQDk eoBkg?Adk j?. fJBQK d' fe;wK dh ftXtktK dk nkgD/ gsh d/ gfotko ftu fJzBk nkdo^;fseko BjhA j[zdkfizBk fe shih fe;w dk. tk;st ftu fi~E/ fJe so| gfotko d/ w?Apo ftXtktK dh gfjbh d'P/qDhnK s'A w[esh gkT[Dk ukj[zd/ jB, T[E/ d{ih ns/ shih Pq/Dh dh ftXtk nkgD/ g[~so d/ gfotko ftuw{b ftnesh j' iKdhnK jB feT[Afe T[;Bz{ nkgD/ g[~so d/ pZfunK dh d/yô/y dk ns/ ezw T[Zs/ ikDtkbh Bz{j dh r?ojkIoh ftu ykDk gekT[D dh fizw/tkoh ;"Ag fdZsh iKdh j?. ftXtktK dh fszBK Pq/DhnKdh nksw Sth ns/ ;tkGhwkB th fGzB j[zd/ jB. fJe ftXtk dh nkofEe fBoGosk T[;d/ ;tkGhwkBns/ T[;dh gSkD dh GktBk d/ bJh fJe tZvk ysok g?dk eo fdzdh j?. gfotko dh G{fwektK ftu


B ØN


T[BQK d/ ;~; ;j[ok ns/ gfotko d/ j'o w?Apo d[nkok BhtK doik gqdkB ehs/ ikD Bkb T[BQK dk ;tkGhwkBxN j[zdk j?. ftXtk j'D dk ebze jh nkgD/ nkg ftu fJe fJ;sqh Bz{ Bekoksfwe o{g Bkb gqGktseoBk j? ns/ T[;dk ;BwkB nkgDh jh fdqPNh ftu x~N j' iKdk j?.

i/eo n;hA ;G gqeko dh ftXtktK Bz{ bJhJ/ sK n;hA efj ;ed/ jK fe ftXtktK d/ fto[X fjz;k ftue[~NDk, Gktkswe T[g/ePk$:ksBk, rkbQK eZYDhnK, b?Afre d[oftjko, ;zgsh ftu t?X fjZ;/ s'A tzuBns/ T[BQK d/ pZfunK d/ Bkb d[oftjko Pkwb jB. ftXtktK d/ fto[~X fjz;k dh wj~stg{oB ftP/PsktKjB—(1) :[tk ftXtktK Bz{ nX/V ftXtktK dh ng/ePk fInkdk ngwkfBs ns/ szr ehsk iKdk j? ns/T[BQK dk P'PD ns/ T[sghVB th fInkdk j[zdk j?l (2) ;kXkoD s"o s/ ftXtktK Bz{ nkgD/ gsh d/ tgko,fj;kp^feskp, ;oNhfce/NK, phw/ dh gkfb;hnK ns/ gqshG{shnK d/ pko/ ftu Bk d/ pokpo ikDekohj[zdh j? ns/ T[j nkgD/ gfotko (gqiBB d/) d/ p/JhwkB w?ApoK dh X'y/pkIh d/ PfvnzsoK dh nk;kBhBkb fPeko j' iKdhnK jB ns/ T[j (w?Apo) fJ; gqeko T[BQK dh ftok;s ftu fwbh ;zgsh ns/ ihtBphwk d/ ckfJfdnK B{z jVZgD dh e'fPP eod/ jBl (3) fjz;k d/ ngokX eosk fInkdkso gsh d/gfotko d/ w?Apo j[zd/ jBl (4) T[sghVB d/ fszB ;G s'A fInkdk wj~stg{oB T[d/PK ftu — Pesh,;zgsh ns/ ekw^tk;Bk — ;zgsh wfXnw tor dh ftXtktK d/ T[sghVB dk fBoDkfJe ekoe j[zdkj?, ekw^tk;Bk Bht/A tor dh ftXtktK d/, ns/ Pesh wfXnw tor ns/ Bht/A tor d'tK dh ftXtktKd/ T[sghVB dk fBoDkfJe ekoe j[zdk j?l (5) ;~; dk ;~sktkdh ftneshst ns/ gsh d/ Gok^G?DK dkn;wziB ftXtktK d/ P'PD Bkb wj~stg{oB gko;gfoe ;zpzX fdykJh fdzdk j?, gozs{ gfotko dhouBk ns/ T[;d/ nkeko Bkb T[;d/ e'Jh go;go ;zpzX BjhA j[zd/.

7 H7 H7 H7 H7 H fjz;k d/ fPeko fjz;k d/ fPeko fjz;k d/ fPeko fjz;k d/ fPeko fjz;k d/ fPeko (Victims of Violence)—i/eo n;hA wfjbktK d/ fto[ZX fjz;k d/ ;ko/ gqeoBK Bz{fJe ;kE bJhJ/ sK n;hA gktKr/ fe fjz;k d/ ;kXkoD s"o s/ fPeko T[j wfjbktK j[zdhnK jB—

(i) i' n;jkJ/ ns/ nt;kX^rq;s (Depressed) j[zdhnK jB, fiBQK dh nksw Sth yokp j[zdh j?, i'nksfwe g~Xo s/ rq;s j[zdhnK jB iK T[j i' ngokXeosktK d[nkok ehsh rJh fjz;k d/ cb;o{gGktkswe o{g Bkb ;wkgs j' u[~eh j?, iK T[j i' gdkoEtkdh fttPsk (Altruistic Powerlessness)Bkb rq;s jBl

(ii) i' dpkn g{oD gfotkoe ;fEshnK ftu ofjzdhnK jB iK nfij/ gfotkoK ftu ofjzdhnK jBfiBQK Bz{ ;wki Pk;soh Ppdktbh ftu ‘nkw’ gfotko BjhA fejk ik ;edk. nkw gfotko T[jjB i' ;zouBkswe o{g Bkb g{oD j[zd/ jB (d't/A wksk fgsk ihts jB ns/ Bkb^Bkb ofj oj/jB), nkofEe o{g Bkb fBPfuzs jB (w?ApoK dh w{b ns/ g{oe io{osK dh g{osh eoB/ jB),gqekoikswe o{g ftu T[g:[es (Adequate) jB (T[j ftob/ jh bVd/ jB) ns/ B?fse o{g BkbB?Pfme (Conformist) jBl

(iii) fiBQK ftu ;wkfie ftef;s dh iK ;wkfie nzso^ftnefse j[fPnkoh dh ewh j? fi;d/ ekoBT[BQK Bz{ fttjko ;zpzXh ;w~f;nktK dk ;kwQDk eoBk g?Adk j?l

(iv) fiBQK d/ gsh$;j[o/ tkfbnK dk ftefos (Pathological) ftneshst j?lns/

(v) fiBQK d/ gsh pj[s fInkdk Pokp dk ;/tB eod/ jB.

8 H8 H8 H8 H8 H fjz;k d/ ngokX eosk fjz;k d/ ngokX eosk fjz;k d/ ngokX eosk fjz;k d/ ngokX eosk fjz;k d/ ngokX eosk (Perpetrators of Violence)—wfjbktK d/ j/m fby/ ;~s gqeko d/T[sghVB j' ;ed/ jB—

(i) i' nt;kdrq;s (Depressed) j[zd/ jB, fiBQK ftu jhD^GktBk j[zdh j? ns/ nksw ;BwkB x~N

j[zdk j?l (ii) fiBQK Bz{ ftneshst d/ d'P j[zd/ jB ns/ i' wB'o'rh (Psychopaths) j[zd/ jBl(iii) fiBQK d/ e'b ;z;kXBK, e[Pbsk (Skills) ns/ gqsh GktK (Talents) dk nGkt j[zdk j? ns/ fiBQK dk

ftneshst ;wki^ftfrnkfBe o{g Bkb ftefos (Sociopathic) j[zdk j?l (iv) fiBQK dh gqfeqsh ftu wkfbekBkgB (Possessive), P~ehgB, ns/ gqpbsk (Dominance) jBl (v) i' gfotkfoe ihtB ftu sDkn g{oD ;fEshnK dk ;kjwDk eoB/ jBl


B ØN


(vi) i' pugB ftu fjz;k d/ fPeko j'J/ ;B, ns/(vii) i' fInkdk so Pokp dk ;/tB eod/ jB.

9 H9 H9 H9 H9 H fjz;k d/ gqeko fjz;k d/ gqeko fjz;k d/ gqeko fjz;k d/ gqeko fjz;k d/ gqeko (Tipes of Volence)—i/eo n;hA wfjbktK d/ fto[X fjz;k dk torheoB eoB/ sKn;hA fjz;k Bz{ S/ gqeko d/ d~; ;ed/ jK—

(i) fjz;k fi;dk T[d/P G'r^ftbk; j?l (ii) fjz;k i' ewI'o T[Zs/ ;~sk gqkgs eoBk ukjz[dh j?l(iii) fjz;k i' ngokX eosk dh fteqsh d/ ekoD j[zdh j?l

(iv) fjz;k i' sDk ng{oD gfotkoe gfo;fEshnK d/ ekoD j[zdh j?l ns/ (v) fjz;k i' ghVs g/qfos (Victim Precipitated) j[zdh j?.

10H10H10 H10 H10 H fjz;k d/ ekoD fjz;k d/ ekoD fjz;k d/ ekoD fjz;k d/ ekoD fjz;k d/ ekoD (Motivations in Violence)—————wfjbktK d/ fto[ZX fjz;k dh fszB ekoDK d/ nkXkoT[Zs/ ftnkfynk ehsh ik ;edh j?l (i) ;fEshnK fiBQK d/ ekoD fjz;k^g{oD fttjko j[zdk j?, (ii) ghVsKdh ftP/PsktK ns/ (iii) T[sghVs eoB tkb/ dh ftP/PsktK. wfjbktK d/ fto[X fjz;k d/ uko ekoDgSkD/ ik ;ed/ jB–(n) ghVs d[nkok GVekT[Dk, (p) BPk, (;) wfjbktK d/ gqsh d[PwDh dh GktBk,ns/ (d) gfo;fEsh tP gq/oDk.

11 H11 H11 H11 H11 H ghVs d[nkok GVekT[Dk ghVs d[nkok GVekT[Dk ghVs d[nkok GVekT[Dk ghVs d[nkok GVekT[Dk ghVs d[nkok GVekT[Dk (The Victim's Provocation)—edhêdh fjz;k dh fPeko wfjbknkgD/ fttjko Bkb, i' eJh tko nBikD/ ftu j[zdk j?, nkgD/ nkg d/ T[sghVB dh ;fEsh T[sgzBeo fdzdh j?. ghVs wfjbk ngokXh d/ fjz;k^g{oD fttjko Bz{ T[sgzB eodh j? iK gq/fos eodh j?.T[; (wfjbk) d/ ezw fPekoh Bz{ jwbkto$jwb/ ftu gfotosB eo fdzd/ jB ns/ T[j nkgD/ ngokXefJokfdnK Bz{ T[; Bz{ beP pDkT[D bJh wIp{o j' iKdk j?. w/o/ nkgD/ ;ot/yD ftu, fi; ftupbkseko, gsBh Bz{ e[~NDk, Gik b? ikDk, ftXtktK d/ Bkb d[oftjko ns/ nfsnkukoK dk nfXn?B ehskfrnk ;h, Gkt/A nfXn?B e/Ado ghVs wfjbktK ;B, fco th e[M ngokXhnK$jwbktoK Bkb r~bpksehsh rJh. j?okBh dh rZb fJj ;h fe f;o| e[M jh jwbkto Pow iK fuzsk dh GktBktK s'A rq;sfdykJh fdzd/ ;B. fInkdkso ftu fe;h gqeko dh Gktkswe xpokjN BjhA ;h ns/ Bk jh fJj GktBk;h fi; Bz{ wB'ftfrnkBe ‘nPKs g[oPst’ (Troubled Masculinity) dh ;w~f;nk efjzd/ jB.fJ;d/ pikJ/ gsBh Bz{ e[~ND d/ gqeoB ftu jwbktoK B/ nkgDh gsBhnK T[Zs/ fJj efj e/ d'Pko'gDehsk fe T[j fg~S/ s'A p[okJh eodhnK jB, T[BQK ftneshnK Bkb rZb eodhnK jB fiBQK Bz{ T[j g;zdBjhA eoB/, T[BQK dhnK G?DK iK wksk^fgsk iK GoktK Bkb d[oftjko eodhnK jB, xo tb fXnkB BjhAfdzdhnK jB, ;zpzXhnK Bkb G?V/ sohe/ Bkb p'bdhnK jB, fe;h ftnesh Bkb nt?X ;zpzX oydhnKjB, nkgD/ ;Z; ;j[o/ dk efjDk BjhA wzBdhnK jB, T[BQK Bz{ nkgD/ MrVkb{ gB i' d'Pko'gD s'A r[Z;kfdtkT[AdhnK jB iK T[BQK d/ wkwb/ ftu dyb eodhnK jB. fJ;/ gqeko pbkseko d/ gqeoBK ftu nfij/jwbkto ;B, fiBQK B/ ghVs d/ fttjko Bz{ b?Afre ;zpzXK d/ bJh y[~bQk fBwzsqD dZf;nk ;h. nfijk;ze/s dZf;nk fe i/eo T[j (ftnesh) p/Bsh eodk oj/rk sK T[j (wfjbk) gqkgs j' ikJ/rh. fJj gskeoBk wj~stg{oB j? fe ghVs dk noE tk;st ftu fJ; gqeko d/ fttjko Bz{ nkwzsfos eoBk ;hiK BjhA iK fJj e/tb T[sghVs eoB tkfbnK dk nkgDk jh noE$nB[G{sh ;h, fi;d/ ekoD T[;B/T[;dk (fJ;sqh dk) P'PD ehsk. fJ; Bz{ i/eo ‘nkuoD dk ezw’ (Act of Commission) BjhA fejkikt/ sK ‘nBkuoD dk ezw’ (Act of Ommission) sK fejk ik ;edk j? (feT[Afe ghVs B/ s/i gqfeqnkBjhA fdykJh).

fJ; gqeko ‘fBPfeqn’ ghVs wfjbk T[;/ j~d se fjz;k^g{oD ezw d/ j'D ftu :'rdkB fdzdh j? fizBhfe ‘;feqn’ ghVs wfjbk. j~fsnk d/ gqeoBK ftu nfij/ e[M gqeoB ;kwQD/ nkJ/ fi~E/ jwbktoK d/nB[;ko j~fsnk dh ;fEsh T[; ;w/A T[sgzB j'Jh id pfj; ns/ ejk^;[Dh ftu ghVsK B/ nfijhgfo;fEshnK T[sgzB eo fdZshnK fiBQK B/ T[BQK Bz{ T[BQK s/ jwbk eoB d/ bJh gq/fos ehsk.GikJ/ ikDd/ gqeoB ftu th e[M Gik b? ikD tkfbnK B/ d~f;nk fe T[BQK d/ ‘ghVsK’ B/ T[BQK d/ Bkb GZi ikDns/ ftnkj eoB dh fJZSk g{ote ;fjwsh fdZsh ;h. gozs{ id wksk^fgsk dh fPekfJs T[Zs/ T[j


B ØN


frq|sko eo bJ/ rJ/ sK ‘ghVs’ wfjbk B/ nkgD/ wksk^fgsk d[nkok wIp{o ehs/ ikD, ns/ T[BQK T[Zs/Gik b? ikD dk nko'g brk fdZsk. n";sB, 39H0# gqeoB ;t/Sk Bkb GikJ/ rJ/ ;B, 24H0#ipod;sh GikJ/ ikD tkfbnK d/ ;B, 17H0# ;jkfJe GikJ/ ikD tkb/ ;B (fi; ftu ‘ghVsK’ B/Bk sK ‘w[ifow’ d/ Bkb ikD dh ;fjwsh fdsh ns/ Bk jh T[;dk fto'X ehsk, gozs{ w[ifow d/ T[BQKT[Zs/ gqGkt Bkb tP ftu nk rJh), ns/ 20H0# sDkn d/ ekoD GikJ/ ikDk gqeoB ;h (fiBQK ftughVs B/ nkgDh fJ~Sk Bkb xo S~vDk wzB fbnk ;h gozs{ T[;d/ pknd id ‘ngokXh’ B/ T[;d/ Bkbpbkseko ehsk iK T[;d/ rfjD/ t/u fds/ iK T[; B{z j'Nb ftu SZv fdsk sd T[; Bz{ gSsktk j'fJnk.

fJ; ftP/PD Bkb n;hA ghVsk dk ‘;feqn’, ‘fBPfeqn’ ns/ ‘nke;fwe’ d/ nkXko T[Zs/ torheoBeo ;ed/ jK. x~N s'A x~N d' gqeko d/ ghVs nfijh gfo;fEsh T[sgzB eo fdzd/ jB fi~E/ ‘ngokXh’,;fEsh ns/$iK fttPsk dk ghVs pD iKdk j? ns/ ‘ghVs’ (fJ;sqh) d/ Bkb fJ; gqeko Bkb fttjkoeoBk j? fe T[j ‘jwbkto’ ns/ ‘ghVk d/D tkbk’ efjbkfJnk ikD br/.

12H12H12 H12 H12 H BPk BPk BPk BPk BPk (Intoxication)————— fjz;k d/ e[M gqeoB T[; ;w/A j[zd/ jB id jwbkto BP/ ftu ns/ T[Zs/ie(Wildely excited) ns/ bVkJh eoB dh wB'dPk ftu j[zd/ jB ns/ T[BQK B{z fJj ;wM ftu BjhAnkT[Adk fe T[BQK d/ ezwK d/ eh Bshi/ j'Dr/. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, e[M pbkseko d/ gqeoBK ftu ngokXhnKns/ ghVsk d/ Bkb pbkseko T[; ;w/A ehsk id T[BQK fJzBh Pokp gh bJh ;h fe T[j BP/ ns/ GktksweT[Zs/iBk dh jkbs ftu ;B. T[j nkgDk nksw ;ziw r[nk u[e/ ;B ns/ T[BQK d/ nkeqwe ;[gBfuZsoekw^tk;Bk Bkb gqkrV o{g ftu nkg; ftu fwb rJ/ ;B fiBQK B/ pknd ftu nB[~sodkJh ezwK dko{g XkoD ehsk. Pokp Bkb ;zpzXs :"B ngokX ;w/A, ;EkB ns/ gfo;fEshnK dh nftt/fus T[g/ePk dk T[dkjoD fdzd/ jB.

gsBh Bz{ e[~ND ns/ j~fsnk d/ e[M gqeoBK ftu PokphgB ns/ fjz;k ftu nfijk jh ;zpzX gqdofPsj'fJnk. w?A nkgD/ nfXn?B ftu gkfJnk j? fe e/tb 31H7# gqeoBK ftu gsBh Bz{ e[~NDk ns/ PokpghDk Bkb^Bkb ubd/ jB, fJBtow/B ns/ wB;B B/ fJ; Bz{ 93H0# gqeoBK ftu gkfJnk, T[bcr?Ar(1978) B/ 67H0# gqeoBK ftu, ns/ fjzfebpor (1973) B/ 71H0# gqeoBK ftu.

;kBz{ fJj ;theko eoBk ukjhdk j? fe id n;hA fjz;k ns/ PokphgB ftu go;go ;zpzX d;d/ jK sKn;hA y{B ftu Pokp d/ wkg d/ ;EkB T[Zs/ f;oc Pokp d/ T[g:'r dh ;{uk T[Zs/ jh fBoGo ofjzd/ jK.tk;st ftu y{B ns/ Pokp dk rkVkgB (Blood Alcohol Concentratin or BAC) fgNkJh Bz{ Pokpd/ gqGkt s'A ;zpX eoB dk nkXko j'Dk ukjhdk. i/eo phHJ/H;hH fInkdk j't/rk sK ftnesh dh d{finKB{z ;ohoe u'N gj[zukT[D dh Pesh x~N j' ikJ/rh. fco th n;hA wzBd/ jK fe phHJ/H;hH dk ;so fJzBkj'Dk ukjhdk j? fe ngokXh fJ; j~d se jh nkgD/ T[Zs/ fBnzsqD y' d/t/ fe T[j nkgD/ ezwK d/ BshfinKd/ pko/ ftu ;'u gkJ/. T[j e/tb fJ;/ wB'dPk ftu fjz;kswe j[zdk j?.

fJj ;gPN BjhA j? fe eh Pokp fjz;k^g{oD fttjko Bz{ gqs~y ohsh Bkb GVekT[Adh j? iK T[j w[~y o{gs'A gfjbK s'A jh ftdwkB nkeqwDPhb gqftoshnK dh nzsopkXk Bz{ ysw eoB dk ezw eodh j?. d{ihgfoebgBk edkfus fJ; ftuko Bz{ ;woEB fdzdh j? fe e[M fjz;k d/ ngokX eosk ftneshnK d/fto[X fjz;k dk gq:'r eoB s'A gfjbK ;kj; i[NkT[D d/ bJh Pokp ghAd/ jB. gozs{ w/o/ nfXn?B ftufJe th e/; nfijk BjhA nkfJnk fi; ftu jwbkto ‘ghVs wfjbk’ T[Zs/ jwbk eoB d/ ftP/PT[d/P Bkb wdj'P j' frnk j't/. fco th n;hA nfijk e'Jh ;p{s BjhA d/ ;ed/ fe f;o| Pokp ghDBkb jh fjz;k g{oB fttjko GVedk j?. nfij/ eJh ftnesh jB i' Pokp dk ;/tB eod/ jB gozs{fjz;kswe BjhA j[zd/. fJ; bJh wfjbktK d/ fto[~X fjz;k ftu Pokp d/ gq:'r Bz{ ‘gqw[~y’ ekoe Bk wzBe/ f;o| ‘;fj:'rh’ ekoe jh wzfBnk ik ;edk j?.

13 H13 H13 H13 H13 H wfjbktK d/ gqsh ftdÍ/P wfjbktK d/ gqsh ftdÍ/P wfjbktK d/ gqsh ftdÍ/P wfjbktK d/ gqsh ftdÍ/P wfjbktK d/ gqsh ftdÍ/P (Histility Towards Women)—————wfjbktK d/ fto[ZX fjz;k d/ gqsht/fds(Reported) wkwfbnK ftu e[M nfij/ jB fiBQK ftu nkeqwDekoh fe;/ th soe Bkb gqGkfts BjhAj[zd/ ns/ T[j T[BQK d/ fto[X pj[s eo{osk Bk ftdÍ/Pg{oB ezw eoB dk nbktk j'o e[M BjhA eoB/. T[BQKftu e[M ftu wfjbktK d/ gqsh fxoDk ns/ dÍ/P d/ GktBktK fJzBh rfjokJh Bkb r~YhnK j[zdhnK ;Bfe T[BQK d/ fjz;k g{oB ezw dk w{b T[d/P ghVs wfjbk Bz{ ngwkfBs eoB d/ nbktk e[M j'o BjhA fejk


B ØN


ik ;edk. i/eo gfo;fEsh jh e/tb gq/oDk dk ekoe j[zdh sK fJj ;wMDk w[Peb j' iKdk fe idfInkdkso ‘ngokXh’ ‘nkw’ ftnesh ;wM/ iKd/ jB sK T[j fjz;e ezw eoB Bz{ feT[A wip{o j' iKd/jB. edkfus nfij/ gqeoBK ftu ghVs Bz{ ngwkfBs eoB Bkb i' y[Ph fwbdh j? T[; Bz{ gqkgs eoBdh fJ~Sk T[BQK ftu fInkdk gqpb ;h.

14 H14 H14 H14 H14 H gfo;fEsh^tP g/qoDk gfo;fEsh^tP g/qoDk gfo;fEsh^tP g/qoDk gfo;fEsh^tP g/qoDk gfo;fEsh^tP g/qoDk (Situational Urge)—————fJ; Pa/Dh ftu T[BQK gqeoBK Bz{ Pkwb ehsk ik ;edkj? fi~E/ ngokX Bk sK ghVs d/ fttjko d/ ekoD ehsk iKdk j? ns/ Bk jh ngokXh d/ wB'o'rksweftneshst d/ ekoD, nukBeue ekoeK d/ ekoD, i' nfijh gfo;fEshnK T[sgzB eo fdzd/ jB fiBQKd/ Bshi/ ti'A fjz;k j[zdh j?. T[dkjoD bJh fJe gsBh d/ fgNkJh d/ gqeoB ftu j' jh ;edk j? feg?;/ d/ wkwfbnK ftu MrVk iK gsh d/ wksk^fgsk d/ Bkb d[oftjko d/ ekoD MrVk gsh Bz{ gsBhT[Zs/ jwbk eoB bJh GVek d/t/l iK pbkseko d/ gqeoB ftu fJe nkdwh nukBe T[;d/ gV';h d/fgzv dh fJe gohfus fJ;sqh Bz{ y/s ftu fwbdk j? ns/ r~bpks nkozG eo fdzdk j? ns/ nzs ftuT[; Bz{ nkgDh r~b wBtkT[Dk ukj[zdk j?l iK fJe g[oP wkfbe fJe fJ;sqh eowukoh Bz{ nkgD/d|so$eko\kB/ ftu Pkw Bz{ fJe~bk gk e/ T[;dk ckfJdk u[edk j?l iK fJe itkB bVeh nkgD/ fgskd/ xo s'A GZi iKdh j? ns/ fJe Nqe ftu uVQ ikDk ;theko eo b?Adh j? ns/ Nqe dk vokJhto ;fEshdk ckfJdk T[mk e/ T[; Bkb pbkseko eo b?Adk j?. fJBQK ;ko/ gqeoBK ftu ngokXhnK B/ fjz;k g{oBezwK dh :'iBk BjhA pDkJh ;h. gozs{ id T[BQK Bz{ gfo;fEsh ;jkfJe iK T[e;kT[D tkbh brh sK T[BQKB/ fjz;k dk gq:'r ehsk. fJBQK fjz;ksfwe ezwK d/ nbktk fJj ngokXh ftufbs fttjko dk ihtBpshs BjhA eo oj/ ;B.

15H15 H15 H15 H15 H ftneshst dh ftP/PsktK ftneshst dh ftP/PsktK ftneshst dh ftP/PsktK ftneshst dh ftP/PsktK ftneshst dh ftP/PsktK (Personality Traits)—fjz;k^gqftos ftneshst dh gSkD eoBtkbh ftP/PsktK fJj jBl pj[s fInkdk P~eh, tk;BkwJh, gqGkth, ftt/ejhD, ftnkfGuko, nk;kBhBkb Gktkswe o{g Bkb nPKs, Jhoykb{, ;tstkswe (Possessive) ns/ p/fJz;kc. i' ftP/PsktKnkozGe ihtB ftu ftef;s j' iKdhnK jB, fJj ftn;esk ftu fJe d/ nkeqwDPhb fttjko Bz{gqGkts eoBhnK jB. nkeqwe dk pZu/ d/ o{g ftu d[oftjko ns/$iK pugB ftu fjz;k d/ gqGkt ftunkT[D Bz{ T[;d/ fjz;ksfwe fttjko dk nfXn?B eoB/ ;w/A gohyD io{o eoBk ukjhdk j?. T[dkjoDbJh e[M gsBh Bz{ e[~ND tkfbnK d/ gqeoB ftu T[BQK pugB, feP'o nt;Ek ns/ ftn;esk d/ nkozGe;kbK d/ nB[Gt fJj dZ;d/ jB fe T[BQK B/ ;ko/ Gktkswe o{g s'A d[yd ;ze/sK d/ itkp o'Pg{oD ns/fjz;ksfwe fttjko s'A d/Dk f;fynk. d[yh gfotkoe ihtB, fi; ftu ;ohoe fBodJh iK fGnzeoGktkswe fso;eko (Rejection) fojk j't/, fInkdkso nkeqweK d/ gqeoB ftu fJj fB:w pD iKdkj?. e[M ftn;e nkeqweK B/ nkgD/ pugB$feP'o nt;Ek ftu nkgD/ gfotko ftu nfijh gfo;fEshnKdk ;kwQDk ehsk iKdk j?, fiBQK ftu T[BQK B/ ;d?t wksk^fgsk Bz{ fJe d{i/ T[Zs/ uhed/ j'J/ ;[fDnk ns/S'N/ s'A S'N/ pjkB/ T[Zs/ T[BQK d/ fgsk d[nkok T[BQK dh (p~funK dh) fgNkJh j'Jh. ne;o T[BQK d/ fgskPokp d/ BP/ ftu X[s xo b"Nd/ ns/ ;ko/ ftu uhed/ j'J/ ns/ uhIK Bz{ s'Vd/ j'J/ x[zwd/ ofjzd/.fjz;k^g{oD xo ftu gbD d/ Bshi/ ti'A ftneshnK dk io{oh o{g ftu fttjko fjz;k g{oB j' iKdkj?. ns/ fJj ftnesh ftn;e ihtB ftu nkeqwe j' iKd/ jB. n?bc/o' (1978), g"N;, joiporons/ jkb?Av (1979) ns/ c/ArB, ;N[toN ns/ j/A;B (1981) B/ th fjz;kswe g[oPK ns/ T[BQK d/ pZfunKT[Zs/ ehs/ nkgD/ nB[Gfte nfXn?BK ftu th fJ; gqeko dk gko;gfoe ;zpzX dZf;nk j?. fJ; gqekon;hA efj ;ed/ jK fe nkeqweK dh t~vh ;zfynk pkb d[oftjko ns/ gfotkoe fjz;k dh fPeko j[zdhj? ns/ p~u/ d/ o{g ftu i/eo e'Jh fjz;k s'A gqGkfts j[zdk j? sK ;kXkoD s"o s/ T[;dh ftn;e nt;Ekftu fjz;kswe j' ikD dh ;zGktBk tX iKdh j?.

16H16H16 H16 H16 H fjz;k^g{oD fttjko dh ;?XKfse ftnkfynk fjz;k^g{oD fttjko dh ;?XKfse ftnkfynk fjz;k^g{oD fttjko dh ;?XKfse ftnkfynk fjz;k^g{oD fttjko dh ;?XKfse ftnkfynk fjz;k^g{oD fttjko dh ;?XKfse ftnkfynk (Theoretical Explanation of Violent Be-haviour)—fjz;k T[Zs/ i' ;?XKfse rZbK ;kjwD/ nkT[AdhnK jB T[j jBL eh fjz;k GVekT[D dh fJenkw gqshfeqnk j?, iK T[j fe;/ wkBf;e fteqsh Bz{ e~YD dk fJe sohek j?, iK T[j fe;h T[d/P iKg[o;eko dh gqkgs d/ bJh fJe T[geoB j?, iK T[j fJe nfijh gqshfeqnk j? i' T[BQK gqshwkBK d/nB[o{g jB i' fJ;d/ gq:'r dk ;woEB eoB/ jB< fJBQK ;G dh ftnkfynk eo fdZsh rJh j?. w/ok


B ØN


nkgDk ftukoe YKuk (Conceptual Framework) fJe ;wPNhtkdh (Hoslistic) T[gkrw T[Zs/nkXkfos j? ns/ T[; Bz{ “;wkfie pzXB” f;XKs (Social Bond Theory) d/ o{g ftu gq;s[s ehskfrnk j? i' fjz;k^g{oD fttjko Bz{ ek|h jZd se ;wMkT[Adk j?.

wB'fufes;e (Psychiatric) ftukoXkok nkeqwe d/ ftneshst dh ftP/PsktK Bz{ ngokXe fjz;ksfwefttjko dk gqw[Zy fBoDkfJe wzB e/ nkgDk nfXn?B e/Ado pDkT[Adh j?. ;wkfie^wB'ftfrnkBftukoXkok wzBdh j? fe ngokfXe fjz;k Bz{ T[BQK pkjoh tksktoD d/ ekoeK, i' fJe nkeqwe T[Zs/ gqGktgkT[Ad/ jB, d/ ftPb/PD eoB Bkb ;G s'A uzr/ sohe/ Bkb ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?. fJj wkvb gqsh fdBdh gko;gfoe feqnktK d/ o{gK (fit/A sDkng{oD gfo;EhshnK iK gfotko d/ gko;gfoe feqnktK d/;o{g) dk th gohyD eoBk j? i' fjz;k d/ g[o'rkwh (Precursors) j[zd/ jB. pj[s fij/ f;XKs, fit/A fBokPsk^nkeqwD f;XKs, fteqsh f;XKs, nksw^nfGftqsh dk f;XKs ns/ nfGgqkJ/ nko'gD f;XKsth ;wkfie^wB'ftfrnkBe g~Xo d/ ftPb/PD d/ y/so ftu nkT[Ad/ jB. ;wki Pk;soh ftukoXkokngokfXe fjz;k dk t~v/ g~Xo s/ ftPb/PD eoBh j?. fJBQK d/ nbktk fjz;k dh T[g ;z;feqsh dk f;XKs,f;ZyD dk f;XKs, wkBeP[fBnk (J/B'wh) dk f;XKs, ns/ ;z;kXB f;XKs th ;wkfie^;K;feqfse ftPb/PD d/ y/so ftu nkT[Ad/ jB. wfjbktK d/ fto[X fjz;k (ngokX) T[Zs/ w/o/ nB[Gkfte nfXn?B ftufJe Bt/A f;XKse T[gkrw Bz{ ftef;s eoB d/ bJh w/o/ ;kwQD/ d' ftebg ;BL fJe sK ‘fjz;k i'gfotko d/ nzdo jz[dh j?’ (Intra-Family Violence) ns/ ‘fjz;k i' gfotko d/ pkjo j[zdh j?’(Violence Exogenous to Family) Bz{ nb~r^nb~r s'A b?Dk ns/ d{ik, ;G ;oeko dh fjz;k Bz{ PkwbeoBk ns/ ‘wfjbktK d/ fto[X fjz;k’ T[Zs/ fJe f;XKs wBkT[Dk. w?A d{i/ T[gkrw dk T[g:'r ehsk ns/fJ; ftu w?A fjoPh, P[bNB nkfd ;wki Pk;sohnK ns/ ngokX Pk;sohnK dh e[M ntXkoDktK dkgq:'r ehsk.

fJe ftnesh d/ fto[~X io{oh o{g d/ s'A ‘fe;/ d/ d[nkok fjz;k’ ns/ ‘fe;/ d/ fto[~X fjz;k’ j?. fJ;soQK wfjbktK d/ fto[~X fjz;k Bz{ ‘fJe ftnesh d[nkok fJe ftnesh d/ fto[~X fjz;k’ ;wfMnk ikDkukjhdk j?. fJ; d/ T[bN ftu ‘fJe ;w{j d/ fto[~X fjz;k’ j[zdh j?. fJe ftnesh d[nkok fjz;k ftuT[; (fjz;k) dh T[sgsh s/ ;o{g Bz{ nkg ftnesh ftu ns/ T[;dh gfo;fEsh ftu jh fBoXkfos ehskikDk ukjhdk j?. fJ; T[gkrw ftu fJe ftnesh d/ Bk e/tb nzso iks fttjko dk gozs{ T[gokisfttjko dk th nfXn?B eoBk ukjhdk j?. ;kvk ;wkfie pzXB T[gkrw d'tK gqeko d/ fttjko ns/;wkfie gfo;fEshnK T[Zs/ th ftuko eoBk j?. fJ; T[Zs/ fgSb/ nfXnkJ/ ftu uouk j' uZ[eh j?.fJj wfjbktK d/ fto[~X fjz;k d/ gqeko ns/ ;o{gK d/ ftneshnK (ngokXhnK) ftu T[BQK d/ ;wkfie;wziBK, e[zmktK ns/ ;kg/fye tzuBktK (Relative Deprivations), ns/ ;wkfie ;zouBkswegfo;fEshnK ftu ftfGzB ns/ ghVsK dh ‘gqsho'X Pesh’ Bz{ fXnkB ftu oyd/ j'J/ ftnkfynk eoBkj?.

17 H17 H17 H17 H17 H fBoftneshêoB dk wkBf;e nkxks ns/ wkBttkdh T[gkrw fBoftneshêoB dk wkBf;e nkxks ns/ wkBttkdh T[gkrw fBoftneshêoB dk wkBf;e nkxks ns/ wkBttkdh T[gkrw fBoftneshêoB dk wkBf;e nkxks ns/ wkBttkdh T[gkrw fBoftneshêoB dk wkBf;e nkxks ns/ wkBttkdh T[gkrw (DepersonalisationTrauma and umanistic Approach)—nkgD/ ;wki ftu wfjbktK d/ gqsh d[oftjko B{z o'eD d/bJh ns/ T[BQK d/ fto[~X fjz;k Bz{ x~N eoB d/ bJh ;kBz{ eh T[gkn eoB/ ukjhd/ jB< fJj ;[Mkn t?Xns/ soe ;zrs j' ;edk j? fe fJ;sqhnK dh nkw gqshPmk i/eo f;fynk, gqGkth t?XkfBe T[gktK ns/gohyD s/ o'Irko d/ nt;o d/ e/ ;[Xkoh ik ;edh j? sK fJj wfjbktK d/ fto[~X fjz;k Bz{ x~N eo/rh,gozs{ fJj nfsnzs ftnkge ;[Mkn j?. fJ;/ gqeko fJj ;[MkfJnk iKdk j? fe iB;zuko wkfXnwK ftuwfjbktK d/ fto[~X fjz;k d/ gqeoBK Bz{ pj[s fInkdk wj~st BjhA fdsk ikDk ukjhdk. Gkt/A iB;zuko

wfjbktK d/ fto[~X ngokfXe fjz;k d/ wkwb/ rqfj wzsokbk, g[fb; nBt/PD fpT{o' ns/;wkfie gqsho~fynk dk okPNoh ;z;EkB (National Institute of Social Defence) d[nkok;zefbs nfGb/yK s'A gqkgs ehs/ ik ;ed/ jB.

B'N;


B ØN


wkfXnwK ftu wfjbktK d/ fto[~X fjz;k Bz{ ;?A;o eoB d/ B?fse ns/ wkBtsktkdh ekoD jB, gozs{ ;kv/e'b nfijk e'Jh gqwkD BjhA j? fe nfijh ekotkJh d/ io{oh o{g ftu fjz;k ftu ewh nk ikt/rh, fJjhngokX eosktK Bz{ fBtkoe dzv d/D ns/ T[;d/ ;zpzXhnK d[nkok T[; dk ;wkfie pfjPeko eoB d/pko/ ftu th ;jh j?. fJj T[gkn T[BQK d/ ;wkfie gqGktK d/ bJh io{oh j' ;ed/ jB gozs{ ;kBz{ ftPtk;BjhA j' ;edk fe T[j fe;/ jZd se wfjbktK d/ P'PD Bz{ xN eo d/Dr/. fJj gsk eoB d/ e'Jh ;p{sBjhA j? fe fejVh Bhsh Bz{ gqkEfwesk fdsh ikt/. fco th eJh nfij/ T[gkn jB fiBQK d/ ehs/ ikDs'A wfjbktK dk T[sghVB xN j' ;edk j?.

gfjb/ n;hA T[; gqeoB Bz{ b?Ad/ jK i' gfjbK s'A eJh wfjbk ;zrmBK ns/ okieh ns/ fBih$;kotifBe;z;EktK dk fXnkB nkeofPs eo fojk j?. fJj j? ghVsK dh ;[o~fynk, wdd, ns/ ;bkj dh io{osKdh g{osh eoBk. e[M wfjbktK Bz{ (Gkt/A ;G B{z BjhA) fi;dh ;G s'A fInkdk io{os j? T[j j? nk;ok.wfjbktK i' skBkPkj ;~;^;j[ok ns/ Pokph gshnK d/ Bkb ofj ojhnK jB, n;EkJh ns/ ;EkJh o{gs'A nkgDk xo S~v d/DrhnK i/eo T[BQK e'b e'Jh nk;ok T[gbpX j't/. ;t?w ;/th ;zrmBK Bz{, i'fJ;sqhnK Bz{ nfij/ nktk; w[jJhnk eokT[Ad/ jB, nkgDh gfo:'iBktK dk gquko eoBk ukjhdk j?. fJjfXnkB ftu oyDk ukjhdk j? fe toswkB ftu i' wfjbktK d/ bJh xo (fJ~eb/ ns/$iK ftnkjh j'JhbJh) jB, T[j io{os nB[;ko wzr Bz{ g{ok BjhA eo gkT[Ad/ jB. T[BQK ftu ne;o GhV^GkV j[zdh j?,wkfJe ;jkfJsk dk nGkt j[zdk j? ns/ T[j ;[o~fynk fB:wK dk gkbB BjhA eod/. wfjbk ;zrmB eJhfJ;sqhnK d/ d[yK d/ T[gPwB ftu :'rdkB d/DrhnK i/eo T[j T[BQK Bz{ nbgekfb nktk; dh ;j{bsgqdkB eoBh j?. ns/ nzs ftu ;EkJh wekB fdtkT[D ftu wdd eoBh j?, ftP/Po{g ftu T[BQKftnkjhnK fJ;sqhnK Bz{ i' ePN ftu jB iK pbkseko, GikJ/ ikDk, wko d/D dh e'fPP torh fjz;kdh fPeko jB. ftfGzB gqeko d/ E'V/ ;w/A bJh nktk; i' ghVs fJ;sqhnK ns/ ftXtktK Bz{ fds/ ik;ed/ jB, T[BQK dk w[bKeD ns/ s[bBk eoBk nfs io{oh j?.

d{ik, ghVs wfjbktK Bz{ fJ;dh th io{os j? fe T[BQK dh o'Irko Yz{vD, pZu/ dh d/y Gkb dh ;j{bsKBz{ T[gbpX eokT[D, ns/ n;EkJh o{g ftu wkfJe ;jkfJsk fdtkT[D ftu ;jkfJsk ehsh ikt/. fJ;T[d/P d/ bJh ;bkj e/Ado fe;h e/Adoh ;EkB T[Zs/ y'b/ ik ;ed/ jB, gozs{ T[j Bkoh–rqjK s'A d{o j'D/ukjhd/ jB fi; Bkb T[BQK dk uzrk gquko j' ;e/ ns/ rqjK ftu ofjD tkfbnK dh ;[~ofynk Bz{ th ysokBk j't/.

shik, wfjbktK, i' P'PD dh fPeko jB, dh ;jkfJsk d/ bJh ;;sh ns/ x~N n"gukfoe ndkbsK dh;EkgBk th fJe T[gkn j' ;ek j?. fJ; ;[Mkn dk fJj noE BjhA j? fe fJj ndkbsK f;o| wfjbktKd/ wkwb/ jh fBgNkJ/rh. fJBQK dk ekoi^y/so j'o t~vk j'Dk ukjhdk j?. toswkB B/ ;kv/ d/P ftugfotkfoe ndkbsK dh gqDkbh e[M okiK ftu jB. gozs{ fJBQK ndkbsK dk gqwZ[y o{g ftu T[d/PPkdhnK Bz{ N[~ND s'A o'eDk j?. fJBQK ndkbsK dk ekoi^y/so tXkfJnk ik ;edk j?. ns/ T[; ftuwfjbktK dh ;G gqeko dh xo/b{ ns/ r?o^xo/b{ ;w~f;nktK Bz{ Pkwb ehsk ik ;edk j?. i/eo nfijhndkbsK ;Ekfgs ehsh ikt/ fiBQK ftu i~i, wfi;Nq/N ns/ tehb fJ;sqhnK d/ wkwfbnK dh ikDekohns/ T[BQK ftu o{uh oyd/ j'D. sK fJj j'o th n~Sk j't/rk. fJ; Bkb ekBz{B d/ fe~s/ ftu fJ;sqhnKdh ;zfynk tX ikJ/rh. eJh wfjbktK Bz{ ndkbsK ns/ ekBz{B xN vokT[D ns/ fInkdk n;kB(Approachable) bZrDr/. i/eo T[; T[Zs/ nkdwh x~N SkJ/ j'J/ j'Dr/ wfjbk iZi ns/ tehb nkg/g[oP gqsho{gK s'A nkgDh wB'ftqshnK, ftPtk;K ns/ ekBz{B dh ftnkfynk ftu pj[s fInkdk fGzBj'DrhnK, fco th ghVs wfjbktK d{ihnK wfjbktK d/ ;Bw[y T[g;fEsh j'D ftu fJj nkPk eoe/fInkdk gq;zB j' ;edhnK jB fe T[BQK ftu fJ;sqhnK dh ;w~f;nktK dh fInkdk ;wM j't/rh.

u"Ek, ;t?w ;/th ;zrmB Bz{, i' wfjbktK dh fBih ;w~f;nktK d/ pko/ ftu T[BQK d/ ;;[okb tkfbnK s'AiK g[fb; iK ndkbsK s'A iK ;zpzfXs ftnesh Bkb r~b eo ;e/, ;Pes pDkT[Dk ns/ T[BQK dh ;zfynktXkT[Dk th fJzBk jh io{oh j?. fJj fJ; bJh fe fJe fJeZbh fJ;sqh dh rZb Bz{ e'Jh wj~st BjhAfdZsk iKdk. tk;st ftu, i/eo T[j nkgD/ nfXeko wzrdh j? iK w"fbe ftuko oydh j? iK nkgD/ftukoK Bz{ ftnes eoBh j? ns/ nkgDh T[sez[mktK Bz{ T[ikro eoBh j?, sK T[; T[Zs/ ;gPNtkdh j'D dk


B ØN


nko'g brkfJnk iKdk j?. gozs{ i/eo wfjbktK dk fJe ;w{j fJe~so j[zdk j? ns/ fJ;sqh d/ d[y d/ fto[~XnktkI T[mkT[Adk j? sK T[j nkgD/ ftukoK Bz{ fdqVQsk g{ote eo ;edh j? ns/ gqGkth f;~X j' ;edh j?.

gzitK, nfij/ ;zrmB dk gquko j'Dk ukjhdk j? i' wfjbktK Bz{ fBP[be ekBz{Bh ;jkfJsk fdzd/ jB fi;Bkb fe fBoXB fJ;sqhnK T[BQK d/ e'b ik e/ ;jkfJsk wzr ;e/.

nzfsw, wfjbktK d/ wkwfbnK ftu wksk^fgsk d/ ftukoK ftu gfotosB dh th io{os j?. wksk^fgsknkgDh g[~sohnK — ftnkjhnK iK ftXtk — fiBQK B{z T[BQK d/ gsh e[~Nd/ jB iK fiBQK d/ Bkb T[BQKdh ;j[o/ g~y tkb/ d[oftjko eoB/ jB, Bz{ nkgDh fJ~Sk d/ fto[~X nkgD/ gsh d/ xo ftu ofjD d/ bJhfeT[A wip{o eoB/ jB< id wksk^fgsk Bz{ nkgDh g[~soh d/ T[sghVD d/ pko/ ftu gsk j[zdk j? sK T[jT[; Bz{ E'V/ ;w/A d/ bJh, id se fe T[j nkgDk gqpzX Bk eo bJ/, nkgD/ Bkb oZyD dh nB[wsh feT[ABjhA d/Dk ukjz[d/< T[BQK Bz{ ;wkfie ebze d/ bJh fJzBk fuzss feT[A j'Dk ukjhdk j? ns/ nkgD/ gfotkod/ bJh nkgDh g[~soh dk pbdkB feT[A eoBk ukjhdk j?<

wfjbktK Bz{ th n~fsnkuko d/ nZr/ feT[A M[edk ukjhdk j?< T[j feT[A BjhA ;wMdhnK fe T[BQK ftunkgDh ns/ nkgD/ pZfunK dh d/yô/y eoB dh :'rsk j?< T[BQK d/ fJj ;wM ftu feT[A BjhA nkT[Adkfe T[BQK B{z fdZsh ik ojh :ksBk Bkb T[BQK d/ pZfunK Bz{ th Gktkswe ;~N gj[zudh j?< wfjbktK Bz{nkgD/ nfXeko T[Zs/ fdqVQ ofjDk ns/ nkgD/ bJh BthA G{fwektK ;theko eoBk f;ZyDk j?. T[BQK B/ihtB d/ gk;/ fJe nkPktkdh fdqPNhe'D ngDkT[Dk ukjhdk j?.

;t^w[bKeD ;t^w[bKeD ;t^w[bKeD ;t^w[bKeD ;t^w[bKeD (Self Assessment)1H ;jh ftebg u[D' 1H ;jh ftebg u[D' 1H ;jh ftebg u[D' 1H ;jh ftebg u[D' 1H ;jh ftebg u[D' (Choose the correct option)—

(i) gqkuhB ekb ftu fJ;sqhnK dh ;fEsh s'A ;zpzfXs fezB/ ftuko ;zgodkJ/ fwbd/ jB—(a) fJe (b) d' (c) uko (d) fJBQK ftu'A e'Jh BjhA

(ii) Gkos T[Zs/ w[;bwkBK dk jwbk ed'A j'fJnk ;h—(a) u"Eh Pskpdh ftu (b) S/thA Pskpdh ftu(c) n~mthA Pskpdh ftu (d) fJBQK ftu'A e'Jh BjhA

(iii) ;kv/ d/P ftu fJe fdB ftu brGr fezBhnK bVehnK dk ngjoB j[zdk j?.(a) 42 bVehnK dk (b) 44 bVehnK dk(c) 46 bVehnK dk (d) fJBQK ftu'A e'Jh BjhA

(iv) dki fBP/X nkfrnk ekBz{B 1961 B/ fe; gqEk T[Zs/ o'e brkJh ;h—(a) gdkoE ftnkj (b) pkb ftnkj(c) dki gqEk (d) fJBQK ftu'A e'Jh BjhA

9H3 ;wkBsk dh y'i 9H3 ;wkBsk dh y'i 9H3 ;wkBsk dh y'i 9H3 ;wkBsk dh y'i 9H3 ;wkBsk dh y'i (Quest for Equality)

fJ;sqh d[nkok g[oP d/ Bkb ;wkBsk dh y'i fJe ;kotG"fwe s~E pD uZ[eh j?. fJ; wzr d/ ekoD wfjbknzd'bBK Bkoh torh g'qrokwK ns/ ;zrmBK dk iBw j'fJnk j?. Bkohtkd dh T[sgsh ;zg{oB ;wki ftu;wkfie ;zouBk ftu j?. g[oP ns/ fJ;sqh ftu n;wkBsktK ns/ fJ;sqhnK d/ gqsh G/dGkt nkfd dhefmBkJhnK ;dhnK s'A ubhnK nk ojhnK jB. pj[s bzp/ ;w/A se fJ;sqhnK xoK dh ukodhtkoh d/ nzdoojhnK jB. g[oPK T[Zs/ T[j g{oB o{g s'A fBoGo ;B. f;fyns wfjbktK B/ nkw s"o T[Zs/ xo s'A pkjoo'Irko eoB dh Io{os wfj;{; ehsh. fgSb/ e[M ;kbK s'A wfXnw torh wfjbktK ftu ehwsK ftu fBozsotkX/ d/ gqPB Bz{ u[~fenk j? ns/ Gkos d/ ftfGzB PfjoK ftu ehws ’u tkX/ fto'Xh nzd'bB P[o{ ehs/ jB.xo d/ nzdo th fJ;sqhnK B/ g[oPK d/ Bkb ;wkBsk dh wzr ehsh j?. i' t;s{nK g[oPK Bz{ gqkgs j[zdhnKjB. T[BQK dh wzr fJ;sqhnK dh th j?. g[oPK d/ Bkb fJ;sqhnK dh ;wkBsk gqkgs eoB dh wzr g[oPK d/fBoze[P nfXgfsnK dh ntXkoDk dk fX:'se j?.


B ØN


fJ;sqhnK Bz{ nkgD/ T[sEkB d/ bJh fJe ;[szso wkor ngBkT[D d/ f;tk e'Jh o;sk BjhA j?. fJ;sqhnKtoswkB ftu fJ; em'o fgso ;~skswe ;wki ftu ;wkBsk gqkgs eokUDk ukj[zdhnK jB. gfotosB d/bJh T[j T[jh T[gkn ngDkT[Dk ukj[zdhnK jB i' g[oP ;dhnK s'A nkg d/ bJh ngDkT[Ad/ oj/ jB. gqPBfJj j? fe fJ;sqhnK g[oPK d/ gd fuzBQK T[Zs/ feT[A ubDk ukj[zdhnK jB. ;kvk nB[Gt fJj j? fe fJE/ sefe ezwekih fJ;sqhnK nkgDh ewkJh nkgD/ nkg T[Zs/ ;[szso o{g Bkb you eoB d/ ;EkB T[Zs/ nkgDh;Z; ns/ gsh Bz{ fdzdhnK jB. fJ;/ Bkb gsk ubdk j? fe fgso ;Zskswe wkBeK dh iV pj[s rfjoh j?.fJ;dk noE fJj BjhA j? fe fJ;sqhnK B/ g[oPK dk jo soQK Bkb nB[eoB ehsk j?. fJ;sqhnK B/ ;[szsoskd/ bJh Gkos d/ okPNoh nzd'bB ftu fj~;k fbnk. ;[szsosk s'A gfjbK nB/e wfjbktK B/ rKXh ih d/ Bkbezw ehsk. nZi fJ;sqhnK d/ bJh g[oPK d/ ;wkB gfo;fEshnK ns/ ;wki d/ ;G w?ApoK d/ ;wki ;BwkfBsihtB gqkgs eoB bJh wfjbk ;zrmBK, wfjbk ;wkfie ekoieosktK ns/ okiBhseK B/ ehws ’u tkX/,dki, pbkseko ns/ P'PD nkfd d/ w[~d/ Bz{ u[~fenk j?. fJ;sqhnK B/ g[fb; ns/ nfijh jh j'o ;/tktK ftunkgD/ fj~;/ dh wzr ehsh j?. wfjbk ;zrmBK B/ ftP/Peo Pfjoh y/soK ftu :"B ;wkBsk d/ bJh u/sBk dhGktBk T[sgzB ehsh j?.

1960 ns/ 1970 d/ dPeK s'A wfjbktK dh fJBQK tXhnK ;w~f;nktK d/ Bshi/ ti'A nzsookPNoh wfjbk ;kbfJ;sqhnK d/ pko/ ftu ;GktK, r'PmhnK ns/ wfjbk nfXn?B ehs/ rJ/ jB. fJBQK ;zrmBK ns/ ;whshnKB/ Gkos d/ ;zftXkB ftu gqd~s fJ;sqh ns/ g[oP dh ;wkBsk d/ pko/ ftu th gquko ehsk j?. Gkos ;oekoB/ 1971 ftu fJ;sqh dh gfo;fEsh d/ pko/ ftu fJe ;whsh fB:[es ehsh ;h. ;whsh B/ 1974 ftu nkgDhfog'oN gq;s[s ehsh. fog'oN dk ;otsq ;tkrs ehsk frnk. fJ;sqhnK d/ nfXn?B dk fJe nfyb Gkosh;zrmB th j?. fdZbh, pzpJh ns/ j'o BroK ftu pbkseko, dki fwqs{ ns/ fJ;sqh j~fsnk d/ fto[~X gqdoPB,ib{; ns/ jVskb fJe nkw rZb pd rJh j?. T[Zu iksh s/ tor d/ fIwhAdko, Pkj{eko, g[fb; eowhA,;oekoh ekoi eosk ns/ e[fynks ;wki fto'Xh s~s pbkseko eod/ jB. Pfjoh wfXnw ns/ j/mb/ wfXnwtor ns/ T[Zu iksh d/ nkofEe o{g s'A ;zgzB b'eK ftu dki fJe gqeko s'A bVe/ Bz{ w'b s'b eoB dk fotkipD u[ek j?. dki fwqs{, j~fsnk ns/ XB y;'ND d/ ekoD bVehnK d/ wksk^fgsk ns/ nkgD/ nkg Bz{ bVehnKBz{ p/fJIsh ns/ nwkBth dk fttjko podkPs eoBk g?Adk j?.

nKdo/ p/s/Jh B/ fe;kB gfotkoK ftu fJ;sqh dh ;fEsh d/ pko/ ftu e[M wj~stg{oB ntb'eB gq;s[s ehs/ jB.p/s/Jh dk gqPB j? fe T[BQK gfotkoK d/ pko/ ftu ;kvk eh ftuko j? fiBQK ftu g[oP y/sK T[Zs/ ezw eoB/ jB,gozs{ gfotko d/ fotki d/ nB[;ko fJ;sqhnK Bz{ nfijk eoB dh nkfrnk BjhA j?. T[Zu iksh d/ gfotkoK ftunfijk gkfJnk iKdk j? fJE'A se fe wfXnw ns/ BhthA iksh d/ e[M gfotko i' nkofEe fdqPNh s'A fpjso j'rJ/ jB, T[BQK B/ fJ; wkBe Bz{ fJ; T[d/P s'A ngDkfJnk j? sK fe g/Av{ ;w[dkJ/ ftu T[BQK dh ;wkfie gfo;fEshT[Zu j' ;e/. fJ;dk noE fJj BjhA j? fe T[j wfjbktK i' y/sh ek ezw BjhA eodhnK iK fiBQK B/ y/sK T[Zs/ ezweoBk pzd eo fdZsk j?, T[BQK B/ nkgD/ gfotkoK ftu g[[oPK d/ pokpo ;EkB d/ fdZsk frnk j?. ;w[dkJ/ ftugfotko :"B^nkXkow Pqw^ftGkiB gkfJnk iKdk j?. Gkt/A fJj th ftfGzB ikshnK ftu ;wkB o{g Bkb BjhAgkfJnk iKdk j?. gfotkoK dh nkofEe ns/ ;wkfie ;fEsh T[Zs/ fJj fBoGo eodk j?.

p/s/Jh B/ ;ohoe Pqw d/ ;zdoG ftu fJ;sqhnK dh gfo;fEsh ftu gfotosB dh gqfeqnk d/ pko/ ftu fN~gDhehsh j?. p/s/Jh dh wkBsk j?L “;G s'A gfjbK fJ;sqhnK B{z d{i/ b'eK d/ y/sK T[Zs/ ezw eoB s'A o'fenk iKdk j?.fJ;d/ pknd gfotko d/ y/s T[Zs/ ezw eoB s'A pzd ehsk iKdk j?. nzs ftu, iK sK g[oP y/s T[Zs/ ;ohoe ezweoBk pzd eod/ jB iK fe;kB dh G{fwek S~v e/ fBohye dk ezw ngDk b?Ad/ jB.” ;' d/jks ftu fJ;sqhnK Bz{y/sK T[Zs/ ezw eoB s'A jNk b?D Bz{ T[Zu gqfsPmk dk fXT[se wzfBnk ik ;edk j?. gozs{ PfjoK ns/ fgzvK ftuftt;kfJe wfjbktK iK gqPk;B ftu ezw eoB tkbhnK T[Zu ns/ T[Zu wfXnw iK BhtK^wfXnw g~Xo dhnKwfjbktK d/ pko/ ftu fJj s~E ;jh BjhA jB. nDftnkjh ezwekih wfjbktK ;zgsh ;wMhnK iKdhnK jB feT[AfeT[BQK dk fpBK fInkdk efmBkJh ns/ x~N dki d/ ftnkj ehsk ik ;edk j?.

eh g[oPK s'A ;[szso fJ;sqhnK dh gSkD dh nfGftnesh j' ;edh j?< ftukoe fdqPNh s'A s/ j' ;edh j?,gozs{ ftt;kfJe s"o T[Zs/ BjhA. whBkePh w[yoih B/ mhe jh fejk j? fe fJe g[oP dh ng/ePk fJe fJ;sqhbJh ;wkfie nB[gkbB fInkdk io{oh j?.


B ØN


n~i uhB ftu fJ;sqhnK Bz{ brGr g[oPK d/ ;wkB ;EkB gqkgs j?. u/now?B wkU B/ fejk ;hL “fi; fdBuhB ftu ;G fJ;sqhnK nkgD/ g?oK T[Zs/ yVhnK j' ikDrhnK, T[j fdB uhB dh eqKsh dh ;cbsk dkj't/rk. ;w/A gfotofss j' frnk j?, n~i fJ;sqh ns/ g[oP ;wkB jB. i' e[M th g[oP ;kEh eo ;ed/jB, wfjbk ;kEh th T[j ezw eo ;edhnK jB.” uhBh ;wki ftu fJ;sqhnK d/ Bht/A ;EkB Bz{ T[Zu eoBdh e'fPP ftu ;kwzsh sohfenK T[Zs/ fs~yk gqjko ehsk frnk ns/ g[okDh nk;EktK Bz{ fso;feqs ehsk frnk.n~i uhB ftu ;wkB ezw d/ bJh ;wkB sBykj bkr{ j?.

fJ;sqhnK d/ g[oP ns/ ;wkfie ;zouBk d/ Bkb pzXB Bz{ g{zihtkd dk bePD wzfBnk frnk j?. fJ; soQK d/pzXBK s'A fJ;sqhnK dh w[esh Bz{ ;wkitkd dh ftP/Psk fejk iKdk j?. fJ;sqhnK d/ bJh o'Irko T[BQK dhnK;w~f;nktK Bz{ ysw eoB dk okw pkD BjhA j?. ;wki d/ Bht/A torK ftu fJ;sqhnK nB/e nkofEe ezwKftu oZs jB ns/ fco th T[j g[oPK d/ fPezi/ ftu ieVh j'Jh j?. nkX[fBe gkos ftu fJ;sqhnK dh d[odPk;wMD d/ bJh T[BQK Bz{ f;fyns^nf;fyns, XBh^fBoXB, ns/ g/Av{ pBkw Pfjoh d/ ;zdoG ftu ;wMkT[DBkb th T[g:[es ;wM BjhA fwb/rh. tk;st ftu fJ;sqhnK Bz{ g[oPK s'A nbr oy e/ ;wfMnk BjhA ik;edk. f;o| gfotko jh fJ;sqhnK Bz{ r[bkw pDkT[D tkbh ;z;Ek BjhA j?. ;wki dh gqfeqsh jh nfijhj? fe fi; ftu fJ;sqhnK d/ Bkb nB[dko o{g ftu fttjko ehsk frnk j?. fJe tko b/UB Nq'N;eh B/ fejk;hL “g[oP'fus njztkd dh e'Jh ;hwk BjhA j?. ;z;ko Bz{ ;wMD d/ bJh ;kBz{ fJ; Bz{ fJ;sqhnK d/ n~yK Bkbd/yDk ukjhdk j?.”

nZi fJ;sqhnK d/ nfXn?B ftu fJ;sqhnK dh gfo;fEsh, T[BQK d/ Bht/A eoB, ;wkfie gqEktK, gfotko ftufJ;saqhnK dh G{fwek, ;w[dkJ/ ns/ gozgok T[Zs/ pb BjhA j?, gozs{ f;fynk, fJ;sqhnK dh nkofEe ns/ekBz{Bh gfo;fEsh ns/ okiBhfse Gkrhdkoh d/ nfXn?BK T[Zs/ fInkdk pb fdZsk ikD brk j?. wB'ftoshnK,G{fwektK ns/ gfo;fEshnK d/ pikJ/ j[D fJ;sqhnK d/ nXhBheoB d/ ekoDK, ezw ;fjGkfrsk, nzd'bB ftufJ;sqhnK dh G{fwek, ;wkfie^nkofEe ns/ okiBhfse ;zouBk d/ ;zdoG ftu fgso ;~skswe YKuk ns/fJ;sqhnK Bkb ;zpzfXs gqw[Zy w[~d/ uZ[e/ ik oj/ jB. T[wo ns/ :"B f;o| wkso i?fteh gqxNBktK BjhAjB, T[j ;wkfie ns/ ;K;feqfse uo th jB. e[M ;wkiK ftu fJBQK g[o;ekoK ns/ ftP/PkfXekoK d/ ftsoBdk nkXko wzfBnK iKdk j?.

fJ;sqhnK dh ;fEsh dk nfXn?B eoB ftu “gokB[G{sh” dk j'Dk io{oh j?. fJ;sqhnK dhnK ;w~f;nktK dhftfrnkfBe ;wM d/ bJh “G{fwek^rqfjD” dk T[gkn, noEks nkgD/ nkg Bz{ fJ;sqhnK dh ;fEsh ftuoyDk, Bk fe T[BQK d/ bJh wkso jwdodh gqrN eoBk, io{oh j?.

gfotkoK ftu ezw eoB tkbhnK gokfPqs wfjbktK, pZu/ ns/ pI[or ftnesh ;feqn ns/ ewkT{ g[oP w?ApoKd/ fto[~X w'N/ s"o s/ fJe ;wkB Pq/Dh j?. Gkos ftu fiE/ gfotkfoe pzXBK, ;w{je fizw/tkoh ns/ pzX[sk;zpzXK d/ bJh, Gktkswe pzXBK d/ bJh ek|h fuzsk ofjzdh j?, nfijh jh ;fEsh j?.

9H3H1 P'PD ns/ dwB d/ fto'X ftu fJ;sqhnK dk ;zxoP9H3H1 P'PD ns/ dwB d/ fto'X ftu fJ;sqhnK dk ;zxoP9H3H1 P'PD ns/ dwB d/ fto'X ftu fJ;sqhnK dk ;zxoP9H3H1 P'PD ns/ dwB d/ fto'X ftu fJ;sqhnK dk ;zxoP9H3H1 P'PD ns/ dwB d/ fto'X ftu fJ;sqhnK dk ;zxoPe[M ;kbK ftu fJ;sqhnK d/ pj[s jh nzd'bB T[Go/ ;B. fJj nzd'bB ekotkJh, f;XKs gq;s[sh ns/;zrmBheoB d/ o{g ftu ubkJ/ ik oj/ jB. eh fJj nzd'bB tor^;zxoP iK w[esh d/ bJh jB< j'o ;zpzfXsgqPB jB, fi; gqeko Pqfwe tor dh w[esh d/ ;zxoP Bz{ fJ;sqhnK dh w[esh d/ ;zxoP d/ Bkb i'fVnkikJ//< ftfdnkoEhnK d/ nzd'bB dh soQK fJ;sqhnK dk nzd'bB th wfXnw tor s'A gq/fos j?. :"Btkd ns/g[oP T[rqtkd dh ftt;EktK ;G ;zrmBK ftu ;kotG"fwe s"o T[Zs/ gkJh iKdhnK jB. t?;/ gfotko ftug[oP gqG[st, fgso ;~sktkd ns/ ;wki ftu g{zihtkd ns/ P'PD d/ ftu rfjok ;zpzX j?.

fJe wfjbk dh gSkD nkgD/ nkg ns/ j'o b'eK d[nkok g[oPK d/ Bkb fJe g[~soh,fJe gsBh ns/ fJe wK d/ o{g ftu ehsh iKdh j?. 19thA Pskpdh ftu :[o'gftu th fJ;sqhnK d/ pko/ ftu fJj r~b ;~u ;h.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j'


B ØN


fJ;sqhnK dk nzd'bB ;c/dg'Ph wfXnw torh fJ;sqhnK, T[Zu ns/ T[Zu wfXnw torh e'Jh th ezw BkeoB tkbh fJ;sqh ;wkfie ekoieosktK d[nkok ubkfJnk iKdk j?. Pfjoh wfXnw ns/ T[Zu^wfXnwtorh fJ;sqh ftt;EkgeK d[nkok ;zukfbs wfjbk ;zrmB d[nkok wB{Ph, pkfJik, wfjbk nzd'bB g~fsqek,Bkohtkdh szso ns/ eJh j'o g~so^g~fsqektK ehshnK iKdhnK jB. ekoiekoh wfjbktK Bz{ ;zrfms eoe/g[oPK d/ Bkb ;wkBsk gqkgs eoB d/ T[d/P s'A fdZbh, pzpJh ns/ g{Bk ftu wfjbk ;GktK ns/ r'PNhnKdk nk:'iB eoBk fJe nkw r~b j' rJh j?. gfotkoK ftu G/dGkt, fJ;sqhnK dh nkofEe gfo;fEsh, T[BQKdh ekoi gfo;fEshnK ns/ ftt;kfJe gqshwkB nkfd fJBK r'PNhnK d/ w[Zy fpzd{ pD u[e/ jB. fJBKr'PNhnK ftu j'J/ ftuko^tNKdo/ ftu fJj fejk frnk j? fe Gkos ftu wfjbktK T[Zs/ gfotko ftu x~NXB Bz{ you BjhA ehsk iKdk ;r'A T[BQK s/ x~N fXnkB th fdsk iKdk j?. fJj T[BQK dh fInkdk s'A fInkdk;zGkfts T[gbpXh s'A th xZN j?. fJe ftuko fJj j? fe gfotko ftu :"B T[Zs/ nkXkfos G/dGkt dk nkXkonkofEe j?. fJ;sqhnK dh P'PD dh fdqPNh s'A s[bBk BrohJ/ ;ot;jkok ns/ rohp fe;kB d/ Bkb ehshik ;edh j?. fJ;sqhnK xo ftu pj[s fwjBs eodhnK jB gozs{ T[BQK Bz{ fJ;dk w[~b BjhA fwbdk. fJE'Ase fe ezwekih wfjbktK Bz{ th ;[szso gfo;fEsh gqkgs BjhA j?, feT[Afe T[BQK Bz{ xo dk ;kok Gko Y'Dkg?Adk j? i' tk;st ftu ;j[fonK d/ foPs/dkoK ns/ gsh Bz{ eoBk ukjhdk j?.

e[M wfjbk ;woEeK B/ wfjbktK d/ ihtB T[Zs/ fInkdk fBnzsqD d/ bJh ;zxoP d/ uko gqw[Zy ;o{gK dk T[b/y ehsk j?. fJj jBL (1) fJ;saqhnK ftu (iB nzd'bBK d[nkok) u/sBk ikrqs eoB d/ bJh ;w{j ns/ fJ;sqhe/Ado pDkJ/ rJ/ jB. fJBK dk T[d/P T[BQK d/ Poho T[Zs/ fInkdk s'A fInkdk fBnzsqD d/ (pbkseko, ;[szsons/ ;[ofyns roG fBo'X d/ T[gkn ns/ roGgks) eoB s'A j?. fJBK dk T[d/P ftn;e t'N dk nfXekofit/A okiBhfse nfXekoK dh gqshô~fynk eoBk, gfotko ftu dwB ns/ nPbhb ;kfjZs d/ gqekPB nkfddk fto'X eoBk th fojk j?l (2) wfjbktK d/ ihtB g~Xo ns/ ekoi nt;EktK ftu gfotosB fbnkT[Dd/ bJh ftfGzB ;zrmBK d[nkok ;zxoP ehsk frnk j?l (3) rqfjDhnK nkgD/ ezw d/ bJh ;wkfie gqshPmkns/ gqshcb gqkgs eoB d/ bJh ;zrfms j'JhnK jBl ns/ (4) okiBhfse dwB, wekBK dh ;w~f;nk ns/w[~b ’u tkX/ nkfd d/ fto[~X th wfjbktK B/ ezw ehsk j?.

gozs{ fJBK ;ko/ w[~fdnK dk ;zpzX w[~y s"o s/ BroK dhnK wfjbktK Bkb fojk j?. fgzvK ftu fJ;sqhnK d/P'PD dh soc T[fus fXnkB BjhA fdsk frnk j?. gqPB j?L eh fJe g[oP^gqG[st ;wki ftu fJ;sqhnKdh e'Jh nksw ns/ gSkD j?< wfjbktK d/ pko/ ftu d' ebgBktK jBL (1) fdqVQ ns/ buhbh fJ;sqhnK dhebgBk, (2) d[yh ns/ podkPs eoB tkbhnK wfjbktK. d't/A jh ebgBktK ntk;sfte jB feT[Afe fJBKd/ nB[;ko fJ;sqhnK Bz{ gfotko ftu fJe dfbsê[ufbs d/ o{g ftu BjhA, pbfe e/tb ewI'o :"B tkb/wkBt gqkDh d/ o{g ftu d/fynk iKdk j?. wB[~yK d[nkok ipoB :"B ;zgoe dk fJ;sqhnK fto'X eo ojhnKjB. fJ;sqhnK dh :"B ;zpzX dh g{ot ;thfeqsh T[BQK dk ftP/PkfXeko wzfBnK ikD brk j?.

9H3H2 ftnesh d/ o{g ftu fJ;sqhnK dh gSkD9H3H2 ftnesh d/ o{g ftu fJ;sqhnK dh gSkD9H3H2 ftnesh d/ o{g ftu fJ;sqhnK dh gSkD9H3H2 ftnesh d/ o{g ftu fJ;sqhnK dh gSkD9H3H2 ftnesh d/ o{g ftu fJ;sqhnK dh gSkDgfotko ftu fJ;sqh dh gSkD T[;dh G{fwek s'A gfoGkPs ehsh iKdh j?. T[;dh gSkD fJe g[Zsoh, Bz{j,wksk, ;~;, gsBh nkfd d/ o{g ftu ehsh iKdh j?, Bk fe fJe ftnesh d/ o{g ftu. gfotko d/ pkjo,fw~so, ;zpzXh ns/ j'o ;[szso ;zgoe BjhA jB. T[;d/ fw~so, ;zpzXh ns/ j'o ;zgoe T[jh jB i' gfotkod/ g[oP w?ApoK d/ wfXnw s'A T[; B{z fwb/ jB. fJBK ;zpzXK d/ bJh T[;dh ;[szso g;zd dk e'Jh gqPB jhBjhA j?. fJ; bJh gfotko ftu fJ;sqh dh gfo;fEsh nXhB;E gfo;fEsh j?. fco th fJ;sqhnK dh gSkDd/ eJh nzP jB i' T[;d/ gfotko dh iksh ns/ torh gqPmG{wh T[Zs/ fBoGo j?.

eh fJ;sqh fJe ftnesh j?< Bk ukj[zd/ j'J/ th fJ;sqh nkgD/ gsh dhnK fJ~SktK d/ ;kjwD/ M[edh j?. fJ;sqhdh “:"B fBnK” iK g[oP d/ Bkb ;wkBsk gqkgs BjhA j?. id th fJ;sqh B/ nkgD/ nkg Bz{ fJe ftneshd/ o{g ftu gSkD gqrN ehsh j?, T[;d/ nB/e w[PfebK dk ;kjwDk eoBk fgnk j?. “ipoB :"B ;zpzX”iK “ftnkje nfXekoK dk d[pkok ;EkgB” pj[s jd se fJ;sqhnK d/ fto[X fjz;k j? dki T[sghVB ns/tj[Nh ibkT[Dk T[BQK d/ fto[~X fjz;k dk o{g jh j?. ;z:[es gfotko ns/ nB[b'w ftnkj B{z d[pkok fB:'fiseoB dh Io{os j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh ;z:[es gfotko fJe nfijk ;EkB j? fi~E/ B{zj Bz{ gfotko ftu“pkjoh” ns/ “B"eo” wzfBnK iKdk fojk j?. gfotko ftu T[/;Bz{ jo/e w?Apo vKN^vgN ns/ wy"b dk gkso


B ØN


;wMdk j?. nB[b'w ftnkj dk noE j? fe nzsoiksh ns/ pkjoh r'so d/ ;zdoG bVeh d/ Bkb T[Zugfo;fEsh d/ gfotko d/ bVe/ dk ftnkj ehsk iKdk j?. nB[b'w ftnkj d/ ekoD fjzd{nK ftu bVe/ dk w[~btX frnk j?, fJ; bJh dki t~vh ;w~f;nk pD rJh j?.

;zftXkB ftu ;wkBsk d/ pko/ ftu ns/ Xow, gqiksh, iksh ns/ :"B T[Zs/ nkXkos G/dGkt d/ fto[~X i' thfejk frnk j? T[;d/ nbktk Gkos ;oeko B/ ;[szsosk d/ pknd ftnkj, ;zgsh d/ T[sokfXeko, sbke, dkins/ pbkseko nkfd d/ pko/ ftu nB/e ekBz{B gkfos ehs/ jB. Gkos ftu ;wkfie ftXkB fInkdkgqGktPkbh f;~X BjhA j'J/ jB. dki nfXfB:w ns/ pbkseko ekBz{B fgSb/ e[M ;kbK s'A ndkbsK ns/;kotifBe wzuK T[Zs/ pj[s uofus oj/ jB. fco th pbkseko dhnK xNBktK fBozso j' ojhnK jB. rohpns/ dfbs fJ;sqhnK ftP/Peo fJ;dk fPeko j[zdhnK jB. dki T[sghVB ns/ :ksBktK, xo^Bz{j Bz{ ibkT[Dkns/ :ksBktK d/ ekoB nksw j~fsnk fBozso j' ojhnK jB. PfjoK, e;fpnK ftu dki T[sghVB ns/ :ksBkdh fPeko T[Zu ikshnK, wfXnw ns/ BhtK wfXnw ikshnK ns/ tor ;w{jK ftu rfjoh iV iwkJ/ j'J/jB. nkgDhnK bVehnK d/ bJh T[Zuso gfotko d/ bVe/ b~GD dh fJe gqeko dh ngqsZy gqsh:'rsknfGGkteK ftu T[sgzB j' rJh j?. nfij/ bVfenK dh f;fynk dh :'rsk ns/ ;c/dg'P B"eoh d/ ;zdoGftu gfo;fEsh T[Zu j'Dh ukjhdh j?.

fJj ;theko ehsk iKdk j? fe wfjbktK g[oPK s'A fe;/ th sohe/ s'A ewI'o BjhA j?. Gkos d/ ftek; ftufJ;sqhnK dk pj[s :'rdkB fojk j?. fpqfNP oki d/ fto[~X ;[szsosk ;zrqkw ftu T[BQK B/ fj~;k fbnk. Gkosd/ fJfsjk; ftu T[; w[Peb ;w/A ftu T[BQK B/ pj[s ;wkfie ezw ehs/. okPNoh fjs ftu fJ;sqhnK d/ [pj[sfInkdk :'rdkB d/ pkti{d T[BQK dk P'PD ehsk iKdk j?. fJ;sqhnK dk dwB ns/ P'PB fJ; bJh j[zdk j?feT[Afe T[j n;zrfms y/soK ftu ezw eodhnK jB. seBheh ftek; dk wfjbktK T[Zs/ gqshe{b gqGkt fgnkj?. gfotko d/ ;z;kXBK ns/ nkgD/ o'irko d/ j'o fj~f;nK T[Zs/ T[BQK dk j[D fBnzsqD x~N j?. y/sh, d[~XPkbkftek;, wSbh gkbB ns/ xo/b{ gq'fd:'freh d/ y/soK ftu gqrsh d/ Bshi/ ti'A wfjbktK dh nkw gfo;fEshns/ nkofEe ;~sk ftu ewh nkJh j?. xo/b{ ezwK ftu g[oP fJ;sqhnK T[Zs/ xZN fBoGo j' rJ/ jB.g[oP^fJ;sqh d/ ftu nzso j'o fInkdk t~X frnk j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh g[oPK ns/ fJ;sqhnK d/ ftu nzsod/ gqw[~y y/so ;kyosk, f;fynk ns/ gqfPePD, o'irko, fJ;sqh BPtosk, ;tk;E o~fynk ns/ fufes;k;/tktK nkfd jB. fJ;sqh BPtosk g[oP BPtosk s'A fInkdk j?. Gkos dh ;wkfie, ;K;feqfse ftok;sns/ fgso ;~skswesk ns/ g[oP gqXkBsk dh fdqVQ gozgok d/ ekoD fJBK T[go'es y/soK ftu fJ;sqhnK g[oPKdh s[bBk ftu fgSVhnK j'JhnK jB.

;t^w[bKeD ;t^w[bKeD ;t^w[bKeD ;t^w[bKeD ;t^w[bKeD (Answer : Self Assessment)2H ykbh ;EkBK dh g{osh eo' 2H ykbh ;EkBK dh g{osh eo' 2H ykbh ;EkBK dh g{osh eo' 2H ykbh ;EkBK dh g{osh eo' 2H ykbh ;EkBK dh g{osh eo' (Fill in the blanks)—

(i) g[oPK d/ Bkb fJ;sqqhnK dh ;wkBsk gqkgs eoB dh wzr g[oPK d/ HHHHHHHHHHH dh ntXkoDk dk fXT[sej?.

(ii) HHHHHHHHHHHH B/ ftP/Peo Pfjoh y/soK ftu :"B ;wkBsk d/ bJh u/sBk dh GktBk T[sgzB ehsh j?.

(iii) HHHHHHHHHHH B/ ;ohoe Pqw d/ ;zdoG ftu fJ;sqhnK dh gfo;fEsh ftu gfotosB dh gqfeqnk d/ pko/ftu fN~gDh ehsh j?.

(iv) gfotko ftu fJ;sqh dh gSkD T[;dh HHHHHHHHHHHH s'A gfoGkPs ehsh iKdh j?.

(v) Gkosh ;zzdoG ftu ;wkfie ns/ ;K;feqs pzXB s'A w[esh gkT[D d/ bJh fJ;sqhnK dk ;zxoP fJeHHHHHHHHH fojk j?.

9H4 fJ;sqhnK dh ;fEsh ftu pdbkn 9H4 fJ;sqhnK dh ;fEsh ftu pdbkn 9H4 fJ;sqhnK dh ;fEsh ftu pdbkn 9H4 fJ;sqhnK dh ;fEsh ftu pdbkn 9H4 fJ;sqhnK dh ;fEsh ftu pdbkn (Changing Status of Women)

nmkoQthA, T[ABhthA s/ w~X thjthA Pskpdh se nzr/qI Gkos d/ Pk;e pD/ oj/. fpqfNP Pk;B d/ ;w/A ftu;kv/ ;wki dh ;wkfie s/ nkofEe ;zouBktK ftu nB/e gfotosB ehs/ rJ/. Gkt/A fpqfNP Pk;B d/ 200;kbK d/ ;w/A ftu fJ;sqhnK d/ ihtB ftu nfdqP ;[Xko sK j'fJnk, fco th f;fynk, o'irko, ;wkfienfXekoK, nkfd Bz{ b? e/ fJ;sqh g[oPK d/ ft~u n;wkBsktK ftu ewh nkJh. fJ~E/ n;hA gfotosB d/ T[BQK


B ØN


gfjb{nK dh ftnkfynk eoKr/ fiBQK B/ wfjbktK dh ;fEsh Bz{ gqGkfts ehsk. S/ wjs~tg{oB gZy fiBQK B/wfjbktK dh ;fEsh ftu gfotosB Bz{ gqGkfts ehsk, fJ; gqeko jBL (i) T[fd:'rheoB (ii) f;fynk dkft;sko (iii) iksh gqEk dk ewI'o j'Dk (iv) e[M gqp[ZX B/sktK d[nkok ubkJ/ rJ/ ;wkfie nzd'bB(v) fJ;sqhnK d/ ;zrmBK dk ftek; ns/ (vi) ;wkfie ftXkBK dk gkfos ehsk ikDk.

fpqfNP ekb d/ nkofEe gfotosB pj[s fBoDkfJe ;B. wPhBh T[fd:'rK d/ ftek; ns/ j~E^fPbg dkftBkP, d'tK B/ jh fJ;sqh s/ g[oPK dh nkihftek T[Zs/ rzGho ;~N wkoh. w{b s"o s/ Pk;e tor d/ fjsKdh o~fynk bJh jh d/P d/ ;z;kXBK dk d'jB ehsk frnk ;h. fezs{ T[fd:'rheoB B/ nB/e gfotosBK d/bJh wkor y'fbQnk, fit/A b'eK dh rshPhbsk, ;zuko ns/ nktkrwB d/ ;kXBK dk ftek;, iiwkBh gqekodk ewI'o j'Dk, o'irko d/ Bt/A nt;oK dh T[gbpXsk nkfd. fJBK ;G Bkb Bt/A w[~b ns/ Bt/A fttjkod/ sohfenK dk T[d/ j'fJnk.

9H4H1 f;fynk dk ft;sko9H4H1 f;fynk dk ft;sko9H4H1 f;fynk dk ft;sko9H4H1 f;fynk dk ft;sko9H4H1 f;fynk dk ft;skofJ;sqhnK Bz{ f;fynk fds/ ikD dk ftuko fpqfNP Pk;B ekb ftu T[d/ j'fJnk. fJ; s'A gfjbK fJj fJe;kotG"fwe wkBsk ;h fe fJ;sqhnK Bz{ f;fynk dh e'Jh io{os BjhA j? feT[Afe T[BQK dk{ ezw nkihtek fJe~mkeoBk BjhA j?. Grsh nzd'bB d/ pknd fJ;kJh fwPBohnK B/ fJ;sqhnK dh f;fynk ftu o{uh b?Dk nkozGehsk. 1824 ftu ;G s'A gfjbh tko bVehnK dk ;e{b pzpJh ftu nkozG j'fJnk. bkov vbj"ih B/ thx'PDk ehsh fe gfotko d/ p~funK Bz{ f;fynk d/D dh ng/ePk j'o e'Jh th gfotosB Gkos d/ b'eK d/ ihtBd/ bJh bkGekoh ns/ wj~stg{oB f;~X BjhA j' ;edk. 1875 se ebe~sk, wdok; s/ pzpJh ftPtftfdnkbkB/ bVehnK Bz{ gqt/P dh nkfrnk gqdkB BjhA ehsh ;h. f;oc 1882 d/ pknd jh bVehnK Bz{ T[Zu f;fynkgqkgs eoB d/ nkfrnk gqdkB ehsh rJh. sd s'A fJ;sqhnK dh f;fynk d/ y/so ftu fBozso gqrsh j[zdhojh j?. Gkos ftu fJ;sqhnK ;kyosk gqshPs ftu tkXk fJ; gqeko fojk j?. 1901 ftu 0H6# s'A 1931ftu 2H93#, 1941 ftu 7H30#, 1961 ftu 12H95#, 1971 ftu 18H69#, 1981 ftu 24H88 ns/ 1991ftu 39H42. g/Av{ y/soK ftu f;fyns wfjbktK dh ;zfynk Pfjoh wfjbktK dh s[bBk ftu pj[s x~N j?.1981 ftu g/Av{nK ftu 17H99# f;fyns wfjbktK dh s[bBk ftu Pfjoh y/soK ftu fJj ;zfynk 47H65#;h. 1979^80 ftu gqkJhwoh g~Xo T[Zs/ (gfjbh s'A gzithA iwks) gVQD tkb/ 789 b~y ftfdnkoEhnK ftu'A38H95# bVehnK ;Bl fwfvb g~Xo d/ (S/thA s'A n~mthA iwks) 187 b~y ftfdnkoEhnK ftu'A 32H90#bVehnK ;Bl jkJh ;e{b (BthA ns/ d;thA iwks) ftu gVQD tkb/ 751 b~y ftfdnkoEhnK ftu'A 29H24#bVehnK ;B ns/ iwks 11 s/ 12 ftu nfXn?B eoB tkb/ ftfdnkoEhnK dh 110 b~y ;zfynk ftu 32H25#bVehnK ;B (T[jh, 92^94). fJj doPkT[Adk j? fe ;e{b g~Xo s/ nfXn?B eoB tkb/ ftfdnkoEhnK ns/ftfdnkoEDK dk nB[gks 3L1 j?. T[Zu f;fynk ns/ ftt;kfJe f;fynk (vkeNo, fJzihfBno, tehb,nfXnkfgek) gqkgs eoB tkbh bVehnK dk gqfsPs ng/ePkfeqs x~N j?.

;e{b ftu nfXn?B eoB tkb/ jo/e 100 bVehnK ftu'A 62 gqkJhwoh g~Xo T[Zs/, 26 fwfvb g~Xo T[Zs/,ns/ 12 jkJh ;e{b g~Xo T[Zs/ nfXn?B eo oj/ jBl ;' fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe Gkt/A fJBK eJh g~XoKT[Zs/ nfXn?B eoB tkbhnK bVehnK dh ;zfynk x~N j?, fco th fJj ;gPN j? fe 1941 d/ pknd s'AbVehnK dh ;zfynk ftu jo/e g~Xo T[Zs/ jh T[b/yBh tkXk j'fJnk j?.

9H4H2 e[M gqw~[y B/sktK d[nkok ubkJ/ rJ/ ;wkfie nzd'bB9H4H2 e[M gqw~[y B/sktK d[nkok ubkJ/ rJ/ ;wkfie nzd'bB9H4H2 e[M gqw~[y B/sktK d[nkok ubkJ/ rJ/ ;wkfie nzd'bB9H4H2 e[M gqw~[y B/sktK d[nkok ubkJ/ rJ/ ;wkfie nzd'bB9H4H2 e[M gqw~[y B/sktK d[nkok ubkJ/ rJ/ ;wkfie nzd'bBT[BhAth Pskpdh d/ nzs ftu Gkos ftu fJ;sqhnK Bz{ nB/e fBo:'frnksktK Bz{ G'rDk fgnk, fit/Apkb^ftnkj, pj[ gsBh ftnkj, ftnkj d/ T[d/P Bkb bVehnK dh fteoh, ftXtktK T[Zs/ ;ys gqshpzX,f;fynk gqkgs eoB T[Zs/ gqshpzX ns/ rqfj;s ezwK ns/ p~funK d/ bkbB^gkbB se jh nkgD/ Bz{ ;hwsoyDk nkfd. fBnKw{osh okBkv/ d[nkok nk:'fis Gkosh okPNoh ;gk, 1885 B/ T[go'es fBo':frnksktKdh fBzdk ehsh. okik okww'j okJ/ B/, fiBQK B/ ;sh gqEk T[Bw{bB d/ bJh wjs~tg{oB ezw ehsk, pkb ftnkjns/ godk gqEk d/ fto[X th nktki u[~eh ns/ fJ;sqhnK d/ T[ZsokfXeko d/ bJh th ;zxoP ehsk. JhPtouzdo ftfdnk;kro B/ ftXtk^ftnkj ns/ fJ;sqhnK dh f;fynk dh ;w~f;nK Bz{ u[~fenk. T[BQK B/ 1916ftu n?;Hn?BHvhHNhH ftPtfdnkbk, wjkokPNo ftu ;Ekgs ehsk. pV"dk oki d/ Pk;e, wjkokik


B ØN


;kfJnk ih okt rkfJetkV B/ th pkb ftnkj s/ pj[ gsBh ftnkj o'eD, fJ;sqhnK Bz{ f;fynk dk nfXekofdtkT[D, ns/ ftXtktK Bz{ d[pkok ftnkj dk nfXeko fdtkT[D d/ bJh nE~e :sB ehs/. ;tkwh dfJnkBzd;o;tsh, ;tkwh ftt/ekBzd ns/ wjkswk rKXh B/ th fJ;sqhnK d/ okiBhfse s/ ;wkfie nfXekoK d/ gqsho{uh fdykJh. rKXh ih dk ws ;h fe fJ;sqhnK Bz{ ezw eoB ftu T[j ePN BjhA G'rD/ ukjhd/ i' g[oP BkG'r ;ed/ j'D. T[j g[~so ns/ g[~sohnK Bz{ fJe ;wkB wzBD d/ g~yXo ;B. eJh B/sktK d/ ;wkfie nzd'bBKd/ ubkT[D dk fJe bkG fJj j'fJnk fe fJ;sqhnK d/ ;wkB nfXekoK s/ w[esh d/ bJh ;wkfie u/sBk ikrqseoB ftu ;Qcbsk gqkgs j'Jh.

9H4H3 wfjbk ;zrmBK dk T[d/9H4H3 wfjbk ;zrmBK dk T[d/9H4H3 wfjbk ;zrmBK dk T[d/9H4H3 wfjbk ;zrmBK dk T[d/9H4H3 wfjbk ;zrmBK dk T[d/wfjbktK d/ fJe ;zrmB, fit/A pzr wfjbk ;wki s/ wfjbk fET[;'cheb ;';kfJNh, fJ;sqhnK d/ bJh nkX[fBenkdoPK d/ bJh ;EkBe g~Xo T[Zs/ ezw eo oj/ ;B. gozs{ nrqDh ezw T[BQK ;zrmB d[nkok ehsk frnk i'okPNoh g~Xo s/ ezw eo oj/ ;B. fJBK ftu gzi gqw[Zy ;zrmB ;BL Gkos wfjbk gfoPd (i' 1904 ftufJ;sqhnK dh w[esh d/ ;zxoP bJh nkozG j'fJnk), Gkos fJ;sqh wjkwzvb (1910 ftu ;Ekgs), wfjbkGkosh ;zx (Women's Indian Association) (1917 ftu J/Bh p/;/AN d[nkok ;zukfbs), Gkosh wfjbkokPNoh gfoPd (National Council of Women in India) (1925 ftu b/vh J?povB ns/ b/vh NkNkd[nkok nkozG ehsk frnk), ns/ nkb fJzvhnk t{w/A; ekBcoz; (wkorq/N ef;z; ns/ j'o d[nkok 1927 ftu;Ekgs). e;s{opk rKXh dh w's d/ T[gozs e;s{opk rKXh okPNoh ;wkoe Nq;N nkozG ehsk frnk. fJBK;G ;zrmBK B/ fJ;sqhnK dh f;fynk, godk s/ pkb ftnkj torhnK p[okJhnK dh ;wkgsh, fjzd{ nfXfB:wftu ;[Xko, fJ;sqhnK dh B?fse s/ G"fse gqrsh, nfXekoK s/ nt;oK dh ;wkBsk ns/ fJ;sqhnK d/ t'NnfXeko tor/ wkwfbnK Bz{ u[fenk. fejk ik ;edk j? fe Gkosh fJ;sqhnK d/ nzd'bB B/ d' bePK dh gqkgshd/ bJh ezw ehsk—(i) fJ;sqhnK d/ T[sEkB d/ bJh, noEks ;wkfie ohfshnK ftu ;[Xko eo fJ;sqhnKBz{ ;wki ftu ouBkswe G{fwek d/ bJh :'r pDkT[Dk, (ii) wfjbktK Bz{ g[oPK d/ pokpo s/ ;wkB nfXekofdtkT[Dk noEks g[oPK B{z fwb/ j'J/ okiBhfse, nkofEe s/ Bkrfoe nfXekoK Bz{ fJ;sqhnK B{z th T[gbpXeokT[Dk. gfjb/ beP B{z ‘;w{je Bkohtkdh beP’ ns/ d{i/ Bz{ “T[dko Bkohtkdh beP” fejk ik ;edk j?fJBK wfjbk ;zrmBK B/ fiBQK oDBhshnK Bz{ ngDkfJnk T[j jB—iB ;GktK ftu wzrK oZy e/ ;oekohnfXekohnK d/ ;Bw[y ftuko oy e/, ;w~f;nktK d/ nKebB d/ bJh ;whshnK pDk e/ ns/ fJ;sqhnK Bz{nzd'fbs eoB d/ bJh ;GktK dk nk:'iB eoe/.

Gkosh wfjbk nzd'bBK B{z g/qfos eoB/ tkb/ ekoe j? — fJ;sqhnK dh ;jkfJe G{fwek dh ftukoXkok T[Zs/g~Swh f;fynk dk gqGkt, f;fyns s/ e[bhB fJ;sqhnK d[nkok e[Pb nrtkJh gqdkB ehsk ikDk, Xow d[nkokwkBsk gqkgs ;wkfie gqEktK ftu gfotosB d/ bJh g[oP ;wki ;[XkoeK d[nkok o{uh b?Dk, ;wkfie,Xkofwe ns/ dkoPfBe fdqPNhe'D ftu gfotosB, ;t?w;/th eoBk ;zrmBK dk g[oPK d[nkok fto'X BkeoBk, sEk okPNoh okiBhfse B/sktK dk fJBK nzd'bBK dk ;woEB eoBk nkfd. 1953 ftu Gkos ;oekod[nkok ;Ekfgs e/Adoh ;wki efbnkD p'ov th fJ;sqhnK d/ efbnkD d/ bJh J/fSe :sBK Bz{ pb gqdkBeoBk j? ns/ g'qs;kjB fdzdk j?. Gkos ;oeko dk efbnkD wzsokbk th BroK ftu ezwekih wfjbktK d/nktk; rqfj fBowkD s/ ft;sko bJh ;t?fSe ;zrmBK Bz{ nB[dkB fdzdk j?. oki ;oekoK th nkgDh :'iBktKd/ wkfXnw s'A XB gqdkB eoBhnK jB sKfe iB ;fj:'r Bkb wfjbk wzvb, rqfj efbnkD, e/Ado, g/Av{wfjbktK d/ bJh Nq/fBzr e?AgK dk nk:'iB ns/ fJ; e/tb wfjbk w?ApoK d/ ;fj:'r Bkb ;fjekoh ;whshnKdk ;zukbB ehsk ik ;e/.

9H4H4 ;wkfie ftXkBK dk gkfos ehsk ikDk9H4H4 ;wkfie ftXkBK dk gkfos ehsk ikDk9H4H4 ;wkfie ftXkBK dk gkfos ehsk ikDk9H4H4 ;wkfie ftXkBK dk gkfos ehsk ikDk9H4H4 ;wkfie ftXkBK dk gkfos ehsk ikDkfJ;sqhnK Bkb ;zpzfXs eM ftXkBK dk gk; ehsk ikDk fszB s~sK Bkb ;zpzfXs j?—(i) ftnkj (ii) ;zgsh(iii) o'Irko. ftnkj ;zpzXh ftXkB ftP/P o{g ftu ftnkj dh T[wo, w[V^ftnkj, ftnkj ftS/d, fttkjdk ;o{g ns/ ihtB ;kEh d/ u'D dh ;[szsosk Bkb ;zpX j?. gk; ehs/ rJ/ gqw{y ftXkB fJ; gqeko jB—1929 dk pkb ftnkj gqshfpzp nfXfB:w 1955 dk fjzd{ ftnkj nfXfB:w ns/ 1954 dk fjzd{ ftnkjnfXfB:w . fJBK ;G dk ft;fsqs ftt/uB fJ;/ g[;se d/ nfXenkJ/ 6 ‘fjzd{ ftnkj’ ftu ehsk frnkj?. ;zgsh ftPne ftXkB j?.— 1929 dk fjzd{ T[ZsokfXeko ftXkB, 1939 dk fjzd{ fJ;shnaqK dk ;zgsh


B ØN


nfXeko nfXfB:w, ns/ 1956 dk fjzd{ T[ZsokfXeko nfXfB:w. o'Irko ftP/ne ftXkB j?—1948 dkc?eNoh nfXfB:w, 1948 dk eowukoh oki phwk nfXfB:w ns/ gq;{sh bkG nfXfB:w. 1948 dk c?eNohnfXfB:w ezw dk ;wK (xzN/), ;wkB t/sB, b? ikD tkb/ p'M dh ;hwk, ;ckJh ;j{bsK, fPP{ rqfj ns/ j'orZbK Bz{ fBnfws eoBk j?. eowukoh oki phwk nfXfB:w gzi bkG fdzdk j?—phwkoh, gq;{sh, n:'rsk,nkfPqs ns/ fufes;k bkG.

Gkt/A fJBK ftXkBK B/ fJ;sqhnK dh dPk ftu pj[s j~d se ;[Xko ehsk j? fezs{ (i) ftXkB gfonkgs jBns/ ;w~f;nk Bz{ pkjoh j~d se jh ;goP eoB/ jKl (ii) fJj ftXkB n;zs[fbs jB, noEks e[M fB:wj'oBK fB:wK s'A xZN iK fInkdk ;{yw s/ fBPfus jBl (iii) e[M ftXkBK dh pBktN fJzBh fY~bh j? fe T[BQKBz{ mhe soQK Bkb bkr{ BjhA ehsk ik ;edk, ns/ (iv) ftXkBK Bz{ bkr{ eoB tkb/ ;kXB wfjzr/, ne[Pb sifNb jB. fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe t?XkfBe T[gkn fJ;sqhnK dh ;w~f;nktK Bz{ d{o eoB ftu fInkdkgqGkth f;~X BjhA j'J/ jB. ;?XKfse o{g Bkb fJ;sqhnK Bz{ fInkdk ;[szsosk fdsh ik ;edh ;h, gozs{fttjkoe ;Zu fJj j? fe T[j ni/ th nwkBsh ns/ nB[fus fttjko fjZ;k b? ojhnK jB i' T[BQK Bz{ ngwkBs/ Pow d/ nbktk e[M th BjhA d/ fojk j?.

T[go'es ftPb/PD s'A fJj ;ze/s fwbdk j? fe fJ;sqhnK Bz{ fBozso fBeqPN, nkfPqs ns/ P'PD d/ uzr[b s'ApukT[D d/ :sBK ftu gfotosB nk fojk j?. fJj gfotosB ;fji/ ns/ :'iBkp~X BjhA j'fJnk j?.

9H4H5 ;tkszso'so ekb ftu fJ;sqhnK9H4H5 ;tkszso'so ekb ftu fJ;sqhnK9H4H5 ;tkszso'so ekb ftu fJ;sqhnK9H4H5 ;tkszso'so ekb ftu fJ;sqhnK9H4H5 ;tkszso'so ekb ftu fJ;sqhnKGkos ftu 1940 se fJ;sqhnK dh BhthA dPk d/ gqw[Zy ekoD nf;fynk, nkofEe fBoGosk, Xkofwe fBP/X, iksh pzXB, fJ;sqh nrtkJh dk nGkt, ns/ g[oPK dk T[BQK d/ gqsh nB[fus fdqPNhe'D nkfd ;B. w/NB; B/ ;kvh ;z;feqsh ftu fJ;sqhnK dh fJeKssk ns/ T[BQK /d Bht/A g~Xo d/ bJh gzi ekoeK Bz{ fizw/tkomfjokfJnk j?. fJj j?—fjzd{ Xow, iksh ftt;Ek, ;z:[es gfotko, fJ;bkwh Pk;B ns/ fpqfNP T[gfBt/Ptkd. fjzd{tkd d/ nkdoPK d/ nB[;ko g[oP fJ;saqhnK s'A Pq/Pm j[zd/ jB ns/ fJ;sqhnK s/ g[oPK Bz{ fGzB^fGzBG{fwektK fBGkT[Dh ukjhdhnK jB. fJ;sqhnK s'A wksk s/ rqfjDh dh G{fwektK dh ns/ g[oPK s'A okiBhfses/ nkofEe G{fwektK dh nkPk ehsh iKdh ;h. fjzd{ Xow rqzEK ftu fJ;sqhnK d/ bJh ;wki ihtB gfonzsnkfPqs d/ o{g ftu wzfBnk frnk j?. iksh ftt;Ek B/ th iB ekoiK s/ ;kotifBe wkwfbnK ftu fJ;sqhnKdh Gkrhdkoh T[Zs/ gqshpzX brkJ/. bVehnK d/ bJh ibdh ftnkj dk gqktXkB ehsk frnkl d{ih soc ftXtkftnkt dk fBP/X ns/ ;sh gqEk ubkJh rJh. fgso tzPh ;z:[es gfotko B/ fJ;sqhnK dh ;[szsosk xNeo fdsh ns/ T[wo, fbzr s/ Bks/dkoh d/ nkXko T[Zs/ gfotko ftu T[BQK dh ;fEsh BhthA j[zdh rJh. w[;fbw:[r ftu fJ;sqhnK dh dPk ftu j'o th gsB j'fJnk. fJ;bkfwe Pk;B ftu ;wkfieôkiBhfse gqGktftu fjzd{nK B/ fJ;sqhnK dh fJeKs dk s/ god/ dh gqEk Bz{ w[;bwkBK dh soQK ngDk fbnk fi;d/ ekoD fbzrd/ nkXko T[Zs/ Pqw dk th fJe g{oe ftGkiB j' frnk. w[;fbw BtkpK ns/ irhodkoK dh e[fdqPNh s'ApukT[D d/ T[d/P Bkb pkb^ftnkj nkw o{g ftu j'D br/. Gkt/A fpqfNP Pk;eK B/ fjzd{nK d/ ;wkfie ftXkBKftu o[ektN g?dk eoB dk :sB BjhA ehsk gozs{ T[BhAth Pskpdh d/ nzfsw dPeK ns/ thjthA Pskpdhd/ gqkozGe g~uh ;kbK ftu id e[M g[oP ;wki ;[XkoeK B/ fJ;qhnK dh dPk ;[XkoD dh r~b ehsh ns/ T[BQKd/ :sBK Bkb wfjbk nzd'bBK Bz{ pb fwfbnk, sd fpqfNP ;oeko e[M t?XkfBe edw u[~eD ns/ e[M ;wkfiegqEktK Bz{ ;wkgs eoB iK T[BQK ftu gfotosB eoB d/ bJh ;fjws j' rJh.

n~i Gkos ftu fJ;sqhnK dh eh ;fEsh j?< T[BQK dh ;fEsh ftu gfotosB dk ftPb/PD fet/A eoB/ jB<fJ;sqhnK dh ;fEsh d/ w[bKeD ftu j/m fbyhnK gzi ftXhnK dk gqw[zy o{g Bkb gq:'r ehsk frnk j?—

1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H fJfsjk;e ftXh fJfsjk;e ftXh fJfsjk;e ftXh fJfsjk;e ftXh fJfsjk;e ftXh (Historical Method)—————fJj ftXh gqkuhB ;wki ftu ns/ T[;d/ w~Xekb s/toswkB ekb ftu fuo;EkJhst T[Zs/ e/Afdqs eoBh j?. ;wki ftfrnkBe wfjbktK dh ;fEsh d/ pko/ftu w[~y fBPeoP gqw[Zy fJfsjk;ekoK ns/ dkoPfBeK, fit/A nbN/eo, fJzdqk, dk; ns/ eot/ nkfdd/ b/yK s'A e~Yd/ jB. e[M ftdtkBK dk ftPtk; j? fe XowrqzEK ns/ nshs d/ T[gbpX nfGb/yK s'Af;oc T[dkjoD gq;s[s eoBk jh fJfsjk;e ftPb/PD BjhA jB. ;' fJ; Bkb fwfEnk fBPeoP iKfco nfsfPT[eshnK fBeb ;ed/ jB T[j ;wki Pk;soh fiBQK Bz{ gfoebgBk^fBrwB ftXh


B ØN


(Hypothetico-Deductive Method) d[nkok nftnkfynktkdh ftXhnK (Reductionist Proce-dures) ftu d~ysk gqkgs j?, T[j th fJfsjk;e ;kwrqh d/ nkXko T[Zs/ fJ;sqhnK dh ;fEsh dknfXn?B eoBk i/eo n;zGt BjhA sK efmB io{o wzBd/ jB.

2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H nkB[Gkfte ftnefse nfXn?B ftXh nkB[Gkfte ftnefse nfXn?B ftXh nkB[Gkfte ftnefse nfXn?B ftXh nkB[Gkfte ftnefse nfXn?B ftXh nkB[Gkfte ftnefse nfXn?B ftXh (Non-Empirical Case Study Method)—fJ; ftXhftu fJ;sqhnK dh ;fEsh dk ftPb/PD fgso ;~skwse (Patriarchy) ;wkfie ftt;Ek d/ ;zdoGftu ehsk iKdk j?, iK fco :"B n;wkBsk ns/ fJ;sqhnK dh ;fEsh d/ ftu ;zpzX d/ nkXko T[Zs/.fJ;sqhnK d/ Bht/A g~Xo dh ftnkfynk dk nkxko g[oPK ek fJ;sqhnK d/ T[go gqG[st fojk j? i'fJfsjk; f;~X th j? ns/ ;K;feqfse fdqPNh s'A th wkBsk tkbk j?.

3 H3 H3 H3 H3 H nzsfj ftneshrs Pesh d/ w[bKeD dh nkB[Gfte ftXh nzsfj ftneshrs Pesh d/ w[bKeD dh nkB[Gfte ftXh nzsfj ftneshrs Pesh d/ w[bKeD dh nkB[Gfte ftXh nzsfj ftneshrs Pesh d/ w[bKeD dh nkB[Gfte ftXh nzsfj ftneshrs Pesh d/ w[bKeD dh nkB[Gfte ftXh (Empirical MethodofAssessing Inter-personal Power)—fJj ftXh fJ;sqhnK T[Zs/ g[oPK d/ gqG[st dk nfXn?BeoBh j?, gozs{ T[; fgso ;~skswe ftt;Ek s'A nbr fi;dk fe fJj fJe fjZ;k j?. fJ; ftXh dhwkBsk j? fe ;w~f;nk (BhthA ;fEsh dh$P'PD$dh$nfXekoK d/ tzuBK dh) fJ;sqhnK T[Zs/ gqG[st dhj? ns/ fJ; dk ;wkXkB fJ;d/ fto[X ;zxoP ftu fBfjs jB. fJ; nB[;zXkB B/ ;wkfie g~Xo T[Zs/;zouBkswe n;wkBsk T[Zs/ fXnkB e/Afdqs BjhA ehsk j?, pbfe gfotko d/ nzdo jh n;wkBsk ns/Pesh ;zs[bB T[Zs/ ehsk j?. fJ; ftXh ftu fJ;sqhnK dh T[Zu ;fEsh dk ;zpzX ;wsktkdh fBoDkeoB s'A j? ns/ BhthA;fEsh dk ;zpzX r?o ;wsktkdh fBoDk s'A. nkB[Gfte nfXn?B s'A eJh;w[dkfJnK, torK ns/ Pq/DhnK dh T[BQK fJ;sqhnK d/ Bkb rfjB ;kfynkseko Pkwb jB, fiBQK(fJ;sqhnK) Bz{ nkgD/ gshnK ns/ ;j[fonK t~b'A d/ eJh soQK fttjko dk nB[Gt j?. Gkt/A fJjnkB[Gfte nB[;zXkB ftXh fJ;sqhnK dh ;fEsh ns/ gshnK d/ gqG[st d/ ftu d/ ;zpzX T[Zs/ w[~btkB;kfyn gq;s[s eoBh j?, gozs{ fJ;dk e/Ado fpzd{ pj[s ;hws j? ns/ fJj ;wki ftu fJ;sqhnK dhnkw ;fEsh dk tk;sfte fu~so gq;s[s BjhA eoBh. T[j fgso ;~skswe, ;wkfie s/ ;K;feqfse;zdoG fiBQK ftu gfotko cf;nk ofjzdk j? ns/ fiBQK ftu ftnkje ;zpzXK dh G{fwek ubdh ofjzdhj?, dh nBd/yh ehsh rJh j?.

4 H4 H4 H4 H4 H Bkohtkdh wksokw{be nB[;zXkB ftXh Bkohtkdh wksokw{be nB[;zXkB ftXh Bkohtkdh wksokw{be nB[;zXkB ftXh Bkohtkdh wksokw{be nB[;zXkB ftXh Bkohtkdh wksokw{be nB[;zXkB ftXh (Feminist Quantitative Research Method)—fJ;nkB[Gfte ftXh ftu fJ;sqhnK dh ;fEsh dh s[bBk g[oP dh ;fEsh s'A wj~stg{oD nk:kwK ftuehsh rJh j?. e/;Nqh fjB' d/ nB[;ko fJ; gqeko d/ nk:kw nkofEe, f;fyne, okiBhfse ns/t?XkfBe th j' ;ed/ jB. nb~r^nb~r wd (item) ;{uh (Index) ftu jo/e ukoK nk:kwK d/ bJhns/ ;zg{oB ;{uh d/ bJh fwfPqs eo fds/ iKd/ jB. fJj ;{uhnK ‘;G s'A fInkdk’ (most) s'A‘fBT{Bsw’ (least) ;wkBsk d/ bJh gd eqw gqdkB eoBhnK jB.

5 H5 H5 H5 H5 H nkB[Gfte wksokw{be ns/ r[Dkswe gqPBktbh ftXh nkB[Gfte wksokw{be ns/ r[Dkswe gqPBktbh ftXh nkB[Gfte wksokw{be ns/ r[Dkswe gqPBktbh ftXh nkB[Gfte wksokw{be ns/ r[Dkswe gqPBktbh ftXh nkB[Gfte wksokw{be ns/ r[Dkswe gqPBktbh ftXh (Empirical quantitative andQualitative Questionnaire Method)—fJ; ftXh ftu gfotko s'A pkjo ns/ nzdo nzsoftne-shrs ;zpzXK ns/ T[Zsodksk s'A fttjko ns/ ftP/PfXeko ftP/ne u[D/ j'J/ wdK T[Zs/ gqPB g[~S/ iKd/jB. r[Dkswe ftPb/PD d/ Bjh wksokw{be nKefVnK dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?. fJj T[gkrwntXkodktK (Concepts), gfoebgBk, ns/ f;XKsK dh y'i ftu gqshpzX BjhA brkT[Adk.

T[go fbyhnK ftXhnK d/ nbktk fJ;sqhnK dh toswkB ;fEsh d/ w[bKeD d/ fszB f;XKsegq;sktK dk gq:'r th (fJ;sqhnK d/ nfXekoK T[Zs/) ehsk iKdk j?. fJj jB—T[dkotkdh Bkohtkd(Liberal Faminism), wkoe;tkdh Bkohtkd (Marxist Feminism) ns/ nkw{b gfotosBBkohtkd (Radical Feminism). T[dkotkdh Bkohtkd fbzr ;wkBsk (Gender Equality)noEks fJ;sqh g[oPK d/ ;wkB nfXeko ftu ftPtk; oydk j?. fJj fJe fbzr dk d{i/ d/ nXhBwzBD dh XkoDk Bz{ n;theko eoBk j? ns/ fJ;sqhnK Bz{ wkBt (Human-being) wzBD d/ EK s/:"B t;s{ BjhA wzBdk. fco th fJj ftuko fbzr d/ nkXko T[Zs/ Pqw ftGkiB Bz{ u[D"sh BjhAfdzdk. fJ; ftuko d/ nB[;ko fJ;sqh xo/b{ ezwêki ns/ g[oP pkjoh ezw eki ns/ g[oP pkjohezw eki d/ bJh jh ;dk T[g:[es jB.


B ØN


wkoe;tkdh Bkohtkd T[; g{ot ftukoXkok d/ gq;EkB dk ;ze/s eoBk j? i' Bkohtkd Bz{ poi[nk wzBDs'A fJBeko eo fdzdk j?. ;otjkok tor dh wkoe; dh gfoGkPK ftu fBPfus o{g Bkb fJ;sqhnKftu o{uh ;hwKsoh j?. J/Afib d[nkok fJ;sqhnK d/ dwB B{z ;zgsh dk ftPt fJfsjk;e gqGkt wzBe/ ftnkfynk Bz{ gfoPfeqs eo fbnk frnk j?.

J/Afib dh wkBsk ;h fe fJ;sqh gokXhBsk fBih ;zgsh d/ T[d/ ns/ T[sgkdB d/ ;kXBK d/ ;tkwhstdk gqshcb j?. g[oP d/ n;wkB fJ;saqh dk ezw ‘T[g:'r’ (use) w[~b sK oydk j?, gozs{ T[;dk‘nkdkB^gqdkB’ (Exchange) w[~b BjhA j[zdk. fJ; bJh g[oP fJ;sqh dh ng/ePk fInkdk PeshnKdk ;tkwh j[zdk j? iK fco fJ; gqeko fejk ik ;edk j? fe fJ;sqh dk dwB T[;d/ w[cs ftu ehs/rJ/ rqfj ezw d/ ekoD ehsk iKdk j?. nkw{b gfotosBtkdh Bkohtkd (Radical Feminism) Gkt/A :"B;wkBsk ftu ftPtk; oydk j? go fJj Pqw d/ gozgokrs ftGkiB Bz{ n;theko eoBk j?. fJ;dhwksk j? fe fbzr G{fwek Bk f;oc i?fte ekoeK dk cb j?, pbfe fJj ;z;feqsh dk th cb j?. fJjftukoXkok w[es :"B ns/ wksk^fgsk d[nkok pZfunK dh ;z:[es d/yGkb ftu ftPtk; oydh j?. fJ;gqeko T[BhAthA Pskpdh ftu id wkoe;tkdhnK B/ fJ;sqhnK d/ gqPB T[Zs/ tkd^fttkd Bz{ fBPfusw'V gqdkB ehsk (fe fJ;sqhnK dk dwB T[sgkdB d/ g{zihtkdh sohe/ dh ftP/Psk j?), j[D T[j fInkdkwkBtsktkdh fdqPNhe'D s'A ftnkfynk gq;s[s eo oj/ jB. fJ;d/ nbktk ;wekbhB Bkohtkd(wkoe;tkdh ns/ gfotosBtkdh) dk T[d/ Bt/A tkwgzE (New Left) ns/ 1960 d/ dPe d/ftfdnkoEh nzd'bB dk gqshcb j?.

T[go fbyhnK ftukoXkoktK dh gqPm G{wh ftu fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe Gkos ftu fJ;sqhnK dh;fEsh ftu 1950 d/ pknd s'A io{oh ;[Xko j'fJnk j?. ;zouBkswe ns/ ;K;feqfse d'tK jh gqekod/ gfotosB fJ;sqhnK Bk f;oc f;fynk, o'Irko ns/ okiBhfse Gkrhdkoh ftu pokpo nt;ogqdkB ehs/ jB. fi; Bkb T[j nkgDh ;w~f;nktK ftu fInkdk o{uh b? ;eD. fJ;d/ nbkt fJ;rZb Bz{ th fInkdk nB[Gt ehsk ik fojk j? fe nB[;zXkB, okPNoh Bhsh, ns/ fJ;sqhgoe g'qrokwKd/ ftu fJe skbw/b j'Dk ukjhdk j?. fJ;sqhnK d/ Bht/A g~Xo d/ ekoDK d/ nfXn?B ns/ jo/e y/softu T[BQK d/ nfXekoK dh o~fynk eoB d/ T[d/P s'A e/Ado ns/ oki ;oekoK B/ eJh ewhPBK dh fB:[eshehsh j?. e/Adoh ;oeko B/ d' nfij/ wj~stg{oB ewhPB 1971 s/ 1992 ftu fB:[es ehs/ ;B. 31iBtoh, 1992 Bz{ wfjbktK d/ bJh okPNoh ewhPB dk rmB ehs frnk fi;dk T[d/P ;h, wfjbktKBkb ;zpzfXs wkwfbnK Bzz{ d/yDk, fJ;sqhnK d/ g~Xo dh iKu eoBK, eJh ftXkBK dk nfXn?B eoBkns/ T[BQk ftu ewI'o fpzd{nK s/ ykwhnK dh soc ;ze/s eoBk, wfjbktK d/ gqsh ehs/ rJ// G/dGkts/ fjz;k d/ ekoDK dk gsk brkT[Dk ns/ ;zGkfts T[gktK dk ftPb/PD eoBk.

fJ; b/ye dh XkoDk j? fe Gkosh wfjbk n~i th nkofEe o{g Bkb g[oP d/ gqG[st s'A w[es BjhA j?.;wkfie, B?fse s/ wB'ftfrnkBe nk:kwK ftu th T[BQK dh ;fEsh g[oP d/ ;wo{g BjhA j?. fi; gqekoT[j B"eoh eodh j?, xo dk ezw eodh j?, fJBK ;G d/ gqsh T[;dh fBPmk T[;d/ ihtB d/ ;o{g d/ ;zdoGT[Zs/ fBoGo eodh j? id T[j nkgDk gq'Vsk tkbk ihtB nkozG eodh j?, sd T[;dk nshs T[; soQK BjhAj[zdk fit/A g[oP dk j[zdk j?. ;wki d/ d[nkok T[;dk w[bKeD fpbe[b fGzB gfog/y ftu j[zdk j?. fJe tZvh;zfynk ftu wfjbktK w[esh gqkgs eoB ftu n;cb ofjzdhnK jB feT[Afe T[j gozgokrs Bkoh irsd/ x/o/ s'A pkjo BjhA fBeb gkT[AdhnK. T[BQK Bz{ Bk sK ;wki s'A jh ns/ Bk nkgD/ gsh s'A jh g[oPK d/;wkB j'D d/ bJh io{oh ;jkfJsk fwbdh j?. fB;zd/j nZi th T[j g[oPK d/ nfsnkukoK dk fPeko jB.

fJ;sqhnK Bz{ nfXekoK s'A tzfus oyD d/ bJh t?neshe, nkofEe s/ iB;zfynk ;zpzX ekoe j' ;ed/jB. t?neshe ekoeK dk ;zpzX T[BQK g[oPK d/ ftneshst dh ftP/PsktK s'A j? i' Bht/A p"Xe :'rsk(I.Q.) oyd/ jB, i' nfte;s, e[zmk ns/ fBokPsk s'A ghVs j[zd/ jB ns/ i' fJ;sqhnK s'A n:EkoEtkdhT[Zu nkPktK oyd/ jB ns/ nkPk eod/ jB fe T[j fBPfeqn ns/ d~p{ pDhnK ofjD. fi~E/ se nkofEeekoeK dk ;zpzX j?l Bht/A s/ wfXnw nkwdB torh wfjbktK Bz{ T[Zu nkwdB torh wfjbktK dhng/ePk nfXekoK s'A fInkdk tzfus ofynk iKdk j?l ns/ B"eohnK ftu Bht/A g~Xo dhnK B"eohnKftu brhnK wfjbktK Bz{ T[Zu gd tkbh B"eohnK ftu brhnK wfjbktK dh ng/ePk x~N nfXeko j[zd/


B ØN


jB. nzs ftu, fiE/ se iB;zfynkswe ekoeK dk ;zpzX j?, T[Zu ikshnK dhnK wfjbktK Bz{ Bht/A ns/wfXnw iksh dhnK wfjbktK dh ng/ePk nfXeko s'A x~N tzfus ehsk iKdk j?, t~vh T[wo d/ g[oPfJ;sqhnK Bz{ nfXekoK s'A x~N T[wo d/ g[oPK dh ng/ePk fInkdk tzfus eod/ jB. ns/ wfjbktK d[nkokwfjbktK Bz{ nfXekoK s'A nfXe tzfus ehsk iKdk j?, ng/ePkfeqs g[oPK d[nkok wfjbktK Bz{. fJj ;kBz{T[BQK g[oPK Bz{ gSkDB ftu ;jkfJsk eoBk j? i' fJ;sqhnK Bz{ nfXeko d/D s'A fJBeko eod/ jB. fJjT[j g[oP j[zd/ jB i' jhB GktBk d/ fPeko j[zd/ jBl fBokPsk s'A Go/ j[zd/ jB, p[~Xh s/ :'rsk x~N oyd/jB iK fco ;wki fteqsh ns/ wB'fteqsh Bkb ghVs j[zd/ jB, noEks T[BK dk ftneshst nftnt;fEsj[zdk j?, ;[Gkn s'A ;zd/j eoB tkb/ j[zd/ jB, nkgD/ pugB ftu fjz;k d/ fPeko j'J/ j[zd/ jB, ns/ gfotkoftu sDkng{oD ;fEshnK dk ;kjwDk eoB/ ofjzd/ jB. T[BQK fJ;sqhnK Bz{ th nb~r s'A gSkfDnk ik ;edkj? fiBQK Bz{ nfXekoK s'A tzfus ofynk iKdk j?l T[j fJ;sqhnK nkgD/ nkg Bz{ n;jkJ/ nB[Gt eodhnK jB,jhB GktBk Bkb rqf;s j[zdhnK jB, nkgD// ftP/ ftu jhB XkoDktK oydhnK jB, ;wkfie ftef;s nt;Ekftu ewh nB[Gt eodhnK jB ns/ nkofEe o{g s'A nkfPqs j[zdhnK jB.

n;hA s/ gqeko d/ nfXekoK s'A tzuBktK (Deprivations) Bz{ th nb~r s'A gSkD ;ed/ jK—XB goe(Money oriented), nkBzd goe (Pleasure oriented), Pesh goe (Power oriented), ghVsfJ;sqh goe (Victim Precipitated), fJBeko eoB tkb/ dh fteqsh d/ cb;o{g (Deniar'sPathology Result), ns/ gfotko dh sDkng{oB ;fEshnK d/ cb;o{g (Stressful FamilySituation Resulted).

6 H6 H6 H6 H6 H fJ;sqhnK ns/ o'Irko fJ;sqhnK ns/ o'Irko fJ;sqhnK ns/ o'Irko fJ;sqhnK ns/ o'Irko fJ;sqhnK ns/ o'Irko (Women and Employment)—Pqw d/ pkiko ftu fJ;sqhnK Bz{ B[e;kBjh u[eDk fgnk j?. fJj B[e;kB T[BQK dh nf;fynk, :'rsk dh ewh, ;wki ftt;Ek ftu jhB ;fEshns/ fBoD/ eoB ns/ Pesh dh ;zouBk s'A T[BQK Bz{ pkjo oyD torh ;fEshnK dk jh gqshcb j?.

9H4H6 ezwekih wfjbktK9H4H6 ezwekih wfjbktK9H4H6 ezwekih wfjbktK9H4H6 ezwekih wfjbktK9H4H6 ezwekih wfjbktK1991 dh ibrDBk efwPBo dh fog'oN d/ nB[;ko PfjoK ns/ fgzvK d'tK ftu jh xo dh uko dhtkoh s'Apkjo nke/ ezw eoB tkbhnK wfjbktK dh ;zfynk ftu T[b/yBh tkXk j'fJnk j?. 1971 dh iBrDBk d/nKefVnK d/ nB[;ko d/P dh e[b ezw eoB dh Pesh (Work Force) ftu 13H0# wfjbk Pqfwe ;B. fJjgqshPs 1981 ftu 25H86 ns/ 1991 ftu 28H57 j' frnk. brGr 80# wfjbktK y/sh ezwK ftu brhnKjB. f;oc 12H0# fJ;sqhnK jh e/Adoh s/ oki gqPk;fBe ;/tktK ftu ns/ ;kotifBe gqshPmkBK ftubrhnK jB. ;koDh 1 ns/ 2 e[b wfjbk iB;zfynk ns/ nt?sfBe (Unpaid) Pqfwe Bz{ doPkT[Ad/ jB.i' fe 1981 ftu 20H76 fwfbnB s'A t~X e/ 1991 ftu 28H27 fwfbnB j' rJh.

1979 ftu c?eNohnK ftu o'Irko gqkgs fJ;sqhnK dh ;zfynk 5H14 b~y ;h, ykBK 0H8 b~y, ns/ pkrkBKftu 4H18 b~y ;h.

Gkos ftu e[b ekwekih wfjbktK ftu jo/e 100 ;/tk:[es (Employed) wfjbktK ftu'A 52H59 nf;fyns jBl28H56 gqkJhwoh ns/ fwfvb g~Xo se f;fyns, 13H78 ;?ezvoh g~Xo se f;fyns ns/ 5H07 ;Bkse ns/ fJ;

skfbek 1skfbek 1skfbek 1skfbek 1skfbek 1

Gkos ftu fJ;sqh iB;zfynk ns/ wfjbk ekwro

fJ;sqh iB;zfynk fJ;sqh ezwro fJ;sqh ezwroK dh ezw

(fwfbnB ftu) (w[Zy s/ ;hwKs) Gkrhdkoh dh do

Pq/Dh (fwfbnB ftu)

1961 1971 1981 1991 1961 1971 1981 1961 1971 1981

e[b 206H2 255H0 318H2 406H5 57H5 36H2 66H3 5H75 3H62 6H63

g/Av{ 170H0 205H6 245H1 304H0 63H6 32H7 58H5 5H36 3H27 5H85

Pfjoh 35H6 49H4 73H1 102H5 3H9 3H5 7H8 0H39 0H35 0H78


B ØN


s'A T[go f;fyns jB. Pfjoh y/soK ftu jo/e 100 ;/tk :[es wfjbktK ftu'A 25H83 nf;fyns, 35H49gqkJhwoh ns/ fwvb se, 25H71 ;?ezvoh se ns/ 12H97 ;Bkse ns/ fInkdk se f;fyns jB. g/Av{ y/soKftu jo/e 100 ;/tk:[es wfjbktK ftu'A 88H11 nf;fyns, 1068 gqkJhwoh s/ fwvb se ns/ 1H21 fwvbs'A T[gj f;fyns jB.

skfbek 2skfbek 2skfbek 2skfbek 2skfbek 2

wfjbk ezwroK dh gqshPs ;zfynk ftu ftPwsk

Pq/Dh 1961 1971 1981

fe;kB 15H45 3H61 4H77

y/sh wid{o 6H87 6H18 6H58

j'o wId{o 5H61 2H34 3H09

e[b wfjbk ekwro 27H93 12H13 14H44

ezw dhnK gq/oDktK (ezw dhnK gq/oDktK (ezw dhnK gq/oDktK (ezw dhnK gq/oDktK (ezw dhnK gq/oDktK (Work Motivations)))))—wfjbktK o'Irko feT[A bGdhnK jB< fJ;sqhnK ftuo'Irko d/ bJh gq/oDk g[oPK s'A fGzB j[zdh j?. ;gPN ekoD sK j? XB dh io{os, gozs{ fJj efjDk rbsj't/rk fe ;kohnK wfjbktK XB d/ ekoD jh B"eoh eodhnK jB. fJe nfXn?B ftu 728 ezwêkih wfjbktKd/ nfXn?B ftu B"eoh eoB d/ gqw[Zy ekoD fJ; gqeko gkJ/ rJ/ — gsh d/ g{oh Bk g?Adh sBykj d/ ekoDlgsh dh fwqs{, gsh dh fpwkoh, gsh d/ ;jkok Bk d/D d/ ekoD, gsh d[nkok gfofsnkr ns/ xo s'A pkjoezw eoB dh tohnsk d/D d/ ekoD. w'N/ s"o T[s/ fejk ikt/ sK, 89H0# wfjbktK nkofEe io{osK d/ ekoDjh B"eoh eodhnK jB.

dhgk wkE[o (1992 L 23) d/ i?g[o (oki;EkB) ftu 225 ezw ekih wfjbktK d/ nfXn?B s'A wfjbktK d/ ;/tk:[es j'D d/ S/ ekoe gsk ubd/ jB—nkofEe io{os iK gfotko dh nkwdB ftu ;fJ;r (22H7#),Gkth G?V/ ;w/A s'A ;[o~fynk (20#), ofjD ;fjD d/ g~Xo Bz{ T[Zuk u[~eD d/ bJh (20H4#), wB pfjbkT[Dns/ ;wkfie ;zgoeK d/ ekoB (17H3#), ftneshrs ;BwkB ns/ nkezPktK d/ ekoB (12H4#), ;tkfGwkBdh g{osh (7H2#). fJ; gqeko 63H0# fJ;sqhnK nkofEe io{osK d/ ekoD ezw eodhnK ;B ns/ 37H0#nBkofEe ekoDK s'A. id T[BQK fJ;sqhnK s'A g[~fSnk frnk fe i/eo T[BQK Bz{ ;t/Sk gqdkB ehsh ikt/ fe T[jg{oD ekfbe ;/tk:[es pDBk g;zd eoDrhnK iK g{oD ekfbe rqfjDh, sK 52H0# B/ f;oc xo dk ezw g;zdehsk ns/ 48H0# B/ xo d/ ezw ns/ B"eoh dk sksw/b (T[jh 24). fJ; gqeko, n~Xh s'A e[M xZN wfjbktKB/ ezw eoB dh T[s;[esk doPkJh ns/ n~X/ s'A e[M fInkdk B/ ezw d/ bJh nfB~Sk doPkJh. gq/oe g~Xo(Motivational Level) d/ wkgB s'A gsk ufbnk fe 47H6# wfjbktK dk gq/oe g~Xo pj[s T[Zuk ;h, 35H1#dk wfXnw (Moderate) ;h, ns/ 17H3# dk BhtK ;h. T[Zu g/qoDk g~Xo dk ;zpzX T[Zu f;fynk g~Xo s'A,B"eoh d/ T[Zu ;zs'y s'A, ns/ x~N T[wo s'A ;h. 29H0# wkwfbnK ftu g/qoDk dk ;q's ;h iBe gfotko(wksk^fgsk, Gok^G?D), 23H0# wkwfbnK ftu ;q's ;h iBB gfotko, 9H0# wkwfbnK ftu fw~so s/nfXnkge ;B, ns/ 39# wkwfbnK ftu ;q's ;t? gq/oDk ;h.

ezw dh gq/oDk dh gqftosh ftu tkX/ eoB tkb/ ekoeK dh soQK jh e[M nfij/ ekoe th jB i' fJ; gqftoshBz{ x~N eod/ jB. dhgk wkE[o d/ nfXn?B (T[jh 36) ftu gq/oDk x~N eoB tkb/ ekoe ;B — T[g:[esB"eohnK dk T[gbpX Bk j'Dk (49#), :'rsk ftu ewh (20#), ezw eoB dh fJ~Sk ftu ewh (18#), gshs'A g'qs;kjB Bk fwbBk (8#), ns/ gsh dh B"eoh dh io{osK d/ Bkb n;zrssk (incompatibility) (5%).

9H4H7 d[joh G{fwek dk ;zs'P9H4H7 d[joh G{fwek dk ;zs'P9H4H7 d[joh G{fwek dk ;zs'P9H4H7 d[joh G{fwek dk ;zs'P9H4H7 d[joh G{fwek dk ;zs'PfezBhnK fJ;sqhnK nkgDh d[joh G{fwek s'A ;zs[PN ofjzdhnK jB< i/eo XB fJeZmk eoB tkbh wfjbk wKns/ gsBh dh G{fwek ftbhB eoB d/ :sB ftu ;cb jz[dh j? sK T[j wfjbk nkgDh d[joh G{fwek s'A ;zs[PNwzBh ikt/rh. ‘T[Zu’ ;zs'P ezw eoB ns/ xo pDkT[D tkbh G{fwek gq;zBsk g{ote fBGkT[D ftu fBfjsj?l ‘wfXnw’ ;zs'y dk noE j? d'tK G{fwektK ftu ;hwKs n;zs[bB (Marginal Imbalance) ns/ ‘j/mbk


B ØN


;zs'y’ fJe iK d't/A G{fwektK ftu n;zs'y ftu fBfjs j?. dhgk wkE[o d/ nfXn?B ftu 53 wfjbktK nkgDhd[joh G{fwektK s'A T[Zu ;zs[PN, 18# wfXnw ;zs[{N s/ 29# n;zs[PN gkJh rJhnK.

d[joh G{fwektK d/ Bkb ;zs'y$n;zs'y ezwêkih wfjbktK d/ nksw^gqshfpzp (Self-image) ns/ nkgD/ nkgd/ ftP/ ftu ehsh rJh ebgBktK Bz{ gqGkts eodk j?. nkgD/ nkg d/ ftP/ ftu T[Zu/ gqshfpzp pDkT[D dknoE j? fe wfjbk fJj nB[Gt eodh j? fe ezw eoB d/ ekoD T[;d/ ftenshst ftu ;[Xko j'fJnk j?,idfe j/mb/ gqshfpzp dk noE j? fe wfjbk fJj nB[Gt eo/ fe ezw$B"eoh B/ T[;d/ ftneshst T[s/ n~SkgqGkt BjhA gkfJnk j?.

j/mb/ ;t? gqshfpzp ns/ d[joh G{fwektK, ezw ekih wfjbktK d/ bJh G{fwek ;zxoP torh ;wki Pk;soh;w~f;nk g?dk eo fdzdh j? fi;dk gqGkt, gfotkoe ;zzpzXK, pZfunK dh d/yGkb ns/ ;feqn s/ fBPfeqn o{gs'A G{fwektK d/ fBotkj eoB T[s/ g?Adk j?. b~ikPhb s/ fBwo ;[Gkn dh fJ;sqhnK Bz{ gqGktPkbh ftneshsttkbh fJ;sqhnK dh ng/ePk d[joh G{fwek fBotkj ftu fInkdk ;w~f;nktK dk ;kwQDk eoBk g??Adk j?. dhgkwkE[o (T[jh, 87^88) B/ nkgD/ nfXn?b ftu d/fynk fe 21H8# fJ;sqhnK T[Zu e'Nh d/ G{fwek ;zxoP dh;fEsh ftu ;B, 44H4# j/mb/ e'Nh d/, ns/ 33H8# fe;h th gqeko d/ G{fwek ;zxoP dh ;fEsh ftu BjhA;B. ezw eoB d/ gq/oDkswe g~Xo, gsBh d/ o'irko d/ gqsh gsh dk fdqPNhe'D, ezw d/ ;EkB T[s/nzsoftneshrs ;zpzX ns/ wfjbktK d/ ftnesst d/ gqeko nkfd ftftXsktK ns/ G{fwek ;zxoP d/ ftuwj~stg{oB, wfXnw ns/ ewI'o ;zpzX gkJ/ rJ/.

G{fwek ;zxoP ns/ gq/oDk g~Xo ns/ gsh d/ fdqPNhe'D d/ ftZu ;zpzX ‘wj~stg{oB’ jB, ezw eoB d/ ;EkBT[s/ nzsoftenshrs ;zpzX d/ Bkb ;zpzX ewI'o jB, ns/ pZfunK dh T[g;fEsh dh dPk d/ Bkb ;zpzX‘wfXnw’ jB.

okw{ (1989) dk ftuko j? fe BthB nkofEe s/ xo/b{ G{fwektK d/ ftu d/ ;zxoP dk cb wfjbktK d/ ekoiKd/ ftGkrheoD d/ o{g ftu j[zdk j?. Gkt/A fJj n;EkJh jh j[zdk j? feT[Afe ftnt;kJ/ s/ rqfj;E ithB d/ftu N~eo dh wzr j[zdh j? fe T[j fJ;d/ Bkb skbw/b eoD, fezs{ nB/e wfjbktK d/ bJh fJj n;zGt fijkjh gqshs j[zdk j?. e[M ;w/A d/ pknd T[j nB[Gt eodhnK jB fe iK sK T[j nkgDh ftnt;kfJe nkeKePktKBz{ E~b/ fbnkT[D iK fco nkgD/ rqfj;E fizw/tkohnK ftu e[M eN"sh eoD.

9H4H8 G{fwek ;wk:'iB9H4H8 G{fwek ;wk:'iB9H4H8 G{fwek ;wk:'iB9H4H8 G{fwek ;wk:'iB9H4H8 G{fwek ;wk:'iBezwêkih wfjbktK Bz{ nkgD/ gfotko ns/ ezw d/ ;EkB d/ ftu nkgD/ Bz{ ;wk:'fis eoBk g?Adk j?.;wk:'iBdk noE j? fJe gfo;fEsh s'A d{ih gfo;fEsh T[s/ ub/ ikDk, G{fwektK dk d{finK d/ gfog/y s'A ntb'eBns/ eJh G{fwektK Bz{{ e[Pbsk ns/ ;zsy'gqd Yzr Bkb fBotkj eoBk j[zdk j?. nk;kB PpdK ftu ‘G{fwek;wk:'iB’ G{fwek dh wzr (Role Demands) ns/ ftnesh dh G{fwek Bz{ eoB (Role Performance) T[s/fBoGo eodk j?.

fJe ezw ekih wfjbk Bz{ eJh ;wZf;nktK dk ;kwQDk eoBk g?Adk j?. xo d/ ihtB dk ;wk:'iB dcso dhfdB d/ o[MkB s'A eoBk j[zdk j?. xo d/ ezw eki Bz{ gozgokrs o[MkB s'A fGzB fpzd{nK T[s/ ftnt;fEs eoBkj[zdk j?. bkoiK; (Lazarns, 1961) d/ nB[;ko ;wk:'iB doPkT[D tkb/ uko gqw[y ;{ue (Indicators)jB—G{fwektK dk e[Pb s/ p[ZXhwskg{oD fBotkj, wB'ftfrnkBe ;[y dh j~d, sDkn byPDK dk nGkt ns/ftT[jko dh ;wkfie ;thfeqsh.

;wk:'iB dk fJe nk:kwh fBozso (Unidimensional continuum) T[s/ wkg ehsk iKdk j?. fBozso ftuftnesh dh ;fEsh T[Zusw fpzd{ s'A j/mbh fpzd{ se ;fEs ehsh iKdh j?. j/mb/ ;wk:'iB Bz{ e[^;wk:'iB(Maladjustment) s'A nbr eo fbnk iKdk j? feT[Afe d't/A jh r[DK d/ nkXko T[s/ fJe d{i/ s'A fGzB j[zd/jB. e[^;wk:'iB ftu ftnkfXeh nB[feqnk (Pathological Response) fBfjs j?, idfe j/mb/ ;wk:'iBgfo;fEsh ftu g{oB o{g s'A ftbhB j'D dh ;fEsh doPkT[Adk j?.

‘xo dk ;wk:'iB’ ns/ ‘B"eoh ;wk:'iB’ ftu w[bKeD d/ fGzB nkXko Pkwb jB. ezwekih wfjbktK d/ ftP/ftu nkw s"o s/ fJj d/fynk frnk j? fe ‘B"eoh ;wk:'iB’ ‘xo ;wk:'iB’ dh ng/ePk fes/ T[Zu e'Nhdk j[zdk j?.


B ØN


dhgk wkE[o d/ nB[;zXkBK s'A gsk ubdk j? fe nfXn?B ehsh rJh 225 ezwekih wfjbktK ftu'A 38# dk‘xo dk ;wk:'iB’ T[Zu e'Nh dk, 43# dk wfXnw, ns/ 19# dk j/mbh e'Nh dk ;h. ‘B"eoh ;wk:'iB’ftu 44# B/ T[Zu, 30# B/ wfXnw ns/ 26# B/ j/mbh e'Nh dk ;wk:'iB doPkfJnk. B"eoh ;wk:'iBdk g~Xo B"eoh dh gqfeqsh, ;/tk d/ ;w/A, ns/ Gkth :'iktK d/ Bkb jh nb~r gkfJnk j?. d{i/ gk;/, ‘xodk ;wk:'iB’ gfotko ;zouk, nkeko, gsh ns/ ;j[o/ tkfbnK Bkb ;fJ;'r, ns/ ;t? w[bKeD T[s/ fBoGoeodk j?. d't/A ;fEshnK Bz{ fJe~fmnk oy e/ fejk ik ;edk j? fe ezw ekih wfjbktK nkw s"o s/ xo dhfizw/tkohnK ns/ nkgDh nkeKPktK Bz{ g{ok eoB d/ bJh fJ; gqeko :'iBk pDk b?AdhnK jB fe ;wk:"iBeoB ftu efmBkJh BjhA nkT[Adh. Gkt/A wfjbktK nkgDh nkwdB fInkdkso ihtB g~Xo T[Zuk u[~eD ftuyou eodhnK jB ns/ T[BQK T[s/ xwzvh, bkgotkj, nksw e/Afdqs j'D dk nko'g brkfJnk iKdk j?, fcoth T[j xo dh uko dhtkoh s'A eZY e/ ns/ okPNo s/ wkBtsk d/ dkfJo/ ftu nkgDh Gkrhdkoh dk fBotkjeo ojh j?.

9H4H9 wfjbktK d/ nfXeko9H4H9 wfjbktK d/ nfXeko9H4H9 wfjbktK d/ nfXeko9H4H9 wfjbktK d/ nfXeko9H4H9 wfjbktK d/ nfXekonfij/ ;wki ftu fi~E/ e[b iB;zfynk dh n~Xh ns/ fszB–gziwKP fj~;/ nf;fyns wfjbktK jB (1991iBrDBk), nfij/ o{Vhtkdh gozgoktK ns/ ftPtk;K ns/ gqEktK ftu ieV/ j'J/ ;wki Bz{ oks'A oks Bjhapdfbnk ik ;edk. Bk jh fJBQK d/ fto[X gqpb iBws fsnko eoBk ;ob j?. ftXkBK dk e[M gqGkt j[zdkj? gozs{ fJBQK Bz{ pj[s ;ktXkBh Bkb uoDK ftu bkr{ eoBk j[zdk j?. ftXkB dh g[;seK ftu wfjbktK Bkb;zpzXs fezzB/ ftXkB jB< fjzd{ ;wki Bz{ fJBQK ftXkBK B/ fe; ;hwk se nzd'fbs ehsk j?< fe; j~d se T[BQKftXkBK ftu ;wkfie gfotosD nkfJnk j?<

fJBQK ftXkBK d/ wkfXnw s'A gqkgs wfjbk nfXekoK dk ftt/uB n;hA fJ~E/ ;zy/g ftu eoKr/.

g[oPK d/ ;wkB fJ;sqhnK Bz{ th Gkosh ;zftXkB d[nkok gqw[Zy nfXeko fJ; gqeko jBL

1H ;wkBsk dk nfXeko, noEks nt;oK dh ;wkBsk, ekBz{B d/ ;Bw[y ;wkBsk, ekBz{BK dk ;wkB;ozyDns/ B"eohnK nkfd ftu fbzr d/ nkXko T[s/ G/dGkt Bk ;wfMnk ikDk.

2H ;[szsosk dk nfXeko, noEks GkPD dh ;[szsosk, fBtk; dh ;[szsosk ns/ ftnt;kJ/ s/ rshPhbskdh ;[szsosk.

3H P'PD d/ fto[~X ;[szsosk, noEks ‘p/rko’ d/ fto[X.4H Xow dh ;[szsosk dk nfXeko, noEks T[gd/P ns/ Xow dk ;[szsosk g{ote nB[gkbB.

5H ;zgsh dk nfXeko, noEks ;zgsh gqkgs eoB, oyD ns/ t/uD dk nfXeko.6H ;K;feqse ns/ f;fynk dk nfXeko, noEks ;z;feqsh dk ;zofynD ns/ f;fyne ;z;EktK

ftu gqt/P eoB dk nfXeko.

7H ;zt?XkfBe T[guko (Remedy) dk nfXeko, noEks w"fbe nfXekoK Bz{ bkr eoB d/ bJh e'oN dhPoD ftu ikD dk nfXeko.

fJ; w{b nfXekoK d/ fdbk;/ d/ nbktk oki ;oekoK Bz{ th fJj nfXeko fds/ rJ/ jB fe T[j ;w/A ;w/A T[s/nfij/ ftXkB bkr{ eoD i' fJ;sqhnK d/ fjsK dh ofynk eod/ j'D ns/ fJ;sqhnK d/ Bkb ftntjko ftuT[BQK Bz{ tohnsk fd~sh ikt/. fJ; nkXko T[s/ ;oeko ;w/A ;w/A T[s/ nfij/ t?XkfBe T[gkn eodh ojh j?.fiBQK Bkb ;wkfie ftnt;Ek ns/ fBnK pfDnk oj/.

rs fszB iK uko dPeK ftu ekch ;zfynk ftu ftXkB bkr{ ehs/ rJ/ ;B ns/ e[M ftu ;[Xko ehs/ rJ/jB fiBQK s'A wfjbktK d/ ;wkB g~Xo ns/ nt;oK Bz{ ;[fBPfus ehsk frnk j?. fJBQK ftXkBK dk w[bKeDfszB g~XoK T[s/ ehsk ik ;edk j? — ;wkfie, nkofEe ns/ okiB?fse.

9H4H10 ;wkfie ftXkB9H4H10 ;wkfie ftXkB9H4H10 ;wkfie ftXkB9H4H10 ;wkfie ftXkB9H4H10 ;wkfie ftXkBwfjbktK Bkb ;zpzXs ns/ ;kwkfie ekBz{BK s'A ;zpzXs uko gqw[~y wkwb/ jB—ftnkj, r'd b?Dk (Adoption),;zofynsk (Guardianship) ns/ roGgks (abortion). ftnkj Bkb ;zpzXs ;w~f;nktK jBL (1) ihtB;kEh dh u'D, (2) ftnkj dh T[wo, (3) pj[s gsBh ftnkj, (4) n:'r (invalid) ftnkj, (5) fBPgqGkth


B ØN


(Void) ftnkj, (6) ftnkj ftS/d, (7) dzgsh nfXekoK dk gqfs;kEB (Restitution of Conjugalrights), (8) r[Ikok G~sk, (9) pZu/ dk ;zofynD (Custody of Child), (10) dki, (11) g[Boftnkj.g{ot T[fbys e[M bkr{ j' u[e/ ftXkB fJ; gqeko jB—1955 dk fjzd{ ftnkj nfXfBnw, 1954 dk ftP/P ftnkjnfXfBnw ns/ 1856 dk g[Boftnkj nfXfBnw.

pZfunK Bz{ r'd b?D Bkb ;zpzXs fBnw 1956 ftu gkfos ehsk frnk fi; Bz{ fjzd{ d~se rqfjD ns/ GoDg'PD nfXfB:w dk Bkw fdsk frnk. Bk e/tb ftnkjhnK fJ;sqhnK Bz{ pbfe nDftnkjhnK fJ;sqh ftXtkfJ;sqh ns/ sbkeP[dk fJ;sqh Bz{ th p~funK Bz{ d~se nfXrqfjD dk nfXeko fdsk frnk j?. f;ocnDftnkjh ns/ gzdoQK ;kb s'A x~N T[wo d/ p~funK dk jh d~se rqfjD ehsk ik ;edk j?.

1970 se roGgks Bz{ t?XkfBe fdqPNh s'A ngokX wzfBnK iKdk ;h. 1971 ftu fufes;k roG ;wkgBnfXfBnw (Medical Termination of Pregnency Act) gk; ehsk frnk fi;d/ wkfXnw Bkb roGtshwfjbk ns/ roGgks Pfbne (Abortionist) d'tK Bz{ jh roGgks dh nkfrnk gqdkB eo fdsh rJh. fJjnfXfBnw ng?qb, 1972 ftu bkr{ ehsk frnk ns/ fJj f;oc pkoQK wjhB/ se d/ roG d/ roGgks dhnkfrnk f;oc ofi;Nov vkeNo Bz{ fdzdk j?. roG d/ f;oc fJBQK gfo;fEshnK ftu jh ;wkgs eoB dhnkfrnk fdsh rJh j?L i/eo roGtsh wfjbk d/ ihtB B{z i'fyw j't/ T[;d/ Pohoe s/ wkBf;e ;tk;E Bz{rzGho B[e;kB dh nPzek j't/ iK fco fJ; r~b dk vo j't/ fe iBw b?D tkbk pZuk ngzr iK Pohoe s/wkBf;e n;wkBsktK (Abnormalities) d/ Bkb iBw bt/rk. roGgks nfij/ wkwfbnK ftu th ;thfeqsj[zdk j? fiE/ roG dk ekoB pbkseko iK roG fBo'Xe ftXhnK dh n;cbsk fojk j't/.

9H4H119H4H119H4H119H4H119H4H11 nkofEe ftXkBnkofEe ftXkBnkofEe ftXkBnkofEe ftXkBnkofEe ftXkBnkofEe ftXkBK Bkb ;zpzXs ftP/ jB—;zgsh dk nfXeko, ;wkB sBykj, ezw eoB dh dPktK, gq;{sh bkG,ns/ ezw dh ;[o~fynk (Job Security). fJe wfjbk d/ ;zgsh nfXeko dk noE j? T[;dk gsBh, g[~soh,ftXtk ns/ wK d/ o{g ftu ;zgsh dk nfXeko. fjzd{ T[ZsokfXeko nfXfBnw, 1956 d/ nB[;ko Bk e/tbg[~soh Bz{ jh T[;d/ Gok d/ pokpo dk fjZ;k fgsk dh ;zgsh ftu fwbdk j?, pbfe fJe ftXtk Bz{ th nkgD/fwqs gsh dh ;zgsh ftu'A T[;d/ g[~soK ns/ g[~sohnK d/ pokpo dk fj~;k fwbdk j?. fJ; ftXkB B/ ‘fJ;sqhXB’ns/ ‘r?o fJ;saqh XB’ d/ ftu dk G/d th ysw eo fdsk j?.

fi~E'A se ;wkB sBykj dk ;zpzX j?, ;wkB sBykj nfXfBnw, 1976 (Equal Remuneration Act, 1976)wfjbk ns/ g[oP eowhnK dh sBykj ftu G/d eoB dh nkfrnk BjhA fdzdk. i' wkfbe fJBQK ftXkBK dkgkbB BjhA eod/ T[BQK d/ bJh dzv dk gqktXkB j?.

ezw dk ;wK dPktK dk fBnzsqD c?eNoh nfXfBnw, 1948 s'A jz[dk j?. fco, ezw d/ xzN/, ;kgskfje ftPqkw,;ckJh d/ g~Xo, gqekP ftnt;Ek, skgwkB, wPhBK dh j~dpzdh, gqkEfwe T[guko dh ;[ftXk, ftPqkw rqfj,nkfd gqktXkBK d/ nbktk fJ; ftXkB ftu pZfunK d/ fPP{ rqfj (Creches) ;Ekgs eoB dh ns/ wfjbktKd/ bJh nbr s'A gq;kXB (Toilet) ;Ekgs eoB dk gqktXkB j?. wfjbktK d/ bJh fJe fdB ftu fInkdks'A fInkdk B"A xzN/ ns/ oks 10 ti/ s'A ;t/o/ 5 ti/ d/ ftu e'Jh th ezw Bk eoB d/D dk gqktXkB th fJ;ekBz{B ftu j?.

9H4H12 okiB?fse nfXeko9H4H12 okiB?fse nfXeko9H4H12 okiB?fse nfXeko9H4H12 okiB?fse nfXeko9H4H12 okiB?fse nfXekoGkosh ;zftXkB d[nkok gqd~s wfjbktK Bz{ d' gqw[Zy nfXeko jB—wfjbktK Bz{ t'N dk nfXeko ns/ ftXkBwzvb d/ bJh :'rsk. wfjbk t'N d/ nfXeko dh wzr ;G s'A gfjbK 1917 ftu ehsh rJh ;h, fezs{ ;kT[Epo' cq?AukJhi ew/Nh B/ 1918 ftu fJ; wzr Bz{ n;theko eo fd~sk. 1919 ftu ;oeko B/ oki ;oekoK Bz{

nkX[fBe fJ;sqh Bz{ s[;hA fe; o{g ftu d/yd/ j'<Nk;e


B ØN


nfXeko d/ fdZsk fe T[j fJ;sqh t'N d/ nfXeko d/ ;zpzX ftu nkgD/ nbr ftXkB bkr{ eoD. fJ; gqekod/ ftXkB okie'N ftu 1923 ftu, Nqktze'o e'uhB ftu 1924 ftu, wdok; s/ T[Zso gqd/P ftu 1925 ftu,gzikp s/ n;kw ftu 1926 ftu, ns/ fpjko s/ T[Vh;k ftu 1929 ftu gk; ehs/ rJ/. (Jane Matson,1971: 108-110). 1935 d/ Gkos ;oeko nfXfB:w ftu f;fynk dh :'rsk d/ nkXko T[s/ fJ;sqh t'Ndk nfXeko gqdkB ehsk frnk. cb;o{g, 1937 ftu 56 wfjbktK B/ u'D d/ wkfXnw s'A ftXkB wzvbK ftugqt/P ehsk. ;[szsosk d/ pknd fJ;sqh wsdksktK dh ;zfynk ns/ oki ftXkB wzvbK ns/ b'e ;Gk ftuwfjbk gqshfBXhnK dh ;zfynk ftu gfonkgs tkXk j'fJnk j?.

9H4H13 nfXeko u/sBk9H4H13 nfXeko u/sBk9H4H13 nfXeko u/sBk9H4H13 nfXeko u/sBk9H4H13 nfXeko u/sBkGkt/A gkos ftu wfjbK Bz{ j'o d/PK dh wfjbktK dh ng/ePk fInkdk nfXeko gqkgs jB, fezs{ eh ;kv/ d/P dh wfjbktK ftu nkgD/ nfXekoK d/ gqsh u/sBk j?< fJ; b/ye B/ e[M ;kb gfjb oki;EkB d/ fJe fib/d/ fJe fgzv dh 18 s'A 50 ;kb dh T[wo dh 753 fJ;sqhnK dk fJe nfXn?B ehsk ;h. nfXn?B dk w[ZyT[d/P fJ;sqhnK ftu nfXekoK d/ bJh u/sBk dk w[bKeD ns/ ;zftXkB ns/ eJh ftXkBK d[nkok gqd~snfXekoK d/ gqsh ;zs[PNh d/ g~Xo Bz{ Bkgdk ;h. fJ; nB[;zXkB dk ;?XKfse wkvb (Conceptual Model)fJj ;h fe fe;/ ftP/P y/so ftu, (fit/A ;wkfie, okiB?fse, nkofEe s/ Xkofwe) wfjbktK dh nfXekou/sBk dk gZXo uko rZbK T[s/ fBoGo eodk j? — fJ;sqh dh ftneshrs gqPmG{wh (f;fynk dk g~Xo,nkeKPktK dk g~Xo ns/ ftneshrs io{os), T[;dh ;wkfie gfo;fEshnK (foPs/dkoK dh ng/ePktK, gshd/ nkdoP, ns/ gfotko d/ w?ApoK d/ fdqPNhe'D), T[;dk nkgDk fdqPNhe'D (nkgD/ g~Xo ns/ G{fwek d/ gqsh)ns/ T[;dk nkofEe nkXko (tor^w?ApofPg dk g~Xo). ;kv/ ftPb/PD ftu ftfGzB gqeko d/ nfXekoK d/gqsh u/sBk ns/ nfXekoK d/ T[gG'r d/ ;zpzXs j/m fby/ s~E ;kjwD/ nkJ/—

9H4H149H4H149H4H149H4H149H4H14 ;wkfie nfXekoK dh u/sBk;wkfie nfXekoK dh u/sBk;wkfie nfXekoK dh u/sBk;wkfie nfXekoK dh u/sBk;wkfie nfXekoK dh u/sBk

• wfjbktK Bz{ ftnkj ;zpzXh ekBz{BK dh ikDekoh pj[s xZN j?. ;kv/ ;ot/yD ftu f;oc d; ftu'A fJewfjbk Bz{ jh nkgD/ ihtB ;kEh d/ u'D d/ nfXeko dh ikDekoh ;h, brGr 50 ftu'A fJe Bz{ ftnkj dh;jh T[wo dh ikDekoh ;h, gzi ftu'A fJe s'A th x~N Bz{ sbke d/ nfXeko dk frnkB ;h. d; ftu'A fJes'A th xZN Bz{ sbke d/ pknd r[iko/ G~s/ d/ nfXeko dk frnkB ;h, gzi ftu'A fJe s'A th x~N Bz{ dkiekBz{B dk frnkB ;h. fJBQK ;ko/ g~yK Bz{ fJe oyD T[s/ n;hA efj ;ed/ jK fe d; ftu'A fJe wfjbk Bz{jh ftnkj ekBz{BK dh e[M ikDekoh ;h.

• gfotko ftu fBoD/ b?D d/ ftP/ ftu wfjbktK dh G{fwek feBko/ dh j[zdh j?. gsBh d/ Bkb gshwj~stjhB ftfPnK ftu jh ;bkj eod/ jB.

• gsh gsBh d/ ftu dKgsh ;pzXK dk e'Jh wj~stg{oB ;EkB BjhA j' ;fenk j?.

• wfjbktK dh gfotko ftu ;fEsh e[zmkrq;s Bk j' e/ ihtB nB[GtK d/ ftu ;zs'y dh j[zdh j?.

• brGr d' fsjkJh wfjbktK nkgD/ ftnkj ns/ gfotkoe ihtB s'A ;zs[PN jz[dhnK jB.

• xo d/ ezw s'A ;zs[PNh dk g~Xo T[wo, f;fynk ns/ nkwdB d/ Bkb pdbdk ofjzdk j?.

9H4H159H4H159H4H159H4H159H4H15 nkofEe nfXekoK dh u/sBk nkofEe nfXekoK dh u/sBk nkofEe nfXekoK dh u/sBk nkofEe nfXekoK dh u/sBk nkofEe nfXekoK dh u/sBk

• Gkt/A pj[s x~N wfjbktK Bz{ nkgD/ fgsk dh ;zgsh ftu'A fjZ;k b?D dk nfXeko dk frnkB j?, fezs{ nkgD/gsh dh ;zgsh ftu'A nkgD/ fj~;/ d/ nfXeko dk frnkB fInkdk ;zfynk ftu (80#) fJ;sqhnK Bz{ j?.

• E'Vh ;zfynk ftu (fJe fsjkJh) wfjbktK Bz{ nkgD/ gsh dh ;zgsh ftu T[sokfXeko gqkgs jz[dk j? fezs{fgsk dh ;zgsh s'A fj~;k gqkgs eoB tkbh wfjbktK dh ;zfynk Bk pokpo (0H5#) j?.

• fgzvK ftu d; ftu'A f;oc fJe wfjbk jh ezwêkih j? ns/ nkofEe fdqPNh s'A ;[szso j?.

• ezwêkih wfjbktK th xo dk ezw ns/ rqfj;Eh fBowksk d/ o{g ftu nkgDh G{fwek dk w[bKeD T[ABhA jh;kg/ysk s'A eodh j? fizBh fe xo/b{ wfjbktK.


B ØN


• ezwêkih wfjbktK ftu d; ftu'A B"A nkgDh nkwdkBh s'A n;zs[PN j[zdh j?. fJj n;zs'y ezw d/ ftukos'A T[ABk BjhA j[zdk fizBk fe ezw dPktK iK fwjBskB/ s'A.

• i' wfjbktK nkgD/ gfotko dh noE ftnt;Ek ftu :'rdkB eodhnK jB T[j nkgDh nkwdB Bz{ nkgDhfJ~Sk s'A you eoB d/ bJh ;[szso BjhA j[zdhnK.

9H4H169H4H169H4H169H4H169H4H16 okiB?fse nfXekoK dh u/sBk okiB?fse nfXekoK dh u/sBk okiB?fse nfXekoK dh u/sBk okiB?fse nfXekoK dh u/sBk okiB?fse nfXekoK dh u/sBk

• pj[s x~N ;zfynk (brGr 20#) ftu wfjbktK Bz{ nkgD/ okiB?fse nfXekoK dk frnkB j?.

• t'N dk nfXeko gqkgs wfjbktK ftu'A brGr fszB u"EkJh jh T[;dk gq:'r eodhnK jB. o'ue r~b fJjj? fe fJj wfjbktK okiBhsh s'A gq/fos j' e/ t'N d/D BjhA iKdhnK, pbfe x[zwD d/ T[d/P s'A iKdhnK jB.

• wfjbktK dk soe d/D dk ftT[jko Bk sK okiBhfse rshPhbsk s'A ns/ Bk jh okiBhfse ;wkiheoD Bkbi[fVnk j[zdk j?, pbfe nkgD/ gsh d/ okiBhfse ftPtk; ns/ nfGo{uh Bkb i[fVnk j[zdk j?.

• u'D dk T[dko f;XKs i' t'No d/ t'N B{z T[;d/ soe:[es g;zd iK T[whdtko iK gkoNh d/ bJh nfGo{uhBkb i'Vdk j?, T[j wfjbktK d/ t'N gkT[D d/ ftT[jko d/ bJh soe^;zrs (Valid) BjhA j?.

• nkws"o T[s/ wfjbktK fe;h th okiB?fse db dh ;feqn w?Apo BjhA j[zdhnK jBl e[M wfjbktK fe;hokiBhfse db dhnK ;woEe io{o j[zdhnK jB.

T[go'es s~EK d/ nkXko T[s/ Bshi/ d/ o{g ftu fejk ;edk j? fe nfXeko u/sBk nkgD/ nkg fJ;sqhnK d/g~Xo Bz{ T[Zuk BjhA u[edh ns/ Bk jh u/sBk jhBsk iK nfrnkBsk T[BQK dh ;zs'y (gfo;fEsh s'A) dh GktBkx~N eodh j?. nfXeko u/sBk ftu gqw[Zy o[ektNK fJ; gqeko jB—nf;fynk, rqfj d/ ezw ftu fInkdkftn;esk. xo/b{{ pzXB ns/ g[oPK T[s/ nkofEe fBoGosk.

9H4H179H4H179H4H179H4H179H4H17 ekoi :'iBk ekoi :'iBk ekoi :'iBk ekoi :'iBk ekoi :'iBki/eo gfoto ftu g[oP wfjbktK Bz{ T[BQK d/ nfXeko gqdkB Bk eoD sK g[oPK d/ wfjbktK d/ gqsh nfBnKd/ fJ; d[PuQeo Bz{ fet/A ;wkgs ehsk ikt/, Gb/ jh T[j fJj wzBd/ jB fe fJj ;K;feqse wkBsk gqkgs(Culturally Approved) j?, iK fco feT[Afe T[BQK Bz{ dzv BjhA fwbdk iK feT[Afe wfjbktK fJ; gqekod/ nfBnkfJ Bz{ u[gukg ;fjB eodhnK jB ns/ fJ; d/ fto[X nktki BjhA T[mkT[AdhnK iK feT[Afe nfXekoKdh tzuBk s'A i' bkG g[oP Bz{ fwbd/ jB T[BQK w[~b fes/ fInkdk j[zdk j?, nkfd< wfjbktK d/ fjsK dh o~fynkfe; gqeko ehsh ikt/< fejVhnK BhshnK fJ; g'qrokw Bz{ fBnkJh s/ T[dko pDk ;edhnK jB< T[guko;wkfie ftXkfBe s/ nkofEe j' ;edk j?.

9H4H18 t?XkfBe T[guko9H4H18 t?XkfBe T[guko9H4H18 t?XkfBe T[guko9H4H18 t?XkfBe T[guko9H4H18 t?XkfBe T[gukowfjbktK d/ gqsh fBnK d/ bJh iB ;woED ukjhdk j? sK fe wkBt ;/tk ftu br/ ftnt;kfJe iB T[fusekotkJh eo ;eD. ;[szsosk d/ pknd d/ gfjb/ dPe ftu fbzr ;wkBsk Bz{ fJe wj~stg{oD ;w~f;nkwzfBnk frnk ns/ fJ; gk;/ ehs/ rJ/ :sBK dk fInkdkso fj~;k fJj ftPtk; fdtkT[D ftu brkfJnk frnkfe wfjbktK d/ P'PD d/ wkwfbnK Bz{ gSkfDnk ikt/rk ns/ T[fus ekotkjh ehsh ikt/rh. 1952 ns/ 1962d/ ftZu nB/e ekBz{B fJ;sqhnK d/ bJh ;wkBsk fbnkT[D d/ bJh pDkJ/ rJ/. fJBK ekBz{BK d/ bkr{ eoBs'A gfjbK ftnt;kfJe ns/ okiB?fsrK ftu fJ; gqeko dhnK ;w~f;nktK dk gsk brkT[D ns/ T[BQK Bz{gSkDB ftu e'Jh o{uh BjhA ;h. b/feB Gkos d/ rDszso j' ikD d/ pknd ;kv/ Bt/A PeshPkbh B/sktK Bz{ftPtk; j'D brk fe fJ;sqhnK dh ;wkBsk dk gqPB gkfotkoe Bk j' e/ ;wkfie j?. ;' fJ;sqhnK B{z g[oPKd/ ;wkB ftT[jko d/D s'A ;zpzX ftu eJh okiK ftu ftXkB bkr{ ehs/ rJ/. gozs{ fit/A fe ng/ePk ;h,;wkfie ekBz{BK Bz{ mhe s'A bkr{ BjhA ehsk frnk. e'oN ;wkfie ftXkBK dk ni/ th gozgokrs noE jhgq:'r eod/ jB. ngokfXe fBnK ftnt;Ek B{z fJ;sqhnK d/ P'PD Bz{ ;wki Pk;soh gfog/y ftu d/yDkgJ/rk. e[M ftXkB Bz{ ;[XkoBk j't/rk sK fe g[fb; Bz{ wfjbktK d/ fto[X ngokX eoB tkfbnK Bz{ geVDftu nBnktPe gqfeqnk dk fJzsIko Bk eoBk gt/. eJh g[fb; nfXekoh nB/e T[dkjoD fdzd/ jB fiBQKftu w[e~dw/ dh ntXh ftu fJ;sqhnK nko'gK Bz{ ftu'A jh ;wkgs eoBk n~Sk ;wMdhnK jB. iK T[j nko'gK


B ØN


Bz{ f;~X eoB ftu n;cb ofjzdhnK jB. cbs ekB{zBftd tehb ns/ g[fb; ghVs fJ;sqhnK Bz{ nkgD/ GoktKd/ fto[ZX ekBz{Bh ekotkjh eoB dh ;bkj BjhA fdzd/ i' T[BQK Bz{ g?sqe ;zgsh ftu'A T[BQK fj~;k d/D ftu fJBekoeo fdzd/ jB. iK T[BQK fgsktK d/ fto[~X i' T[BQK dh fJ~Sk d/ fto[X T[BQK dk ftnkj eo fdzd/ jB iK T[BQKgshnK d/ fto[ZX i' T[BQK Bz{ roGgks d/ bJh wip{o eod/ jB. wfjbktK dk ;fj:'r nfsnzs io{oh j?.wfjbktK d/ ;zrms ;w{j nkr/ nk e/ ;jkfJsk eo ;ed/ jB.

9H4H199H4H199H4H199H4H199H4H19 ;wkfie T[guko ;wkfie T[guko ;wkfie T[guko ;wkfie T[guko ;wkfie T[guko;wkfie T[gukoK ftu wfjbk efbnkD ;/tktK, J?fSe ;zrmBK dh ;EkgBk Bz{ gq's;kjB ns/ iB ;zukowkfXnwK d[nkok wfjbktK dk ekBz{Bh f;ybkJh nkfd Pkwb jB. J?fSe ;zrmBK Bz{ nfijh wfjbktK dk gskbrkT[D dk ezw eoBk j? fiBQK Bz{ fJ; gqeko dh ;/tktK dh Io{os j?. gV";hnK Bz{ ukjhdk j? fe T[j wfjbktKT[s/ nfsnkuko d/ wkwfbnK Bz{ J?fSe ;zrmBK ns/ ;/tk ;z;EktK Bz{ ;{uBk d/ e/ ;fj:'r eoD. iB f;fynkns/ ikrqsh g'qrokw fJ;sqhnK dh ;jkfJsk nfBnK d/ fto[~X yV/ j'D d/ T[d/P Bkb eo ;ed/ jB ns/;/tk ;z;EktK dk ;fj:'r T[BQK d/ nfXekoK Bz{ fdtkT[D bJh fbnk ik ;edk j?.

wfjbk efbnkD ;z;EktK d/ bJh nB[e{b ;fEsh fJj j? fe T[j wfjbktK d/ gqsh ehs/ rJ/ nfBnK dh;w~f;nktK ibdh gqGkth Yzr Bkb fBtkoD eoB dk :sB nkozG eo d/D ns/ ;w~f;nktK d/ ekoDK Bz{ bePDwkso Bk ;wMD. g[oPK Bz{ th fJj nB[Gt eokT[Dk j? fe pdbd/ gfot/P ftu T[BQK dh G{fwek eh j? ns/gfotko d/ ihtB xo d/ ezw ftu T[BQK d/ :'rdkB dh io{os j?.

9H4H209H4H209H4H209H4H209H4H20 nkofEe T[guko nkofEe T[guko nkofEe T[guko nkofEe T[guko nkofEe T[gukof;fynk ns/ feZs/ ti'A f;ybkJh wfjbktK Bz{ ezw b~GD d/ :'r pDkT[Dr/ fi; Bkb T[j nkofEe o{g s'A ;[szsopD ;eDrhnK. nkofEe ;[szsosk s'A T[BQK dk sDkn x~N j't/rk, T[BQK d/ nkdoPK ftu w{b o{g BkbgfotosD nkJ/rk ns/ T[j nkgD/ nfXekoK ns/ wzrK d/ gqsh fInkdk ;kj;g{ote yVhnK j' ;eDrhnK.

wfjbktK Bz{ nkgD/ ns/ nkgD/ gfotko dh ihtB dPktK Bz{ n~Sk pDkT[D d/ bJh ;jkfJsk ns/ ;z;kXBK dhio{os j?. p{bfvzr d/ nB[;ko wfjbktK d/ bJh d; ;z;XkBK dk ;[Mkn fdsk ik ;edk j? seBhBh ;jkfJski' fwjBs pukT[D tkb/ ;kXB gqdkB eoD, i' wfjbktK d/ o'IkBk d/ Gkoh ezwK Bz{ jbek eoDl gqkEfwe;kw[dkfJe ;[ftXktK, bVehnK Bz{ ;e{b ikD ns/ f;fynk ns/ f;ybkJh gqkgs eoB bJh g'qs;kfjs eoBk,g{ok^ftnt;kfJe f;ybkJh d/ bJh nt;o gqdkB eoBk, eoI/ dh ;j{bsK, nfXekoK dh t?XkfBe ;[o~fynk,;t?fSe ;z;EktK ns/ wfjbktK Bz{ eJh g~XoK T[s/ ;Ekgs eoB dk g'qrokw.

g/Av{ y/soK ftu wfjbktK Bz{ nkgD/ nfXeko d/ gqsh ikrqs eoB d/ bJh fJe fGzB gqeko dh :'iBk ns/ ftXhdh Io{os j? ng/ePkfeqs Pfjoh wfjbktK d/. Bkb jh ;kBz{ ;fjws j'Dk gJ/rk fe t?XkfBe T[gkfJnK s'AT[BQK dh ;fEsh s/ T[BQK dh dPk Bz{ T[Zuk BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. f;oc ;z:[es (Conjunctive) g~Xsh s'Ajh ;kv/ ;wki ftu wfjbktK Bz{ fBnK fwb ;edk j?.

;t^w[bKeD ;t^w[bKeD ;t^w[bKeD ;t^w[bKeD ;t^w[bKeD (Self Assessment)3H fd~s/ rJ/ eEBK d/ ;kwQD/ ns/ dk fBPkB brkT[ (3H fd~s/ rJ/ eEBK d/ ;kwQD/ ns/ dk fBPkB brkT[ (3H fd~s/ rJ/ eEBK d/ ;kwQD/ ns/ dk fBPkB brkT[ (3H fd~s/ rJ/ eEBK d/ ;kwQD/ ns/ dk fBPkB brkT[ (3H fd~s/ rJ/ eEBK d/ ;kwQD/ ns/ dk fBPkB brkT[ (State whether the followingstatements are ‘Right’ or ‘Wrong’)—)—)—)—)—

(i) fpqfNP Pk;B d/ ;w//A ftu ;kv/ ;wki dh ;wkfie s/ nkofEe ;zouBktK ftu nB/e

gfotosD ehs/ rJ/.

(ii) nzr/qIK d[nkok ftef;s ehsh rJh ;zouBk iBfjs d/ bJh ehsh rJh ;h.

(iii) fJ;sqhnK Bz{ f;fynk fds/ ikD dk ftuko fpqfNP Pk;B ekb ftu T[d/ j'fJnk.

(iv) Gkos ftu 1960 se fJ;sqhnK dh BhthA dPk ;h.

(v) 1971 dh iBrDBk d/ nKefVnK d/ nB[;ko d/P dh e[b ezw Pesh ftu 13H0# wfjbk

Pqfwe ;B.


B ØN



• ;kbK s'A e[M ;wki Pk;soh ns/ r?o^;wki Pk;soh ;kv/ ;wki ftu fJ;sqhnK dh ;wf;nktK d/w[bKeD ns/ T[BQK dh gfo;fEsh ftu nk oj/ gfotosB d/ nfXn?B ftu :sBPhb oj/ jB. e[Mb/yeK B/ id fJ;sqhnK d/ T[sokfXeko, ;kotifBe ezwK ftu T[BQK dh Gkrhdkoh ns/ ftnkj ftuT[BQK d/ ekBzz{Bh nfXekoK d/ ;zdoG ftu fbfynk j?, e[M j'o (b/yeK) B/ g[oPK d[nkok T[BQK d/ BkbG/dGkt g{oB ftt;Ek dk ftdwkB ohsh^fotkiK d/ ;zdoG ftu ftt/uB ehs/ jB.

• nkofEe y/so ftu th fJ;sqhnK Bz{ g{oB ;[szsosk gqkgs ;h. T[j Bk fes/ B"eoh eodhnK ;B ns/Bk XB fJeZmk feT[Afe T[BQK d/ bJh fJj io{oh BjhA ;h. xo T[sgkdB dk e/Ado ;hl egV/ pDkT[Ddk ezw xo ftu jh j[zdk ;h. fJ;sqhnK y/sh d/ ezwK ftu th nkgD/ gsh d/ ;jkfJsk eodhnK ;B.e[M fJ;sqhnK nfXnkgB ekoi ftu th ftn;s j[zdhnK ;B.

• t?fde Gkos ftu fJ;sqhnK dh ;fEsh BhthA BjhA ;h. ;wkfie ns/ Xkofwe y/soK ftu T[BQK Bz{ pj[sfInkdk nfXeko gqkgs ;B gozs{ nkofEe ns/ okiBhfse y/soK ftu T[BQK d/ nfXeko ;hws ;B.T[BQK Bz{ g[oPK d/ nXhB BjhA wzfBnK iKdk ;h pbfe g[oPK d/ ;wkB ;wfMnk iKdk ;h.

• nZiêZbQ PkfJd jh e'Jh ftP/ ;wkfie ftfrnkBK ftu P'XeosktK, e/Adoh ns/ oki ;oekoK, :'iBkdbK ns/ ;[XkoeK dk fXnkB fJzBK nkfeqPm eoBk j't/ fizBk fe wfjbktK dh ;wZf;nktK. wfjbktKdh ;wZf;nktK d/ nfXn?B d/ T[gkrw Iok^ftfrnkB (Gerntology) (p~[Ykgk j'D dh gqfeqnktK dknfXn?B) d/ nfXn?B s'A b? e/ wB'o'r ftfrnkB ns/ ngokX ftfrnkB se j[zd/ jB. gozs{ wfjbktKBkb ;zpzfXs fJe wjZstg[{oD ;wZf;nk fi; T[Zs/ fXnkB BjhA fdZsk frnk j? ns/ fi; s'A pfunkfrnk j? T[j j? wfjbktK d/ fto[ZX fjz;k dh ;wZf;nk.

• g/Av{ y/soK ftu wfjbktK Bz{ nkgD/ nfXeko d/ gqsh ikrqs eoB d/ bJh fJe fGzB gqeko dh :'iBkns/ ftXh dh Io{os j? ng/ePkfeqs Pfjoh wfjbktK d/. Bkb jh ;kBz{ ;fjws j'Dk gJ/rk fe t?XkfBeT[gkfJnK s'A T[BQK dh ;fEsh s/ T[BQK dh dPk Bz{ T[Zuk BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. f;oc ;z:[es(Conjunctive) g~Xsh s'A jh ;kv/ ;wki ftu wfjbktK Bz{ fBnK fwb ;edk j?.

• ;w~f;nk ;wki d/ ;z;kXBK ns/ fJBK dhnK ftsoD gqfeqnktK dk g[oPK ns/ n"osK dh n;wkB gj[zud/ ekoD gkJh iKdh j?. fiBK seBheh T[gktK d[nkok n"osK Bz{ wdd fwb ;edh ;h, UBK Bz{ th g[oPKB/ nkgD/ fjs bJh ngDk fbnk j?. eh g[oPK Bz{ jh :"B^nkXkfos n;wkBsktK bJh d'Ph mfjokfJnkik ;edk j?< fJ~e ws fJj j? fe n"osK g[oPK s'A nfXe n"osK d/ o;s/ ft~u o[ektN jB fit/A ;~;dk ns/ fJ~e jh EK s/ ezw eoD tkbhnK n"osK dk fJ~e d{i/ Bkb fttjko. fJ; s'A fJbktk ;G n"osKdk P'PD ns/ dwB fJ~e ;wkB BjhA j?. fJ; bJh Io{oh j? fe n"osK dk nfXn?B nfttkfjs bVehnK,itkB gsBhnK, wksktK, p[I[or n"osK, ezwekih ns/ r?oêzwekih n"osK d/ o{g ft~u ehsk ikt/. fJ;gqeko d/ nfXn?B Bkb n"osK dhnK ;w~f;nktK d/ nk:kwK dk fJ~e s[bBkswe o{g d/yD Bz{ fwb/rk. fJ;ft~u n"osK dh ;fEsh, PkyktK ns/ ftG/dK Bz{ nkXko wzfBnk ikt/rk. fJ; ;w~f;nk Bz{ ;wMD bJhftfGzB ;fEshnK ft~u ofjD tkbhnK n"osK ft~u nzsofeqnk s'A th bkGdkfJe ;{so fwb ;ed/ jB.

• Gkosh ;zdoG ft~u ;wkfie ns/ ;z;feqfse pzXB s'A w[esh gkUD bJh n"osK dk ;zxoP fJ~efJfsjkf;e s~E fojk j?. n"osK B/ nkgD/ bJh wskfXeko gqkgs eoD bJh ;zxoP ehsk j? ns/ nkgD/n;fs~st d/ ;G gfjb{nK ft~u dwB ns/ P'PD d/ fto[~X bVkJh bVh j?. toswkB ftt;Ek fi; B/n"osK Bz{ ;wkfie, ;z;feqfse, nkofEe ns/ okiBhfse fdqPNh s'A ngzr pDk fd~sk j?, T[; Bz{fJ;soh^;zxK B/ u[B"sh fd~sh j?. @:"B^fBnK@ (g[oPK d/ bJh th) gqkgs eoD bJh th fJj Io{ohj? fe n;hA Gkos dh ;wkfie ouBk, fJ; d/ ;soK ns/ gosK (iksh ns/ tor ;fjs),g[oP^fJ;soh dhnK ebgBktK T[Zs/ ftfGzB ftukoK, n;bhns, gfotko ft~u n"osK dh ;fEsh ns/ezw ft~u b~rhnK j'JhnK n"osK pko/ ftukoK Bz{ ;wMhJ/. seBheh ns/ fPbgftfrnkfBe gqrsh B/


B ØN


n"osK d/ dwB ns/ P'PD Bz{ u[B"sh BjhA fd~sh j?. g[oP^fJ;soh ;zpzX fB:zsoD^fB:zsfos ;zpzXd/ o{g ft~u pD/ j'J/ jB. fJ; bJh n~i th iksh, tor ns/ g[oP^n"os ;zpzXK ftueko fBeN dkpzXB j?. fco th fgSb/ e[M ;kbK ft~u n"osK d[nkok ;wkBsk gqkgs eoB dh fJ~Sk t~v/ g?wkB/ T[Zs/gqrN ehsh rJh j?. wjKBroK ns/ t~v/ PfjoK ft~u fJ; dk w{os gqGkt th fgnk j?. fJ; ;wkfiey/so ft~u j'o th pj[s ezw eoD dh Io{os j?.


• nkswktw[bnB^nkswktw[bnB^nkswktw[bnB^nkswktw[bnB^nkswktw[bnB^nkgDk ntw{bB eoBk.

• ntwkBBk^ntwkBBk^ntwkBBk^ntwkBBk^ntwkBBk^ntfrnk, ngwkB, fso;eko.• T[gPwB^T[gPwB^T[gPwB^T[gPwB^T[gPwB^PKs eoBk, PKs j'Dk, fBtkoD.• gokB[G{sh^gokB[G{sh^gokB[G{sh^gokB[G{sh^gokB[G{sh^d{i/ dh nB[G{sh.


1H Gkos ft~u fbzr^G/d dh ;fEsh dk ftt/uB eo'.

2H gqkuhB Gkos ft~u n"osK dh ;fEsh dk ;zy/g toDB eo'.

3H Gkos ft~u n"osK dh eh ;fEsh j?< ft;sko ;fjs ftnkfynk eo'.

4H n"osK d/ fto[~X j'D tkbh fjz;k dk toDB eo'.

5H n"osK dh g[oPK Bkb ;wkBsk dh y'i s'A s[jkvk eh wsbp j?<

6H n"osK dh ;fEsh Bz{ T[Zuk eoD ft~u fJ;soh ;zrmBK ns/ ;wkfie nzd'bBK B/ fe; gqeko dk :'rdkBfd~sk j?<

7H Gkos ft~u P'PD ns/ dwB s'A n"osK Bz{ w[es eotkUD bJh ssekfbe T[gkfJnK dk toDB eo'.


1. (i) (b) (ii) (c) (iii) (a) (iv) (c)

2. (i) fBoze[P nfXgfsn (ii) wfjbk ;zrmBK (iii) p/s/Jh

(iv) G{fwek (v) fJfsjk;e s~E

3. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)


1H n?wH n?B PqhfBtk;, ;'Pb u/Ai fJB wkovoB fJzvhnk, fpqeb/ :{Bhtof;Nh nkc e?bhc'oBhnk:{Bhtof;Nh gq?;, 1996 .

2H thA;/N J/H ;fwE, fj;Nqh Uc fJzvhnk bzdBL nke;c'ov :{Bhtof;Nh gq?;, 1970 .3H ;hH NhH yzBk, fJzNo ek;N n?Av fJzNo efwT{fBNh w?foi fJB fJzvhnk, gkg[bo p[e

fvg', pKp/, 1960 .

p[e;

fJekJh^10L ;wkfie gfotosDfJekJh^10L ;wkfie gfotosDfJekJh^10L ;wkfie gfotosDfJekJh^10L ;wkfie gfotosDfJekJh^10L ;wkfie gfotosD

B ØN


fJekJh–10L ;wkfie gfotosD fJekJh–10L ;wkfie gfotosD fJekJh–10L ;wkfie gfotosD fJekJh–10L ;wkfie gfotosD fJekJh–10L ;wkfie gfotosD (Social Change)

ftP/ t;s{ ftP/ t;s{ ftP/ t;s{ ftP/ t;s{ ftP/ t;s{ (Contents)T[d/P (Objectives)ikDekoh (Introduction)10H1 ;wkfie gfotosD dk noE, gqfeqsh ns/ YKuk (Meaning, Nature and forms of Social

Change)10H2 ;wkfie gfotosD dk ftek; ns/ T[dftek; (Evolution and Development of Social

Change)10H3 ;wkfie gfotosD dh gqrsh (Progress of Social Change)10H4 ;wkfie gfotosD dk o{gKsoD ns/ ekfJnk ebg (Transformation and Revolution of

Social Change)10H5 ;ko nzP (Summary)10H6 Ppde'P (Keywords)10H7 nfGnk;–gqPB (Review Questions)10H8 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)



• ;wkfie gfotosD dk noE gqfeqsh ns/ YKu/ dh ftnkfynk eoB ftu.• ;wkfie gfotosD d/ ftek; T[dftek; ns/ gqrsh Bz{ ikBD ftu.

• ;wkfie gfotosD dh gqrsh, o{gKsoD ns/ ekfJnk ebg Bz{ ;wMD ftu.


;wkfie gfotosD dh XkoDk pj[s ftqjd j?. ;EkB, ;w/A ns/ ;zdoG d/ gfog/y ftu ;wkfie ;zouBk d/nzdo j'D tkb/ gfotosD dh gqfeqnktK d/ g[zi Bz{ ;wkfie gfotosD efjzd/ jB. feT[Afe fJj ntXkoDkfJzBh ftqjd j?, fJ; bJh e[M n;gPN, nzsfos ns/ w[~b sN;E j?. ;wkfie gfotosD dh ntXkoDk d/nbktk fJ; nfXnkJ/ ftu fJzB/ T[dftek;, eqKsh, gqrsh, ftek;, ;wkfie nzd'bB ns/ ;wkfie gfotosD;zpzXh gqfeqnktK dh ntXkoDktK dh ftnkfynk ehsh j?. ;wkfie gqfeqnktK dk ftPb/PD Gkosh ;wki ftu;wkfie gfotosD ns/ rshPhbsk d/ gqshwkBK d/ ;zdoG ftu ehsk frnk j?. Gkosh ;wki ftu PKshwJhnfjz;e ;wkfie eqKsh fbnkT[D d/ bJh wjkswk rKXh d[nkok ehshnK rJhnK e'fPPK dk ftP/P T[b/y ehskfrnk j? ;wkfie ns/ nkofEe ftek; Bz{ ;wMD bJh r[Bko fwovb d/ soe:[es T[gkrw dh th ftnkfynkehsh rJh j?.

Gkos d/ ;wkfie gfotosD Bz{ ;wMD d/ w[Zy T[gkrw fJ; gqeko jB L (i) T[dftek;tkdh (ii) ;K;feqsens/ (iii) ;zoukswe. :'iBktK ns/ BhshnK ftu fBfjs GftZy ftu ;wkfie gfotosD fbnkT[D d/ wkorftu w[~y ;zouBkswe ns/ ;K;feqse o[ektNK Bz{ fJBQK T[gkrwK dh ftnkfynk d[nkok ;wfMnk ik ;edkj?. ;wkfie gfotosD d/ fJe ftnkge nfXn?B d/ bJh ;z;kXBK, ftsoDh gqfeqnktK, ;z;Ekge, T[gktK,f;fynD ftnt;Ek, G{wh ;zpzX, sBykj ns/ ihtB g~Xo dh gqfeqsh nkfd Bz{ ;w/A, b'e ns/ ;zdoG Bz{ fdqPNhftu oyDk io{oh j?. Gkosh ;wki ftu ;zouBkswe ns/ ;K;feqse gfotosD j'J/ jB. ;wkfie ;zpzXKdh gozgokswe ftXhnK th gqufbs jB.



B ØN


10H110H110H110H110H1 ;wkfie gfotosD dk noE, gqfeqsh ns/ YKuk ;wkfie gfotosD dk noE, gqfeqsh ns/ YKuk ;wkfie gfotosD dk noE, gqfeqsh ns/ YKuk ;wkfie gfotosD dk noE, gqfeqsh ns/ YKuk ;wkfie gfotosD dk noE, gqfeqsh ns/ YKuk (Meaning, Natureand forms of Social Change)

w'N/ s"o T[s/ ;wki ftu d' gqeko dh gqfenktK j[zdhnK jBL (i) T[j gqfeqnktK i' ;wkfie ftnt;Ek Bz{ ekfJwoydhnK jB, ns/ (ii) T[j gqfeqnktK i' ftnt;Ek d/ nzdo ns/ ftnt;Ek ftu gfotosD fbnkT[Adh j?.gfjbh gqfeqnktK Bz{ nB[o{gsk, :Ekg{ot ;fEsh, ns/ fBozsosk nkfd d/ BK s'A ;wMd/ jK. d{ih gqfeqnktKBz{ ;K;feqse ns/ ;zouBkswe gfotosD dh gqfeqnktK fejk iKdk j?. fJ;d/ gqshwkBK ns/ ekoeK ftu;w/A ns/ ;EkB d/ nzso d/ nkXko fGzBsk gkJh iKdh j?. fJe fBPfus ;wki iK ;wkfie gqxNBktK ftu;w/A ns/ fJfsjk; d/ s~sK d/ ;zdoG ftu gfotosD dk ntb'eB ehsk ik ;edk j?. w?ekJhto ns/ g/iB/ fJ; pko/ ftu fbfynk j? “;wki ;w/A nB[eqw d/ o{g ftu gkfJnk iKdk j?. fJj fJe ;zGtBk j? Bk fefJe ;st, fJe gqfeqnk j?, ns/ toswkB ;zpzXK dk gfotosh ;zs[bB j?.” ;wkfie gfotosD ;K;feqseiK ;fGnskw{be gfotosD s'A fGzB jB. ;wkfie gfotosD ftu ;wkfie ;zpzXK T[s/ pb fdsk iKdk j?.

;wkfie ;zouBk toswkB ;zpzXK dk nzsopzXB j?. ;wkfie ;zouBk dh gfoo~fynk T[j b'e eod/ jB i';wkfie ;zpzXK ftu ;fjGkrh j[zd/ jB. ;wkfie gfotosD dk noE ;wkfie ;zouBk ftu j'J/ gfotosDs'A j?. nkX[fBe ;wki ftu ;wkfie gfotosD d/ T[dkjoDK ftu ;wkfie edoK ehwsK, ;z;EktK, ;zgsh;zpzXK, nkofEe XzfdnK, ekofwe ns/ G{fwek ftsoD ftu gfotosDK Bz{ T[d~s ehsk ik ;edk j?. ;wkfiegfotosD ;w/A, ;EkB ns/ ;zdoG d/ nkXko T[s/ ;d?t ;kg/fye j?. fJBQK fszzB s~sK d/ nkXko T[s/ gfotosDd/ gqshwkBK dh s[bBk ehsh ik ;edh j?. ;wkfie gfotosD dk gqsho'X nkw rZb j?, feT[Afe gfotosDd/ ekoD gqufbs ;wkfie ftnt;Ek ns/ ;zpzXK ftu o[ektN g?Adh j?. ;wkfie gfotosD dh gqfeqnktKdk fiBQK b'eK T[s/ gqshe{b gqGkt g?Adk j?, T[j ftP/Psk, gqsho'X eod/ jB.

;wkfie gfotosD d/ nfXn?B d/ pko/ ftu fezr;b/ v/ft; B/ nB/e gqPBK dk T[b/y ehsk j?. ;wkfiegfotosD dh eh fdPk j?< ;wkfite gfotosD dh do eh j?< ;wkfie gfotosD d/ ;q's ns/ ekoD ehjB. eh ;wkfie gfotosD d/ ekoD dh gqfeqsh pj[s fInkdk fBoXkoDtkdh j?< eh ;wkfie gfotosDfJ~Ss fdPk ftu fBnzfsqs ehsk ik ;edk j?.

;wki Bkb ;zpzXs ;ko/ Pk;soh f;XKsK ftu ;wkfit gfotosD d/ pko/ ftu fJBQK gqPBK T[s/ gqekP gkfJnkfrnk j?, ghNo n?bH poio ns/ phH poio d/ nB[;ko, ;wkfite gfotosD dk nB[Gt ;wki Pk;so ftP/d/ ;ko Gkr ftu gkfJnk iKdk j?. ;wki Pk;so dk ftek; gqb:zekoh ;wkfie gfotosD d/ p"fXegqfsT[Zso d/ o{g ftu j'fJnk. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, cqK;h;h eqKsh, nw/foek ftu rqfj :[~X, fpqN/B ftuT[fd:'fre eqKsh ns/ Gkos ftu ;[szsosk ;zrqkw ;wki d/ s/i gfotosDK d/ T[dkjoD jB.

10H1H1 ;wki Pk;so ns/ ;wkfie gfotosD dk nfXn?B10H1H1 ;wki Pk;so ns/ ;wkfie gfotosD dk nfXn?B10H1H1 ;wki Pk;so ns/ ;wkfie gfotosD dk nfXn?B10H1H1 ;wki Pk;so ns/ ;wkfie gfotosD dk nfXn?B10H1H1 ;wki Pk;so ns/ ;wkfie gfotosD dk nfXn?B;wki Pk;so ftu ;wki, ;wkfie ;w{jK, ;z;EktK ns/ ftT[jko ns/ gqshwkBK nkfd ftu gfotosD dkntb'eB ehsk iKdk j?. T[Eb^g[Eb ns/ o{gKsoD dh gfo;fEshnK ftu d' gqftoshnK gkJhnK iKdhnKjBL (i) e[M j~dK ftu gfotosD Bz{ o'e e/ oyDk, ns/ (ii) gfotosDK Bz{ fJ~Ss Yzr ftu YkbDk. gfjb/Bz{ o{Vhtkdh fdqPNhe'D fejk frnk j?, idfe d{i/ Bz{ gqrshPhb iK nkw{b gfotosDtkdh fejk iKdk j?.poio ns/ poio d/ nB[;koL “d'tK jh ;zdoGK ftu gfotosD dk d'jok noE j?—;wkfie gfotosD fJep"fXe ;w~f;nk j? fi; ftu ;wM d/ bJh fJj fJe u[D"sh j?, ;wkfie gfotosD fJe okiBhfse ;wZf;nkth j?. fi; ftu ezwK Bz{ eoB dh wzr ehsh iKdh j?.” ;' ;wkfie gfotosD fJe ftukoeh ns/ feqnkebkgd't/A jB. fJBQK d'tK d/ ftu ;zs[bB oyD dh io{os j?. w?e; t/po B/ d'tK Bz{ fJe d{i/ s'A fGzB wzfBnkj?, idfe ekob wkoe; f;XKs ns/ nfGnk; dh J/esk ftu ftPtk; oyd/ jB.

nkr;N ekwN/ B/ fiBQK Bz{ ;wki Pk;so dk iBe ;wfMnk iKdk j?, GftZy ftu gfotosD dh fdPK d/ pko/ftu x'PDk ehsh ;h. ekwN/ d/ T[dftek;tkdh fdqPNhe'D ftu gqrsh dh XkoDk gqw[~y ;h. fJfsjk; d/fBnwK d/ pko/ ftu th ekwN/ B/ T[b/y ehsk j?. ;wki d/ T[dftek; dh fszB nt;EktK jBL Xow Pk;soh,nfXG"fseh, ns/ t?frnkfBe. ekwN/ d/ ftuko ftu ;wki Pk;so gqrsh d/ Xow dk fJe gqeko j?, ns/;wki Pk;soh fJe g[ikoh dh G{fwek ndk eodk j?. ftfrnkBe soe ns/ gqrsh T[s/ ekwN/ B/ pb fdsk


B ØN


j?. nkozGe ekb ftu jopoN ;g?A;o fJe j'o T[dftek;tkdh gqs~ytkdh ftukoe ;B. ;g?A;o B/ ;wkid/ T[dftek; dh frnkswesk ns/ fJ;d/ gfotosDK d/ ;zdoGK ftu vkoftB d/ ftukoK Bz{ bkr{ ehsk.i?fteh y/so dh soQK, ;wkfie gfotosD ftu th ;zxoP ns/ nB[e{bBK dk nkfXgfsn ofjzdk j? ns/ fJ;d/Bshi/ ti'A gqkeqfse u'D j[zdk j?.

i?fteh ns/ ;wkfie d't/A gqeko d/ T[dftek; dk T[d/P :'rsw dh T[Zso ihftek j?. ekob wkoe; B/;wkfie gfotosD dh tor ;zxoP d/ gfotosh g[ziK d/ ;zdoG ftu ftnkfynk ehsh j?. ;g?A;o ns/wkoe; d'tK B/ ;zxoP ns/ ihtB ;zrqkw Bz{ fJfsjk; dhnK PeshnK df;nk j?, gozs{ wkoe; B/ rbsu/sBk dh ntXkoDk dk th T[b/y ehsk j?. fi;dk noE j? T[BQK b'eK dh u/sBk i' ;wki ftu nkgDhtk;sfte ;fEsh (T[sgkdB d/ ;zpzX) d/ pko/ ftu nBikD jB. wkoe; B/ GftZy d/ pko/ ftu th fInkdkpb d/e/ x'PDk ehsh j?. wkoe; B/ g{zihtkdh ;wki d/ T[d/ d/ pko/ ftu, fJ;d/ pknd g{zihgsh ns/ ;otjkokd/ ft~u tor ;zxoP j'D ns/ nzs ftu g{zihtkdh ftnt;Ek Bz{ g[ZN ;[~ND d/ pko/ ftu Gft~ytkDh ehsh j?.

10H1H2 fJe gqfeqnk d/ o{g ftu ;wkfie gfotsoD10H1H2 fJe gqfeqnk d/ o{g ftu ;wkfie gfotsoD10H1H2 fJe gqfeqnk d/ o{g ftu ;wkfie gfotsoD10H1H2 fJe gqfeqnk d/ o{g ftu ;wkfie gfotsoD10H1H2 fJe gqfeqnk d/ o{g ftu ;wkfie gfotsoDf;fynk GkPk ftu ‘gfotosD’ Ppd Bz{ sN;E wzfBnk iKdk j?. fJe t;s{ fi; T[s/ fJj bkr{ ehsk iKdkj?, T[; ftu ;w/A d/ nkXko T[s/ gfotosD d/ sfjs nzso d/fynk iKdk j?. fJ; ftuko d/ nB[;ko, ;wkfiegfotosD ftu fBnw, f;XKs, fdPk ns/ fBozsosk BjhA gkJh iKdh j?. fBozsosk dh XkoDk n;hA sdd/yd/ jK id ;wkfie gfotosD Bz{ fJe gqfeqnk ;wMd/ jK. fJe gfo;fEsh ftu nkozG s'A e[M ekoDK d/nkXko T[s/ id fBPfus ;o{gK ftu fBozso gfotosD j[zdk j? sK n;hA T[; Bz{ gqfeqnk efjzd/ jK. ;zuko,;wkiheoD, ftnt;EkgB, fJeheoD, ftxNB, gqsh:'rsk, ;zxoP nkfd ;wkfie gfotosD dh gqfeqnktKd/ T[dkjoD jB.

gqfeqnk d/ nfXn?B ftu fJe nt;Ek s'A d{ih se n;hA ;zeqwDK dh fJe Pqzybk dk ntb'eB eod/ jK. gqfeqnkdh d't/A nt;EktK dh ftP/Psk dk ;wkB j'Dk io{oh BjhA j?, fJe jh fdPk dk nB[;oD BjhA ehsk iKdkj?. gqfeqnk T[s/ iK EZb/ dh soc, n~r/ iK fg~S/ dh soc, gqrsh iK nX'rsh dh fdPk ftu j' ;edh j?.;' gqfeqnk dk noE fJe fBPfus fdPkgoesk d/ Bkb fJe nt;Ek s'A d{ih nt;Ek dh soc rsh s'A j?.gqfeqnktK, ftnt;Ek ;woEDekoh ns/ ftnt;Ek o{gKsoDekoh d't/A j[zdhnK jB. ;wkfie gfotosD dhe[M gqfeqnktK d[nkok fJe ftfPPN ;wkfie ftnt;Ek iK ;wkfie ;zouBK B{z w[V ihts ehsk iKdk j?,idfe e[M j'o gqfeqnktK, e[ekoikswesk ns/ “ftnt;Ek dh gfo;fEshnK T[sgzB eo ;edhnK jB.;wkfie gqfeqnktK ;wkfie ;zouBk dk fJe nzr j?, ns/ fBozso ftnt;Ek ;EoheoD ns/ ftnt;EkgfotosBh nfGnk;K ftu gkJh iKdh j?.”

10H1H3 ;wkfie gfotosD dh gqfeqsh10H1H3 ;wkfie gfotosD dh gqfeqsh10H1H3 ;wkfie gfotosD dh gqfeqsh10H1H3 ;wkfie gfotosD dh gqfeqsh10H1H3 ;wkfie gfotosD dh gqfeqsh20th Pskpdh d/ g{otkoX se Gkosh ;wki Bz{ gozgokrs ;wki ;wfMnk iKdk ;h. Gkt/A fpqfNP ;oekoB/ ;kv/ d/P Bz{ T[fd:'fre pDkT[D dk :sB ehsk ns/ nB/e ;wkfie ns/ nkofEe gfotosD fbnkT[D dhth e'fPP ehsh, gozs{ b'eK d/ ihtB ftu r[Dkswe ;[Xko eoB ns/ ihtB g~Xo u[~eD ftu T[BQK dh e'Jho{uh BjhA ;h. okiBhfse ;[szsosk gqkgs d/ pknd eh n;hA nkgD/ ;wki dk nkX[fBeheoD eoB ftu ;cbj'J/ jK< i/eo jK, sK gfotosD dk ;o{g eh fojk j?< fJ; gqPB d/ T[Zso d/ bJh fJj ;wMDk io{oh j?fe fJe gozgokrs ;wki eh j? ns/ nkX[fBe ;wki eh j?<

gozgokrs ;wki T[j j? fi; ftu (i) ftnesh dh gfo;fEsh T[;d/ iBw s'A fBPfus s/ fBoXkfos j[zdhj?, noEks ftnesh ;wkfie rshPhbsk d/ bJh ;zxoP BjhA eodk j?l (ii) ftnesh dk ftT[jko gqEktKs/ fotkiK s'A ;zukfbs j[zdk j?. ns/ b'eK d/ ftT[jko ftu ghVh do ghVh E'Vk jh gfotosD nkT[Adk j?l(iii) ;wkfie ;zrmB dk nkXko ;z;soD j[zdk j?l (iv) ftnesh nkgDh gSkD gqkEfwe ;w{j s'A pDkT[Adkj? ns/ go;go nzsofeqnk ftu Bks/dkoh ;zpzX wj~stg{oD j[zd/ jBl (v) gfo;fEsh dh ng/ePk ftneshBz{ ;wkfie ;zpzXK dh ;EkgBk ftu fInkdk wj~st fd~sk iKdk j?l (vi) b'e, o{Vhtkdh j[zd/ jBl (vii) noEftnt;Ek nk;kB j[zdh j? ns/ ihftek s'A go/ nkofEe ng/ePkfeqs x~N j[zdk j?l ns/ (viii) ;wki ftu fwEtkb/ ftuko gqGktPhb j[zd/ jB.


B ØN


fJ;d/ T[bN nkX[fBe ;wki T[j jB fi; ftu (i) ;wki ftu ftnesh dh gfo;fEsh T[;dh nkg dh :'rskns/ ;woEk s'A fBoXkos j[zdh j?l (ii) ftnesh dk ftT[jko fotkiK dh ng/ePk ekBz{B Bkb fInkdk fBnzfsqsj[zdk j?l (iii) ;wkfie ;zouBk dk nkXko ;wkBsk j[zdk j?l (iv) d{ik ;zpzX gqkEfwe ;zpzXK s'A fInkdkwj~stg{oB j[zd/ jBl (v) b'e BthBsk ftu ftPtk; eod/ jBl (vi) noE ftnt;Ek ifNb seBhe T[s/nkXkos j[zdh j?l ns/ (vii) ;wki ftu sofee ftukoK dk p'bpkbk j[zdk j?.

sd eh fJ; dk noE fJj j'fJnk fe gozgoktkd ns/ nkX[fBesk d' uow j~dK jB ns/ fJj d't/A fJe ;kEBjhA ub ;edhnK< :'r/Ado f;zx ns/ n?;H;hH d{p/ tor/ ftdtkBK dk ftuko j? fe d'tK dk ;fj^j'Ad j' ;edhj? gozgoktkd Bz{ ;thekoB dk fJj noE BjhA fe nkX[fBesk Bz{ n;theko eo fdsk iKdk j?. fJ;dk nk;kBfijk noE j?, nkX[fBesk dh PeshnK T[s/ fBnzsqD. fJ;/ gqeko nkX[fBesk Bz{ ;theko eoB dk fJj noEBjhA j? fe gozgoktkd B{z g{oD o{g/D gqekoikswe wzfBnk ikt/. fJ; fdqPNhe'D d/ nkXko T[s/ ;kBz{ fJjgsk brkT[Dk j? fe fe; jZd se Gkosh ;wki gozgokrs ns/ fe; jZd se fJj nkX[fBe j' frnk j?.

fJj efjDk rbs Bk j't/rk fe Gkos ftu ;wkfie gfotosD dh gqfeqsh jh nfijh j? fe fJ; ftu nkX[fBes/ gozgok dk skbw/b ;gPN fdykJh fdzdk j?. fJe gk;/ sK n;hA T[BQK ftPtk;K, gqEktK ns/ ;z;EktK dhT[g/ePk ehsh j?. fiBQK dh io{os nB[Gt BjhA ehsh rJh, sK d{i/ gk;/ n;hA T[BQK edoKêhwsK Bz{ngDkfJnk j? fiBQK Bz{ n;hA nkgD/ w"fbe T[d/PK Bz{ gqkgs eoB ftu ;jkfJe ;wfMnk j?.

fpqfNP ekb dh s[bBk ftu, ftneshrs ;[szsosk fInkdk j?, ;wkfie g?wkB/ ftu so~eh d/ nkXko d/fInkdk nt;o gqkgs jB, n;hA gozgokrs ;wkfie gqEktK Bz{ S~vD ftu ns/ BthA ;z;Ekswe ;zouBktKd/ fBowkD ftu fInkdk ftt/eh j' rJ/ jB, rohph dh o/yk s'A EZb/ ofjD tkb/ b'eK dh ;zfynk ftu ewhj'Jh j?, rDszso pDB d/ pknd fgSb/ utkbQh ;kbK ftu gaqsh ftnesh nkwdB ftu 92# dk tkXk j'fJnkj?l ns/ fgSV/ ns/ BhthA iksh d/ b'eK d/ bJh T[Zu ;wkfie ;fEsh dh T[gbpXh j[D e'Jh Gqw BjhA ofjfrnk j?.

;zskbh ;kbK ftu Gkos dh noE ftnt;Ek ftu jo ;kb 3H5# d/ tkX/, gqsh ftnesh jo ;kb nkwdBftu 1H4 d/ tkX/, y/sh ftu 2H7# d/ tkX/ ns/ T[fd:'fre ftek; ftu 1H0# dk tkXk j'fJnk j?. d{i/ gk;/w[dqk ;chsh do 9H8 ojh j?, e[b eoI dh okPh d/ d/Ddkoh (1993 ftu) 2H66 bZy eo'V o[gJ/ jB, fBo:ksxN j' frnk j?, g/Av{ y/soK ftu brGr 32# b'e ns/ Pfjoh y/soK ftu 15# b'e rohph dh o/yk s'A EZb/ofj oj/ jB. ftPt d/ e[b rohpK dh ;zfynk dk 34H2# Gkos ftu ofjzd/ jB.

eh n;hA ;zgodkfJe GkJhukok gqkgs eo fbnk j?< eh n;hA fJ;sqhnK Bz{ g[oPK dh ;wkBsk T[s/ b? nkJ/jK< eh n;hA nS{sK dh ;fEsh ftu ;[Xko eo ;e/ jK< eh n;hA ftfGzB torK ftu'A T[g/ePk dh GktBkBz{ e~Y ;eD ftu ;woE eo ;e/ jK< fit/A fe;kB, T[fd:'fre wid{o, fdjkVh wid{oh G'rh, nkfd< ehn;hA ;zgsh d/ ftP/PfXekoK Bz{ Bht/A tor d/ b'eK d/ gZy ftu fbnkT[D ftu ;woE j' ;e/ jK< eh n;hA;wsktkdh ;wki j'D dk dktk eo ;ed/ jK<

ftfdwkB pj[s n;zs'y ;kv/ ;wki ftu nB/e tXd/ j'J/ fto'XkGk;K (Contradictions) dk Bshik j?. e[Mgqw[Zy fto'XkGk; fJ; gqeko jBL ;kvhnK G{fwektK sK nkX[fBe j' rJhnK jB gozs{ ;kvhnK edoKêhwsKni/ th gozgokrs jBl n;hA ;wsktkd (Calitarianism) doPkT[Ad/ jK fezs{ n;hA G/d^Gkt(Discrimination) dk ftT[jko eod/ jKl ;kvhnK nkeKPktK pj[s T[ZuhnK j' rJhnK jB fezs{ T[BQK dhgqkgsh d/ ;kXB iK sK T[gbpX BjhA jB iK gj[zu s'A pkjo jBl n;hA okPNotkd dh rZb sK eod/ jK gozs{n;hA y/sotkd Bz{ gq's;kjB fdzd/ jKl n;hA dktk eod/ jK fe ;kvk rDszso ;wkBsk fbnkT[D d/ bJh;wofgs j? fezs{ fJj iksh ftnt;Ek d/ fPezi/ ftu iefVnk j'fJnk j?l n;hA soePhb j'D dk dktk eod/jK fezs{ n;hA nfBnK s/ gZygks Bz{ th ;[Gkrtkdh GktBk Bkb ;theko eod/ jKl n;hA ftneshtkd dk;woED eod/ jK gozs{ n;hA ;w{jtkd Bz{ bkr{ eod/ jKl n;hA nkdoPtkdh ;z;feqsh dk T[d/P pDkT[Ad/ jKgoz{ n;hA G"fse ;z;feqsh d/ g~yXo jKl nB/e Bt/A ekBz{B bkr{ ehs/ iKd/ jB ns/ g[okD/ ekBz{BK ftu;[Xko$;zP'XB ehs/ ik oj/ jB gozs{ fJj ekBz{B fe;/ Bz{ bkG BjhA gj[zukT[Ad/, f;oc tehb jh T[; Bkb bkGgqkgs eod/ jB. ftXkB nB/e jB fezs{ fBnK pj[s x~N, g'qrokw s/ ;oekoh eowukoh nB/e jB fezs{ iB;/tk x~N, nB/e :'iBktK jB fezs{ efbnkD x~N, ;oekoh szso fInkdk j? ns/ gqPk;B x~N j?.


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fJBQK ;ko/ fto'XkGk;K dk Bshik fJj j? fe ;kv/ ;wki ftu n;zs'y tXdk ik fojk j?, GqPNszso ns/ngqshp~X okiBhfse nfGiB ns/ T[g^nfGiB i' nkgD/ fBih ;tkoEK ftu o{uh b?Ad/ jB fiBQK Bz{ d/P d/Gft~y dh e'Jh fuzsk BjhA j[zdh, T[BQK B/ ftek; dk fto'X ehsk, fBfjs ;tkoEh ;w{jK, nkofEefJekfXekohnK ns/ XowKX Xkofwe B/sktK ns/ fBPfeqn nfXekohnK nkfd B/ izw e/ fto'X ehsk feT[AfeT[j nkgDh ngko Pesh Bz{ x~N j[zd/ BjhA d/y ;ed/ ;B.

Gkos d/ ;zftXkB d[nkok gqd~s w"fbe nfXeko ftnesh dh ;[szsosk ;theko eod/ jB. idfe d{i/ gk;/fBd/Pkswe f;XKs oki Bz{ fBod/fPs eod/ jB fe T[j ;wkfie fBnK, nkofEe fBnK ns/ okiBhfse fBnKd/ nkXko T[s/ iB efbnkD ezwK Bz{ nr/ tXkT[D. fJ;d/ bJh T[j G"fse ;z;kXBK dk ftnt;fEs ftsoD;[fBPfus eoD ns/ gzih Bz{ e[M j~EK ftu e/Afdqs j'D s'A pukT[D. fJ; gqeko w"fbe nfXeko ns/ fBod/Pkswe f;XKs d' nb~r^nb~r gozgoktK dk gqshfBXhst eod/ jB. w"fbe nfXeko fBnKT[fus jB, fezs{f;XKs BjhA jB. ;zftXkB d/ 25t/A ;zP'XB d/ d[nkok ftneshrs ;[szsosk (:kfB fe w"fbe nfXekoK) s'Ath T[s/ fBd/Pkswe f;XKsK B{z (:kfB fe ;wkitkd d/ gqsh gqshp~Xsk) gqXkBsk d/ fdsh rJh. i? gqekPBkokfJD B/ u/sktBh fdsh ;h fe ;wkitkd dh gqkgsh d/ bJh pdkJ/ rJ/ w"fbe nfXekoK dk fBokeoD(Abrogation) Gkosh iBszsoh ;z;EktK dk ftBkP j'J/rk. fezs{ 1975 ftu fJzdok rKXh d[nkok nkgks;fEsh dh x'PDk B/ w"fbe nfXeko Bz{ gqshpzfXs eo fdsk. fJ; gqeko Gkosh ;wkitkd ;zeN ftu g? frnkfeT[Afe 1975 ftu nkgks ekbhB x'PDk fBnK T[s/ nkXkfos ;wkfie ftnt;Ek pDkT[D d/ bJh feqnKftsBjhA ehsh rJh ;h, Bshi/ ti'A, 41 ;kbK se ;~sk ftu ofjD d/ pknd 1988 dh u'D ftu eKro; gkoNhs'A ;Zsk y'j rJh. 1984 d/ ;z;dh u'DK ftu id okiht rKXh ;~sk ftu nkJ/ id se ;wkitkdh ftukoXkoknkgDh j'Ad r[nk u[eh ;h. iBsk db B/ th nkgD/ d' ;kbK dh ;~sk d/ ;w/A ftu fJ; T[s/ e'Jh fXnkB BjhAfdsk. 1992 d/ nkozG ftu Bof;zwk okt ;oeko B/ ns/ ngq?b 1992 ftu eKro; gkoNh B/ nkgD/ fsqg[oknfXt/PB ftu noE ftnt;Ek d/ T[dkoheoD, T[fd:'rK ftu bkJh;z; gqDkbh ;wkgs eoB, tZvhnK fBihcowK d/ ft;skoheoB dh nkfrnk, ;pf;Nh ysw eoB, ftd/Ph g{zih fBt/P B{z g'qs;kjB, phwko T[fd:'rKd/ okPNoheoB dh Bhsh ;wkgs eoB, ns/ noE ftnt;Ek Bz{ ft;fsqs ns/ y[bQh gqsh;go~Xk, nkfd dhx'PDk ehsh. fJ; gqeko 1992 ftu ;wkitkd Bz{ ;oekoh s"o T[s/ nkgDh fwqs{ dk ;kwQDk eoBk fgnk ns/Gkos B/ ftek; dh BthA g~Xsh dh u'D ehsh. ;~so ;kb pknd 1991 ftu o{; ftu ;kfwntkd dh thfwqs{ j' rJh. nZi Gkos ftu ;wkitkd dk g~yXo e'Jh th BjhA j?. okiB?fse ;~sk ftu Gkos d/ f;fynstor dk fJe t~vk fjZ;k ns/ f;fynD ;z;EktK ftu br/ :[teK Bz{ ;wkitkdh fdqPNhe'D s'A e"Jh jwdodhBjhA j?. d/yDk pkeh j? fe BthA T[dkotkdh BhshnK ns/ ;goXkswe r?o ;wkitkdh BhshnK fe~E/ se GkosBz{ byP gqkgsh se gjz[ukT[DrhnK.

10H1H4 ;wkfie gfotosD dk YKuk10H1H4 ;wkfie gfotosD dk YKuk10H1H4 ;wkfie gfotosD dk YKuk10H1H4 ;wkfie gfotosD dk YKuk10H1H4 ;wkfie gfotosD dk YKuk:'r/Ado f;zx B/ ;wkfie gfotosD T[s/ nkozG d/ b/yK ftu (1969L11) Gkos ftu ;wkfie gfotosD d/nfXn?B dh gqfeqsh ns/ gqfeqnk T[s/ fszB T[gkrwK dh uouk ehsh ;hL dkoPfBe^fJfsjk;e ns/ T[gkrw,;wkfie wkBt Pk;soh ns/ ;wki Pk;soh T[gkrw.

dkoPfBe^fJfsjk;e T[gkrw d/ ;q's Gkosh ns/ g~Swh d'B'A jh d~;/ rJ/ jB. Gkosh doPB ns/ XowB/ gfotosD d/ dkoPfBe f;XKs dk gqfsgkdB ehsk fi;dh ftP/Psk ;h ;wki ftu ekb ueqh rsh(ftb/n^gqb/n, ;s:[rêb:[r), i' ;w/A^;w/A T[s/ ntskoK d/ d[nkok yzfvs ehsk frnk ns/ d[pkok;feqn ehsk frnk. fJ; f;XKs dk nkXko Xowêow ns/ w'y ftu ftPtk; j?. fJe ;w/A ;h id fJ;f;XKs T[s/ fdqV ftPtk; ehsk iKdk j? ;h, gozs{ j[D fJj ftb[gs j[zdk ik fojk j?, feT[Afe fJ;dkftnt;fEs ftPb/PD ;zGt BjhA j?. fJfsjk;e T[gkrw s'A ;wkfie gfotosD dk nfXn?B Gkosh

;wkfie gfotosD ;K;feqse iK ;fGnskw{be gfotosD s'A fGzB jB. ;wkfie gfotosDftu ;wkfie ;zpzXK T[s/ pb fdsk iKdk j?.

B'N;


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fJfsjk; d/ nkb/yK (Records) d[nkok j[zdk j?l T[dkjoD bJh, iksh gqEk ftu gfotosD iK fJ;sqhnK dh;fEsh ftu gfotosD dk nfXn?B eJh :[rK d/ fJfsjk;e nkb/yK d/ nkXko T[s/ ehsk iKdk j?, fit/A w"fonkekb, r[gs ekb, pqjwkfDe ekb, w[rb ekb, fpqfNP ekb ns/ ;tkszsq:'so ekb. fJ; T[gkrw dh j~d fJjj? fe fJfsjk;e nkb/y ;ko/ T[gbpX BjhA j' gkT[Ad/ jB. Bshi/ ti'A fJ; T[gkrw T[s/ fBoGo ofjD Bkb;wki Pk;soh ;wkfBneoD Gqw gkT[D tkbk j' ;edk j?. ;wkfie wkBt Pk;soh T[gkrw j'o d'tK T[gkrwKdh ng/ePk fInkdk ftnt;fEs ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?. fJ; T[gkrw ftu rfjD y/soh ezw (IntensiveField Work) iK ;fjGkfre ntb'eB (Participant Observation) ftXh dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?. fJ;gqeko d/ T[gkrw ftu ;?XKfse gq;EkgBktK (Propositions) wkBtiksh nKefVnK (EthonographicData) dh ftnkfynk eod/ jB i' iK sK nfXn?B eosk d/ nkgD/ iK d{finK d/ y/soh ezw d/ Bshi/ j[zd/jB. n?wHn?BH ;qhfBtk; dk ftuko j? fe e[M jcs/ iK e[M wjhB/ ;{uBkdksktK d/ Bkb d[GkPhJ/ d/ wkfXnwBkb ofjD s/ nfXn?B ehs/ ikD tkb/ b'eK d/ ftP/ ftu ftPt;Bh fdqPNhe'D gqkgs BjhA ehsk ik ;edkj?. ;wkfie wkBtPk;soh s'A nkPk ehsh iKdh j? fe T[j T[BQK b'eK d/ ftu xZN s'A xZN ;kb v/Y ;kb pshseoD, T[BQK dh GkPk ftu fBg[zBsk gqkgs eoD, ns/ fizBk ntb'eB eo ;eD T[ABk eoD. fpqfNPwkBtPk;soh ;z;feqsh B{z wj~st BjhA fdzd/ pbfe ;wki, ;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie ;zpzXK Bz{ fInkdkwj~st fdzd/ jB. T[j j[D ‘s[bBkswe ftXh’ (Comparative Method) dk th gq:'r eod/ jB fi; ftueJh ;wkiK dk nfXn?B Pkwb jB. fJj ikDd/ j'J/ fe ;wki dh ftfGzB ;z;EktK go;go ;zpzXs jB,;wkfie wkBtPk;soh ftfPPN ;z;Ek d/ ;ko/ ;zpX ;z;EktK dk nfXn?B eodk j?. fJ; wkBtPk;sohT[gkrw dh ;hwk fJj j? fe fJj ;{yw g~Xo (Microcosm) d/ nkXko T[s/ ;E{b g~Xo (Macrocosm) d/ftP/ ftu ;wkfBneoD dk :sB eodk j?. fJj fBofttkd ebgBk ;kotG"fwesk ns/ ;wo{gsk T[s/ nkXkosj?. gozs{ Gkos ftu ftPwsk ns/ ftftXsk fInkdk j?. fJ; gqeko fJe fgzv d/ fe;/ ;z;Ek (fit/A—gfotko,iksh nkfd) d/ gfotosD Bz{ d' ;w/A^ntXh d/ ftu nfXn?B eoe/ n;hA fJ; nkw Bshi/ T[s/ BjhA gj[zu;ed/ fe d{finK fgzvK ftu iK ;w{u/ Gkos ftu fJ;/ gqeko d/ gfotosD j[zd/ jB. ;wkfie wkBtPk;sohT[gkrw dh so[~NhnK ;wkiPk;soh T[gkrw d[nkok x~N eo fdsh rJh j?. ;wki Pk;soh T[gkrw ftunkB[Gfte (Empirical) iKu gVskb ftqjd g~Xo T[s/ ehsh iKdh j?. ns/ nkw Bshi/ gqkgs ehs/ ik ;ed/jB.

;wkfie gfotosD T[s/ nkgD/ pknd d/ b/yK ftu :'r/Ado f;zx (1977) ftu Gkos ftu ;wkfie gfotosDd/ ftP/ ftu gzi T[gkrwK dh uouk dh j?. fJj jBL T[dftek;h T[gkrw, ;K;feqse T[gkrw (;z;feqsheoD,g~SwheoD, bx{ s/ wjs gozgoktK, ;ze[fusheoD ns/ ;kotG"fweoD), ;zouBkswe T[gkrw (gqekoikswens/ dÍzdkswe wkvb T[s/ nkXkos), nkdoPrs s/ ftukokswe T[gkrw, ns/ fJeheoD T[gkrw.

1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H T[dftek;h T[gkrw (T[dftek;h T[gkrw (T[dftek;h T[gkrw (T[dftek;h T[gkrw (T[dftek;h T[gkrw (Evolutionary Approach)L )L )L )L )L fJ; T[gkrw d/ fJe bzph Pqzybk ftu S'N/^S'N/gfotosDK d/ d[nkok n;kB s'A w[Peb ;fji rsh Bkb j'D tkb/ ftek; dk nfXn?B ehsk iKdk j? jo/e gfotosD ftnt;Ek Bz{ E'Vk fijk pdbdk j?l gozs{ bzp/ ;w/A pknd gfotosDK dk ;w/A gqGkt BthBifNb ;o{gK Bz{ iBw fdzdk j?. ndftek;h T[gkrw ftu ftXh ftdtkBK B/ uko T[g^g~XshnK dk gq:'rehsk j?L fJe o/yh (Unilinear), ;kotG"fwe (Universal), ueqh (Cyclical), ns/ pj[̂ o/yh (MultiLinear). fJe o/yh T[g g~Xsh ftfGzB uoDK (Stages) ftu gfotosD dh ftnkfynk eodh j? ns/wzBdh j? fe jo/e uoD gfjbK s'A n~Sk T[Zuk j?. ;kotG"fwe T[g^g~Xsh gfonktoD d/ Bkb nB[e{bdh gqfeqnk T[s/ pb fdzdh j?.

2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H ;zxoP T[gkrw (;zxoP T[gkrw (;zxoP T[gkrw (;zxoP T[gkrw (;zxoP T[gkrw (Conflict Approach)L )L )L )L )L wkoe;tkdh ;zxoP T[gkrw d/ nB[;ko nkofEe gfotosD,;wkfie ;w{jK ns/ ;wki ftnt;Ek d/ eJh nzrK d/ ftu rfjD ;zxoP d/ wkfXnw Bkb j'o gfotosDKBz{ iBw fdzdk j?. vhHghH w[yoih, J/HnkoH d/;kJh ns/ n?wHn?BH d~sk tor/ e[M f;XKstkdhnK B/ fejkj? fe ftqjd noE ftu ;zxoP jh ;wkfie gfotosD dk ekoD j'Dk ukjhdk j?. fJ;d/ fg~S/ soe fJjj? fe i/eo ;wki ftu ws?fen (Consensus) j't/ ns/ i/eo eJh yzvK ftu J/eheoD j't/ sKgfotosD d/ bJh pj[s x~N dpkn ofj ikJ/rk. ;' gfotosD ;w{jK iK ;wkfie ns/ ;Kfeqseftnt;EktK d/ ftfGzB GkrK d/ ftu ;zxoP d/ cb;o{g jh j'Dk ukjhdk.


B ØN


3 H3 H3 H3 H3 H ;K;feqs T[gkrw (;K;feqs T[gkrw (;K;feqs T[gkrw (;K;feqs T[gkrw (;K;feqs T[gkrw (Cultural Approach)L)L)L)L)L fJ; T[gkrw ftu ;wki d/ pdbd/ j'J/ ;K;feqs s~sKdk ftPb/PD eoe/ gfotosD dk nfXn?B ehsk iKdk j?. fJ;/ T[gkrw d/ nzsors n?wHn?BH ;qhfBtk;B/ ;z;feqsheoD s/ g~SwheoD dh gqfeqnk d/ wkfXnw Bkb gfotosD dk nfXn?B ehskl o'poN o/vchbv B/ bx{ ns/ wjs gozgoktK ftu gfotosD d/ wkfXnw s'Al ns/ w?few w?fonN B/ ;ze[fusheoDs/ ;kotG"wheoD (Parochailization and Universalization) dh gqfeqnk d/ wkfXnw Bkb gfotosDnfXn?B ehsk. ;z;feqsheoD gfotosD dh T[j gqfeqnk j? fi; ftu BhthA iksh d/ b'e iksh ;z;soDftu T[Zu ikshnK d/ ohsh fotki, eow, ftukoXkoktK ns/ T[BQK dh ihtB P?bh Bz{ ngDk e/ nkgDhgfo;fEsh B{z u[eDk ukj[zd/ jK. gozgokrs ;wkfie ;zouBk ftu fJjh ;K;feqse rshPhbsk dh gqfeqnkj?. T[Zu ikshnK ;d?t pqkjwD BjhA j[zdhnK jBl T[j ysoh, t?P ns/ j'o th j' ;edhnK jB.g~SwheoD r?o^g~Swh ;wki d[nkok g~Swh ;wki dh seBhe, ;z;EktK, nkdoPK s/ edoKêhwsK Bz{ngDkfJnk j?. e[M ftdtkB fJ; ftuko d/ jB fe g~SwheoD ns/ ;z;feqsheoD d't/A jh gqfeqnktKGkos ftu ;wkfie^;z;feqse gfotosD d/ T[g^PkyktK Bz{ ;gPN BjhA eodhnK. ;z;feqsheoD ikshftnt;Ek ftu fe;/ ftnesh iK ;w{j dh gfo;fEsh ftu gfotosD fXT[se j?l fJj ;wki iK;wkfie ftnt;Ek ftu gfotosD B{z BjhA d;dk. :'r/Ado f;zx (1947L9) B/ th wzfBnk j? fenkX[fBe Gkos ftu j'D tkb/ ;wkfie gfotosD dk ;z;feqsheoD ns/ g~SwheoD d/ ;zdoG ftutoDB eoBk ;zouBkswe noE dh ng/ePk ;K;feqse noE ftu toDB eoBk j?.

o'poN o/vchbv (1955), fiBQK B/ bx{ ns/ wjs gozgoktK dh ntXkoDktK dh ;jkfJsk Bkb wef;e'Ad/ ;w[dkfJnK d/ ;wkfie gfotosD dk ftPb/PD ehsk ;h, dk nB[;oD eod/ j'J/ w?few w/fonN(1955) ns/ fwbNB f;zro (1959) B/ th Gkos ftu ;wkfie gfotosD dk fJ;/ ntXkoDkswe;zdoG ftu nfXn?B ehsk. bx{ gozgoktK T[j ;td/Ph gqEktK, d/th^d/tsk, ns/ ohshnK s/ ;z;ekojB i' fe b'e g~Xo s/ gkJ/ iKd/ jB. T[j g/Av{ ;w[dkJ/ d/ g~Xo T[s/ gkJ/ iKd/ jB ns/ T[BQK dk ftek;nKsfoe j[dk j?. i' gozgoktK pkjoh ;zgoeK d/ ekoD ftef;s j[zdhnK jB ns/ nfGiB g~Xo T[s/fwbdhnK jB, wjs gozgoktK efjbkT[Adh jB. ;K;feqse gfotosK dh ftnkfynk eod/ j'J/ fwbvBf;zro B/ fejk j?L (n) wjs gozgoktK dk ftek; bx{ gozgoktK d/ Bkb fBozso fojk j?l (p) Gkosftu ;K;feqse fBozsosk dk ekoD b'eK d[nkok nkw ;K;feqse u/sBk ftu ;fjGkfrsk ns/ nkwwkBf;e fdqPNhe'D j?l (;) nkw ;K;feqse u/sK dk fBowkD gft~so g[;seK ns/ gft~so t;s{nK Bkbj[zdk j?l (d) nshs d/ Bkb Gkos dh ;K;feqse fBozsosk fJzBh ;[fdqV j? fe ;theko ehs/ gfotosDKftu th gqkuhB gozgoktK Bz{ BjhA S~fvnk iKdk. fJ; gqeko, Gkt/A nkX[fBe Gkos d/ ;wkfie s/;K;feqse ihtB d/ nB/e g~yK B{z gqGkts eo oj/ jB, T[BQK B/ Gkos d/ w{b YKu/ s/ ;o{g Bz{ BPN BjhAehsk j? w?few w?fonN B/ bx{ gozgoktK d/ w{b s~sK dk wjs gozgoktkK dh soc T[mD dh gqfeqnk B{z;kotG"fweoD fejk j?. d{ih soc, wjs gozgoktK dk j/mK dh ns/ bx{ gozgoktK se gj[zuD dh gqfeqnkBz{ ;ze[fusheoD fejk j?. fJ; gqeko ;kotG"fweoB ns/ ;ze[fusheoD d't/A jh gqfeqnk ;K;feqsegfotosD dh ftnkfynk eodhnK jB.

4 H4 H4 H4 H4 H ;zouBkswe T[gkrw (;zouBkswe T[gkrw (;zouBkswe T[gkrw (;zouBkswe T[gkrw (;zouBkswe T[gkrw (Structural Approach)L )L )L )L )L fJj T[gkrw ;wkfie ;zpzXK d/ ikb ns/ ;wkfie;zouBk ftu gfotosD dk nfXn?B eodk j? (fit/A iksh, Bks/dkoh, c?eNoh, gqPk;fBe ;zouBknkfd). fJBK ;wkfie ;zouBktK ns/ ;zpzXK dh s[bBk ;K;feqse fdqPNh Bkb (Intra-culturally) ns/;K;feqse fdqPNh gko eo (Cross-Culturally) th ehsh iKdh j?.

:'r/Ado f;zx d/ nB[;ko gfotosD d/ ;zouBkswe ftPb/PD ftu ;zpzXK d/ ;zo{gD (PatternedRelationships) ftu Bt/A skbw/b d/ r[Dkswe gqfeqsh dk nfXn?B fBfjs j?. TdkjoD bJh, idihtB ;kEh dh u'D pZu/ nkg eod/ jB. Bk fe T[BQK d/ wksk fgsk, sd ftnkj ;zpzXK dh r[D ;zpzXhgqfeqsh fBPu/ jh fGzB j't/rh. Gkos ftu gfotosD d/ ftPb/PD ftu fJ; T[gkrw dk gq:'r e[Mw[Peb Bkb jh ehsk frnk j?, id fe ;K;feqse T[gkrw dk gq:'r fInkdk ehsk frnk j?.

5 H5 H5 H5 H5 H J/ehfeqs T[gkrw (J/ehfeqs T[gkrw (J/ehfeqs T[gkrw (J/ehfeqs T[gkrw (J/ehfeqs T[gkrw (Intergrated Approach)L)L)L)L)L :'r/Ado f;zx wzBd/ jB fe T[go'es e'Jh th T[gkrwGkos ftu ;wkfie gfotosD dk ftnkge gfog/y gq;s[s BjhA eodk. ;' T[BQK B/ ;wkfie gfotosD


B ØN


Bkb ;zpX ftfGzB ftukoK Bz{ fwbk e/ fJe Bt/A g?okvkJhw s/ T[gkrw dk ftek; ehsk fi;dk T[BQK B/J/ehfeqs T[gkrw fejk j?. fJ; T[gkrw ftu T[BQK B/ (n) gfotosD dh fdPk (fJe o/yh iK ueqhJ/), (p)gfotosD dk ;zdoG (bx{ iK ftqjd ;zouBkswe g~Xo d/ d[nkok), (;) gfotosD dk ;q's (noEksnKsfoe nEtk pkjoh ;zgoe d[nkok), (d) gfotofss j'D tkbh xNBk dk ;koG{s y/so (noEks;K;feqs iK ;wkfie ;zouBk), nkfd Bz{ fwbk fd~sk j?.

6 H6 H6 H6 H6 H fB:'iB ns/ ;wkfie gfotosD (fB:'iB ns/ ;wkfie gfotosD (fB:'iB ns/ ;wkfie gfotosD (fB:'iB ns/ ;wkfie gfotosD (fB:'iB ns/ ;wkfie gfotosD (Planning and Social Change)L )L )L )L )L fe;/ fBPfus feqnk d/gqsh gqshpXsk fB:'iB efjbkT[Adh j?. fJj ;wkfie ;z;EktK dk BthB ;wkfie, nkofEe ns/okiBhfse ;fEshnK s'A ;wk:'iB jB fJj io{oh BjhA j? fe fB:'iB soe ;zrs jh j't/ feT[Afe fJj;d?t ftPt;Bh ftfrnkfBe ;{uBktK T[s/ nkXkos BjhA j[zdk j?. T[dkjoD bJh, i/eo Gkos fturohph ysw eoB d/ bJh f;oc T[sgkdB dh ftqXh T[s/ jh pb fdsk ikt/ ns/ iB;zfynk ft;c'N s/fBnzsqD d/ gZy dh T[g/ePk ehsh iKdh j? sd nfij/ fB:'iB Bz{ soe ;zrs fet/A fejk ik ;edk j?.;wkfie fB:'iB d/ j/m fby/ T[d/P j[zd/ jBl (i) ;wkfie ;zrmB ftu gfotosD (ii) ;kw[dkfJeefbnkD fit/A f;fynk ;[ftXktK ftu ;[Xko eoBk, B"eoh d/ nt;oK ftu tkX/ eoBk, ;wkfiee[ohshnK Bz{ ysw eoBk, nkfd.

ohwo (Riemer) d/ nB[;ko fB:'iB dh fszB gqw[Zy ftP/PsktK jB (n) T[d/PK dk g{ot fBoXkoD ns/edoKêhwsK dh x'PDk, (p) w{ossk (Concreteness) ns/ ftP/ ;kwrqh dh fBPfussk fBoXkoseoBk, (;) eJh e[PbsktK ns/ eJh g/P/ dh Nq/fBzr ftu skbw/b ;Ekfgs eoBk. :'iBk dh ;cbskd/ bJh e[M r~bK fXnkB ftu oyDk io{oh j?L (i) :'iBk dk nkftoGkt (Stem) b'eK d/ d[nkok j'Dkukjhdk j?, (ii) b'e dh Gkrhdkoh pj[s io{oh j?l (iii) :'iBk d/ nkozG eoB d/ bJh ;wkfieekoieosktK Bz{ n~r/ nkT[Dk ukjhdk j? Bk fe :'iBk pDkT[D tkfbnK Bz{, (iv) gqkEfwesktK g{otseBheh frnkB oydk j't/ ns/ i' :'rsk gqkgs g/P/to ftnesh j't/ feT[Afe ftebg bZGD dh :'rskj[zdh j?.

Gkos ftu 1940 d/ dPe ftu n?wH ftPt/Pohnk d[nkok nkofEe fB:'iB dk gqshgkdB ehsk frnk;h. d{i/ ftPt :[ZX d/ nt;o T[s/ (1938^39) fJe nfyb Gkosh :'iBk pDkT[D d/ T[d/P Bkb GkoshokPNoh eKro; B/ okPNoh :'iBk ;whsh dh fB:[esh ehsh. gozs{ pzpJh :'iBk (NkNk^fpobk :'iBk)B/ jh Gkos d/ b'e Bz{ fB:'iB u/sBk gqdkB ehsh. 1943 ftu Gkos ;oeko B/ fJe tkfJ;okJ/ ekT[Af;bdh ew/Nh, fi; Bz{ w[V fBowkD ew/Nh nkc ekT[Af;b (Reconstruction Committee of Council)d/ Bkw s'A ikfDnk iKdk j?, dh ;EkgBk ehsh (fi;dh ;jkfJsk gqKshJ/ Bhsh ;whshnK B/ ehsh) fi;dkT[d/P w[VfBowkD dh :'iBk fsnko eoBk ;h. 1944 ftu :'iBk ns/ ftek; ftGkr dk th fBowkDehsk frnk. gozs{ T[; ;w/A ;oekoh :'iBktK fBPfus nkofEe bePK Bz{ gqkgs eo d/ bJh BjhA pDkJhrJhnK ;B. T[BQK dk ;zpzX f;oc ihtB g~Xo u[eD, b'eK dh feqnkPesh tXkT[D, y/sh ehwsK Bz{ ;fEoeoB, T[d:'rK dk ftek; eoB, Xow ;zpzXh ftPwsk Bz{ d{o eoB, ns/ fgSV/ tor Bz{ u[eD d/ gqeoDKs'A ;h. eJh gqKsK s'A nkgDh^nkgDh :'iBktK pDkT[D d/ bJh fejk frnk ;h. T[BQK d/ bJh Bk sK e'Jh;z;kXB piN ;h ns/ Bk jh fe;/ gqkEfwesk dk jh T[b/y ;h. fJ; gqeko fejk ik ;edk j? fe Gkosdh ;[szsosk gqkgsh se g/qfos ;wkfie gfotosD ;zGt BjhA ;h. feT[Afe L (i) gfonkgs fB:'iBd[nkok ftek; dh gqkEfwesktK Bz{ g{ot fBPfus BjhA ehsk frnk ;h, (ii) T[sgkdB ns/ okPNohnkwdB dh Io{os Bkb ;zpzfXs gfonkgs nKeV/ fsnko BjhA ehs/ rJ/ ;B, (iii) ftek; T[d/PK d/bJh f;oc ;hws ftd/Ph ftfBw: jh T[gbpX ;h, (iv) fBih T[Xwh T[fd:'fre ftek; ftu t~vh g{zihfBt/P eoB ftu xZN T[s;kjh ;B feT[Afe ;oekoh BhshnK T[BQK d/ bJh ;jkfJe BjhA ;B, (v) ftd/PK s'A eZuk wkb, wPhBK ns/ gqw[Zy t;s{nK nk:ks eo dh ;j{bs BjhA ;h, (vi) iB;zfynk ftqXh Bz{o'eD d/ rzGho :sB BjhA ehs/ rJ/, (vii) gqKshJ/ ns/ e/Adoh ;whshnK d/ ftu fB:'iB gqfeqnk ftuskbw/b BjhA ;h, (viii) ftPt :[~XK d/ ekoD w[dqk ;chsh ftu ftqXh j[zdh ik ojh ;h, ns/ (ix)gqPk;fBe gqfeqnk dk ftek; w[~y s"o s/ oki d/ g[fb; ekoiK d/ T[d/P s'A ehsk frnk ;h. B"eoPkjhBz{ ftek; :'iBktK ftu o{uh b?D dh Nq/fBzr BjhA fdsh iKdh ;h.


B ØN


;[szsosk d/ pknd Gkos ;oeko B/ ;zB 1950 ftu ;ko/ okiK ns/ e/Adoh :'iBktK ftu skbw/b fpmkT[Dd/ T[d/P Bkb :'iBk nk:'r dh fB:[esh ehsh. fJj nk:'r (i) gqkEfwesktK Bz{ fBPfus eoB (ii) d/Pd/ ;z;kXBK d/ ;zs[fbs fB:'iB d/ bJh (iii) d/P d/ G"fse, g{zih ns/ wkBt ;z;kXBK dk w[bKeD eoB (iv);w/A^;w/A T[s/ gqrsh dk w[bKeD ns/ d[pkok ;wk:'iB dh f;ckoP eoB (v) T[BQK ekoeK dk gsk brkT[Dd/ bJh i' nkofEe gqrsh ftu o[ektN gkT[Ad/ jB, nkfd ezw eoB d/ bJh ;h.

nkgD/ nkozG j'D Bkb j[D se :'iBk nk:'r B/ n~m gzi ;kbk :'iBktK fsnko ehshnK jB ns/ jo/e :'iBkftP/P T[d/P T[s/ e/Afdqs ehsh rJh j?. T[dkjoD bJh, ngq?b, 1951 ftu id gfjbh gzi ;kbk :'iBknkozG ehsh rJh sK fJ;dk gqw[Zy e/Ado fpzd{ y/sh ftek; ;h. d{ih :'iBk ftu Gkoh T[fd:'rK T[s/pb fd~sk frnk, idfe pkeh 6 :'iBktK y/sh ns/ T[fd:'fre ftek; d'tK T[s/ e/Afdqs ;B. g/qfosgfotosD d/ bJh j'o gqkEfwesktK ;BL gfotko fB:'iB, o'irko d/ nt;oK ftu ftqXh, 5 iK 7#;kbkBk okPNoh nkwdB ftu ftqXh, w{b T[fd:'rK dk ftek; (b'jk, fJ;gks, Pesh, o;kfJB), wkBt;z;kXBK dk fInkdk gq:'r, nkofEe Pesh dk fte/AdoheoD, nkwdB ftsoD dh n;wkBsktK x~NeoBk, ;wkfie fBnK ns/ ;wkBsk gqkgs eoBk, nkfd. fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe Gkos ftu fB:'iBdk w[~y T[d/P b'eK d/ ihtB g~Xo Bz{ T[Zuk u[eDk ns/ T[BQK bJh n~S/ ihtB d/ bJh nt;o gqdkB eoBkfojk j?.

fezs{ eh Gkos ftu fB:'iB Bkb fB:'fis gfotosD dk T[d/P gqkgs j' ;fenk j?< 44 ;kb d/ fB:'iBd/ ;w/A ftu nkofEe ftek; dh do 3H5# ojh j?. Gkt/A fJj ftPt dh nkwdB ftu 4# dh ftqXhdh s[bBk ftu p[oh BjhA j?, fezs{ ftek;Phb d/PK dh 7# s'A 10# dh ftqXh dh ng/ePk n~Sh BjhAj?. 1951 s'A 1994 d/ ;w/A ftu Gkoh okPNoh nkwdB ftu f;oc 3H5# dh jh ftqXh ;zGt j' gkJhj?.

Gkt/A ;oeko dk dktk j? fe 1972^1994 d/ ftu rohph dh o/yk s'A j/mK b'eK dh ;zfynk ftu 15#dh ewh j'Jh j?, fezs{ feT[Afe o'Irko dcsoK ftu p/oIrko b'eK d/ gziheoD dh ;zfynk ftu ftqXh1952 ftu 4H37 bZy Bkb 1971 ftu 59H09 b~y 1981 ftu 178H3 bZy, 1990 ftu 346H3 b~y ns/1991 ftu 363H0 b~y (India Today, May 31, 1992:296) j'Jh, fJ; bJh n;hA fJ; Bshi/ T[s/BjhA gj[zu ;ed/ fe fB:'iB d/ byP gqkgs eo bJ/ rJ/ jB ns/ b'eK d/ ihtB ftu ;[Xko dk byPgqkgs eo fbnk frnk j?. fJ; ftu e'Jh j?okBh BjhA fe n~i fInkdk s'A fInkdk b'e e[zfms jB ns/nzd'bBK dh ;zfynk ftu jo ;kb tkXk j[zdk ik fojk j?. fB:'iB B{z fsbKibh d/D s'A g{ot ;kBz{ ;ktXkBhg{ote d/yDk j't/rk ns/ sd jh fBoDk b?Dk T[fus j't/rk.

o'Bkbv fbfgN d/ nB[;ko fejk ik ;edk j? fe i/eo ftek; g'qrokw Bz{ ;cb pDkT[Dk j? sK e[M f;XKsKBz{ feqnKfts eoBk j'J/rk. fJ;d/ e[M wj~stg{oB f;XKs jBL (i) ftek; gq;skt s/ gqfeqnk go;gow/b j'Dk ukjhdk j?, (ii) ftek; d/ byP ;w[dkJ/ d/ bJh ;koEe w[~b tkb/ j'D/ ukjhd/ jB, (iii) fB:'ieKBz{ ;kw[dkfJe ;K;feqse edoKêhwsK ns/ ftPtk;K dk ;w[fus frnkB j'Dk ukjhdk, (iv) ftek; ;w{u/;w[dkJ/ d/ ;zdoG ftu j'Dk ukjhdk j? ns/ (v) ftek; dh eJh J/iz;hnK d/ ftu ;zg/qPD ns/ ;fj:'rIo{oh j?. ikgkB, iowBh ;fjs d/P fiBQK B/ gqrsh ehsh j?, T[j d/P jB fi~E/ Bk sK e'Jh :'iBk nk:'rj? ns/ Bk jh e'Jh :'iBk. eh Gkos B{z th T[jh o;sk ngDkT[Dk ukjhdk j?<

10H210H210H210H210H2 ;wkfie gfotosD dk ftek; ns/ T[dftek; ;wkfie gfotosD dk ftek; ns/ T[dftek; ;wkfie gfotosD dk ftek; ns/ T[dftek; ;wkfie gfotosD dk ftek; ns/ T[dftek; ;wkfie gfotosD dk ftek; ns/ T[dftek; (Evolution andDevelopment of Social Change)

gfotosD dh fBozsosk ns/ fdPk d't/A T[dGt d[nkok gqdofPs j[zdhnK jB. T[dftek; ftqXh s'A fes/fInkdk j[zdk j?. ftqXh ftu gfotosD dh fdPk dk p'X BjhA j[zdk j?, fJ; ftu gfotosD d/ ;zfynkswegfjb{ Bz{ ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?. T[dftek; d/ e[M fInkdk nzsoG{s s~s gkfJnk iKdk j?. gfotosD f;ocnkeko ftu jh BjhA pbfe ;zouBk ftu th d/fynk iKdk j?. T[dftek; dh XkoDk ekwN/, wkoe;, ;g?A;o,t/po, d[oyhw ns/ j'p jkT[; dh ouBktK ftu nkXkoG{s j?. fJBQK ftukoeK B/ i?fteh T[dGt d/ f;XKsK


B ØN


s'A ;wkfie T[dGt dh XkoDk Bz{ gqshcfbs ehsk j?. ;g?A;o B/ ;wki ns/ Poho ouBk ftu ;kfdqP d/fynk j?ns/ T[;h d/ nB[o{g ;wkfie ns/ i?fte d/ ftu ;wo{gsk gkJh j?. i?fteh T[dftek; dh gqfeqsh fJe o/yhJ/ jB,ns/ fJ; bJh gfotosB ;kXkoD s'A ifNb dh soc j[zdk j?. nfij/ gfotosD dh gqfeqnk Bz{ gfjbK s'A fInkdkskes, :'rsk ns/ gfonktoD d/ Bkb nB[e{bg{oD gqrshPhb ftG/dheoD fejk iKdk j?. T[dftek; fJe gbNBtkbh gqfeqnk th j?, noEks T[dftek; dh fdPk ifNb s'A ;ob dh soc BjhA ehsh ik ;edh.

gqrsh dh XkoDk dh soQK dh ntXkoDk ftu th tKfSs fdPk ftu gfotosD dh soc ;ze/s j?. idfe ftek;dh gqfeqsh nkw j? ns/ Ufufsnkswe ekoeK T[s/ nkXkos j?. :'r/Ado f;zx d/ nB[;koL “;wki d/ w?ApoKftu tKSBh fdPk ftu fB:'fis ;wkfie gfotosD fbnkT[D d/ T[gkn Bz{ ftek; efjzd/ jK. ;' ftek; dhXkoDk ;wkfie^;K;feqse gqPmG{wh ns/ okiB?fse ns/ G"r'fbe gfo;fEsh d/ nkXko T[s/ jo/e ;wki ftufGzB^fGzB gkJh iKdh j?.” “ftek; fJe ;fwPq ngXkoDk j?.” ;wki d/ ftek; ftu tgko, y/sh, T[fd:'r,f;fynk, ;tk;E nkfd ftfGzB y/soK ftu gqrsh Bz{ frfDnk iKdk j?. ftek; ftu ewi'o torK, fJ;sqhnKns/ p~funK, phwko, p/o'irko ns/ pi[or b'e ns/ x~N frDsh d/ efbnkD Bz{ th Pkwb eod/ jB. ftfGzBBhshnk ns/ g'qrokwK dk T[d/P g/Av{ ns/ Pfjoh y/soK nB[;{fus ikshnK ns/ nB[;{fus iBikshnK,wfjbktK, y/sh, wid{oK ns/ T[fd:'fre PqfweK d/ efbnkD dk j?. ;' ftek; fJe w[~b^Gkfos XkoDk j?.fJj fJe ;wki y/so ns/ iBsk dh ;wkfie^;z;feqsh ns/ nkofEe io{osK Bkb ;zpX j?.

j'p jkT[; d[nkok gfotosD d/ Bkb gfowkDB d/ s~s Bz{ i'fVnk frnk. nfij/ gfotosD (ftek;) dh ukoe;"NhnK jBL g?wkBk, :'rsk, gko;gfoesk ns/ ;[szsosk ftu ftqXh. i?fte T[dftek; dh XkoDk d/ ;kEBkb e;"NhnK w{b o{g s'A bkr{ j[zdhnK jB. ftek; d/ bJh g?wkBk w[~y e;"Nh j?. fJ; bJh ftek; fJeo/yh j?. ;wkfie ftG/dheoD dh e;"Nh Bz{ th ftek; d/ ;zpX ehsk frnk j?. fJ; gqeko ftek; dk noEfJ; ;wkfie gqxNBk d/ g{oDso p[~Xho{g T[dftek; s'A j?. wB[~y dk nkgD/ gfonktoD T[s/ fBnzsqD ftek;dk fJe nfijk jh T[dkjoD j?. ftek; dh XkoDk dh fJBQK nkw wkBsktK d/ nbktk e[M ftfPPN e;"NhnKth jBL (i) nkfdw iK y/sh nt;Ek s'A T[fd:'fre ;wki dk T[dftek; ns/ (ii) nkofEe gfotosD.frnkB dh ftqXh ns/ wB[~y dk nkgD/ tksktoD T[s/ fBnzsqD fJBQK gfjb{nK ftu fBfjs j?. fJ; noE ftu;wkfie ftek; ;wkfie gqrsh dk gqnkfJ j?.

ftek; d/ pko/ ftu fwovb dk ftukoftek; d/ pko/ ftu fwovb dk ftukoftek; d/ pko/ ftu fwovb dk ftukoftek; d/ pko/ ftu fwovb dk ftukoftek; d/ pko/ ftu fwovb dk ftukor[zBko fwovb B/ nkgDh g[;se J/PhnB vqkwk ftu fJj ftuko gqrN ehsk j? fe nkofEe ns/ ;wkfiey/soK ftu soe p[~Xhgoesk dh y'i jh ftek; dk nkXko j?. fwovb d/ nB[;ko, ftek; dk noE“nkX[fBeheoD d/ nkdoPK” Bz{ ;wkfie ihtB ftu T[skoD s'A j?. fwovb fbyd/ jBL “ftek; dk noE;wkfie ftnt;Ek ftu T[BQK nB/e ntKSBh nt;EktK dk ;[Xko eoBk j?. fiBQK d/ ekoD nbg ftek;dh ;fEsh pDh j'Jh j?.” ftek;, i' fe p[~Xh ;zrs sohfenK Bkb skbw/b fpmkT[Ad/ j'J/ Bhsh g{oe T[gkndh fJe ftnt;Ek j?, fB:'iB d/ d[nkok ;zGt pDkfJnk ik ;edk j?.

nfij/ nB/e s~sK s'A Gkosh ;wkfie ftnt;Ek pDh j?. fiBQK d/ ftu rfjok ;zpzX j? ns/ T[BQK ftu'A fe;/ fJeftu gfotosD nkT[D T[s/ d{i/ s~sK ftu th gfotosD nkT[Adk j?. ftnt;Ek d/ ftfGzB nzrK ftu nfijh nkswfBoGosk ns/ nfij/ ;zpzXK T[s/ nkXkos ftnt;Ek Bz{ fJe ;wrqsk ;wMDk fwovb d/ fdqPNhe'D dh w[~y r~bj?. id fJe nt;Ek ftu gfotosD d/ ekoD j'o nt;Ek ftu gfotosD nkT[Adk j? sK fJ; Bz{ “ueqhJ/ekoiêoD Gkt” efjzd/ jB. gfotosD dh nfijh ftnkfynk Bz{ d[Pu~eq wzfBnK iKdk j? sK i' fBoXBsk,fBoyosk, e[g'PD, n;tk; ns/ p/o'irkoh nkfd d/ ;zdoG ftu gkJ/ iKd/ jB. T[dkjoD d/ bJh i/eo p/o'irkohBz{ fBnzfsqs BjhA ehsk iKdk j? sK j'o ;w~f;nktK pDhnK ofjDrhnK. ftfGzB ;wkfie ns/ nkofEe y/soK ftufJBQK d[Pu~eqK s'A fBebD d/ bJh T[fus ;zs[bB ngDkT[D dh io{os j?.

fwovb B/ “ftek;” dh dPktK Bz{ S/ w[~y Pq/DhnK ftu tzfvnk j?L (i) T[sgkdB ns/ nkwdB, (ii) T[sgkdBdh nt;EktK, (iii) ihtB g~Xo, (iv) ihtB ns/ ezwK d/ gqsh nfGftqshnK, (v) ;z;EktK ns/ (vi) BhshnK.gfjbh fszB Pq/DhnK nkofEe ekoeK Bkb ;zpzXs jB. u"Eh ns/ gzith Pq/DhnK r?o^nkofEe ekoeK Bkbi[VhnK j'JhnK jB. S/thA Pq/Dh gfjbh fszB ns/ nkyoh d' dk ;fwPoD j?. fJBQK Pq/DhnK dh nzso fBoGoskdk fJj noE BjhA j? fe fJe P/qDh j'o Pq/DhnK s'A fInkdk gqGktekoh j?.


B ØN


;wkfie gfotosD ns/ ftek; d/ nfXn?B d/ bJh fwovb “;z;Ekrs T[gkrw” d/ s/i ;woEe jB. fwovbB/ ftek; d/ bJh b'eK dh fJZSk iK T[BQK ftu'A ;w{j dh fJ~Sk Bz{ ;wMD T[s/ i'o fdsk j?. ;z;EktK d/ ihtB ns/ezw d/ gqsh wB'ftqshnK, ihtB g~XoK, T[sgkdB dh nt;EktK, ns/ T[sgkdesk ns/ nkwdB ftu gfotosDKs'A ftek; dh fJ~Sk gqrN j[zdh j?. fJe soQK s'A fJj ;G nt;EktK ;wkfie jB. fwovb d/ nB[;ko, fJBQK ftu'Afe;/ fJe nt;Ek ftu T[go ns/ j'D tkb/ gfotosD dk noE j'o nt;EktK ftu T[go dh soc rsh s'A j?,ns/ fJ; gqeko fJj gfotosD g{oh ftnt;Ek ftu j[zdk j?. fco th, j'o nt;EktK ftu gfotosD ;[szsoo{g s'A th j' ;edk j?. iK T[; nt;Ek ftu th gfotosD nk ;edk j?. fi;B/ fJBQK B{z gfjbK gqGkfts ehsk;h. ;' gfotosD dk ;[szso w[~b ns/ fJ;d/ Bkb j'o nt;EKtK ftu gfotosD fbnkT[D dh :'rsk ftek; ftu“ekoiekoD nzsofBoGosk” dh XkoDk d/ bJh nkXkoG{s j?.

Gkos ftu “ftek;” fJe tKfSs fdPk ftu gfotosD dh fJe fInkdk wj~stg{oD XkoDk d/ o{g ftugqufbs j?. g/Av{ Gkos ftu ;otKrhD ftek; eoB bJh 1952 ftu ;kw[dkfJe ftek; :'iBktK nkozGehshnk rJhnK. ;oekoh g~Xo T[s/ g/Av{ ftek; dh ntXkoDk pj[s b'efgqn j' u[eh j? feT[Afe J/ehfeqsrqkwhD ftek; :'iBk i?;h ftfGzB :'iBktK fJ; ftu Pkwb jB. ftek; ftu fJ;sqhnK dh G{fwek d/ pko/ftu th n;hA pj[s ;[Dd/ jK. Gkos ;oeko okPNoh J/eheoD d/ bJh fJ;sqhnK, ewi'o torK, noEftnt;Ek, okiBhfse ftnt;Ek, ;K;feqse ;z;EktK d/ ftek; B{z gqkEfwesk gqdkB eo ojh j?. T[d:'rns/ y/sh d/ ftek; d/ bJh BhshnK ns/ g'qrokw pD/ j'J/ jB. nkofEe ftek; d/ nbktk nfijh okiBhfsens/ ;wkfie ;z;EktK dk th fBowkD ehsk frnk j? i' gqrsh Bz{ tkXk fdzdh j?. tk;st ftu, ftek; fJe;z:[es gqxNBk j? feT[Afe fJ; ftu wkBt ihtB d/ ;ko/ gfjb{ Pkwb j' iKd/ jB.

fit/A fe n;hA gfjbK toDB eo u[e/ jB, 19thA ;dh d/ wkBt fJfsjk; Bz{ T[dftek;h ;zdoG ftu ;wfMnkfrnk ;h, gozs{ 20thA ;dh d/ nkozG ftu ;K;feqse T[dftek; d/ f;XKs Bz{ gqGkth Yzr Bkb gqshgkfdsehsk frnk. fgSb/ e[M dPeK ftu, gqs~ytkd dh fJe bfjo d/ pknd, T[dftek;tkd d[pkok T[Go e/nkfJnk j?. pj[ô/yh T[dftek;tkd ftu ;wki ns/ ;z;feqsh Bz{ gqPkyktK dk toDB eod/ jB. gq'fd:'freBtkukoK dh ftnkfynk ;K;feqse sBktK Bz{ fdqPNh ftu oy e/ ehsh iKdh j?. Bt T[gktK dh feqnKftsd/ w~X nB/e ;K;feqse nd[sh 19thA ;dh ftu ;g?A;o, nkJhbo ns/ w'orB d[nkok gqshgkfds ;kotG"fwefJeo/yh T[dftek; dh XkoDk d/ ftgohs gkJh rJh j?. ;' ;wkfie T[dftek; dh gqfeqsh fBPu/ jh pj[o/yh j?.;wkfie T[dftek; dh nB/e fdPktK j' ;edhnK jB. i?fteh T[dGr d/ T[bN tkbh th j?. i?fteh T[dftek;dh s[bBk ftu T[sftek; Bz{ pkjoh ekoe fInkdk gqGkts eod/ jB.

10H2H1 ;wkfie T[dftek; ns/ ;wkfie ;zouBk10H2H1 ;wkfie T[dftek; ns/ ;wkfie ;zouBk10H2H1 ;wkfie T[dftek; ns/ ;wkfie ;zouBk10H2H1 ;wkfie T[dftek; ns/ ;wkfie ;zouBk10H2H1 ;wkfie T[dftek; ns/ ;wkfie ;zouBk;wkfie T[dftek; ;wkfie gfotosD dh fJe wj~stg{oD ntXkoDk j?. ;wkfie T[dftek; d[nkokgfotosD d/ o{g ns/ fdPk dh fBPfus Yzr ftu ftnkfynk ehsh iKdh j?. T[dftek; dh fdqPNh s'A Gkosh;wki ftu gfotosD Bz{ g{ot w[rb ekb s'A w[rb ns/ fJ;d/ pknd fpqfNP ekb ns/ j[D T[Zso ;[szsoekb d/ o{g ftu ;wM ;ed/ jB. fJ;/ gqeko Bkb n;hA ftXhnK, seBheh T[gktK, okiBhfse ;z;EktK,nkofEe nkXkos ;zouBk ns/ edoKêhwsK ns/ wkBeK dh ftnkfynk eod/ jB. ;wkfie ftek; d/ fJeT[dkjoD d/ o{g ftu T[wo, :"B, iksh, gqiksh ns/ Xzd/ T[s/ nkXkos Pqw d/ ;wkfie ftGkiB dk T[b/yehsk ik ;edk j?. ftP/PheoD ;wkfie ns/ seBheh ftek; dk jh fJe Bshik j?. y/sh ns/ T[d:'r ftuT[sgkdB ftXh ;wkfie T[dGt dk fJe T[dkjoD j?. y/sh ns/ T[d:'r d/ y/so ftu gqrsh d/ ekoDnB/e ;wkfie ns/ nkofEe ;z;EktK T[Go e/ nkJhnK jB.

;' ;wkfie T[dftek; fJe ftfPPN ;z;feqsh Bkb ;zpzXs gqxNBk d/ o{g ftu d/fynk iKdk j?. ;z;feqshnKnbr fJekJhnK jB. fiBQK d/ d[nkok wkBt iksh iBiksh rqkwhD ns/ Broh nkfd ;K;feqse y/soK ftuftGkfis jB. fBoiksh GkPkJh ns/ Xkofwe ftfGzBsktK ;zdoG ftu th ;K;feqse ;zdoGK Bz{ ;wfMnkik ;edk j?. tk;st ftu nB[e{bB dh ftfGzB ;K;feqse ftXhnK jB. ;K;feqse T[dftek; dh pj[o/yhnskdk fJj noE BjhA j? fe wkBt frnkB dh ftqXh fBozso BjhA j?. nkofEe ihtB d/ gqpzX bJh wkBtseBheh ns/ ;zxBkswe T[gktK ftu fBozso ;[Xko j[zdk fojk j?. dk;sk, ;kwzstkd ns/ g{zihtkdgozgokswe ;zeqwD ns/ nkX[fBel o';N't d/ nkofEe ftek; d/ uoD (gozgokswe, nkozG dh PosK,


B ØN


tk;sfte nkozG gfogesk d/ bJh pb, ns/ T[Zu iB T[g:'r dk :[r) ns/ gozgok s'A nkX[fBesk dh socT[dGt dh XkoDktK d/ nB[;ko T[dftek; gfotosD dh fJeo/yhJ/ gqfeqnk j?. Pk;soh ftukoeK B/ thgozgok s'A nkX[fBesk dh soc, noEks :Ksfoe ;w/esk s'A nKfre ;w/esk, gfo;fEsh ;zftdk ns/ ;w[dkJ/s'A ;whsh dh fdPk ftu “gfotosD” dh XkoDk dk T[b/y ehsk j?.

o'Bkbv cb/uo d/ nB[;ko, ;wki Pk;so dh gqfeqosh T[dGthJ/ ns/ ftek;kswe j?. cb?uo fbyd/ jBL T[dGtdk noE w[~y s"o s/ gqfeqsh ns/ ;wki ftu nkftoGkt, fBozsosk ns/ “;to{gK” d/ gfotosDK s'A j?, fiBQKftuA' nkgD/ y[d d/ ftfPPN byPDK dk nkgD/ gfonktoDK dh gfo;fEsh d/ Bkb ftnt;EkgB eoBk Pkwbj?. fJ; gqshwkB “fBoXkoD” gqfeqnk ftu T[dGt dk “f;XKs” ekoD gqXkB ekoeK ns/ nzso ;zpzXK Bkb ;zpzXsf;XKs j?. ;z;ko ftu gkJ/ ikD tkb/ ftfGzB “;to{gK” (fe;wK) dh “T[sgsh” T[BQK nkgDk ftfPPN“gfo;fEfse gqsht/P” fBozsosk ns/ T[BQK d/ nKsfoe gfotosD iK BthB gfonktoDh gfo;fEshnK d/;zdoGK ftu Bt/A ftfGzB ;to{gK dk pj[f;oiB T[dftek; f;XKs ftu ;wfMnk iKdk j?. vpfbT[Hn?cH toEhwd/ wskB[;ko ftw[esh f;XKs T[dftek; d/ bJh nkXkoG{s j?. ngqkXhfeqsK dk fJe wkso fBg[Dsk tkb/ b'eK d/Bkb ;wsk gqkgs eoB d/ bJh ;zxoP ns/ fJ;d/ Bshi/ ti'A nkfXgfsn ns/ nfrnkBsk dh p/VhnK s'A w[eshd[nkok Bk e/tb g~XoK pbfe w?ApoK d/ th nkw T[dGt ftu ftqXh jz[dh j?.

;t^w[bKeD ;t^w[bKeD ;t^w[bKeD ;t^w[bKeD ;t^w[bKeD (Self Assessment)1H ;jh ftebg u[D' (1H ;jh ftebg u[D' (1H ;jh ftebg u[D' (1H ;jh ftebg u[D' (1H ;jh ftebg u[D' (Choose the correct option)—)—)—)—)—

(i) ;wkfie gfotosD ftu fe; T[s/ i'o fdZsk iKdk j?—

(a) ;wkfie ;zpzXK T[s/ (b) ;wkfie ;zouBk T[s/ (c) ;wkfie ftek; T[s/ (d) fJBQK ftu'A e'Jh BjhA.

(ii) fe;d/ nB[;ko ;wkfie gfotosD dk nB[Gt ;wki Pk;so ftP/ d/ ;koGkr ftu gkfJnk iKdk

j?—

(a) ghNo n?bH poio ns/ phH poio (b) w?ekJhpo ns/ g/i e/ (c) fezr;b/ v/ft; d/ (d) fJBQK ftu'A e'Jh BjhA.

(iii) ;wki Pk;so dk iBe fe; Bz{ fejk iKdk j?—

(a) fezr;b/ v/ft; Bz{ (b) nkr;N ekwN/

(c) w?ekJhpo ns/ g/i (d) fJBQK ftu'A e'Jh BjhA.

(iv) ;zftXkB d/ fe; ;zP'XB d/ d[nkok ftneshrs ;[szsosk s'A th T[go fBd/Pkswe f;XKsK Bz{gqXkBsk d/ fdsh rJh—

(a) 13t/A (b) 18t/A(c) 25t/ A (d) fJBQK ftu'A e'Jh BjhA.

(v) Gkos ftu nkofEe fB:'iB dk gqshgkdB dk ehsk frnk ;h—

(a) ;zB 1938 ftu (b) ;zB 1939 ftu

(c) ;zB 1940 ftu (d) fJBQK ftu'A e'Jh BjhA.

(vi) fe;d/ nB[;ko ;wki d/ w?ApoK ftu tKSBh fdPk ftu fB:'fis ;wkfie gfotosD fbnkT[D d/T[gkn Bz{ ftek; efjzd/ jB—

(a) :'r/Ado f;zx (b) fezr;b/ v/ft;

(c) nkr;N ekwN/ (d) fJBQK ftu'A e'Jh BjhA.

(vii) “J/PhnB vqkwk” g[;se d/ b/ye e"D jB—

(a) b/ft; w'orB (b) jopoN ;g?A;o(c) r[zBko fwovb (d) fJBQK ftu'A e'Jh BjhA.


B ØN


(viii) ftw[esh f;XKs T[dftek; d/ bJh nkXkoG{s jB. fJj fe;B/ fejk j?—

(a) vpfbT[H n?cH toEhw (b) r[zBko fwovb

(c) jopoN ;g?A;o (d) fJBQK ftu'A e'Jh BjhA.

10H3 ;wkfie gfotosD dh gqrsh 10H3 ;wkfie gfotosD dh gqrsh 10H3 ;wkfie gfotosD dh gqrsh 10H3 ;wkfie gfotosD dh gqrsh 10H3 ;wkfie gfotosD dh gqrsh (Progress of Social Change)

gqrsh dh XkoDk soe p[~Xhtkd dh gozgok ftu i[Vh j'Jh j?. ftfrnkB ns/ seBheh ftek; Bkb ;wkfiegqrsh dh XkoDk Bz{ pb fwfbnk j?. gqrsh dh XkoDk ftu Ufufsnsk, g'qfd:'fre ftek;, gqfeqsh dhPeshnK ftu fBnzsoD ns/ ;wkfie ;w{j d/ ftu ;zxoP dk jb nkfd ftP/PsktK Pkwb ehshnK ik;edhnK jB. ekwN/ ns/ ;g?A;o B/ T[dftek; dh XkoDk Bz{ ;wkfie gqrsh dh XkoDk d/ pokpo ;wfMnk.T[fd:'fre eqKsh Bkb ;wkfie gqrsh ftu pj[s :'rdkB gqkgs j'fJnk j?.

gqrsh dk noE Io{oh gfotosD s'A j?. fi; ftu fJPN ehwsK dh g{osh j[zdh j?. id n;hA gqrsh dh uoukeod/ jK sK ;kvk ;ze/s f;oc fdPk Bkb jh BjhA j? pbfe fe;h nkyoh T[d/P ns/ fe;h nkdoP o{g ftu fBoXkosrzst dh fdPk dh soc j[zdk j?. i/eo ;wkfie gfotosD tKfSs sohe/ ftu j[zd/ jB sK T[;Bz{ gqrsh ;wfMnkiKdk j?. gqrsh fJe ;kg/fye XkoDk j? feT[Afe fJ; ftu toswkB dh s[bBk G{sekb dh gfo;fEshnK Bkb ehshiKdh j?. gozs{ fJe fBPfus nkw g?wkB/ d/ nkXko T[s/ gfotosD dk w[bKeD ehsk iKdk j?. ;' gqk;zfre s[bBktKBkb jh gqrsh dk ;jh nB[wkB j' ;edk j?. w[bKeD dh e;"NhnK nkofEe ns/ seBheh gqrsh, ;K;feqse byPD(r[D) ns/ wkBf;e ftek; nkfd jB. seBheh gqrsh ;G s'A n;kB e;"Nh j?. T[dkjoD bJh fJ; ftu w[dqknoE ftnt;Ek ns/ ;zuko ftnt;Ek Bz{ Pkwb ehsk iKdk j?. gozs{ gq'fd:'fre ns/ ;K;feqse iK ;wkfie ftek;d/ ftu fBeN dk ;zpzX j? T[oik d/ e[b T[sgkd ns/ ;wki d/ o{gKsoD Bz{ gqrsh d/ w[bKeD dk fJe wkso nkXkoBjhA wzfBnk ik ;edk. nfij/ ftuko d/ nB[;ko, ;K;feqse gqrsh gq'fd:'fre gfotosD dh s[bBk ftu r"DwzBh iKdh j?. tk;st ftu, fe;/ fJe y/so ftu gfotosD iK gqrsh d{i/ y/so Bkb ;zpzXs th j? ns/ T[;T[s/ fBoGo th j?. ;' gfotosD fJe ifNb gqxNBk j?.

b/ft; w'orB ns/ jopoN ;g?A;o nkfd T[d ftek;tkdhnK d/ nB[;ko wkBt ftek; d/ jo/e T[Zso'so uowgqrsh ;{ue jB. w'orB dk ftuko j? fe gq'fd:'fre dh y/so ftu nftPekoK dk ;zufJB ;wkfie gqrshdk fBoXkoe j?. w'orB s'A ;zrmB dh tXdh j'Jh ifNbsk fInkdk ft;fsqs Pqw ftGkiB ns/ ;wki d/nkXko T[s/ ftqXh Bz{ gqrsh dh w[~y e;"NhnK wzfBnK j?, gozs{ ;wkfie fdqPNh s'A gqrsh B{z f;oc n;kB s'Aw[Pfeb gqxNBk BjhA ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?. tXdh j'Jh ifNbsk dh gfoDsh seBheh gaqrsh ns/ T[Zuso:'rsk j'Dk io{oh BjhA j?. iksh, ;z:[es gfotko ns/ fjzd{ Xow dh ifNbsk e[M jd se gq'fd:'fre gqrshns/ ;wkfie ftek; ftu ;jkfJe BjhA ojh j?. fJ;d/ T[bN BroheoD, ns/ T[fd:'rheoD B/ iksh,gfotko ns/ Xow dh em'osktK T[s/ gqjko eo e/ T[BQK dh w[PfebK Bz{ x~N ehsk j?.

10H3H1 gqrsh dh e;"NhnK10H3H1 gqrsh dh e;"NhnK10H3H1 gqrsh dh e;"NhnK10H3H1 gqrsh dh e;"NhnK10H3H1 gqrsh dh e;"NhnKgqrsh eoB d/ bJh em'o Pqw ftGkiB io{oh o{g s'A nkXko BjhA j? feT[Afe gqrsh ftu fJj pkXe pD ;edkj?. ;zehoD ns/ pj[s nfXe ftP/PheoD d/ ekoD em'o Pqw ftGkiB Bt/A ftfGzB ezwK ns/ seBheh T[gktKBz{ s/i bkG ngDkT[D ftu o[ektN g?dk eodk j?. gqsh:'frsktkB ;wki ftu fInkdk buesk d[nkok so~ehgqkgs ehsh ik ;edh j?. gqrsh dh XkoDk ftu ftukoXkok dk s~s fBfjs j?. n;hA ;z;feqsh dh nfXi?tgqfeqosh Bz{ ;theko BjhA eo ;ed/ feT[Afe fJ; ws d/ nB[;ko, gq'fd:'freh ftek; ;K;feqse PeshnK dhs[bBk ftu r"D jB. gq'fd:'freh gfotosD Pq/Pmsk Bz{ th ;theko eoBk n;kB BjhA j?, feT[Afe ;K;feqsegfotosD fJ;d/ nXhB;E j[zdk j?. T[fd:'fre gqrsh B{z ;wki ftu ;w/A dh fJe ntXh d/ nkXko T[s/;wM ;ed/ jK. nfijh gqrsh d/ j'o Bshi/ rzdh p;shnK, nwkBtheoB, wfjbktK ns/ pZfunK dk P'PDnkfd jB. n~i T[fd:'fre nPKsh fJe rzGho ;w~f;nk pD rJh j?.

gqrsh dk fJe nk:kw sK fJj j? fe fJe tko bkG gqkgs j'D d/ pknd fJj nzs se ofjzdk j?. okiBhfse;~sk g'qfd:'fre frnkB ns/ ;K;feqse P/qPmsk d/ e/Ado ;fEo j' iKd/ jB. fJj fJe o/yh eqwtkdh ftukoj? fi; d/ ;woEB ftu e'Jh fJfsjk;e ;p{s BjhA j?. ikB o'whB dk ftuko j? fe wkBt fJfsjk; ftu


B ØN


“pdbD” dh gqxNBk fJe nkw gqftosh j?. wkBt ;fGnsk okiBhfse ;~sk d/ e/AdoK d/ fy;eD d/ ;p{sjB. n;hA ;wokiK, ;fGnsktK, PfjoK ns/ ftfdnk e/AdoK d/ T[sEkB ns/ gsB d/ pko/ ftu ikDd/ jK.ueqhJ/ gfotosD ftqjd s"o T[s/ ;thfeqs gqxNBk j?. fJj th sZE j? fe brGr fgSb/ gzikj ;kbK s'A gqrshdh soc fJe nkw ftPtftnkgh gqftosh d/yh rJh j?. d/P, ;zdoG iK gfjb{ ftu gqshrwB fJ;d/ gqsho{gKBz{ nb~r gqGkts eodk j?. ;' o'whB d/ nB[;ko, gqrsh dh d' e;"NhnK, noEks gq'fd:'fre gqthDsk ns/;zxNBkswe ekoi ;kXesk ;theko jB. o'whB B/ fJe shih e;"Nh th i'Vh j?, noEks T[dftek; fJenfBozso gqfeqnk j?. ;' wkBt T[dftek; ftu uoDK Bz{ S~vD ns/ nfBoszosk dh gqftosh gkJh iKdh j?. o'whB“gqrsh d/ dtzd” dk T[b/y eod/ jB, noEks wkBt fJfsjk; s/ih ns/ do[s rsh Bkb gqrsh eodk j?. ;wkiftu fJe fBPfus fdPk ftu fBfjs ;tkoEK d/ ekoD d[pkok S/sh s/ s/i gfotosD BjhA j[zd/ jB. ftnt;EkgBns/ ;EkJheoD nkXkoG{s gfotosD d/ fto[~X jB. nkXkoG{s gfotosD T[E/ jh j'J/rk fi~E/ dfbs j'D dhGktBk rfjoh j' u[eh j? ns/ ftw[esh d/ bJh fJ~Sk pj[s gqpb pD rJh j?. nfijh gfo;fEsh ftu gfotosDftu o[ektN ewi'o j' iKdh j?. gqrsh fbnkT[D ftu fgSV/gB s'A bkG BjhA j[zdk, idfe sBykj ftu s/i ftqXhBkb o[ektN nkT[Adh j?. o'whB B/ fJ;Bz{ “gqrsh d/ dtzd” dk Bkw fdsk j?.

PkfJd o'whB dk soe Gkosh gfo;fEsh T[s/ bkr{ BjhA j[zdk. :[o'g d/ d/PK, ikgkB, uhB ns/ nw/foek dh s[bBkftu Gkos Bz{ ftfrnkBe, gq'fd:'fre ns/ T[fd:'fre y/soK ftu nkws"o s/ fgSfVnk j'fJnk wzfBnK iKdk j?.Gkos d/ nzdo fgSV/ okiK, y/soK ns/ fifbnK ftu Pbkxk:'r gqrsh BjhA j'Jh j?. ;zgzB okiK ns/ y/soK ftuewi'o okiK ns/ y/soK ftu fInkdk so~eh j'Jh j?. fJjh r~b ;w{jK, gfotkoK ns/ ftneshnK T[s/ bkr{ j[zdhj?. o'whB d[nkok gq;skfts “e[deBk” bs. “nfBozsosk” Gkos ftu fdykJh BjhA fdzdh j?. n~i ;kBz{ pj[sfInkdk ;zuJh n;wkBsktK ns/ e[M b'eK d/ e'b Pesh dk e/AdoheoD fdykJh fdzdk j?.

10H410H410H410H410H4 ;wkfie gfotosD dk o{gKsoD ns/ ekfJnk ebg ;wkfie gfotosD dk o{gKsoD ns/ ekfJnk ebg ;wkfie gfotosD dk o{gKsoD ns/ ekfJnk ebg ;wkfie gfotosD dk o{gKsoD ns/ ekfJnk ebg ;wkfie gfotosD dk o{gKsoD ns/ ekfJnk ebg (Transformationand Revolution of Social Change)

eqKsh dk noE gfotosD d/ uow ;to{g s'A j? eqKsh “;fji/” BjhA j[zdh. fJj T[dftek; s'A fGzB j[zdh j?.fJj ftdo'j, prkts, pbtk, rdo, ;?fBe ftdq'j nkfd XkoBktK s'A th fGzB j?. ;wki T[s/ fJ;dk ;EkJhgqGkt BjhA j[zdk. eqKsh ftdq'j iK oki d'qj s'A nkgD/ wj~st ns/ pj [nk:kw dh fdqPNh s'A fGzB jB eqKshftu “ngqshP'Xsk” ns/ “nNbsk” gkJh iKdh j?, feT[Afe eqKsh f;oc fJe xNBkswe n;s^ftn;skBjhA j?. toEhw fbyd/ jBL “w/o/ nB[;ko w{b e;"Nh fJj j? fe eqKsh ;d?t ftfdwkB ;wkfie ftnt;Ekns/ toswkB ;~sk ;zouBk Bz{ T[ykV ;[ZNdh j?. id fe j'o ;G gqeko dh nftnt;EktK ftu fJ; gqekod/ nkXkoG{s gfotosD fbnkT[D dh gq/oDk BjhA ofjzdh. fJBQK dk T[d/P f;oc ;~skXkohnK Bz{ fJe MNekd/D dk j[zdk j?, iK T[BQK Bz{ ;~skftjhB eoB iK fco ikB s'A wko d/D dk j?.”

fe;h fJe eqKshekoh ;fEsh ftu iBsk ns/ T[;d/ B/sktK dh nkeKPktK dk ;jh w[bKeD eoBk efmB j?.eqKshekoh T[Eb^g[Eb d[nkok nkJ/ j'J/ w{b gfotosD dh wksok Bz{ nB[wkfBs eoB ftu efmBkJh nkT[Adhj?. eqKsh ftu ftneshgoe ns/ t;s{fBPm d't/A jh e;"NhnK Bz{ ;wMDk io{oh j? ftneshgoe e;"NhnKeqKsh d/ B/sktK s'A fInkdk ;zpzXs jB, fJ;bJh fJj nbgekbhB jB. ftd'qj ftneshgoe ekoeK s'AfInkdk fBod/fPs j[zd/ jB. t;s{fBPm e;"NhnK ftu nkXkoG{s gfotosD d/ wj~st ns/ pj[nk:kw gZyT[s/ pb fdsk j?. fi; Bkb eqKsh dh nrtkJh ns/ GkrhdkoK Bz{ ;zs'y dk nkGk; j[zdk j?. fJBQK ftG/dK d/T[goKs th ftneshgoe ns/ t;s{fBPm e;"NhnK ftu fJe ;gPN nzso BjhA eo ;ed/ feT[Afe d't/A jhtoswkB ;wkfie ftnt;Ek Bz{ pdbD bJh jB.

eqKsh dk noE toswkB ;wkfie ftnt;Ek ftu w{bG{s gfotosD fbnkT[Dk j[zdk j? nzr/qIh rqfj :[~X d[nkokPkjh fBoze[Psk Bz{ o'fenk frnk, ns/ tgkfoe gqftosh tkb/ t~v/ iwhAdkoK Bz{ gq's;kfjs ehsk frnk fiBQKB/ 18thA ns/ 19thA ;dh d/ g{otkoX ftu fe;kB ;wki Bz{ BPN ehsk. cqK;h;h eqKsh B/ g[Ps?Bh nfGiksdh Pesh Bz{ ysw ehsk ns/ T[;d/ ;EkB T[s/ gqiksKsfoe ;z;EktK dh ;EkgBk ehsh. nw/foeB rqfj :[~Xd[nkok th nfijk jh gfotosD nkfJnk. ;' eqKshnK d/ d[nkok nkXkoG{s ;EkJh gfotosD wkBt ftw[eshd/ Bkb fbnkfJnk iKdk j?.


B ØN


eqKsh dk T[d/P wB[~y dk ;wkfie, ;K;feqse, okiB?fse ns/ nkofEe dk;sk s'A w[esh fdtkT[D dk j? T[BQKnzd'bBK Bz{ fiBQK dk T[d/P gozgokswe ;wkfie ftnt;Ek dh w[V ;EkgBk iK g[BopbB j? T[BQK Bz{“gqshêqKshnK” efj ;ed/ jK. gozs{ eqKshnK dk T[d/P g[okDh ;wki ftnt;Ek dh w[V ;EkgBk eoB dkth fojk j?. fJ; gqeko dh eqKsh d[nkok ftfdwkB ;wkfie ftnt;Ek ftu fJe BthA ftnt;Ek ;EkfgseoB dh fdqPNh s'A nkXkoG{s o{gKsoD BjhA j[zdk j?. wfjbK ftu j'Jh eqKsh Bz{ gqk;kd eqKsh fejk ik ;edkj?. ftPt fJfsjk; ftu fJ;d/ nB/e T[dkjoD fwbd/ jB.

tk;st ftu eqKsh dk noE “nkX[fBeheoD” s'A j?, Bk fe w[V ;EkgBk s'A. 19thA ;dh ftu :[o'g ftuftfrnkB, seBheh, T[fd:'r ns/ y/sh d/ y/soK ftu nkX[fBeheoD d[nkok eqKshekoh ftw[esh nzd'bB T[Go/. ;' eqKsh Ppd d/ ;ekokswe noE jB. edhêdh id eqKshekoh nzd'bBK dk T[d/P g[BoT[sEkBtkd j't/ sd th gqshêqKshnK (gqshfeqnktkdh j'D T[s/ th) Bz{ gqrshPhb wzfBnk ik ;edk j?. Gkos ftu 19thAPskpdh ftu nB/e ;[Xko nzd'bB gqsh eqKshekoh ;B. feT[Afe T[BQK dk T[d/P gozgokswe ehwsK (fit/At/dK dk nfXn?B) Bz{ w[V gqsh;Ekgs eoB dk ;h.

gqshêqKshnK dk gqw[Zy ftw[esh BjhA j? fJe eqKshekoh nzd'bB dk w{b T[d/P nkofEe nt;oK ns/ Peshns/ ftP/PkfXeko d/ ;zdoG ftu nBfwn ;'gkBh ftnt;Ek Bz{ T[ykV ;[~ND dk j?. gqshêqKsh d[nkok nfijh;zGktBk BjhA fdykJh fdzdh. eqKsh w[Zy s"o s/ fJe okiBhfse gqxNBk j? Bk fe ;wkfie gqxNBk ns/ fJ;d/d[nkok Pesh d/ ;zdoG ftu gfo;fEsh Bz{ gqGkts ehsk iKdk j?. gqshêqKsh d[nkok pj[ ;wkfie ;w{j Bz{bkG BjhA fwbdk. gqshêqKsh d[nkok T[BQK d/ ;wkfie ;w{jK dh Pesh dh fdqVsk tXdh j? i' fe ;EkfgsokiBhfse ftnt;Ek ftu gfjbK s'A jh pj[s gqGktPhb jB. ;' gqshêqKsh d[nkok “nkXkoG{s gfotosD”BjhA nkT[Adk. nfij/ gfotosD Bz{ “;zouBkswe gfotosD” fejk ik ;edk j?.

wjkswk rKXh ns/ ;wkfie gfotosDwjkswk rKXh ns/ ;wkfie gfotosDwjkswk rKXh ns/ ;wkfie gfotosDwjkswk rKXh ns/ ;wkfie gfotosDwjkswk rKXh ns/ ;wkfie gfotosDeh fpBk fjz;k d/ e'Jh eqKsh j' ;edh j?< “T[d:'fre eqKsh”, “iBKfeehJ/ eqKsh”, “ftX[drDhJ/ eqKsh” iK“ezfgT[No eqKsh” nkfd dk T[b/y nfjz;e eqKshnK d/ o{g ftu ehsk iKdk j?. fJj f;oc byPDh nfGftneshnKjB. gozs{ fJBQK ftfPPN y/soK ftu ;wki d/ s/i o{gKsoD d/ pko/ ftu fJBQK Bkb p'X j[zdk j?. 1948 ftu u/e';btkfenk dh eqKsh, 1868 ftu ikgkB ftu whik Pk;B dh w[V ;EkgBk ns/ nkX[fBe uhB ftu ;K;feqseeqKsh nkfd e[M nfij/ T[dkjoD jB fiBQK ftu pj[s x~N y{B^yokpk j'fJnk j?.

fjz;k Bz{ f;XKs d/ s"o T[s/ fso;eqs eod/ j'J/ wjkswk rKXh B/ Gkos ftu nzr/qIh Pk;B d/ fto[~X bVkJhS/Vh ;h. ntfrnk nzd'bB Bz{ ubkT[D ftu rKXh Bz{ iB ;woED gqkgs ;h. fco th gqPB fJj j? eh rKXhGkosh ;wki ftu j'bh^j'bh gfotosD fbnkT[Dk ukj[zd/ ;B iK s/i nkXkoG{s gfotosD fbnkT[D d/;woEe ;B< nfijk gqshs j[zdk j? fe nfjz;e g~XshnK d[nkok rKXh fJe wzEo gfotosB Bz{ gqkefweskd/Dk ukj[zd/ ;B. gozs{ Gkosh ;wki ftu nkXkoG{s gfotosD fbnk e/ P'PD ns/ dwB s'A w[esh fdtkT[Dftu rKXh dh pj[s fInkdk o{uh ;h. rKXh nkgD/ nkg Bz{ fJe ;Zuk eqKshekoh wzBd/ ;B.

;wekbhB ;z;ko ftu rKXh Bz{ nd[sh iB ;woED gqkgs ;h. ;wkfie ns/ okiBhfse ftnt;Ek Bz{ T[ykV;[ZND ftu rKXh d[nkok T[g:'r ftu fbnkJ/ rJ/ T[gkn tor/ n;fj:'r, ;ftB/ nt~frnk, nkwoD nBPB,nkfd nkgD/ nkg ftu eqKshekoh gqfeosh d/ ;B. fpqfNP Pk;eK Bz{ Gkos S~vD T[s/ wip{o eoB s'A pkndth rKXh d/ nzd'bB Bz{ ;wkfie ftnt;Ek ftu g{oD pdbktg{oe “eqKshekoh” nzd'bB BjhA efj ;ed/.tZv/ tgkoh ns/ fIwhAdko s[ozs ns/ gqsZy o{g s'A gqGkts BjhA j'J/ ;B. okfinK, ikrhodkoK ns/ fIwhAdkoKBz{ Bt/A ekBz{B d/ nzsors g?sqe nkXko T[s/ ;zgsh ns/ G{wh oyD dh S{N fdsh rJh ;h, ns/ T[BQK (okfinKBz{) 1969 se Pkjh G~sk th fdsk frnk ;h. T[BQK dh ikfJdkd ns/ ikrhoK d/ T[Bw{bB d/ pdb/ ftu w[nktikfdsk frnk ;h.

;wkfie gfotosD d/ nfXn?B ftu :'r/Ado f;zx dk eh :'rdkB fojk j?<Nk;e


B ØN


e[M b'eK B/ nfij/ gfotosD Bz{ “poi{nk eqKsh” dh ;zfrnk fdsh j? fJe “eqKsh” d/ bJh fJe “d{ih eqKsh”dh th io{os j? sK fe tKfSs gfotosDK Bz{ feqnKfts eoe/ ;z;Ekrs pDkfJnk ik ;e/. rKXh B/ ekBz{BhT[gkrw BjhA ngDkfJnk. gozs{ rKXh dh e'fPPK d/ Bshi/ ti'A XBh tor Bz{ gqGkts eo tkbh fJe ;Zuh;wkfie eqKsh BjhA fbnkJh ik ;eh. rKXh ns/ T[BQK d/ nB[:kJhnK B/ ftnoE jh fJj ;'funk fe XBhtor nkgD/ nkg rohp torK d/ bJh nkgDh ;zgsh dk fsnkr eoDr/. ;' fJj sK gqsh j[zdk j? fe fjz;keqKsh dk fJe io{oh s~s BjhA j?. gozs{ fjz;e ;kXBK d[nkok ftP/P gfo;fEshnK ftu fJe nkXkoG{sgfotosD fbnkfJnk ik ;edk j?. nkukohnk ftB'pk Gkt/ ns/ i?gqekP BkokfJD B/ ;wkfie gfotosD d/rKXhtkdh f;XKs ns/ nfGnk; dk nB[;oD ehsk. Gkt/ B/ G{dkB ns/ rqkwdkB nzd'bB P[o{ ehs/. dkB;to{g G{wh gqkgs ehsh ns/ rohpK ftu T[;dk ftsoD ehsk. nkgD/ ihtB d/ nzfsw uoD d/ f;tkJ/ i?gqekP BkokfJD okiBhsh s'A nir oj/. T[BQK B/ ;~sk dk e'Jh th gd ;theko BjhA ehsk. 1970 d/ dPeftu i? gqekP BkokfJD B/ “;zg{oD eqKsh” d/ ftuko Bz{ iBw fdsk.

ekfJnkebg ns/ ;wkfie gfotosDekfJnkebg ns/ ;wkfie gfotosDekfJnkebg ns/ ;wkfie gfotosDekfJnkebg ns/ ;wkfie gfotosDekfJnkebg ns/ ;wkfie gfotosD;wkfie ihtB ftu eqKshnK nkXkoG{s fbnkT[AdhnK jB. okiBhfse YKu/ ftu ;G s'A fInkdk gfotosDnkT[Ad/ jB, feT[Afe okiBhfse feqnkebkgK ftu b'eK dh Gkrhdkoh tX iKdh j?. eqKsh s'A gfjbK d/ gaqPk;Bftu tzfus gfo;fEsh ns/ gqshPmk d/ gdK Bz{ gqkgs eoB d/ nt;o fInkdk T[gbpX jz[d/ jB. eqKshekohgfotosD d/ Bshi/ ti'A nkofEe y/so ftu g[okD/ pzXBK s'A iBsk Bz{ w[esh gqkgs j'D dh n~Xk j[zdh j?.Gkos ftu ;[szsosk d/ pknd 1950 ns/ 1960 d/ dPe d/ gqkozGe ;kbK ftu j'J/ G{wh ;[XkoK d/ ekoDy/sh G{wh T[s/ iwhAdkoK d/ fJekfXekoh fBnzsqD T[s/ gqjko j'fJnk. Gkos d/ e[M fj~f;nK ftu “jfoseqKsh” th gqGktekoh G{wh ;[XkoK d/ ekoD nkJh j?.

nzs ftu n;hA fJj efj ;ed/ jK fe eqKsh d[nkok wkBt rfowk dh GktBk ns/ ;wki d/ dfbs torK ftugfotofss wkBf;esk ikrqs ehsh iKdh j?. Gkos ftu fe;kBK, ekPsekoK ns/ G{whjhB PqfweK, nB[;{fusikshnK, nB[;{fus iBikshnK ns/ fJ;sqhnK ftu fJ; gqeko dk wB'ftfrnkBe gfotosD d/fynk ik ;edkj?. ;[szsosk ns/ ftw[es wfj;{; eod/ jB.

;t^w[bKeD (;t^w[bKeD (;t^w[bKeD (;t^w[bKeD (;t^w[bKeD (Self Assessment)))))

2H ykbh ;EkBK dh g{osh eo' (2H ykbh ;EkBK dh g{osh eo' (2H ykbh ;EkBK dh g{osh eo' (2H ykbh ;EkBK dh g{osh eo' (2H ykbh ;EkBK dh g{osh eo' (Fill in the blanks)—)—)—)—)—(i) ftfrnkB ns/ seBheh d/ ftek; s'A HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH dh XkoDk Bz{ pb fwfbnk j?.(ii) HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ns/ jopoN ;g?A;o d/ nB[;ko, wkBt ftek; d/ jo/e T[Zso'so uow gqrsh

;{ue j?.(iii) HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH B/ g[Ps?Bh nfGiks dh Pesh Bz{ ;wkgs ehsk ns/ T[;d/ ;EkB T[s/ gqiksKsfoe

;z;EktK dh ;EkgBk ehsh.

(iv) u/e';b'tkehnk dh eqKsh HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 1948 ftu j'Jh ;h.(v) ;zB 1970 d/ dPe ftu i? gqekP BkokfJD B/ HHHHHHHHHHHHHH d/ ftuko Bz{ iBw fdsk.


• ;wkfie gfotosD dh XkoDk pj[s ftqjd j?. ;EkB, ;w/A ns/ ;zdoG d/ gfog/y ftu ;wkfie ;zouBkd/ nzdo j'D tkb/ gfotosD dh gqfeqnktK d/ g[zi Bz{ ;wkfie gfotosD efjzd/ jB. feT[Afe fJjntXkoDk fJzBh ftqjd j?, fJ; bJh e[M n;gPN, nzsfos ns/ w[~b sN;E j?. ;wkfie gfotosDdh ntXkoDk d/ nbktk fJ; nfXnkJ/ ftu fJzB/ T[dftek;, eqKsh, gqrsh, ftek;, ;wkfie nzd'bBns/ ;wkfie gfotosD ;zpzXh gqfeqnktK dh ntXkoDktK dh ftnkfynk ehsh j?.

• Gkos d/ ;wkfie gfotosD Bz{ ;wMD d/ w[Zy T[gkrw fJ; gqeko jB L (i) T[dftek;tkdh (ii) ;K;feqsens/ (iii) ;zoukswe. :'iBktK ns/ BhshnK ftu fBfjs GftZy ftu ;wkfie gfotosD fbnkT[D d/ wkorftu w[~y ;zouBkswe ns/ ;K;feqse o[ektNK Bz{ fJBQK T[gkrwK dh ftnkfynk d[nkok ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?.


B ØN


• w'N/ s"o T[s/ ;wki ftu d' gqeko dh gqfenktK j[zdhnK jBL (i) T[j gqfeqnktK i' ;wkfie ftnt;EkBz{ ekfJw oydhnK jB, ns/ (ii) T[j gqfeqnktK i' ftnt;Ek d/ nzdo ns/ ftnt;Ek ftu gfotosDfbnkT[Adh j?. gfjbh gqfeqnktK Bz{ nB[o{gsk, :Ekg{ot ;fEsh, ns/ fBozsosk nkfd d/ BK s'A ;wMd/jK. d{ih gqfeqnktK Bz{ ;K;feqse ns/ ;zouBkswe gfotosD dh gqfeqnktK fejk iKdk j?.

• gfotosD dh fBozsosk ns/ fdPk d't/A T[dGt d[nkok gqdofPs j[zdhnK jB. T[dftek; ftqXh s'A fes/fInkdk j[zdk j?. ftqXh ftu gfotosD dh fdPk dk p'X BjhA j[zdk j?, fJ; ftu gfotosD d/;zfynkswe gfjb{ Bz{ ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?. T[dftek; d/ e[M fInkdk nzsoG{s s~s gkfJnk iKdk j?.gfotosD f;oc nkeko ftu jh BjhA pbfe ;zouBk ftu th d/fynk iKdk j?.

• ;wkfie T[dftek; ;wkfie gfotosD dh fJe wj~stg{oD ntXkoDk j?. ;wkfie T[dftek; d[nkokgfotosD d/ o{g ns/ fdPk dh fBPfus Yzr ftu ftnkfynk ehsh iKdh j?. T[dftek; dh fdqPNh s'AGkosh ;wki ftu gfotosD Bz{ g{ot w[rb ekb s'A w[rb ns/ fJ;d/ pknd fpqfNP ekb ns/ j[D T[Zso;[szso ekb d/ o{g ftu ;wM ;ed/ jB.

• eqKsh dk noE gfotosD d/ uow ;to{g s'A j? eqKsh “;fji/” BjhA j[zdh. fJj T[dftek; s'A fGzB j[zdhj?. fJj ftdo'j, prkts, pbtk, rdo, ;?fBe ftdq'j nkfd XkoBktK s'A th fGzB j?. ;wki T[s/ fJ;dk;EkJh gqGkt BjhA j[zdk. eqKsh ftdq'j iK oki d'qj s'A nkgD/ wj~st ns/ pj [nk:kw dh fdqPNh s'A fGzBjB eqKsh ftu “ngqshP'Xsk” ns/ “nNbsk” gkJh iKdh j?, feT[Afe eqKsh f;oc fJe xNBkswen;s^ftn;sk BjhA j?. toEhw fbyd/ jBL “w/o/ nB[;ko w{b e;"Nh fJj j? fe eqKsh ;d?t ftfdwkB;wkfie ftnt;Ek ns/ toswkB ;~sk ;zouBk Bz{ T[ykV ;[ZNdh j?.”

• ;wkfie ihtB ftu eqKshnK nkXkoG{s fbnkT[AdhnK jB. okiBhfse YKu/ ftu ;G s'A fInkdk gfotosDnkT[Ad/ jB, feT[Afe okiBhfse feqnkebkgK ftu b'eK dh Gkrhdkoh tX iKdh j?. eqKsh s'A gfjbK d/ gaqPk;Bftu tzfus gfo;fEsh ns/ gqshPmk d/ gdK Bz{ gqkgs eoB d/ nt;o fInkdk T[gbpX jz[d/ jB. eqKshekohgfotosD d/ Bshi/ ti'A nkofEe y/so ftu g[okD/ pzXBK s'A iBsk Bz{ w[esh gqkgs j'D dh n~Xk j[zdh j?.

• nzs ftu n;hA fJj efj ;ed/ jK fe eqKsh d[nkok wkBt rfowk dh GktBk ns/ ;wki d/ dfbs torKftu gfotofss wkBf;esk ikrqs ehsh iKdh j?. Gkos ftu fe;kBK, ekPsekoK ns/ G{whjhB PqfweK,nB[;{fus ikshnK, nB[;{fus iBikshnK ns/ fJ;sqhnK ftu fJ; gqeko dk wB'ftfrnkBe gfotosDd/fynk ik ;edk j?. ;[szsosk ns/ ftw[es wfj;{; eod/ jB.


• nXnXnXnXnX'rsh^rsh^rsh^rsh^rsh^nXLgsB, d[odPk

• nfGiB^nfGiB^nfGiB^nfGiB^nfGiB^ e[bhB, nfGiks, ;zGqKsh


1H ;wkfie gfotosB Bz{ gfoGkfPs eo'. ;wkfie gqfeqnk dh ntXkoDk s'A fJ;dk ftG/d eo'.

2H T[dftek; dh XkoDk dh ftnkfynk eo'. fJ~e o/fye ns/ pj[o/fye T[dftek; ft~u ftG/d eo'.

3H eqKsh dh gfoGkPk fby'. ;wekbhB ftPt ft~u'A eqKsh ns/ gqshêqKsh d/ e[M w{os T[dkjoD fdU.

4H T[dftek; ns/ eqKsh d't/A gqfeqnktK fe; soK wB[~y Bz{ pzXB ns/ P'PD s'A w[esh fdbtkUAdhnK jB<

5H gqrsh dh XkoDk T[Zs/ fN~gDh fby'. eh fJj w[~b goe XkoDk j?<

6H ftek; fJ~e ;fw~Po ntXkoDk j?. ftnkfynk eo'.

7H ;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ftek; d/ ft~u ;zpzX Bz{ ;wMkU.

8H Gkos ft~u ;wkfie gfotosB d/ nfXn?B d/ gqw[~y T[gkrwK T[Zs/ fJ~e fBpzX fby'.


B ØN



1. (i) (a) (ii) (a) (iii) (b) (iv) (c) (v) (c)

(vi) (a) (vii) (c) (viii) (a)

2. (i) ;wkfie gqrsh (ii) b/ft; w'''''orB (iii) cqK;h;h eqKsh

(iv) 1948 (v) ;zg{oD eqKsh


1H n?wH n?B PqhfBtk;, ;'Pb u/Ai fJB wkovoB fJzvhnk, fpqeb/ :{Bhtof;Nh nkc e?bhc'oBhnk:{Bhtof;Nh gq?;, 1996

2H thA;/N J/H ;fwE, fj;Nqh Uc fJzvhnk bzdBL nke;c'ov :{Bhtof;Nh gq?;, 1970

3H f;zx :'frzdo, J/;/i nkB wkvoBkjhI/PB fJB fJzvhnk, fdbhL wB'jo p[e vhg{, 1978

p[e;

fJekJh^11L ;wkfie gfotosB d/ f;XKsfJekJh^11L ;wkfie gfotosB d/ f;XKsfJekJh^11L ;wkfie gfotosB d/ f;XKsfJekJh^11L ;wkfie gfotosB d/ f;XKsfJekJh^11L ;wkfie gfotosB d/ f;XKs

B ØN


fJekJh^11L ;wkfie gfotosB d/ f;XKsfJekJh^11L ;wkfie gfotosB d/ f;XKsfJekJh^11L ;wkfie gfotosB d/ f;XKsfJekJh^11L ;wkfie gfotosB d/ f;XKsfJekJh^11L ;wkfie gfotosB d/ f;XKs(Theories of Social Change)

ftP/ t;s{ ftP/ t;s{ ftP/ t;s{ ftP/ t;s{ ftP/ t;s{ (Contents)T[d/P (Objectives)ikDekoh (Introduction)11H1 ;wkfie gfotosB dk noE (Meaning of Social Change)11H2 ;wkfie gfotosB dk ;o{g (Nature of Social Change)11H3 ;wkfie gfotosB d/ f;XKs (Theories of Social Change)11H4 ;ko nzP (Summary)11H5 Ppde'P (Keywords)11H6 nfGnk;^gqPB (Review Questions)11H7 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)



• ;wkfie gfotosB dk noE ns/ ;o{g Bz{ ikDB ft~u.• ;wkfie gfotosB d/ f;XKs Bz{ ;wMD ft~u.


gfotosB gqfeqsh dk fB:w j?. i' n~i j?, Uj Gkth e~b s'A fGzB j't/rk. ;wkfie ;zouBk ft~u ;dkgfotosB j[zdk fojk j?. n~i s'A 40 ;kb pknd ;oeko ;wki ft~u wj~stg{oD gfotosB eo d/t/rh.gfotko ns/ Xow dhnK ;z;EktK dk ;o{g Uj BjhA oj/rk, i' n~ie~b j?. ukj/ ftnesh ;EkfJ~st d/ bJhe'fPP eod/ ofjD, ;wki ft~u ;fEosk dk Gqw g?dk eod/ ofjD, fBPfussk dh y'i p/o[ektN pDh oj/,fco th fJ; s~E s'A fJBeko BjhA ehsk ik ;edk fe ;wki ;dk gfotosBPhb dPktK d/ nB[o{g nkgD/nkg Bz{ nB{e{fbs eodk fojk j? ns/ fi; ft~u fJ; d"okB ftPkb gfotosB j'J/ jB. n;hA ;wki Bz{, fJ;d/ gfotosBPhb ;[Gkn Bz{ ;wM/ fpBK g{oh soK BjhA ;wM ;ed/. ;kBz{ fJj ;wMDk j't/rk fe gfotosBfe; gqeko d/ j[zd/ jB ns/ gfotosB dh fdPk Bz{ d/yDk j't/rk. fJ; fJekJh ft~u n;hA ;wkfie gfotosBdh fJ; gfoxNBk dk nfXn?B eo e/ fJ; dh fdPk dh y'i ?eoD dh e'fPP eoKr/.

11H111H111H111H111H1 ;wkfie gfotosB dk noE ;wkfie gfotosB dk noE ;wkfie gfotosB dk noE ;wkfie gfotosB dk noE ;wkfie gfotosB dk noE (Meaning of Social Change)

Ppd “gfotosB” ekb dh fe;/ ntXh ft~u fe;/ t;s{ ft~u fdqPwkB gfotosB Bz{ fJzfrs eodk j?. fJ;bJh, ;wkfie gfotosB dk noE j't/rk^ fe;/ fBPfus ekb^ntXh ft~u fe;/ ;wkfie gfoxNBk ft~ugfot/yfDe nzso. fJ; dhnK e[M gfoGkPktK fBwBfbfys jB^

1H “;wkfie gfotosB Uj Ppd j? i' ;wkfie gqfeqnktK, ;wkfie gqshwkBK, ;wkfie nzsofeqnk iK;wkfie ;zrmB d/ fe;/ nzr ft~u nzso iK o{gKso Bz{ tofDs eoD bJh gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?.”

î' 'B;î' 'B;î' 'B;î' 'B;î' 'B;

2H “;wkfie gfotosB ;wki dh feqnk iK b'eK d/ ihtB ft~u gqkuhB Yzr Bz{ ft;Ekfgs iK gfotofsseoD tkbk BthB P'Gkuko iK Yzr j?.” ^n?uH NhH wi{wdko ^n?uH NhH wi{wdko ^n?uH NhH wi{wdko ^n?uH NhH wi{wdko ^n?uH NhH wi{wdko



B ØN


3H “;wkfie gfotosB ihtB dhnK ;thfeqs ohshnK ft~u gfotosB Bz{ efjzd/ jB, ukj/ fJj gfotosBG{r'fbe dPktK d/ gfotosB s'A j'J/ j'D, iK ;z;feqfse ;kXBK, iB^;zfynk dh ouBk iK ftukoXkoktK d/gfotosBK s'A j'J/ j'D iK ;w{j d/ nzdo j'JhnK y'iK iK gq;ko s'A j'J/ j'D.” ̂ frfbB ns/ frfbB^frfbB ns/ frfbB^frfbB ns/ frfbB^frfbB ns/ frfbB^frfbB ns/ frfbB

4H “;wkfie gfotosB s'A ;kvk noE e/tb UBK gfotosBK s'A j? i' ;wkfie ;zrmB ft~u j[zd/ jB, noEks;wki dh ;zouBk ns/ ;wki d/ ezwK ft~u.” ^v/ft; ^v/ft; ^v/ft; ^v/ft; ^v/ft;

5H “;wkfie gfotosB dk noE fJj j? fe ;wki d/ fInkdkso ftnesh fJ; gqeko d/ ekoiK ft~u b~r/ jBi' T[; d/ g{otiK s'A fGzB jB.” ^w?fob ns/ n?bfvqI ^w?fob ns/ n?bfvqI ^w?fob ns/ n?bfvqI ^w?fob ns/ n?bfvqI ^w?fob ns/ n?bfvqI

6H “;wkiPk;soh d/ o{g ft~u ;kvk gqs~y ;zpzX e/tb ;wkfie ;zpzXK s'A j?, fJ; bJh e/tb ;wkfie ;zpzXKft~u j'D tkb/ gfotosBK Bz{ jh n;hA ;wkfie gfotosB efj ;ed/ jK.” ^w?ekJhto ns/ g/i^w?ekJhto ns/ g/i^w?ekJhto ns/ g/i^w?ekJhto ns/ g/i^w?ekJhto ns/ g/i

7H “;wkfie gfotosB Bz{ b'eK d/ ekoi eoD ns/ ftuko eoD dhnK g~XshnK ft~u j'D tkbk gfotosBefj e/ gfoGkfPs ehsk ik ;edk j?.” ê'JfBr ê'JfBr ê'JfBr ê'JfBr ê'JfBr

8H “;wkfie gfotosB b'eK d/ ihtB^gqshwkBK ft~u xfNs j'D tkb/ nzsoK Bz{ ;{fus eodk j?.” î/B;B î/B;B î/B;B î/B;B î/B;B

9H “;wkfie gfotosB nzso wkBfte ;zpzXK ns/ nkuoD d/ ;Ekfgs wkDeK ft~u fe;/ gfotosB Bz{fBofdPN eodk j?.” ^b[zvpor ns/ j'o ^b[zvpor ns/ j'o ^b[zvpor ns/ j'o ^b[zvpor ns/ j'o ^b[zvpor ns/ j'o

10H “;wkfie gfotosB ft~u ;wkih gqekoK iK gqfeqnktK dh ;zouBk iK feqnk ft~u gfotosB fBfjs j?.” ^n?Avo;B ns/ gkoeo ^n?Avo;B ns/ gkoeo ^n?Avo;B ns/ gkoeo ^n?Avo;B ns/ gkoeo ^n?Avo;B ns/ gkoeo

11H “;wkfie gfotosB s'A w?A ;wkfie ;zouBk ft~u gfotosB ;wMdk jK. T[dkjoD bJh, ;wki d/ nkekoft~u, T[; dh pDktN iK GkrK d/ ;zs[bB ft~u iK T[; d/ ;zrmB d/ ;o{gK ft~u.” ^frB;por^frB;por^frB;por^frB;por^frB;por

T[go'es gfoGkPktK d/ nkXko s/ fJj fBu'V e~fYnk ik ;edk j? fe ;wkfie gfotosB b'eK d/ ihtBgqshwkBK ft~u j'D tkb/ gfotosBK Bz{ fBofdPN eodk j?. fJj ;wki ft~u j' oj/ ;G gfotosBK dk ;{ueBjhA j?. ebk, ;kfjs, T[d:'freh, doPB nkfd ft~u gfotosBK Bz{ ;wkfie gfotosB ft~u Pkfwb BjhAehsk ik ;edk. ‘;wkfie gfotosB’ Ppd Bz{ ;ze[fus noE ft~u gq:'r ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j? i' ;wkfie;zpzXK d/ y/so ft~u gfotosBK Bz{ ;{fus eodk j?. ;wkfie ;zpzX s'A noE ;wkfie gqfeqnktK, ;wkfiegqshwkBK ns/ ;wkfie nzsofeqnktK s'A j?. fJ; gqeko, ;wkfie gfotosB dk noE j't/rk^;wkfiegqfeqnktK, ;wkfie gqshwkBK, ;wkfie nzsofeqnktK iK ;wkfie ;zrmB d/ fe;/ ;o{g ft~u nzso. fJj;wki dh ;z;Ekrs ns/ nkukokswe ;zouBk ft~u gfotosB j?.

11H211H211H211H211H2 ;wkfie gfotosB dk ;o{g ;wkfie gfotosB dk ;o{g ;wkfie gfotosB dk ;o{g ;wkfie gfotosB dk ;o{g ;wkfie gfotosB dk ;o{g (Nature of Social Change)

;wkfie gfotosB d/ ekoD dhnK gqw[~y ftP/PsktK fBwBfbfys jB^

1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H ;wkfie gfotosB ;kotG"fwe j? (Social change is a universal phenomenon)^ ;wkfiegfotosB ;G ;wkiK ft~u xfNs j[zdk j?. e'Jh th ;wki ;dk rshjhD BjhA j[zdk. nkfdw ns/nkX[fBe, d'jK ;wkiK ft~u gfotosB j[zd/ ofjzd/ jB. ;wki nB/e rshPhb nGktK d/ nXhB nftt;fEsj?. iB;zfynk pdbdh ofjzdh j?, T[d:'freh dk ft;sko j[zdk ofjzdk j?, G"fse gdkoEK ft~u gfotosBnkUAdk ofjzdk j?, ftukoXkoktK ns/ gdkoE nkdoP w[~bK ft~u Bt/A s~s Pkfwb j' iKd/ jB ns/ ;z;Ekrs;zouBktK ns/ ekoiK dk nkeko th pdb iKdk j?. gfotosB dh rsh ns/ ;hwk ;wkiK ft~u fGzB fGzBj' ;edh j?. e[M ;wkiK ft~u gfotosB ibdh j' iKdk j?, e[M ft~u j"bh j"bh j[zdk j?.

;wkfie gfotosB d[nkok n;hA T[; Bz{ ;ze/s eod/ jK i' ;w/A d/ Bkb Bkb ekoiK, ;z;EktKiK UBK ftt;EktK ft~u j[zdk j? i' ;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ UBK dh T[sgsh, ftek; ns/ gsBBkb ;zpzfXs j?.

B'N;


B ØN


2H ;wkfie gfotosB ;w[dkfJe gfotosB j? (Social change is community change) ^ ;wkfiegfotosB fe;/ fJ~e ftnesh d/ ihtB iK e[M ftneshnK d/ ihtB^gqshwkBK ft~u gfotosB BjhA j?,pbfe fJj ;zg{oD ;w[dkJ/ d/ ihtB ft~u xfNs j[zdk j?. d{i/ PpdK ft~u, e/tb Ujh gfotosB ;wkfiegfotosB ejbkt/rk fi; dk gqGkt ;w[dkfJe o{g ft~u g?Adk j?. ;wkfie gfotosB ftnefse Bk j' e/;wkfie j[zdk j?.

3H ;wkfie gfotosB dh rsh ;wo{g BjhA jz[dh (Speed of social change is not uniform) ^ ukj/;wkfie gfotosB ;G ;wkiK ft~u xfNs j[zdk j?, fJ; dh rsh jo ;wki ft~u ;wo{g BjhA jz[dh.fInkdkso ;wkiK ft~u fJ; dh rsh J/Bh j"bh j[zdh j? fe b'eK Bz{ fJ; dk nfj;k; s~e BjhA jz[dk.nkX[fBe ;wkiK ft~u th nB/e y/soK ft~u pj[s x~N gfotosB iK e'Jh gfotosB BjhA nkUAdk. Brohy/soK ft~u g/Av{ y/soK dh pikJ/ ;wkfie gfotosB dh rsh s/I j?.

4H ;wkfie gfotosB dk ;o{g ns/ fJ; dh rsh ekb d/ s~s s'A gqGkfts j[zdh j? ns/ fJ; Bkb ;zpzfXs j?(Nature and speed of social change is affected by and related to time factor) ^ ;wkfiegfotosB dh rsh T[;/ ;wki ft~u jo ekb iK :[r ft~u ;wkB BjhA jz[dh. nkX[fBe ekb ft~u ;wkfiegfotosB dh rsh 1947 s'A gfjbK d/ ekb dh pikJ/ s/I j?. fJ; gqeko, ;wkfie gfotosB dh rsh:[r^:[r ft~u fGzB fGzB j[zdh j?. fJ; dk ekoD fJj j? fe gfotosBekoh ekoD ;w/A d/ Bkb fJ~eo{g BjhAofjzd/. 1947 s'A gfjbK Gkos x~N T[d:'rhfeqs ;h, 1947 s'A pknd fJj nfXe T[d:'frhfeqs j' frnkj?. fJ; bJh 1947 s'A pknd ;wkfie gfotosB dh rsh 1947 s'A gfjbK dh pikJ/ s/I ;h.

5H ;wkfie gfotosB fJ~e Io{oh xNBk j? (Social change occurs as an essential law) ̂ gfotosBgqfeqsh dk fB:w j?. ;wkfie gfotosB th gqkfeqfse j?. fJj gqkfeqfse eqw ft~u iK ;[fB:'fis e'fPPKd/ cb;o{g xfNs j' ;edk j?. n;hA gqfeqshtP gfotosB ukj[zd/ jK. ;kvhnK Io{osK pdbdhnKofjzdhnK jB. gfotosB dh ;[Gkfte fJ~Sk ns/ gfotosBPhb Io{osK Bz{ ;zs[PN eoD bJh ;kvhnKIo{osK th pdb iKdhnK jB. s~E fJj j? fe n;hA gfotosB dk p/;poh Bkb fJzsIko eod/ jK. rqhBd/ nB[;ko, “gfotosB d/ gqsh T[s;kjh nB[feqnk nkw s"o s/ ihtB dk Yzr pD rJh j?.”

6H ;wkfie gfotosB dh fBPfus Gft~ytkDh BjhA ehsh ik ;edh (Definite prediction of social changeis not possible) ̂ ;wkfie gfotosB d/ ;[fBPfus ;o{g d/ pko/ ft~u e'Jh Gft~ytkDh eoBk w[Pfeb j?.;wkfie gfotosB dk e'Jh nfijk nzsofBfjs fB:w BjhA j?, fi; d/ nB[;ko fJj ftfGzB o{g rqfjDeo/rk. fInkdk s'A fInkdk n;hA fJj efj ;ed/ jK fe ;wkfie ;[Xko nzd'bB d/ ekoD S{s^Sks Gkosh;wki s'A ysw j' ikt/rh, ftnkj d/ nkXko ns/ nkdoP ft~u ;oeko d[nkok gkfos ekBz{B d/ ekoDgfotosB nkt/rk, T[d:'rheoD BroheoD dh rsh ft~u tkXk eo/rk, gqzs{ n;hA fJj BjhA efj ;ed/ feGft~y ft~u ;wkfie ;zpzXK dk fBPfus o{g eh j't/rk. fJ; gqeko fJj th Gft~ytkDh BjhA ehsh ik ;edhfe Gft~y ft~u ;kvhnK wB'ftq~shnK, ;kv/ ftuko gqshwkB ns/ nkdoP w[~b eh j'Dr/.

7H ;wkfie gfotosB bVhp~X^gqshfeqnk^nB[eqw Bz{ do;kUAdk j? (Social change shows chain-reac-tion sequence) ̂ ;wki dk ihtB gqshwkB nzso;zpzfXs nzrK dh rshPhb ftt;Ek j?. fJ; bJh fJBKft~u'A fe;/ fJ~e nzr ft~u gfotosB d{i/ nzrK T[Zs/ gqshfeqnk eod/ jB. fJ; bVhp~X gqshfeqnk d/cb;o{g nB/eK b'eK d/ ihtB dh ;zg{oD ftXh ft~u gfotosB j' ikdk j?. T[dkjoD bJh, T[d:'rheoDB/ T[sgkdB dh e[Nho gqDkbh Bz{ BPN eo fd~sk j?. T[sgkdB dh e[Nho gqDkbh d/ ftBkP B/ n"osK Bz{ xos'A pkjo fbnk e/ UBK Bz{ eowPkbk ns/ dcsoK ft~u o[Irko fdbtk fd~sk j?. n"osK d[nkok B"eohnK eob?D Bkb UBK Bz{ wB[~y dh dk;sk s'A w[esh fwb rJh j?. fJ; B/ UBK dhnK nfGftq~shnK ns/ ftukoK Bz{th gqGkfts ehsk j?. fJ; dk noE ;h n"osK bJh BtK ;wkfie ihtB. cb;o{g, fJ; dk gqGktgfotkfoe iohtB d/ jo nzr s/ fgnk j?.

8H ;wkfie gfotosB nB/eK s~sK dh nzsofeqnk dk Bshik j[zdk j? (Social change result from theinteraction of a number of factors) ^ nkw s"o s/, fJj ftuko ehsk iKdk j?, fe e'Jh ftP/P s~sT[d:'freh ft~u gfotosB, nkofEe ftek; iK ibtk:{ ;zpzXh dPktK ;wkfie gfotosB g?dk eodhnKjB. fJ; Bz{ J/ebtkdh f;XKs fejk ikdk j? i' ;wkfie gfotosB dh fe;/ fJ~e fJ~eb/ s~s d/ ;zdoG ft~u


B ØN


;whfynk eodk j?. gqzs{ J/ebtkdh f;XKs ;wkfie gfotosB dh ifNb gfoxNBk dh g{ohftnkfynk g/P BjhA eodk. fJ; bJh ;wkfie gfotosB nB/eK s~sK dk Bshik j[zdk j?. e'Jh ftP/Ps~s fuzrkoh dk ezw eo ;edk j?, gqzs{ j'o s~s th ;zpzfXs j[zd/ jB i' T[; fuzrkoh Bz{ ;zGt pDk fdzd/ jB.;wkfie gfoxNBk fJ~e d{i/ Bkb ;zpzfXs j[zdh j?. e'Jh th s~s fJ~ebk gfotosB Bz{ xfNs BjhA eok;edk. fJ; bJh jo gqDkbh dk fJ~e s~s j[zdk j?. fJ~e nzr ft~u gfotosB d{i/ nzrK Bz{ gqGkfts eodkj? ns/ fJj gqGkt pkehnK Bz{ gqGkfts eod/ jB id'A s~e fe ;zg{oD gqDkbh gqGkfts BjhA j' iKdh.

9H ;wkfie gfotosB w[~y s"o s/ gqsh;EkgB iK o{gKsoD gqeko d/ j[zd/ jB (Social changes are chieflythose of modification or of replacement) ̂ ;wkfie gfotosBK Bz{ ftnkge o{g ft~u gqsh;EkgBKiK o{gKsoK ft~u torhfeqs ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJj G"fseh gdkoEK iK ;wkfie ;zpzXK dk o{gKsoD j';edk j?. T[dkjoD bJh, ;kv/ BkPs/ dk o{g pdb frnk j?. ukj/ n;hA Ujh nkXkoG{s gdkoE yKd/ jK i'gfjbK yKd/ ;h, fit/A eDe, nzvk, nzBl gqzs{ UBK dk o{g pdb frnk j?. j[D fsnkoP[dk ekoBcb/e;,pq?v, nkwb/N B/ fgSb/ ;kbK ft~u ykJ/ ikD tkb/ fJBK gdkoEK d/ o{gK Bz{ gqsh;Ekfgs eo fd~sk j?. fJ;/gqeko, ;wkfie ;zpzXK ft~u th o{gKsoD nk ;edk j?. gqkuhB ;~skgqXkB gfotko j[D fJ~e S'Nk;wkBkfXfeqs gfotko pD frnk j?. n"osK d/ nfXeko, Xow, ;oeko ns/ ;fjf;~fynk pko/ ;kv/ ftukon~i o{gKsfos j' rJ/ jB.

gfotosB gqsh;EkgB dk o{g th b? ;edk j?. e'Jh BtK gdkoE iK nG"fse t;s{ gqkuhB Bz{ gqsh;Ekfgseo fdzdh j?. x'fVnK dh EK ;t?ûkfbs tkjBK B/ b? bJh j?. fJ;/ gqeko g[okD/ ftukoK dh EK Bt/A ftukoKB/ b? bJh j?. dtk d/ ehNkD{ f;XKs B/ o'r d/ ekoD d/ pko/ ft~u g[okD/ ftukoK Bz{ gqsh;Ekfgs eo fd~skj?. gqikszso B/ e[bhBszso Bz{ gqsh;Ekfgs eo fd~sk j?.

11H311H311H311H311H3 ;wkfie gfotosB d/ f;XKs ;wkfie gfotosB d/ f;XKs ;wkfie gfotosB d/ f;XKs ;wkfie gfotosB d/ f;XKs ;wkfie gfotosB d/ f;XKs (Theories of Social Change)

;wkfie gfotosB d/ f;XKsK d/ nzsors n;hA (i) ;wkfie gfotosB dh fdPk, ns/ (ii) ;wkfiegfotosB d/ ekoDK Bkb ;zpzfXs f;XKsK dk toDB eoKr/.

1H ;wkfie gfotosB dh fdPk 1H ;wkfie gfotosB dh fdPk 1H ;wkfie gfotosB dh fdPk 1H ;wkfie gfotosB dh fdPk 1H ;wkfie gfotosB dh fdPk (The direction of social change)nkozfGe ;wkiPk;soh nkfdw b'eK dh ;z;feqsh Bz{ fBsKs rshjhD ;wMd/ ;B, gqzs{ g{ot^;kyo ;wkiKd/ ftfrnkfBe nfXn?B s'A fJj ftuko fsnkr fd~sk frnk j?. wkBtPk;soh j[D fJ; r~b s/ ;fjws jBfe nkfdw ;z;feqsh ft~u th gfotosB j'J/ jB, ukj/ UBK dh rsh J/Bh j"bh ;h fe Uj rshjhD fdyd/;B. fgSb/ ;kbK ft~u ;wkfie gfotosB s/I rsh Bkb j'fJnk j?. gfjb/ ftPt^:[~X s'A pknd nB/eKd/PK dhnK Bk e/tb okiBhfse ;z;EktK pbfe UBK dhnK torh ;zouBktK, nkofEe ftt;EktK ns/ihtB^YzrK ft~u rfjo/ gfotosB j'J/ jB. ;wkfie gfotosB dh fdPk dh ftnkfynk eoD bJhnB/e f;XKs g/P ehs/ rJ/ jB. jo f;XKs dk ;zy/g toDB fJ; soK j?^

(i) ngeoPD dk f;XKs ngeoPD dk f;XKs ngeoPD dk f;XKs ngeoPD dk f;XKs ngeoPD dk f;XKs (Theory of deterioration)^ e[M ftukoeK d/ nB[;ko nkozfGe nt;Ekft~u wB[~y ;toD:[~r^;[~y dh g{oD nt;Ek gfss nt;Ek ft~u gj[zu frnk. gqkuhB g{ot ft~ufJjh ftuko gqu~fbs ;h. Gkos, cko; ns/ ;[w/ohnk d/ wjKektK ft~u fJ;/ ftuko dk gqshgkdBehsk frnk. Gkosh g[okDK d/ nB[;ko wB[~y uko :[rK^;s:[r, sq/sk, d_kgo ns/ eb:[r ft~u'Ar[Ifonk j?. ;s:[r ;ot^T[Zsw uoD ;h fi; ft~u wB[~y JhwkBdko, B/e ns/ g{oh soK ;[yh ;h.T[; s'A pknd gsB nkozG j' frnk. nkX[fBe ekb eb:[r dk :[r j? fi; ft~u wB[~y X'y/pkI, M{mk,p/JhwkB, ;tkoEh ns/ cb;o{g d[yh j?. nkozG ft~u fJfsjk; dh nfijh ftukoXkok ;h, fJj;wMD :'r j?, feUAfe n~ie~b ihtB d/ jo y/so ft~u n;hA gsB d/y oj/ jK.

u~eoh f;XKs u~eoh f;XKs u~eoh f;XKs u~eoh f;XKs u~eoh f;XKs (Cyclic Theory) ^ ;wkfie gfotosB d/ g{ot^T[es f;XKs d/ Bkb Bkb y'finkfrnk fJ~e j'o gqkuhB f;XKs fJj th j? fe wkBt ;wki e[M u~eoK s'A r[Iodk j?. fdB s'A pkndoks ns/ oks s'A pknd fdB ns/ o[~sK d/ gqkfeqfse u~eo Bz{ d/y e/ e[M ;wkiPk;sohnK, fit/A ;g/Arbo(Spengler) dk ftPtk; j? fe ;wki dk th g{ot^fBoXkfos ihtBû~eo j? ns/ jo ;~fGnskiBw, :[tk^nt;Ek ns/ w"s d/ u~eo s'A r[Iodh j?. nkX[fBe ;wki dk gsB nkozG j' frnk j?.


B ØN


fJj nkgD/ p[Ykg/ ft~u j?. gqzs{ feUAfe fJfsjk; nkgD/ nkg Bz{ d[jokUAdk j?, fJ; bJh ;wki ;GuoDK s'A r[IoD s'A pknd nkgDh nkozfGe nt;Ek ft~u tkfg; nk iKdk j? fi; ft~u u~eo d[pkoknkozG j' iKdk j?. fjzd{ g[okDK ft~u fJjh ftuko fwbdk j? fi; d/ nB[;ko eb:[r ysw j'D s'A pkndXow:[r d[pkok P[o{ j't/rk. i/H phH poh (J.B Burry) B/ nkgDh g[;se ‘The Idea of Progress’ft~u fJzfrs ehsk j? fe fJj ntXkoDk :{BkB d/ ;N/fJe (Stoic) dkoPfBeK ns/ e[M o'wBdkoPfBeK, ftP/P eo e/ wkoe:{b nkfofbn; dhnK f;~fynktK ft~u th gkJh iKdh j?.

fJj ftuko fe gfotosB Yzr Bkb xfNs j[zdk j?, e[M nkX[fBe b/yeK dhnK ouBktK ft~u th fwbdkj? fiBK B/ u~efoe f;XKs dhnK ftfGzB ftnkfynktK g/P ehshnK jB. cqK;h;h wkBtPk;soh t/uovhH bkg{i (Vacher de Lapouge) dk ftuko ;h fe id'A ;wki ft~u Pq/Pm gqikshnK d/ b'e fBtk;eod/ jB sK T[; ;w/A ;~fGnsk dk ftek; j[zdk j? ns/ fJ; dh gqrsh j[zdh j?l gqzs{ id'A gqiksh o{gBkb fBwB ftnesh fJ; ft~u x[b^fwb iKd/ jB sK fJ; dk gsB j'D brdk j?. T[; d/ nB[;kog~Swh ;~fGnsk dk ftBkP Io{o j't/rk, feUAfe fBwB ftnesh fJ; ft~u gqt/P eo oj/ jB ns/ fJ;T[Zs/ UBK dk fB:zsoD tXdk ik fojk j?. iowB d/ wkBtPk;soh UN' nkw'B (Otto Ammon), nzrq/I ftnesh jkv;NB ;NhtoN u?Apob/B (Houston Stewart Chamberlain) ns/ nwoheBw?vh;B rqKN (Madison Grant) ns/ b'Ekog ;N'vkov (Lothrop Stoddard) th bkg{i (Lapouge)d/ ftuko Bkb ;fjws jB fi; Bz{ ihtPk;soh u~eo dk f;XKs fejk ik ;edk j?.

;g?Arbo B/ ;wkfie gfotosB d/ u~eoh f;XKs dh fJ~e j'o ftnkfynk th g/P ehsh j?. T[; B/ n~mt~vhnK ns/ T[Zu ;fG~nsktK fit/A fw;o, :{BkBh ns/ o'wB nkfd dk nfXn?B eoD s'A pknd Bshike~fYnk fe ;G ;fG~nsktK iBw, ftek; ns/ w"s d/ ;wkB u~eo s'A r[IodhnK jB. T[; d/ nB[;kog~Swh ;~fGnsk dk gsB nkozG j' frnk j?, fi; Bz{ o'fenk BjhA ik ;edk.

fpbcq/v' g?o/N' fpbcq/v' g?o/N' fpbcq/v' g?o/N' fpbcq/v' g?o/N' fpbcq/v' g?o/N' (Vilfredo Pareto) B/ fJ; f;XKs dk gqshgkdB ehsk j? fe ;wki okiBhfse Peshns/ gsB d/ ekb s'A r[Iod/ jB fiBK dh u~eoh Yzr Bkb g[Bftq~sh j[zdh j?. T[; d/ nB[;ko, ;wki ft~ud' gqeko d/ b'e j[zd/ jB^ fJ~e Uj i' gkozgfoe YzrK dk nB[;oD eoBk g;zd eod/ jB fiBK Bz{ T[; B/‘Rentiers’ fejk j? ns/ d{i/ Uj i' nkgD/ T[d/PK dh gqkgsh bJh i'fyw T[mkUDk ukj[zd/ jB fiBK Bz{ T[;B/ ‘Speculators’ fejk j?. okiBhfse gfotosB PeshPkbh e[bhB tor d/ T[whdtkoK d[nkok nkozGehsk iKdk j? fiBK dh Pesh pknd ft~u ysw j' ikdh j? ns/ us[o Sb ;kXBK dk ;jkok b?Adk j? ns/ T[;ft~u ‘Rentier’ wkBf;e ftq~sh d/ b'e gqt/P eo iKd/ jB. ;wki dk gsB nkozG j' iKdk j?, gqzs{ fJ; d/Bkb jh ‘Speculators’ T[whdtko r[bkw b'eK ft~u'A BtK Pk;e pDB bJh f;o T[mkUAd/ jB ns/ g[okD/tor Bz{ T[ykV ;[~Nd/ jB. T[; s'A pknd d[pkok u~eo nkozG j' iKdk j?.

n?cH ;N[noN u/fgB n?cH ;N[noN u/fgB n?cH ;N[noN u/fgB n?cH ;N[noN u/fgB n?cH ;N[noN u/fgB (F. Stuart Chapin) B/ u~eoh gfotosB dh j'o ftnkfynk g/P ehsh j?.T[; B/ ;zrqfj dh ntXkoDk Bz{ ;wkfie gfotosB d/ nkgD/ f;XKs dk nkXko pDkfJnk. T[; d/nB[;ko, ;z;feqfse gfotosB ;w/A dh fdqPNh Bkb u'Dt/A o{g ft~u ;zfrqjkswe j[zdk j?. T[; B/fbfynk, “;wkfie gfotosB dh ntXkoDk dk ;otkfXe nkPkg{oD T[gkrw gfotosB dh gqfeqnkBz{ ;w/A dh fdqPNh Bkb u'Dt/A o{g ft~u ;zfrqjkswe;zfrqjkswe;zfrqjkswe;zfrqjkswe;zfrqjkswe (Selectively accumulative in time) ns/;o{g ft~u u~eoh iK gqd'beh ;wMDk j't/rk.” fJ; gqeko, u/fgB d/ nB[;ko, ;z;feqfse gfotosBu'Dt/A o{g ft~u ;zfrqjkswe ns/ ;o{g ft~u u~eoh d't/A j? T[; B/ ;wekfbe u~eoh gfotosB(synchronological change) dh ebgBk dk gqshgkdB ehsk j?. T[; d/ nB[;ko, ;z;feqsh d/ftfGzB nzr ftek;, T[seoP ns/ gsB d/ u~eo s'A r[Iod/ jB. i/eo gqw[~y nzrK dk u~eo, fit/A;oeko ns/ gfotko fJ~e ;w/A ft~u ;wekfbe jB, sK ;zg{oD ;w/eD dh ;fEsh j't/rh. i/eo Uj;wekfbe BjhA jB sK ;z;feqsh ftxNB dh ;fEsh ft~u j't/rh. u/fgB d/ nB[;ko, ftek; ns/gsB dk u~eo ;z;feqfse ;o{gK T[Zs/ th UBk jh Io{oh j? fizBk ihfts t;sK bJh.

gqiksh ;z;feqsh dk ;G s"A nfXe wj~stg{oD fBoXkoe j?.eh s[;hA ikDd/ j'


B ØN


ftfGzB ;fG~nsktK d/ fJfsjk; s'A gqkgs s~EK d/ nkXko s/ ;'o'feB;'o'feB;'o'feB;'o'feB;'o'feB (Sorokin) B/ Bshik e~fYnk fe;~fGnsktK dhnK fszB gqw[~y Pq/DhnK jB, noEks ekbgfBe ekbgfBe ekbgfBe ekbgfBe ekbgfBe (ideational), nkdoPkswenkdoPkswenkdoPkswenkdoPkswenkdoPkswe(idealistic) ns/ ;zt/dBkswe (sensate). ekbgfBe gqeko dh ;~fGnsk ft~u tk;sftesk ns/w[~bK dh goskofee JhPto d/ ;zdoG ft~u ftnkfynk ehsh iKdh j?. id'A fe fJzdoh ;z;ko fw~fEnkgqshs j[zdk j?. ;zy/g ft~u, ekbgfBe ;z;feqsh ft~u ;G xNBktK dk fJ~e wkso ekoD GrtkB Bz{;wfMnk iKdk j?. nfXnksfwe ebgBk ihtB dk nkXko pD iKdh j? ns/ tk;sftesk ns/fttjkfoesk T[;/ ebgBk b'e ft~u y' iKdh j?. nkdoPkswe gqeko dh ;z;feqsh ft~u tk;sfteskns/ w[~bK Bz{ fJzdoh ns/ nsh^fJzdoh d't/A ;wfMnk iKdk j?. fJj ;zt/dBkswe ns/ ekbgfBe d'tKdk fwPoD j[zdk j?. fJ; ft~u Bk JhPto dh ntj/bDk ehsh iKdh j? ns/ Bk fJ; b'e dh. Bk sKG"fse ;[y Bz{ jh ;G e[M wzB fbnk ikdk j? ns/ Bk jh nfXnksfwe ebgBk d/ pjkn ft~u v[~fpnkiKdk j?. ;zt/dBkswe gqeko dh ;z;feqsh ft~u ihtB dk ;zg{oD Yzr G"fsetkdh wB'ftq~sh s'A gqGkftsj[zdk j?. fJ; ft~u fJzdohifDs Io{osK ns/ fJ~SktK dh g{osh d/ ;kXBK dh gqXkBsk j[zdh j?. Xow,gqEk, gozgok dk ;EkB r"D j[zdk j?, ftfrnkB ns/ T[d:'freh dk wj~st nfXe j[zdk j?. tk;sfteskns/ w[~b e/tb fJzdohnK s~e jh ;hfws jB. fJzdohnK s'A go/ fe;/ tk;sftesk Bz{ BjhA wzfBnkiKdk. ;'o'feB ;'o'feB ;'o'feB ;'o'feB ;'o'feB d/ nB[;ko, g~Swh ;fG~nsk ;zt/dBkswe nt;Ek s'A pj[s pknd dh nt;Ek j? fi;Bz{ BthA ekbgfBe nt;Ek ft~u nkUDk ukjhdk j?.

nkX[fBe ;w/A ft~u noBkbv i/H NkJ/BphnoBkbv i/H NkJ/BphnoBkbv i/H NkJ/BphnoBkbv i/H NkJ/BphnoBkbv i/H NkJ/Bph (Arnold J. Toynbee) fJ~e ftfynks nzrq/I dkoPfBeB/ th ftPt^;~fGnsk d/ fJfsjk; dk u~eoh f;XKs gqshgkfds ehsk j?. T[; d/ nB[;ko, ;~fGnskfszB nt;EktKîtkBh, p[Ykgk ns/ gsB s'A r[Iodh j?. T[; B/ ‘u[B"shu[B"shu[B"shu[B"shu[B"sh’ (challenge) ns/‘gqshfeqnkgqshfeqnkgqshfeqnkgqshfeqnkgqshfeqnk’ (response) dhnK XkoDktK dk ftek; ehsk j?. jo ;wki d/ ;kjwD/ ‘u[B"shnK’j[zdhnK jB ns/ jo nt;Ek T[; dh gqshfeqnk j?. NkJ/Bph B/ fszB nt;EktK d~;hnK jB^ (i) u[B"sh Bz{gqshfeqnk^ (response to challenge) fJj :[tk^nt;Ek dk ekb j?l (ii) ;zeN dk ;wK (time totroubles)^ fJj p[Ykg/ dk ekb j?l (iii) nzfsw o{g Bkb gsB (final downfall) ^ fJj w"s dk;wK j?. NkJ/Bph dk ftuko ;h fe ;kvh ;~fGnsk, ukj/ fJj nzfsw gsB dh nt;Ek ft~u j?, Bz{woD s'A pukfJnk ik ;edk j?. T[; dk efjDk j? fe ouBkswe nbg;zfyne nkgD/ nkg Bz{ o'rh;~fGnsk s'A d{o o~y ;ed/ jB. ns/ JhPto gqd~s PeshnK Bkb frnkB ns/ Pesh gqkgs eo ;ed/jB. fJj b'e iBsk ft~u T[s;kj Go ;ed/ jB ns/ d[pkok Pesh dk ;zuko eo ;ed/ jB ns/ u[B"shdk itkp d/ ;ed/ jB. fJ; gqeko ;~fGnsk Bz{ BPN j'D s'A pukfJnk ik ;edk j?.

;wkfie gfotosB d/ u~eoh ;[Gkn d/ T[go'es f;XKsK Bz{ ;z;feqfse u~eoK d/ f;XKs fejk ik ;edkj?. PkfJd Uj ftfrnkfBe nfXn?BK dh pikJ/ dkoPfBe fuzsB dh T[gi jB. fJBK ntXkoDktKd/ b/ye e[M g{otwkBsktK Bz{ b? e/ ftuko nkozG eod/ jB fiBK Bz{ Uj fJfsjk; s'A gqkgs s~EK d[nkok;woEB eoD dh e'fPP eod/ jB. fJj dkoPfBe f;XKs jB fiBK Bz{ ftfeqs fJfsjkf;e rtkjKd[nkok gqwkfDs eoD dh e'fPP ehsh rJh j?. pkoB;pkoB;pkoB;pkoB;pkoB; (Barnes) B/ NkJ/Bph dh ntXkoDk d/ pko/ft~u fbfynk j? fe “fJj t;s{goe iK ftnkfynkswe f;XKs s~e BjhA j?. fJj XowPk;so j?fi; ft~u JhPto dh fJ~Sk Bz{ ;gPN eoD bJh fJfsjk; s'A u[D/ j'J/ s~EK dk gq:'r ehsk frnk j?,mhe T[;/ soK, fit/A w~X:[rh gP{̂ ftP:e T[gd/Pkswe eEktK d/ ;zfrqj ft~u gqkDhPk;soh ebgBktKBz{ ;wkB Bshi/ gqkgs eoD bJh tofsnk frnk ;h. NkJ/Bph d[nkok fJ~emh ehsh ftPkb ;w~rohfJfsjk; dh n;b gqfeqnk dh pikJ/ T[; d/ fdwkr dhnK gqfeqnktK T[Zs/ nfXe gqekP gkUAdh j?.T[; B/ fJfsjk; Bz{, fit/A fJj w[esh d/ T[d/P Bz{ tXktk d/D bJh j'Dk ukjhdk j?, nkgD/ ftuko^nB[;konfijk fbfynk j?, Bk fe T[; soK fit/A fJj n;b ft~u fojk j?.”

(iii) o/fye f;XKs o/fye f;XKs o/fye f;XKs o/fye f;XKs o/fye f;XKs (Linear theory) ̂ e[M b/yeK B/ ;wkfie gfotosB d/ o/fye f;XKs dk gqshgkdBehsk j?. UBK d/ nB[;ko ;wki j"bh j"bh ;~fGnsk dh T[Zu s'A T[Zuso nt;Ek t~b tXdk iKdk j?ns/ fJj ;dk T[ZBsh dh fdPk t~b tXdk j?. fJj fi~E'A P[o{ j[zdk j?, T[ZE'A n~r/ tXdk j?, ed/th fg~S/ T[; EK s/ BjhA nkUAdk. wB[~y B/ gfjbhnK d' nt;EktK gko eo bJhnK jB, ukj/


B ØN


ihtB d/ e[M y/soK ft~u Uj ni/ s~e toswkB jB ns/ shih fBPukswe nt;Ek t~b j"bh j"bhtX fojk j?. gfjbh nt;Ek ft~u wB[~y dk ftPtk; ;h fe gob"fee PeshnK B/ fJ; ;z;ko Bz{fBofws ehsk j? ns/ Uj fJ; Bz{ fB:zsfos eo ojhnK jB. Uj d/tsktK ns/ iVg{iktkd ft~uftPtk; eodk ;h fi; s'A Uj j"bh j"bh fJ~e/Ptotkd t~b tfXnk. fJ; B/ nfXnksfwe nt;Ek Bz{iBw fd~sk fi; d/ d"okB wB[~y B/ xNBkt;s{ dh ftnkfynk ekbgfBe t;sK dk ;jkok b? e/ ehsh.;kyotkdh nt;Ek ft~u wB[~y gow ekoDK dh y'i p/eko ;wM e/ ftnfynkswe s~EK dh y'i eodkj? i' nB[Gkfte o{g ft~u got/yfDe j?. i/eo wB[~y gqkfeqfse ns/ ;wkfie xNBkt;s{ Bz{ ;wMDft~u ;kyotkdh fdqPNhe'D ngDk bt/, sK fJj gqrsh dh nt;Ek j't/rh.

nkr;s ekwN/ nkr;s ekwN/ nkr;s ekwN/ nkr;s ekwN/ nkr;s ekwN/ (Auguste Comte) B/ ;wkfie gfotosB dhnK fszB nt;EktK dh ebgBk ehsh^XkofweXkofweXkofweXkofweXkofwe(theological), nfXnksfwenfXnksfwenfXnksfwenfXnksfwenfXnksfwe (metaphysical) ns/ ;kyotkdh;kyotkdh;kyotkdh;kyotkdh;kyotkdh (positive).

jopoN ;g/A;ojopoN ;g/A;ojopoN ;g/A;ojopoN ;g/A;ojopoN ;g/A;o (Herbert Spencer) fi; B/ ;wki Bz{ iht d/ ;wkB d~f;nk, dk ftuko ;h fewkBt^;wki j"bh j"bh Pq/Pm nt;Ek t~b tX fojk j?. nkfdw nt;Ek ft~u ;?fBetkd gqXkB ;h. wB[~ye[M :[~X ;w{jK ft~u ftGkfis ;B fiBK ftueko x''o ihtB ;zxoP ubdk ;h. ;?fBetkd s'A ;wkiT[d:'rtkd dh nt;Ek t~b tfXnk. T[d:'rtkd dh nt;Ek ft~u ;wki nkgD/ nzrK d/ nfXe ftG/dheoDns/ J/eheoD Bkb fuzfBs j?. J/ehfeqs ftt;Ek dh ;EkgBk Bkb ;wki d/ ftfGzB torK^ ;wkfie, nkofEens/ gqiksh bJh PKsh Bkb ofjDk ;zGt j'fJnk j?.;g/A;o d/ nB[;ko, ;wki ;dk gqrsh t~b tXdk j?.

e[M o{;h ;wkiPk;sohnK B/ th ;wkfie gfotosB d/ o/fye f;XKs dk gqshgkdB ehsk j?. fBekbkJhfBekbkJhfBekbkJhfBekbkJhfBekbkJhe/H e/H e/H e/H e/H fwy/b'to{eh fwy/b'to{eh fwy/b'to{eh fwy/b'to{eh fwy/b'to{eh (Nikolai K. Mikhailovsky) dk ftuko ;h fe wkBt^;wki fszB nt;EktK ft~u'Ar[Iodk j?L (i) t;s{goe wkBtê/Adfos (objective anthropocentric), (ii) ;we/Adfos (eccentric) ns/(iii) nkswgoe wkBtê/Adfos (subjective anthropocentric), gfjbh nt;Ek ft~u wB[~y nkgD/ nkgBz{ ftPt dk e/Ado ;wMdk j? ns/ gokG"fse ns/ oj~;tkdh ftPtk;K ft~u y'fJnk ofjzdk j?. d{ih nt;Ekft~u wB[~y nw{osheoDK ft~u ftPtk; eoD brdk j?. Uj nw{os Bz{ w{os dh pikJ/ nfXe tk;sfte;wMD brdk j?. shih nt;Ek ft~u wB[~y nB[Gkfte frnkB ft~u ftPtk; eoD brdk j? fi; d/ d[nkokUj ;t?bkG bJh gqfeqsh T[Zs/ nfXe s'A nfXe fB:zsoD eoD brdk j?. ;'bktht;'bktht;'bktht;'bktht;'bktht (Soloviev) B/ fJBKfszB nt;EktK Bz{ iBiksh, okPNoh ns/ ftPt^pzX[st dk BK fd~sk j?.

n;b s~E fJj j? fe ;wkiPk;soh frnkB dh toswkB ;fEsh ft~u ;wkfie gfotosB d/ ;o{g iK T[;dh dhoxekbhB gqftq~sh pko/ f;XKsK dk fBowkD BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. eh ;wekbhB ;~fGnsk nzdo{BhftxNB iK nkDfte :[~Xwkor s'A ftBkP t~b tX ojh j? iK fJ; dh EK ;wkfie ;zpzXK dh fe;/ nfXe ;EkJhiK nkdoPkswe ftt;Ek d[nkok bJh ikt/rh, nk;Ek s'A fJbktk fe;/ j'o nkXko s/ fJ; dh Gft~ytkDhBjhA ehsh ik ;edh. T[gbpX tk;sfte rtkj d/ nkXko s/ e/tb J/Bk fejk ik ;edk j? fe ;wkfiegfotosB dh Gft~y ft~u i' th fdPk j't/rh, T[; dk fBoXkoD nkg wB[~y d[nkok j't/rk.

;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD (Self Assessment)1H fd~s/ rJ/ eEBK ;kjwD/ iK dk fBPkB brkU 1H fd~s/ rJ/ eEBK ;kjwD/ iK dk fBPkB brkU 1H fd~s/ rJ/ eEBK ;kjwD/ iK dk fBPkB brkU 1H fd~s/ rJ/ eEBK ;kjwD/ iK dk fBPkB brkU 1H fd~s/ rJ/ eEBK ;kjwD/ iK dk fBPkB brkU (State whether the followingstatements ‘Right’ or “Wrong’)

(i) ;wkfie gfotosB b'eK d/ ihtB gqshwkBK ft~u j'D tkb/ gfotosB Bz{ fBofdPN eodk j?.

(ii) ;wkfie gfotosB ;G ;wkiK ft~u xfNs BjhA j[zdk.

ngeoPD dk f;XKs eh d~;dk j?<Nk;e


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(iii) nkX[fBe ekb ft~u ;wkfie gfotosB dh rsh 1947 s'A gfjbK dh pikJ/ s/I j?.

(iv) J/ebtkdh f;XKs ;wkfie gfotosB dh ifNb gfoxNBk dh ;w[fus ftnfynk g/P eodk j?.

(v) Gkos g[okDK d/ nB[;ko wB[~y uko :[rK^;s:[r, sq/sk :[r, d_kgo ns/ eb:[r d/ ft~u'A r[Ifonk j?.

(vi) t/uo vhH bkg{i dk ftuko ;h fe iksh ;z;feqsh dk ;G s'A nfXe wj~stg{oD fBoXkoe j?.

(vii) J/e ;N[noN u/fgB B/ ;zfrqj dh ntXkoDk Bz{ ;wkfie gfotosB d/ f;XKs dk nkXko pDkfJnk.

(viii) jo ;wki dhnK nkgDhnK u[B"shnK j[zdhnK jB ns/ jo nt;Ek UBK dh gqshfeqnk j?.

(ix) nkr;s ekws/ B/ ;wkfie gfotosB dhnK nt;EktK dh ebgBk ehsh j?.

1111111111.4 ;ko nzP 4 ;ko nzP 4 ;ko nzP 4 ;ko nzP 4 ;ko nzP (Summary)

• gfotosB gqfeqsh dk fB:w j?. i' n~i j?, Uj Gkth e~b s'A fGzB j't/rk. ;wkfie ;zouBk ft~u ;dkgfotosB j[zdk fojk j?. n~i s'A 40 ;kb pknd ;oeko ;wki ft~u wj~stg{oD gfotosB eo d/t/rh.gfotko ns/ Xow dhnK ;z;EktK dk ;o{g Uj BjhA oj/rk, i' n~ie~b j?.

• ;wkfie gfotosB b'eK d/ ihtB gqshwkBK ft~u j'D tkb/ gfotosBK Bz{ fBofdPN eodk j?. fJj ;wkift~u j' oj/ ;G gfotosBK dk ;{ue BjhA j?. ebk, ;kfjs, T[d:'freh, doPB nkfd ft~u gfotosBKBz{ ;wkfie gfotosB ft~u Pkfwb BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. ‘;wkfie gfotosB’ Ppd Bz{ ;ze[fus noEft~u gq:'r ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j? i' ;wkfie ;zpzXK d/ y/so ft~u gfotosBK Bz{ ;{fus eodk j?. ;wkfie;zpzX s'A noE ;wkfie gqfeqnktK, ;wkfie gqshwkBK ns/ ;wkfie nzsofeqnktK s'A j?.

• gfotosB gqsh;EkgB dk o{g th b? ;edk j?. e'Jh BtK gdkoE iK nG"fse t;s{ gqkuhB Bz{ gqsh;Ekfgseo fdzdh j?. x'fVnK dh EK ;t?̂ ukfbs tkjBK B/ b? bJh j?. fJ;/ gqeko g[okD/ ftukoK dh EK Bt/A ftukoKB/ b? bJh j?. dtk d/ ehNkD{ f;XKs B/ o'r d/ ekoD d/ pko/ ft~u g[okD/ ftukoK Bz{ gqsh;Ekfgs eo fd~skj?. gqikszso B/ e[bhBszso Bz{ gqsh;Ekfgs eo fd~sk j?.

• ;wkfie gfotosB d/ f;XKsK d/ nzsors n;hA (i) ;wkfie gfotosB dh fdPk, ns/ (ii) ;wkfiegfotosB d/ ekoDK Bkb ;zpzfXs f;XKsK dk toDB eoKr/.

• ;wkfie gfotosB d/ g{ot^T[es f;XKs d/ Bkb Bkb y'fink frnk fJ~e j'o gqkuhB f;XKs fJj th j? fewkBt ;wki e[M u~eoK s'A r[Iodk j?. fdB s'A pknd oks ns/ oks s'A pknd fdB ns/ o[~sK d/ gqkfeqfseu~eo Bz{ d/y e/ e[M ;wkiPk;sohnK, fit/A ;g/Arbo (Spengler) dk ftPtk; j? fe ;wki dk thg{ot^fBoXkfos ihtBû~eo j? ns/ jo ;~fGnsk iBw, :[tk^nt;Ek ns/ w"s d/ u~eo s'A r[Iodh j?.nkX[fBe ;wki dk gsB nkozG j' frnk j?. fJj nkgD/ p[Ykg/ ft~u j?. gqzs{ feUAfe fJfsjk; nkgD/ nkgBz{ d[jokUAdk j?, fJ; bJh ;wki ;G uoDK s'A r[IoD s'A pknd nkgDh nkozfGe nt;Ek ft~u tkfg; nkiKdk j? fi; ft~u u~eo d[pkok nkozG j' iKdk j?.

• ftfGzB ;fG~nsktK d/ fJfsjk; s'A gqkgs s~EK d/ nkXko s/ ;'o'feB;'o'feB;'o'feB;'o'feB;'o'feB (Sorokin) B/ Bshik e~fYnk fe;~fGnsktK dhnK fszB gqw[~y Pq/DhnK jB, noEks ekbgfBe ekbgfBe ekbgfBe ekbgfBe ekbgfBe (ideational), nkdoPkswe nkdoPkswe nkdoPkswe nkdoPkswe nkdoPkswe (ideal-istic) ns/ ;zt/dBkswe (sensate). ekbgfBe gqeko dh ;~fGnsk ft~u tk;sftesk ns/ w[~bK dhgoskofee JhPto d/ ;zdoG ft~u ftnkfynk ehsh iKdh j?. id'A fe fJzdoh ;z;ko fw~fEnk gqshs j[zdkj?.


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• nX[BksB^nX[BksB^nX[BksB^nX[BksB^nX[BksB^nkX[fBe• nktkjD^nktkjD^nktkjD^nktkjD^nktkjDû[B"sh


1. ;wkfie gfotosB dk noE ns/ ftfGzB ;wkiPk;sohnK d[nkok fd~shnK rJhnK gfoGkPktK dhftnfynk eo'.

2. ;wkfie gfotosB d/ ;o{g T[Zs/ gqekP gkU.

3. ;wkfie gfotosB d/ f;XKsK dh ftnfynk eo'.


1. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)

(vi) (vii) (viii) (ix)


1H nfjwd P[eoh, w[jzwvB bk Uc w?foi n?Av fvt'o;2H e/H n?wH egkVhnk, w?foi n?Av c?fwbh fJB fJzvhnk, nke;c'ov :{Bhtof;Nh gq?; fd~bh,

1972

p[e;


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fJekJh–12L gfotosD dhnK gqfeqnktK fJekJh–12L gfotosD dhnK gqfeqnktK fJekJh–12L gfotosD dhnK gqfeqnktK fJekJh–12L gfotosD dhnK gqfeqnktK fJekJh–12L gfotosD dhnK gqfeqnktK (Processes of Change)

ftP/ t;s{ ftP/ t;s{ ftP/ t;s{ ftP/ t;s{ ftP/ t;s{ (Contents)T[d/P (Objectives)ikDekoh (Introduction)12H1 ;zouBk ftu gfotosD ns/ ;zouBk dk gfotosD (Change in Structure and Change of

Structure)12H2 ;z;feqsheoD ns/ g~SwheoD (Sanskritisation and Westernisation)12H3 nkX[fBeheoD (Modernisation)12H4 Xow fBog/ysk (Secularisation)12H5 t?PtheoD (Globalisation)12H6 ;ko nzP (Summary)12H7 Ppde'P (Keywords)12H8 nfGnk;–gqPB (Review Questions)12H9 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)



• ;zouBk d/ gfotosD Bz{ ;wMD ftu.

• ;z;feqsheoD, g~SwheoD ns/ nkX[fBeheoD dh ftnkfynk eoB ftu.

• XowfBog/ysk ns/ t?PtheoD dk ftt/uB eoB ftu.


;wkfie gfotosD ftu fBnw, f;XKs, fdPk ns/ fBozsosk BjhA gkJh iKdh. fBozsosk dh XkoDk n;hAsd d/yd/ jK id n;hA ;wkfie gfotosD Bz{ fJe gqfeqnk ;wMd/ jK fJe gfo;fEsh ftu nkozG s'A e[MekoDK d/ nkXko T[s/ id fBPfus ;to{gK ftu fBozso jz[dk j? sK T[; Bz{ n;hA gqfeqnk efjzd/ jK.

12H112H112H112H112H1 ;zouBk ftu gfotosD ns/ ;zouBk dk gfotosD ;zouBk ftu gfotosD ns/ ;zouBk dk gfotosD ;zouBk ftu gfotosD ns/ ;zouBk dk gfotosD ;zouBk ftu gfotosD ns/ ;zouBk dk gfotosD ;zouBk ftu gfotosD ns/ ;zouBk dk gfotosD (Change inStructure and Change of Structure)

w'N/ s"o T[s/ ;wki ftu d' gqeko dh gqfeqnktK j[zdhnK jBL (1) T[j gqfeqnktK i' ;wkfie ftnt;Ek Bz{ ekfJwoydhnK jB ns/ (2) T[j gqfeqnktK Bz{ ftnt;Ek d/ nzdo ns/ ftnt;Ek ftu gfotosD fbnkT[AdhnK jB.gfjbh gqfeqnktK Bz{ nB[o{gsk, :Ekg{ot ;fEsh ns/ fBozsosk nkfd d/ Bkw s'A ;wMd/ jK. d{ihnK gqfeqnktKBz{ ;K;feqse ns/ ;zouBkswe gfotosD dh gqfeqnktK fejk iKdk j?. fJ;d/ gqshwkB ns/ ekoeK ftu ;w/A ns/;EkB d/ nzso d/ nkXko fGzBsk gkJh iKdh j?. fJe fBPfus ;wki iK ;wkfie gqxNBktK ftu ;w/A ns/fJfsjk; d/ s~sK d/ ;zdoG ftu gfotosD dk ntb'eD ehsk ik ;edk j?. w?ekJhto ns/ g/i B/ fJ; pko/fbfynk j?L “;wki ;w/A nB[eqw d/ o{g ftu gkfJnk iKdk j?. fJj fJe ;zGtBk j? Bk fe fJe ;~u, fJegqfeqnk j?, ns/ toswk ;zpzXK dk gfotosBh ;zs[bB j?.” ;wkfie gfotosD ;K;feqse iK ;fGnskw{begfotosD s'A fGzB jB. ;wkfie gfotosD ftu ;wkfie ;zpzXK T[s/ pb fdsk iKdk j?.


fJekJh^12L gfotosD dhnK gqfeqnktKfJekJh^12L gfotosD dhnK gqfeqnktKfJekJh^12L gfotosD dhnK gqfeqnktKfJekJh^12L gfotosD dhnK gqfeqnktKfJekJh^12L gfotosD dhnK gqfeqnktK

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;wkfie ;zouBk toswkB ;zpzXK dk nzsopzXB j?. ;wkfie ;zouBk dh gfoo~fynk T[j b'e eod/ jB i';wkfie ;zpzXK ftu ;fjGkrh j[zd/ jB. ;wkfie gfotosD dk gfotosD ;wkfie ;zouBk ftu j'J/gfotosD s'A j?. nkX[fBe ;wki ftu ;wkfie gfotosD d/ T[dkjoD ftu ;wkfie ehwsK, ;z;EktK,;zgsh^;zpzXK, nkofEe XzfdnK, ekofwe ns/ G{fwek ftsoD ftu gfotosDK Bz{ T[Xqs ehsk ik ;edk j?.;wkfie gfotosD ;w/A, ;EkB ns/ ;zdoG d/ nkXko T[s/ ;d?g ;kg/fye j?. fJBQK fszB s~sK d/ nkXko T[s/gfotosD d/ gqfswkBK dh s[bBk ehsh ik ;edh j?. ;wkfie gfotosD dk gqsho'X nkw r~b j?, feT[AfegfotosB d/ ekoD gqufbs ;wkfie ftnt;sk ns/ ;zpzXK ftu ftxB g?Adk j?. ;wkfie gfotosD dhgqfeqnktK dk fiBQK b'eK T[s/ gqshe{b gqGkt g?Adk j?, T[j ftP/Psk gqsho'X eod/ jB.

;wkfie gfotosD d/ nfXn?B d/ pko/ ftu fezr;b/ v/ft; B/ nB/e gqPBK dk T[b/y ehsk j?. ;wkfiegfotosD dh eh fdPk j?< ;wkife gfotosD dh do eh j?< ;wkfie gfotosD d/ ;q's ns/ ekoD ehjB< eh ;wkfie gfotosD fJ~Ss fdPk ftu fBnzfsqs ehsk ik ;edk j?<

;wki Bkb ;zpzfXs ;ko/ Pk;soh f;XKsK ftu ;wkfie gfotsD d/ pko/ ftu fJBQK gqPBK T[s/ gqekP gkfJnkfrnk j?. shNo n?bH poio ns/ phH poio d/ nB[;ko, ;wkfie gfotosD dk nB[Gt ;wki Pk;so ftP/d/ ;ko Gkr ftu gkfJnk iKdk j?. ;wki Pk;so dk ftek; gqbnzekoh ;wkfie gfotosD d/ p"fXegqfsT[Zso d/ o{g ftu j'fJnk. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, cqK;h;h eqKsh, nw/foek ftu rqfj :[~X, fpqN/B ftuT[fd:'fre eqKsh ns/ Gkos ftu ;[szsosk ;zrqkw ;wki d/ s/i gfotosDK d/ T[dkjoD jB.

12H2 ;z;feqsheoD ns/ g~SwheoD 12H2 ;z;feqsheoD ns/ g~SwheoD 12H2 ;z;feqsheoD ns/ g~SwheoD 12H2 ;z;feqsheoD ns/ g~SwheoD 12H2 ;z;feqsheoD ns/ g~SwheoD (Sanskritisation and Westernisation)

‘;z;feqsheoB’ ns/ ‘g~SwheoD’ dh ntXkoDktK 1952 ftu n?wHn?BH ;qh fBtk; d[nkok d~yD Gkos ftue[or b'eK d/ ;wkfie ns/ Xkofwe ihtB d/ ftPb/PD ftu ftef;s j' rJh ;h. 20thA Pskpdh d/ w~Xse iksh dk nfXn?B iK sK ‘toD’ d/ nkXko T[s/ j[zdk ;h iK fco tzPkB[eqw ns/ nP[~Xsk ns/ P[~Xsk dhXkoBktk d/ nkXko T[s/ gfo;fEsh d/ noEK ftu j[zdk ;h. ;qhfBtk; B/ iksh^ftnt;Ek dk ftPb/PBT[Xow[yh rshPhbsk (upward mobility) d/ noE ftu ehsk. T[BQK dh wkBsk ;h fe iksh ftnt;EkfJzBh em'o BjhA j? fe fi; ftu jo/e iksh dh ;fEsh ;d?t d/ bJh fJe fijh fBPfus j't/. rshPhbskdh ;zGktBk ;d?t ojh j?. fJe BhthA iksh th fJe d' ghVhnK d/ pknd Pkekjkoh pD e/ ns/ Pokp ns/wkde dqtK d/ ;/tB s'A d{o ofj e/ ;z;soD (hierarchy) ftu T[Zu ;fEsh gqkgs eo ;edh ;h. T[j pqkjwDd/ ohsh fotki, ;z;eko, ns/ ftPtk; ngDkn b?Adh ;h ns/ e[M nkgDh ohshnK Bz{ fiBQK Bz{ T[j ngft~sowzBdh ;h fsnkr fdzdh ;h. fJe BhthA iksh d[nkok pqkjwDK dh ihtB ftXh XkoD eoBk ;zGt gqshs j[zdk;h Gkt/A ;?XKfse fdqPNh s'A fJ;dk fBP/X ;h (1952L42).

ikshnK d[nkok ngDkJ/ rJ/ fe~s/, T[BQK dk ykD^gkD, ns/ T[BQK dh gqEktK s/ ohsh fotkiK s'A jh (iksh);z;soD ftu T[BQK dh gfo;fEsh fBoXkos j[zdh j?. fJ; gqeko nfij/ fe~s/ dk toD fit/A uwVk ewkT[Dk,e;kJh dk ezw eoBk, skVh pDkT[Dk, nkfd iksh Bz{ Bht/A g~Xo s/ oy fdzdk j?. wK; ns/ wSbh nkfd dk;/tB eb[fPs s/ ngft~so eoB tkbk (defiling) wzfBnK iKdk j?. d/tsktK Bz{ cb c{b uVkQT[D dh ng/ePkgP{̂ pbh Bht/A e'Nh dk gqubB wzfBnK iKdk j?. fJ; gqek fJBQK gqEktK Bz{ wzBDtkbh ns/ fJ; gqeko d/ G'iBeoB tkbhnK ikshnK pqkjwDK d/ nkuoD Bz{ XkoD eo ;z;soD ftu T[~u gfo;fEsh gqkgs eo b?Adh j?A.fJj ;wkfie ;zouBk ftu fJe iksh dk T[Xow[yh ;zuoD (upward moving) j?. PqhfBtk; B/ fJ; gqfeqnkBz{ ‘;z;feqsheoD’ fejk j?.

12H2H1 ;z;feqsheoD dh ntXkoDk12H2H1 ;z;feqsheoD dh ntXkoDk12H2H1 ;z;feqsheoD dh ntXkoDk12H2H1 ;z;feqsheoD dh ntXkoDk12H2H1 ;z;feqsheoD dh ntXkoDk;qhfBtk; B/ ;zz;feqsheoD dh gfoGkPk fJ; gqeko dh j?L “fJe nfijh gqfeqnk fi;d/ d[nkok BhthnK ikshKT[Zu ikshnK, ftP/P eo pqkjwDK, d/ ohsh fotkiK, ;z;ekoK, ftPtk;K, ihtB^ftXh, ns/ j'o ;z;feqsebyPDK s/ gqDkbhnK rqfj eodh j?.” tk;st ftu, ;qhfBtk; ;z;feqsheoD dh gfoGkPk dk ;w/A^;w/A T[s/ft;sko eod/ oj/ jB. nkozG ftu T[BQK B/ ;z;feqsheoD d/ pko/ ftu fejk j? fe “fJj rshPhbsk dh T[jgqfeqnk j? fi; ftu BhthA ikshnK Pkekjkoh ns/ BPkgkB fBP/Xh pD e/ fJe d' ghVhnK ftu iksh ;z;soD


B ØN


ftu T[go dh soc nrq;o j[zdh j?.” (1962L42). ;z;feqsheoD dk fJj d{ik ftuko fInkdk ft;fsqs j?feT[Afe ;qhfBtk; B/ gfjbh gfoGkPk ftu G'iB dh nkdsK, ;z;ekoK ns/ Xkofwe gqEktK d/ Beb dh rZbehsh j?. gozs{ pknd ftu T[BQK B/ ftukoK d/ Beb dh th r~b ehsh j?. (fi; ftu eow, Xow, gkg,g[zB s/ w'y nkfd d/ ftuko th Pkwb jB.)

BhthA ikshnK d[nkok T[Zu ikshnK ns/ pqkjwDK dh gqEktK ns/ nkdsK dh Beb dh gqfeqnk ftu id edhBhthA ikshnK d/ b'e e[M nfij/ nkuoDK Bz{ ngDkT[Ad/ jB i' toswkB ftt/eh wkBdzvK d/ nB[;ko n~S/ s/gqekoikswe (functional) ;wM/ iKd/ jB. sd T[j T[BQK fotkiK$gqEktK Bz{ wkBsk Bk wzB e/ T[BQK d/ ;EkBs/ pqkjwDK d/ T[BQK ehwsK ns/ ftukoK Bz{ rqfjD eod/ jB i' fe toswkB gZXo d/ nB[;ko ngwkBiBe(degrading) ns/ ftekoikswe (dysfunctinoal) ;wM/ iKd/ jB. ;qhfBtk; B/ w?;{o d/ nkgD/ nfXn?Bs'A e[M T[dkjoD fds/ jB. BhthA ikshnK fJ;sqhnK d/ gqsh nfGftqshnK, ns/ ftnkj, :"B, nkfd wkwfbnKftu T[dko jz[dh j?. T[j sbke, ftXtk^ftnkj ns/ :"B ftef;s d/ pknd ftnkj dh nkfrnk fdzdh j?.fezs{ pqkjwD :"B ftef;s s'A gfjbK (pre-puberty) ftnkj Bz{ ftT[jko ftu fbnkT[Ad/ jB, ftnkj Bz{nkftfSzB (indissoluble) wzBd/ jB, ftXtk g[Bo ftnkj Bz{ o'ed/ jB. T[j ftXtk Bz{ nkG{PB s/ ;kifPqzrko s/ nZu/ t;so gfjBD s'A o'ed/ jB ns/ f;o w[zvtkT[D dh f;ckfoP eod/ jB. T[j d[bjD ftuez[tkokgB (virginity), gsBhnK ftu ;[fusk$ftP[~Xsk (chastity), ns/ ftXtktK ftu ;ziw ns/ nkswfBnzsoD d/ g~yXo jB. gozs{ BhthA iksh fit/A^fit/A ;z;soD ftu T[mdh j? ns/ fJ;d/ sohe/ fInkdk;z;feqshfeqs j[zd/ iKd/ jB, fJj :"B ns/ ftnkj ftP/ T[s/ pqkjwDK d/ nkuoD rqfj eoB brdhnK jB.;z;feqsheoD dk Bshik fJ;sqhnk d/ gqsh em'osk dk ftT[jko j[zdk j?. n:[esh;zrs (irational) nkuoDngDkT[D dk fJe j'o T[dkjoD fJj j? fe fJe pqkjwD ns/ T[Zu iksh fjzd{ gsBh Bz{ nkfdPN (enjoined)

ehsk iKdk j? fe T[j nkgD/ gsh Bz{ d/tsk wzB/. gsBh s'A ng/ePk ehsh iKdh j? fe ftnkj nkgD/ gshd/ G'iB eoB d/ pknd G'iB eo/, nkgD/ gsh dh bzph T[wo d/ bJh nB/e tos XkoD eo/, g[~so gqkgshBz{ Xkofwe io{os wzB/ nkfd. ;z;feqsheoD ftu BhthA ikshnK d[nkok fJBQK ftPtk;K ns/ nkuoD$ohshnKBz{ ngDkT[Dk nkT[Adk j?. ;' fJj T[dkjoD fJzrs eod/ jB fe ;z;feqsheoD f;oc T[Zu ikshnK, ftP/PeopqkjwDK dh gqEktK, ohshnK, nkdsK ehwsK dk nzBk s/ nftt/eh Beb eoBk j?.

eh fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe n;z;feqsheoD (de-sanskritization) dh gqfeqnk th ;zGt j?< ;qhfBtk; dkwzBDk j? fe “fJj nebgBh BjhA j/ fe Beb eoB tkbh ikshnK dk n;z;feqsheoD th edhêdh j' ;edkj?.”

12H2H2 ;z;feqsheoD dh pqkjwDheoD12H2H2 ;z;feqsheoD dh pqkjwDheoD12H2H2 ;z;feqsheoD dh pqkjwDheoD12H2H2 ;z;feqsheoD dh pqkjwDheoD12H2H2 ;z;feqsheoD dh pqkjwDheoD;qhfBtk; B/ ‘;z;feqsheoD’ Ppd Bz{ ‘pqkjwDheoD’ s'A fInkdk gqkEfwesk fdsh j?. T[BQK B/ fJ;d/ e[M ekoDfds/ jBL (1) ;z;feqsheoD Ppd ft;fsqs jB, idfe pqkjwDheoD Ppd ;zehoD s/ ;hws jB. tk;stftu pqkjwDheoD ;z;feqsheoD dh ftnkge gqfeqnk ftu Pkwb jB. T[dkjoD bJh, t?fde ekb ftupqkjwD ;'w o; dk gkB eod/ ;B, wK; yKd/ ;B ns/ gP{ pbh uVkT[Ad/ ;B. gozs{ T[BQK B/ fJj nkuoDT[Zso t?fde ekb ftu fsnkr fdsk, PkfJd nfijk T[BQK B/ i?B ns/ p"X Xow d/ gqGkt ftu nk e/ ehsk.nZi fInkdkso pqkjwD Pkekjko ns/ BPk fBP/Xh jBl e/tb ePwhoh, pzrkbh ns/ ;ko;ts pqkjwDwK;kjkoh (non-vegetarian) G'iB eod/ jB. i/eo ‘pqkjwDheoD’ Ppd dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j? sK fJjd~;D dh io{os th g?Adh j? fe fejV/ pqkjwD d/ ftP/ ftu fejk ik fojk j?. (2) ;zdoG ;w{j iK ;z;feqsheoD

;K;feqse fJe nfijh gqfeqnk j? fi; d/ d[nkok BhthA iksh, iBiksh iK j' ;w{j nkgDhgqEktK, eoweKvK (rituals), ftukoXkoktK (ideology) ns/ ihtB^ftXh (way of life)Bz{ pdb e/ dfti iksh (twice-born caste) dh fdPk ftu nrq;o j[zdh j?.

B'N;


B ØN


d/ J/izN ;d?t jh pqkjwD BjhA j[zd/ jB. tk;st ftu pqkjwDK B/ jh, fiBQK B/ fBnwK dh x'PDk dk nfXeko;"Afgnk frnk ;h, d{ih iksh d/ w?ApoK Bz{ pqkjwDK d/ ohsh^fotkiK ns/ ;z;ekoK Bz{ wzBD dk fBP/X ehsk;h. gozs{ fJ; gqeko d/ fBP/XK B/ BhthA ikshnK Bz{ nkgD/ ohsh^fotkiK d/ ;z;feqsheoD Bz{ wzBD dkfBP/X ehsk ;h. gozs{ fJ; gqeko d/ fBP/XK B/ BhthA ikshnK Bz{ nkgD/ ohsh^fotkiK d/ ;z;feqsheoD s'ABjhA o'fenk. ;qhfBtk; B/ w?;{o dh BhthA ikshnK dk T[dkjoD fdsk j? fiBQK B/ fbrkfJsK (i' pqkjwD BjhAjB gozs{ dktk eod/ jB fe T[j pqkjwD pokpo jB) dh ihtB P?bh ngDk bJh j?. d~yD Gkos d/ b[jkonkg Bz{ ftPteowk pqkjwD efjzd/ jB, iB/T{ XkoD eod/ jB, ns/ T[BQK B/ nkgD/ ;z;ekoK dk ;z;feqsheoDth eo fbnk j?. fco th T[BQK ftu'A e[M j[D th wK; yKd/ jB ns/ Pokp dk ;/tB eod/ jB fi;d/ ekoDpj[shnK ikshnK fJ~E'A se fe nS{s ikshnK th T[BQK d/ jZEK dk gkDh se BjhA ghAdhnK jB. fJ; gqekofeT[Afe BhthA ikshnK B/ d/P d/ ftfGzB y/soK ftu y/soh, t?PK ns/ i~NK dh Beb ehsh, fJ; bJh‘pqkjwDheoD’ Ppd Bz{ ;K;feqse s/ ;wkfie rshPhbsk dh gqfeqnk dh ftnkfynk eoB d/ bJh T[g:[esBjhA ;wfMnk frnk.

12H2H3 ;z;feqsheoD dh ftP/PsktK12H2H3 ;z;feqsheoD dh ftP/PsktK12H2H3 ;z;feqsheoD dh ftP/PsktK12H2H3 ;z;feqsheoD dh ftP/PsktK12H2H3 ;z;feqsheoD dh ftP/PsktK;z;feqsheoD dh gqfeqnk ftu e[M s~E T[b/yDh j?L

1H ;z;feqsheoD dh ntXkoDk Bz{ nkofEe ns/ okiBhfse gqG[st Bkb i'V fdsk frnk j? noEks ;EkBegqpb iksh (dominant caste) dh G{fwek Bz{ gfotosD dh ;K;feqse ;zuoD ftu ftP/P wj~stfdsk frnk j?. Gkt/A e[M ;w/A se BhthA ikshnK B/ pqkjwDK dh Beb ehsh. gozs{ ibdh jh ;EkBegqpb iksh dh Beb ehsh ikD brh ns/ T[j iksh r?o^pqkjwD j[zdh ;h.

2H ;z;feqsheoD T[BQK ikshnK ftu edh Bk edh io{o j[zdk ;h fiBQK Bz{ nkofEe s/ okiB?fse Pesh gqkgs;h gozs{ ;z;ekoK dh fdqPNh s'A T[BQK dh ;fEsh T[Zuh BjhA ;h noEks, T[BQK dh okiB?fse s/ nkofEe;fEsh s/ eoweKvh (fitual) ;fEsh ftu pj[s nzso ;h. nfijk fJ; bJh ;h feT[Afe ;z;feqsheoDd/ fpBK T[Zu ;fEsh dk dktk gqGktjhB ;h. iksh^ftnt;Ek ftu ;~sk d/ fszB gqw[Zy e/Ado jBL;z;eko, okiB?fse s/ nkofEe. fJe y/so ftu ;~sk jfEnkDk d{i/ d' y/soK ftu th ;~sk gqkgsh ftuftqXh eo fdzdh j?. gozs{ ;qhfBtk; efjzd/ jB fe n;zrshnK j[zdhnK jh ofjzdhnK jB.

3H nkofEe soZeh ;z;feqsheoD dh io{oh Pos BjhA j? ns/ nfijk th BjhA j? fe nkofEe soZeh d/ Bkb;z;feqsheoD j'Dk io{oh j?. j' ;edk j? fe e'Jh ;w{j (iksh, iBiksh) okiB?fse ;~sk gqkgs eo bJ/ ns/fJ; Bkb T[;dh nkofEe so~eh j't/ ns/ ;z;feqsheoD th j't/. ;qhfBtk; 1985L57) B/ w?;{o d/ fJe fgzvokwg[ok d/ nS{s dk T[dkjoD fdsk j? fiBQK dk pj[s fInkdk ;z;feqsheoD j' frnk j? Gkt/A T[BQK dh nkofEedPk ftu e'Jh gfotosD BjhA j'fJnk. nkofEe ftek;, okiB?fse Pesh gqkgs eoBk, f;fynk,nrtkJh ns/ ;z;soD ftu T[Zu/ T[ZmD dh fJ~Sk, nkfd ;z;feqsheoD d/ ;korofGs sZs jB ns/;z;feqsheoD dk jo gqeoD fJBQK ;ko/ ik e[M s~sK Bz{ gqdofPs eo ;edk j?.

4H ;z;feqsheoD d[joh gqfeqnk (two-way process) j? nfijk BjhA fe BhthA iksh T[Zu iksh s'A e[M ‘gqkgs’jh eodh j?, pbfe T[; Bz{ e[M ‘gqdkB’ th eodh j?. n;hA d/yd/ jK fe g{o/ Gkos d/ fjzd[st d/ t~v/ d/tsktK d/ nbktk pqkjwD e[M ;EkBe d/tsktK dh th g{ik eod/ jB i' wjkwkoh s'A o~fynk eod/ jB ns/gP{XB, pZfunK d/ ihtB s/ nzB nkfd Bz{ th ;zofynD fdzd/ jB. nfij/ gqekoK dh th ikDekoh j? fes/^fes/ pqkjwD nkgD/ fe;/ r?o pqkjwD fwZso d/ wkfXnw Bkb oes pbh th fdzdk j? (;qhfBtk; 1985L60).Gkt/A ;EkBe ;z;feqshnK ‘d/D’ dh ng/ePk ‘b?Adh’ j? fco th ;z;feqse fjzd[st B/ ;EkBe ns/ b'e s~sKBz{ nksw;ks (absorb) eo fbnk j?. nksw;ks eoB dh gqfeqnk fJ; gqeko j[zdh j?. fe b'e gozgoktKns/ t~vhnK gozgoktK d/ ftu fBozsosk (continuity) pDh ofjzdh j?.

5H rshPhbsk dh fJekJh ;w{j j[zdk j? Bk fe ftnesh iK gfotko.

6H fpqfNP Pk;B B/ ;z;feqsheoD dh gqfeqnk Bz{ g's;kjB fdsk id fe okiBhse ;[szsosk B/ fJ;gfotosD dh soc tXD tkbhnK gqftosh Bz{ ewI'o pDkfJnk. j[D ;w;so y?shfin (horizontal)rshPhbsk dh ng/ePk T[XtKXo (vertical) rshPhbsk T[; pb fdsk ik fojk j?.


B ØN


7H Gkos ftu ;wkfie gfotosD dh r~b ;z;feqsheoD s/ g~SwheoD d/ ;zdoG ftu eoB dk noE j?,T[;dh ftnkfynk gqw[~ysk ;K;feqse noEK ftu eoBk Bk fe ;zouBk d/ noE ftu. ;qhfBtk; B/ thwzfBnK j? fe ;z;feqsheoD ftu iksh ftnt;Ek d/ nzsors ;fEshJ/ (positional) gfotosD;zouBk ;zpzX gfotosD d/ fpBk jh j[zdk j?.

8H ;z;feqsheoD ftu ;w{j dh T[Zu ;fEsh dh T[gbpXh ibdh BjhA j[zdh. ;w{j B{z nfBPfus ekb sefJzsiko eoBh j[zdh j? ns/ fJ; ntXh ftu T[; Bz{ nkgD/ dkt/ d/ bJh fBozso dpkt pDk e/ oyDkg?Adk j?. fJ; dkt/ Bz{ ;theko eoB dh P[o{nks eoB ftu fJe iK d' ghVh dk ;w/A th br ;edkj?. eJh wkwfbnK ftu iksh dk dktk bzp/ nzsokb d/ pknd th ;thfeqs BjhA j[zdk. eJh tko nfijkth j[zdk j? fe fJj dktk fJe ;w/A iK ;EkB ftu ;co Bk j'J/, go d{i/ ;EkB s/ j'o ;w/A ftu ;fehekoeo fbnk ikt/.

;z;feqsheoD BhthA iksh Bz{ T[Zu gd gqkgsh ;jkfJe Bk th j'D, sd th fJj T[BQK wk; ykD, nP[~X fe~fsnKBz{ pdbD, BPkgkB pzd eoB ns/ e[M ;K;feqse gozgoktK, ftPtk;K s/ d/tsktK Bz{ ngDkT[D s' s/ BjhAo'edk. fJ; gqeko rshPhbsk d/ byP Bz{ gkqgs ehs/ fpBk th ;z;feqsheoD dh gqfeqnk b'efgqn pDh ofj;edh j?.

12H2H4 ;z;feqsheoD d/ gq's;kjB d/ ekoe12H2H4 ;z;feqsheoD d/ gq's;kjB d/ ekoe12H2H4 ;z;feqsheoD d/ gq's;kjB d/ ekoe12H2H4 ;z;feqsheoD d/ gq's;kjB d/ ekoe12H2H4 ;z;feqsheoD d/ gq's;kjB d/ ekoe;z;feqsheoD B{z ;zGt pDkT[D tkb/ ekoe jBl T[fd:'rheoD, ftnt;kfJe rshPhbsk, ftef;s ;zukoftnt;Ek, ;kyosk dk gq;ko ns/ g~Swh g'qfd:'freh. fJ; ftu j?okBh Bjh fe ;z;feqs Xkofwe ftukoKdk fpqfNP ekb ftu j'fJnk. ;zuko ;kXBK d/ ftek; d/ Bkb ;z;fesheoD T[BQK y/soK ftu ubk frnk i'gfjbK nrzw (inaccessible) ;B ns/ ;kyosk d/ ft;sko B/ fJ; gqfeqnk Bz{ iksh ;z;soD ftu BhthAikshnK se Bz{ nkGk; eok fdsk. ;qhfBtk; B/ fJe ftfPPN ekoe dk T[b/y ehsk j?. fi; B/ BhthA ikshnKftu ;z;feqsheoD Bz{ c?bkT[D ftu ;jkfJsk ehsh j?. fJj (ekoe) j? eoweKvh (ritual) feqnktK s'A wzsoT[ukoB dh nb~rsk fi;d/ ekoD pqkjwDK d/ ;z;eko ;ko/ fjzd{nK ikshnK ns/ nS{sK Bz{ th gqkgs j'J/ rJ/. pqkjwDKd[nkok i' r?o^dfti (non twice born) ikshnK T[s/ gqshpzX brkJ/ rJ/ ;B, T[BQK B/ e/tb t?fde wzsoT[ukoD T[s/ gkpzdh (ban) brkJh ;h. fJ; soQK BhthA iksh d/ b'e th pqkjwDK d/ ;wkfie nkuko ftukoBz{ ;obsk Bkb ngDk ;e/. fJ; Bkb ;z;feqsheoD j'o th ftT[jkoe pD frnk. ;qhfBtk; d/ nB[;ko ;z;dhgqikszso dh okiBhfse ;z;Ek B/ th ;z;feqsheoD dh ftqXh Bz{ tkXk fdsk j?. (1985L49).

12H2H5 g~SwheoD dh ntXkoDk12H2H5 g~SwheoD dh ntXkoDk12H2H5 g~SwheoD dh ntXkoDk12H2H5 g~SwheoD dh ntXkoDk12H2H5 g~SwheoD dh ntXkoDkfJ; ntXkoDK dk ;zdoG r?o^g~Swh ;wki dh gq'fd:'freh ;z;EktK ftukoXkoktK s/ ehwsK ftu gfotosDs'A j? i' bzp/ ;w/A se g~Swh ;wki d/ ;K;feqse ;zgoeK dk cb j?. Gkosh ;wki dk T[dkjoD fdzd/ j'J/seBheh gfotosD, f;fynk ;z;EkBtK dh ;EkgBk, okPNohnsk dk T[d/, ns/ fJe BthA okiBhfse;z;feqsh nkfd dk g~SwheoD Gkos ftu d' ;" ;kbK d/ fpqfNP Pk;B dk jh gqshcb fejk ik ;edk j?.

g~SwheoD d/ gqw[Zy byPD fJ; gqeko jBL (1) seBheheoD ns/ :[eshtkd (rationalism) T[s/ pb (2)fJ; (g~SwheoD) gqfenk T[s/ ;z;feqsheoD dk gqshe{b gqGkt BjhA j? pbfe e[M ;hwk se fJj fJ;Bz{g'qs;kfjs eodh j?. ;qhftk; B/ gfjbK fejk ;h fe ;z;feqsheoD g~SwheoD dh G{fwek j?. gozs{ pknd ftuT[BQK B/ nkgDk fJj ftuko pdfbnk ns/ fejk fe fJj io{oh BjhA fe g~SwheoD d/ g{ot ;z;feqsheoDnkJ/. gozs{ d'tK gqfeqnktK fJe d{i/ Bkb i[VhnK j'JhnK jB. Je Bz{ d{i/ d/ fpBk ;wMDk ;zGt BjhA j?.j?o'bv r{bv (harold gould) B/ th fejk fe pqkjwDK ns/ j'o T[Zu ikshnK d/ bJh ;z;feqsheoD ;z;feqsj' ojh BhthA ikshnK s'A d{oh pDk e/ oyD dk fJe :sB j?. fJ; gqeko fJe noE ftu pqkjwD Bht/A ;w{jKs'A d{o G~i oj/ jB i' T[BQK Bz{ cVD dk :sB eo oj/ jB.

Gkos ftu g~SwheoD dk ;o{g ns/ rsh nb~r^nb~r y/soK ftu ns/ iB;zfynk d/ eJh GkrK ftu nb~r^nb~rgkJh rJh j?. T[dkjoD bJh, iB;zfynk dk fJe ;w{j nkgD/ t;soK, G'iB, ftT[jko, GkPk, y/vê{d ns/ S'N/fpibh wPhBK d/ T[g:'r ftu g~Swhfeqs j' frnk, id fe d{i/ ;w{j B/ g~SwheoD d/ pkjoh gqGktK s'A nS{s/ofj e/ th g~Swh d/ ftfrnkB, frnkB, ;kfj~s nkfd Bz{ nksw;ks ehsk. fit/A pqkjwDK B/ t/P G{Pk ns/ pkjoh


B ØN


o{g (u'Nh jNk e/ tkb eNtkT[D/) ;theko eoe/, nkgD/ p~funK Bz{ g~Swh ;e{bK ftu G/i e/, ;[y^;j{bsk dkT[g:'r eoe/ g~SwheoD Bz{ ;theko ehsk gozs{ T[BQK B/ G'iB, fB~s fPeko eoBK ns/ nP[~Xsk s'A w[esh, nkfdeBz{ ;theko BjhA ehsk. gozs{ fJj nzso e/tb ;kg/fye o{g ftu pb d/D dk j?/. fJj ;gPN nzso BjhA j?.

;qhfBtk; B/ ‘g~SwheoD’ Ppd Bz{ ‘nkX[fBeheoD’ Ppd dh ng/ePk n~Sk wzfBnk iKdk j?. id fe v/fBnbboBo, j?o'bv rbv, fwbNB f;zro ns/ :'r/Ado f;zx B/ ‘nkX[fBeheoD’ Ppd Bz{ T[fus wzfBnk j? T[j‘nkX[fBeheoD’ Bz{ ftneshgoe ns/ g~SwhekoD Bz{ t;s{goe wzBsk j? (;/whBko, 88, 1986L2).nkX[fBeheoD ftu sEkefEs ‘byfPnK dh soe ;zrssk’ (rationality of Goals) Bz{ fBPfus BjhAwzfBnk ik ;edk feT[Afe wkBt byP ehws tohnsktK (preferences) T[s/ nkXkos jB. ;' soe ;zrssk(rationality) B{z ;wkfie feqnk d/ byPK (ends) d/ nkXko T[Zs/ go Bk wzB e/ e/tb ;kXBK (means)d/ nkXko T[s/ g[otkB[wkfBs (pedict) ehsk ik ;edk j?.

12H2H6 ftdtkBK d[nkok ntXkoDktK dk ;woED12H2H6 ftdtkBK d[nkok ntXkoDktK dk ;woED12H2H6 ftdtkBK d[nkok ntXkoDktK dk ;woED12H2H6 ftdtkBK d[nkok ntXkoDktK dk ;woED12H2H6 ftdtkBK d[nkok ntXkoDktK dk ;woEDpBoBkov e'jB (Bernard Cohn) ns/ fwbNB f;zro (Milton Singer) tor/ ftdtkBK B/ ;z;feqsheoDdh ntXkoDk dk nkB[Gkfte (Empirical) nfXn?BK d/ nkXko T[s/ T[;dh t?Xsk (Validity) dk ;woEDehsk j?. e'jB B/ 1950 d/ dPe ftu g{oth T[Zso gqd/P d/ fJe fgzv dk nfXn?B ehsk ;h. fJ; fgzv ftud' ikshnK gqw[~y ;B — gqpb iksh mke[o ns/ tZvh ;zfynk ftu nS{s iksh d/ uwko. G{whjhB uwkoKB/ sK ;EkBe ;e{bK ftu f;fynk b? bJh ns/ nkwdB ftu tkXk eoe/ mke[o iwhAdkoK d/ ftnkj ns/ iBwd/ ;w/A d/ ;z;ekoK Bz{ XkoD eoe/ ;z;feqsheoD nkozG eo fdsk. d{i/ gk;/ nB/e mke[o i' PfjoK ftu gqtoiB(Migrate) eoe/ T[fd:'fre wid{o, eboe, iK nfXnkge j' rJ/ ;B, T[BQK B/ nkgD/ Xkofwe fdqPNhe'D,t/PG{Pk s/ nkuko ftT[jko ftu g~SwheoD XkoD eo fbnk. fJ; gqeko id T[Zu ikfs ihtB^P?bh ns/Xkofwe ftPtk;K ftu g~Swhfeqs j' ojh ;h, sd BhthA iksh ;z;feqs j' ojh ;h ns/ ;z;ekoK, ftPtk;Kns/ nkukoK d/ gkozgfoe ;to{g Bz{ XkoD eo ojh ;h.

f;zro B/ wdok; Bro d/ gqw[Zy T[fd:'rgshnK d/ nfXn?Bh d/ nkXko T[s/ T[Zu ns/ BhthnK ikshnK dhihtB P?bh ns/ Xkofwe ftPtk;K ftu gfotosD dh fGzB gqfeqnk gkJh fi; B{z T[BQK B/, ‘ftGkrheoD’(Compartmentalisation) fejk. fJj gqfeqnk ;qhfBtk; d/ ;z;feqsheoD ns/ g~SwheoD dh gqfeqnktK s'AfGzB j? T[BK B/ gkfJnk fe ;K;ekfoe ngft~sosk (Ritual pollution) dk vo dcsoK ns/ c?eNohnK d'tKftu jh x~N j' fojk j?. T[dkjoD bJh c?eNohnK ftu eJh iksh d/ b'e nkg; ftu w[Zy o{g Bkb fwbd/i[bd/ ;B, T[j fJe ib gkB rqfj ftu G'iB b?Ad/ ;B, fJe jh p; ftu :ksok eod/ ;B, s/ okiB?fsegqdoPBK ftu fJe d{i/ d/ Bkb w[es o{g ftu fj~;k b?Ad/ ;B. pqkjwDK ns/ j'o T[Zu ikshnK ftu nfij/fe~s/ ngDk bJ/ ;B i' ‘ngft~so’ ;wM/ iKd/ ;B fitA/ uwVk ewkT[D dk ezw. f;zro B/ fJ; gqfeqnk Bz{‘ftGkrheoD’ fejk j?. T[Zu ikshnK ftu c?eNoh ftu T[BQK dh fwjBs s/ n~S/ fjzd{ d/ coiK d/ ftu e'Jh;zxoP BjhA ;h. d't/A (c?eNoh ns/ xo dh gfo;fEshnK) d/ nb~r^nb~r y/so ;B ns/ T[BQK d/ nkukoftT[jko d/ g~Xo th nbr ;B. T[dkjoD bJh c?eNoh ftu T[j g~Swh t/PG{Pk gkT[Ad/, nzr/qih p'bd/ ns/g~Swh s"o sohe/ ngDkT[Ad/ ;B, gozs{ xo ftu T[j Gkosh t/P XkoD eod/, ;EkBe GkPk p'bd/ ns/ nZS/fjzd{ tork nkuoD eod/ ;B. f;zro B/ fJ;/ Bz{ ‘ftGkrheoD’ fejk j?.

12H2H7 ntXkoDK dh nB[G{sh12H2H7 ntXkoDK dh nB[G{sh12H2H7 ntXkoDK dh nB[G{sh12H2H7 ntXkoDK dh nB[G{sh12H2H7 ntXkoDK dh nB[G{sh;z;feqsheoD dh gqfeqnk fJj ;ze/s fdzdh j?L

1H gfotosD dh fJe gqfeqnkl

Gkos d/ ;zftXkB ftu BPk fBP/X, i' fe fJe ;K;feqse ehws j?, tofDs j?.e[M okiK B/ fJ; Bz{ g{oB iK nKfPe o{g s'A bkr{ th ehsh frnk j?.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j'


B ØN


2H T[Xot rshPhbsk, noEks iksh ;z;soD ftu BhthA iksK Bz{ T[go u[~eD dh nkeKPkl3H ;z;soD T[s/ nkxks (attack) ns/ ;z;feqsh dk ;wkB g~Xo pDkT[Dk.

fi~E/ se ;z;soD T[s/ nkxks d/ gqPB j?, Bk e/tb BhthA iksK pbfe iBikshnK ns/ ;z;soD d/ w~Xy/soK dh iksK th T[Zu iksK dh gqEktK, ohsh^fotkiK ns/ ihtB^P?bh Bz{ ngDkT[D dk :sB eodhnK jB.fJ; gqeko pqkjwDK dh ihtB^P?bh ns/ fotki ;ko/ fjzd{nK ftu c?bd/ jB. eh fJ;dk ;z;soD T[s/ jwbkns/ ;z;feqsh dk ;wkBheoD (levelling) fejk ik ;edk j?< j?o'bv r{bv B/ (1961L956) fJ; ;K;feqseBeb eoBk BjhA df;nk j?, pbfe ;wkfie nkofEe tzuB (deprivations) d/ gqsh ftdq'j ns/ u[D"sh dhnfGftnesh fejk j?. e[M ftdtkB wzBd/ jB fe fJj ;z;soD T[s/ jwbk j?, gozs{ fJ; Bz{ ;z;feqsh d/;wkBheoD ftu ;cbsk BjhA fwbh.

fi~E'A se ‘T[Xot rfsPhbsk’ dk ;zpzX j?, :'r/Ado f;zx B/ fJ; Bz{ ;z;feqsheoD dk ‘;zdofGs ftfPPNbyPD’ (contextual specific connotation) fejk j?. fJj fJ; ekoD fe fJj BhthA iks d[nkok T[Zuiksh dh ;K;feqse Beb eoB dh gqfeqnk j?, i' okig{s, ikN, pqkjwD, pBhnk th j' ;edh j?. e[M ;EkBKftu sK iB ikshnK th fjzd{ ikshnK dh gqEktK dh Beb eoB brh j?.

nzs ftu, fi~E'A se e/tb ‘gfotosD dh gqfeqnk’ dk gqPB j?, ;z;feqsheoD Bz{ fJe ‘fJfsjk;e ftfPPN’byPD fejk j?. fJ; noE ftu fJ;dk ;zdoG Gkosh fJfsjk; ftu T[; gqfeqnk s'A j? fi;d/ ekoD fJfsjk;dh ftfGzB ntXhnK ftu nB/e ikshnK dh ;fEsh ftu ns/ T[;d/ (Gkos d/) ;K;feqse ;to{g ftugfotosD nkJ/. fJj ;wkfie gfotosD d/ nKsfoe ;q's dh soc th ;ze/s eodk j?.

12H2H8 ;wkfie gfotosD ;wMD ftu fJBQK ntXkoDktK dh T[g:'frsk12H2H8 ;wkfie gfotosD ;wMD ftu fJBQK ntXkoDktK dh T[g:'frsk12H2H8 ;wkfie gfotosD ;wMD ftu fJBQK ntXkoDktK dh T[g:'frsk12H2H8 ;wkfie gfotosD ;wMD ftu fJBQK ntXkoDktK dh T[g:'frsk12H2H8 ;wkfie gfotosD ;wMD ftu fJBQK ntXkoDktK dh T[g:'frskGkosh ;wki d/ ftPb/PD ftu ;z;feqsheoD dh ntXkoDk Bz{ fJe T[goD d/ o{g ftu fJ;dh T[g:'frsk Bz{ nkg;qhfBtk; B/ pj[s fInkdk ;hws df;nk j? feT[Afe ‘ntXkoDk dh e[M ewhnK fJzfrs eo ;ed/ jKL

1H ;zdoG ;w{j (reference group) ;d?t pqkjwD iksh BjhA j[zdk, go eJh wkwfbnK ftu T[j ;EkBegqpb iksh (okig{s, pDhnk, ikN nfkd) j[zdk j?, fJ; bJh ;z;feqsheoD dk ;zdoG Bk e/tb jo wkvbftu fGzB fwbdk j?. (fit/A pqkjwD wkvb, okig{s wkvb, pDhnk wkvb, nkfd) gozs{ fJe jh wkvbftu nb~r^nbZr y/soK ftu th fGzBsk fwbdh j?. :'r/Ado f;zx d/ nB[;ko fJj (fGzBsk dk byPD);z;feqsheoD d/ ftfGzB ‘;zdofGs ftfPPN’ byPD ftu fto'XkGk; g?dk eodk j?.

2H ;qhfBtk; B/ Pesh (power) s/ gqG[st (dominance) Bz{ ;z;feqsheoD dh gqfeqnk Bkb i'V fdsk j?.fJ; Bkb ;wkfie gfotosD d/ ;z;feqsheoD wkvb ftu ;zouBkskwe fJekJh th Pkwb j' iKdh j?.;qhfBtk; B/ fJ;Bz{ ;gPN BjhA ehsk j?. T[BQK dk efjzdk j? fe nB/e BhthA ikshnK nshs ftu T[Zu;fEshnK se gj[zuhnK jB ns/ iK T[j okieh nkd/P Bkb iK Pesh jVg e/ gqpb ikshnK pD rJhnKjB.

3H ‘;z;feqsheoD’ ns/ ‘g~SwheoD’ dh ntXkoDKtK ;wkfie gfotosD dk ftPb/PD w[~y s"o s/ ;z;feqshd/ ;zdoG ftu eodhnK jB Bk fe ;zouBk d/ ;zdoG ftu. ;z;feqsheoD iksh ftnt;Ek ftu e/tb‘;fEsh gfotosD’ gqrN j? ns/ T[j ;ozuBkswe gfotosD fJzfrs BjhA eodk.

4H ia/Nopor fJ; ftuko d/ jb fe ;qhfBtk; dh d'tK ntXkoDK ‘;~u dh dktk eoB tkbh’ (truth asserting)jB. ;qhfbtk; B/ nkg fejk j? fe ;z;feqsheD fJe nfsnzs w[Peb ns/ ftPwo{gh (heterogeneous)ntXkoDk j?. fJ; Bz{ fJe ntXkoDk d/ o{g ftu ;wMD dh ng/ePk ntXkoDKtK d/ fJe pzvb d/ o{g ftu;wMDk bkGdkfJe j'J/rk. fJj ft;fsqs ;K;feqs gqfeqnk dk e/tb fJe Bkw j?.

5H ;qhfBtk; dk wkvb e/tb Gkos ftu ;wkfie gfotosD Bz{ ;wMkT[Adk j? i' fe iksh ftnt;Ek T[s/nkXkos j?. j'o ;wkiK d/ bJh fJj T[g:'rh BjhA j?.

6H fJj ntXkoDktK ;K;feqse gfotosD d/ fe;/ f;XKs dh ;EkgBk BjhA eodhnK, fJE'A se fe nkwgfoGkPktK th f;XKsjhB jB. I/Nopor dk efjDk j? fe fJj d't/A ntXkoDKtK T[g:[es iKnB[g:[es, gqGktPkbh iK w[ZbjhB sK j' ;edh j?, gozs{ mhe iK rbs edh BjhA j' ;edh.


B ØN


7H jkogo th fJ; ntXkoDk Bz{ fJe gqekokikse ntXkoDk wzBdk j? i' fe gfotosD dh fJfsjk;entXkoDk s'A fpbe[b fGzB j?.

8H :'r/Ado f;zx dh wkBsk j? fe ;z;feqsheoD nshs ns/ toswkB ftu j'J/ Gkos ftu ;K;feqsegfotosD d/ nB/e g~yK dk fttoD BjhA fdzdk, feT[Afe fJj r?o^;K;feqse gozgoktK dh T[g/ePk eodkj? i' fe ;K;feqse gozgoktK dk ;EkBe ;to{g j. w/few w/fonN B/ th Gkos d/ fJe g/Av{ ;w[dkJ/d/ nkgD/ nfXn?B ftu fJjh gkfJnk.

9H d/P d/ e[M fj~f;nK ftu (fit/A gzikp ns/ d/P ftGkiB s'A gfjbK dk f;zX) ikshnK d[nkok i' e[M thBeb ehsk iKdk ;h T[j ;K;feqse gozgoktK BjhA ;B pbfe fJ;bkwh gozgoktK ;B. gzikp ftu f;~yXow T[d/ fjzd{ gozgoktK ns/ ;{chtkd s/ oj~;tkd d/ nzd'bBK d/ ;zPb/PD dk gqshcb j?.

T[go'es ftt/uB fJj gqrN eodk j? fe ;qhfBtk; d/ d[nkok ftef;s ehsh rJh d'tK ntXkoDktK Gkosd/ ;zg{oB gfotosD dk BjhA ;r'A wkso gfotosD dk ;ze/s fdzdh j?.

;t^w[bKeD ;t^w[bKeD ;t^w[bKeD ;t^w[bKeD ;t^w[bKeD (Self Assessment)1H ykbh ;EkBK dh g{osh eo' (1H ykbh ;EkBK dh g{osh eo' (1H ykbh ;EkBK dh g{osh eo' (1H ykbh ;EkBK dh g{osh eo' (1H ykbh ;EkBK dh g{osh eo' (Fill in the blanks)—)—)—)—)—

(i) ;wkfie ;zouBk toswkB ;zpzXK dk HHHHHHHHHHHHHH j?.

(ii) HHHHHHHHHHHHH B/ iksh ftnt;Ek dk ftPb/PD T[Xow[yh rshPhbsk d/ noE ftu ehsk j?.

(iii) HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH Ppd Bz{ ;K;feqse s/ ;wkfie rshPhbsk dh gqfeqnk dh ftnkfynk eoB d/ bJh T[g:[es BjhA ;wfMnk frnk.

(iv) HHHHHHHHHHHHHH dh ntXkoDk Bz{ nkofEe ns/ okiBhse gqG[st Bkb i'V fdsk frnk j?.

(v) rshPhbsk dh fJekJh HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH j[zdh j? Bk fe ftnesh iK gfotko.

(vi) HHHHHHHHHHHH d/ w~X y/soK dh ikshnK th T[Zu ikshnK dh gqEktK ohsh^fotkiK ns/ ihtB P?bh Bz{ ngDkT[D dk :sB eodhnK jB.

(vii) ;qhfBtk; B/ HHHHHHHHHHHHH Bz{ ;z;feqsheoD dh gqfeqnk Bkb i'fVnk j?.

(viii) ;z;feqsheoD iksh ftnt;Ek ftu e/tb HHHHHHHHHHHHH gqrN j? ns/ T[j ;zouBkswe gfotosD fJzfrs BjhA eodk.

12H3 nkX[fBeheoD 12H3 nkX[fBeheoD 12H3 nkX[fBeheoD 12H3 nkX[fBeheoD 12H3 nkX[fBeheoD (Modernisation)

nkX[fBeheoD d/ eJh nk:kw (dimensions) jB. fJ; Bz{ ;wki, ;w{j iK ftnesh d/ g~Xo T[s/ ;wfMnkik ;edk j?. fJ;Bz{ nkofEe nkX[fBeheoD, okiB?fse nkX[fBeheoD, ;wkfie nkX[fBeheoD, seBhehnkX[fBeheoD, ;?fBe nkX[fBeheoD, g[fb; nkX[fBeheoD, f;fynk dk nkX[fBeheoD, gqPk;fBenkX[fBeheoD nkfd d/ o{g ftu th ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?. fJ; gqeko fJ; ntXkoDk dk gq:'r ft;fsqso{g ftu ehsk frnk j?.

noE Pk;soh nkX[fBeheoD Bz{ ;wki ftu gqsh ftnesh T[sgkdB (output) ftu T[b/yBh tkXk fbnkT[DbJh gqkfeqse ;z;kXBK d/ fBnzsqD dh seBhe d/ gq:'r ftu nkT[D tkb/ wkBt :sBK d/ noE ftu;wMd/jB. ;wki Pk;soh fJ;dk ftt/uB ihtB dh r[Dt~sk ftu nkJ/ nzso d/ noE ftu eod/ jB i' fe nkX[fBe;wki dh ftP/Psk j?. T[j Bt/A ezwK Bz{ eoB d/ bJh BthA ;zouBktK Bz{ y'id/ jB iK g[okDh ;zouBktK Bz{Bt/A ezw ;"Agd/ jB. T[j nkX[fBeheoD gqfeqnk d/ ftekoikswe (dysfunctional) BshfinK dk thnfXn?B eod/ jB, fit/A wkBf;e phwkoh, fjz;k, ;wkfie nPKsh s/ n;zs'y, y/sotkd, ns/ iksh ns/ tor;zxoP nkfd. okiBhfse t?frnkBe fit/A^fit/A nkX[fBeheoD j[zdk iKdk j?, okPNo dh ;w~f;nktK ns/;oeko pDkT[D dh soc fXnkB e/Afdqs eod/ jB. T[j fJ; ftP/ ftu th fuzss ofjzd/ jB ;~sk dhfjZ;/dkoh d/ bJh okiBhsh ftu Btnkrzs[eK d/ :sBK d/ gqsh okiB?fse nfGiB fe; gqeko gqshfeqnk eod/jB ns/ ;~sk T[s/ fJekfXeko eoB tkfbnK T[s/ BIo oyDk fe T[j eh eo oj/ jB.


B ØN


Jhi/ANkv d/ nB[;ko nkX[fBeheoD ;wekbhB fdqP dh ;G s'A gqGkth ftP/Psk j?, feT[Afe fInkdkso okPNon~iebQ fJ;dh geV ftu jB. eJh d/PK ftu nkX[fBeheoD dh gqfeqnktK ns/ ftP/PsktK e[M noEK ftunkw ns/ e[M noEK ftu fGzB jB. fJfsjk;e fdqPNh s'A (;wkfie, nkofEe s/ okiB?fse ftt;Ek ftugfotosD dh gqfeqnk d/ o{g ftu) nkX[fBeheoD dk ftek; ftPt d/ ftfGzB y/soK ftu ftfGzB gozgokrs;wkiK dh ftftXsk s'A j'fJnk j?. g~Swh :[o'g ftu ;wkiK dk ftek; ;kwzsh (feual) okiK s'A j'fJnk, g{oth:[o'g ftu fBoze[P okiK d/, nwohek, eBkvk ns/ nk;N/qbhnk ftu T[gBt/Ptkd ns/ nkt;B (immigration)s'A, b/fNB nwfoek ftu T[bgszsoh (origarchic) ftfis T[gfBt/Ptkdh ;wkiK s'A, ikgkB ftu e/Adoh;kwzsh oki s', uhB ftu fBozso ubD tkbh ;wokitkdh ftnt;Ek d/ N~[ND Bk, J/Phnk ns/ ncqhek d/fInkdk so d/PK ftu UgfBt/Pe ;zouBk Bkb, e[M ;wkiK ftu (ftP/Peo J/Phnk) e/Adoh okiszsoh(monarchical) ;wkiK Bkb, ns/ e[M ftu iBiksh ;zouBk ns/ gozgoktK Bkb (;wki dk) ftek; j'fJnk.Jhi/ANkv dk efjDk j? fe fJBQK ;wkiK ftu nkX[fBeheoD dh gqfeqnk d/ eJh nkozfGe fpzd{nK B/ T[BQK d/ftek; eqw d/ ftfPPN pkjoh o{gK ns/ o;s/ ftu nkT[D tkbh ;w~f;nktK B{z gqGkts ehsk j?.

nkX[fBeheoD dh ntXkoDk dh ;zfdrXsk, ns/ gq;ko dk cb fJj j'fJnk j? fe nkX[fBeheoD Bz{ eJh gqekos/ ;to{gK ftu ;wkfie gfotosD s'A gSkfDnk ikD brk j?, fit/A g~SwheoD, T[fd:'rheoD, gaqrsh,ftek; nkfd. fJ;d/ nbktk ftP/P g~yK T[s/ pb fdsk ikDk th nkX[fBeheoD d/ io{oh s~sK ftu'A fojk j?.;' fJj io{oh j? fe ‘nkX[fBeheoD’ Ppd dh gfoGkPk ;{yw o{g ftu ns/ t;s{goe noE ftu ehsh ikt/.

12H3H1 ntXkoDk12H3H1 ntXkoDk12H3H1 ntXkoDk12H3H1 ntXkoDk12H3H1 ntXkoDknkX[fBeheoD e'Jh doPB iK nzd'bB BjhA j?. fi; ftu ;gPN w[~b ftnt;Ek j't/. fJj sK gfotosDdh fJe gqfeqnk j?. nkozG ftu nkX[fBeheoD Ppd dk gq:'r “noEftnt;Ek ftu gfotosD ns/ ;wkfieehwsK ns/ gqEktK T[s/ fJ;d/ gqGkt” d/ ;zdoG ftu ehsk iKdk ;h. fJ;dk toDB nfijh gqfeqnk d/ o{gftu ehsk iKdk ;h fi;B/ ;wki Bz{ gqw[Zy o{g Bkb y/sh gqXkB ;wki s'A gqw[Zy o{g Bkb T[fd:'fre noEftnt;Ek tkb/ ;wki ftu gfotofss eo fd~sk j?. noE ftnt;Ek ftu fJ; gqeko d/ gfotosD d/ Bshi/;to{g ;wki ftu ehwsK, ftPtk;K ns/ wkBdzvK ftu th gfotosD nkT[D brk (r'o/, T[jh L 7). n~iebQnkX[fBeheoD Ppd Bz{ ftqjs noE fdsk iKdk j?. fJ;Bz{ fJe nfijk ;wkfie gfotosD wzfBnk iKdk j?fi; ftu ftfrnk ns/ seBheh (technology) d/ s~s Pkwb j[zd/ jB.

fJ; ftu :[eshg{oDsk (rationality) fBfjs j?. J/bkNk; s/ nB[;ko nkX[fBeheoD fJe nfijh gqfeqnkj? fi;d/ d[nkok ;zpX ;wki d[nkok ;thfeqs ft;fsqs noEK ftu fInkdk uzr/ s/ ;zs'PiBe ihtB d/ nzfswbyP Bz{ gqkgs eoB d/ T[d/P s'A nkX[fBe ftfrnkBe frnkB Bz{ ;wki ftu gj[zukfJnk iKdk j?. fJ;gfoGkPk ftu ‘nkX[fBe ftfrnkBe frnkB’ ftu j/mbhnK r~bK Pkwb jBL (1) gq;skfts ftnkfynktK(suggested explanations) dh gqwkfDesk f;~X eoB d/ bJh gq:'rK dh ;jkfJsk b?Dk, (2) T[BQK fBnwKdh ebgBk eoBk fiBQK Bz{ skofee s/ gq:'rkswe (experimental) nkXko T[s/ ;wMkfJnk ik ;edk j?,i' (ftnkfynk) fe Xkofwe ftuko s/ dkoPfBe ftnkfynk s'A fGzB j't/, (3) s~EK dh ftPt;Bhnsk Bz{fBPfus eoB d/ bJh fBPfus ftXhnK dk gq:'r, (4) ntXkoDktK ns/ fuzBQK dk gq:'r ns/ (5) ;~u d/bJh ;~u dh y'i eoBk.

Jhi/ANkv d/ nB[;ko nkX[fBeheoD ;wkfie ;zrmB d/ ;zouBkswe g~y ns/ ;wkiK d/ ;wkfie iB;zfynkswe,d't/A g~yK dh ftnkfynk eodk j?. ekob fvT{P B/ nkX[fBeheoD d/ fInkdkso ;wkfie iB;zfynkswe g~yKBz{ ;gPN eoB d/ bJh ‘;wkfie rshwkBsk’ (social mobilization) Ppd dk gq:'r ehsk j?. T[BQK B/;wkfie rshPhbsk dh gfoGkPk fJ; gqeko ehsh j?L “nfijh gqfeqnk fi; ftu g[okDh ;wkfie, nkofEens/ wB'ftfrnkBe gqshp~XsktK d/ ;w{jK fwNk fds/ iKd/ jB s/ s'V fds/ iKd/ jB ns/ b'e BthB gqeko;wkihtoD ns/ ftT[jko gqshwkBK d/ bJh fsnko ofjzd/ jB.”

o;N't ns/ tkov dh wkBsk j? fe nkX[fBeheoB ftu w{b gqfenk wkBth wkwfbnK ftu nkX[fBe ftfrnkBdk gq:'r j?. gkJh d/ nB[;ko nkX[fBeheoD ftnesh s/ ;wki d/ nB[;zXkBkswe s/ nftPekoPhbfdqPNhe'D dk ftek; j? i' seBheh ns/ wPhBK d/ gq:'r ftu fBfjs j[zdk j? ns/ i' Bt/A gqeko d/ ;wkfie


B ØN


;zpzXK Bz{ gq/fos eodk j?. NkfJBph tor/ ftdtkBK dk wzBDk j? fe nkX[fBeheoD ns/ g~SwheoD ftu e'Jhnzso BjhA j?. T[j fbyd/ jB fe wkBsk tkb/ ‘nkX[fBe’ Ppd x~N^wkBsk tkb/ Ppd ‘g~Swh’ dk gqsh;EkgBj?. ftfrnkB ns/ iBszso d/ gfou/ d/ bJh ‘gSwh’ d/ ;EkB T[s/ ‘nkX[fBe’ Ppd d/ gq:'r dk T[d/P pkjoh;to{g Bz{ pukT[Dk wkso j?, feT[Afe fJj s~E ftneshnK d/ bJh ;theko eoB :'r BjhA j? fe T[BQK dhnkgDh g?sqe ihtB P?bh T[; toswkB ;fEsh d/ nB[e{b BjhA j? fi; ftu T[j nkgD/ Bz{ gkT[Ad/ jB gozs{nfij/ ftukoK Bz{ g{oD o[g/D nB[fus ns/ g~ygksg{oD df;nk frnk j?.

‘nkX[fBeheoD’ Bz{ ‘T[fd:'rheoD’ s'A th ;zGqfws (confused) BjhA wzBDk j?. T[fd:'rheoD dk ;zzdoGT[BQK gfotosDK s'A j? i' fe T[sgkdB dh ftXhnK, Pesh ukfbs (power driven) wPhBK d/ gqt/P d/cb;to{g nkofEe s/ ;zrmBK ns/ Bshi/ ti'A c?eNoh ftnt;Ek d/ T[d/ s'A j?. fET[vo;B d/ nB[;koT[fd:'rheoD d/ j/mb/ byPD jBL (1) ekohro iK fPbgh d/ xo iK d[ekB ftu j~E T[sgkdB d/ ;EkBT[s/ c?eNoh e/Afdqs wPhBh T[sgkdK dh gqsh;EkgBk (2) gqwkfDefeqs t;s{nK (standardized goods)dk pdb/ ikD tkb/ fj~f;nK (inter-changeable parts) s'A T[sgkdB (3) c?eNoh wid{oK d/ fJe tor dkT[d/ i' wid{oh d/ bJh ezw eod/ jB ns/ i' Bk sK T[sgkdB ehs/ rJ/ wkb ns/ Bk jh T[sgkdB d/ ;kXBd/ wkbe j[zd/ jB. (4) r?o^y/sh XzfdnK ftu br/ b'eK d/ nB[gks ftu tkX/ ns/ (5) n;zy t~v/ BroK dkftek;. T[fd:'rheoD b'eK Bz{ T[j G"fse t;s{nK T[gbpX eokT[Adk j? i' gfjbK edh T[gbpX BjhA ;h.nkX[fBeheoD, d{i/ gk;/, fJe bzph gqfeqnk j?. fi; Bkb fdwkr dk ftfrnkBe fdqPNhe'D g?dk jz[dk j?.

i/w; U e'B/b B/ nkX[fBeheoD dh gqfeqnk d/ ftPb/PD ftu fJ;Bz{ fszB gfjb{nK ftu tzfvnk j?L (1)nftPekokswe (inventive) fdqPNhe'D, noEks ftfrnkBe GktBk fi; Bkb fBozso ftnt;fEs ns/nftPekokswe frnk Bk gqkgs j[zdk j't/, i' fe xNBk d/ ekoD ns/ Bshi/ Bkb ;zpzXs j't/, (2) Bt/AsohfenK ns/ T[geoDK dk nftPeko, noEks T[BQK ftfGzB ftXhnK dh y'i i' nB[;zXkB Bz{ nk;kB pDkJ/, ns/T[BQK BthA wPhBK dk nftPeko i' ihtB d/ Bt/A gqshwkB Bz{ io{oh pDkT[Ad/ j'D. nkX[fBe ftfrnkB d[nkokgaq;s[s ftnkfynk Xkofwe ;z;ekoK Bz{ nBnkt~Pe pDkT[Adh j?, ns/ (3) ;wkfie ;zouBktK dk buhbkgBns/ gSkD dh fBozsosk noEks, ftneshrs ns/ ;wkfie ;zouBkswe d'tK g~XoK T[s fBozso gfotosDBz{ ;thekoD dh fJ~Sk ns/ Bkb jh ftneshrs ns/ ;wkfie gSkD ;[o~fyns oyD dh :'rsk. T[dkjoDd/ bJh, pj[ gsBh gozgokrs ;wki ftu ftnkje ohsh^fotki pi[orK d/ uko'A soc e/Afdqs ;B, fezs{wid{oh gqEk d/ ubB ns/ wid{oK dh rshPhbsk Bkb itkB ghVQh Bz{ nkofEe T[gbpXhnK B/ gsBhnK d/bJh gqsh;go~Xk Bz{ wip{oh eo fdsk.

i/w; U e'B/b d/ nB[;ko gozgokrs ;wki s'A nkX[fBe ;wki ftu i' gfotosD j[zd/ jB, T[j fJ; gqeko jBL

(i) nkofEe ftek; ftu tkXk j[zdk j? ns/ T[j nkswfBoGo j' iKdk j?. (ii) Xzd/ fInkdk ftfPPN ns/ e[Pb (skilled) j' iKd/ jB. (iii) nkozGe Xzd/ ftu br/ b'eK dh ;zfynk xN j' iKdh j?, idfe d{i/ ns/ shi/ XzfdnK ftu br/ b'eK

dh ;zfynk tXdh iKdh j?. (iv) g[okD/ y/sh :zsoK ns/ ftXhnK d/ ;EkB T[s/ Nq?eNoK ns/ o;kfJBe T[otoe dk gq:'r tXdk j?. (v) t;s{ ftfBw: (barter system) d/ ;EkB w[dqk ftnt;Ek b? b?Adh j?.

(vi) T[BQK ;w[dkfJnK d/ ftu i' gfjb/ fJe d{i/ s'A nb~r j[zd/ ;B ns/ ;[szso j[zd/ ;B, nzsfj fBoGosk (inter-dependence) nk iKdh j?.

(vii) BroheoD dh gqfeqnk ftu ftqXh j[zdh j?.

(viii) gqdZs gfo;fEsh nofis gfo;fEsh Bz{ ;EkB fdzdh j?. (ix) ;wkBsk j'bh^j'bh ;z;soD dk ;EkB b?Adh j?. (x) ;tk;E ;[Xko ns/ n~Sh w?vheb d/yGkb d/ ekoD ihtB dh ntXh bzph j[zdh iKdh j?.

(xi) :ksk:ks ns/ ;zuko dh BthB ftXhnK d[nkok G"r'fbe d{ohnK x~N j[zdh iKdh j?. (xii) tzPkB[rs nrtkJh dk ;EkB u'D d[nkok nrtkJh b? b?Adk j?.


B ØN


fJ; ;zpzX ftu ‘gozgok’, gozgoktkd ns/ ‘gozgokrs ;wki’ PpdK Bz{ ;wMDk io{oh j?. ‘gozgok’ Ppddk noE nshs ftu ub/ nk oj/ ftPtk;K ns/ gqEktK s'A j?. ‘gozgoktkd’ wkBf;e fdqPNhe'D (psychicattitude) j? i' gqkuhB ftPtk;K ns/ gqEktK dh ngfotosBh wzB e/ T[BQK Bz{ P'Gk:[es s/ r"otkftzs eodkj?. fJj gfotosD ns/ ftek; d/ ftgohs j?. gozgoktkdh b'e gozgok Bz{ ;EkJh wzBd/ jB. T[BQK dk efjDkj? fe gozgokswe ehwsK ns/ gqEktK Bz{ wzBDk ns/ ;[o~fyns oyDk fJ; bJh io{oh j? feT[Afe nshs ftuT[BQK Bz{ T[g:'rh gkfJnk frnk ;h. ;' T[j T[BQK BthBsktK d/ d[PwD jB i' g[okDh gqEktK dk T[bzxD eodhj?.

n?vtov fPb; (Edward Shils, Tradition and Liberty in Ethics) d/ nB[;ko gozgok iK gozgokgoenfGw[y feqnk (traditional-alistically-oriented action) “gozgokswe wkBdzv dk T[BQK dh gozgokswegqfeqsh d/ gqsh ikro{e ofjzd/ j'J/ ;t/Sk Bkb T[BQK dh fBPu/g{ote nfGg[PNh eoBk (deliberateaffirmation) j?.” gozgokswe wkBdzv gft~so Gkt s'A g[zB o{g ftu T[fds j[zd/ jB. i/eo fJj wkBdzvnshs dh fe;/ gft~so t;s{ Bkb i[V/ j'D sK T[BQK d/ gfotosD dk fInkdk fto'X j'J/rk, ng/ePkfeqs T[BQKwkBdzvK d/ fiBQK nkXko gft~so t;s{ Bkb ;zpzXs Bk j't/.

gozgokswe Yzr ;zg/qfPs (transmitted) wkBdzv fJ; ekoD ;theko ehs/ iKd/ jB feT[Afe (1) T[BQK d/Bk wzBD s/ wkBsk ns/ nB[Pk;s (sanctions) dk gqPB T[mdk j?, (2) fdsh rJh ;fEs ftu T[j fBnwKdh io{os dh g{osh eod/ jB ns/ fJ; gqeko ;wki ftu ;fEoheoD (stabilization) dk ezw eod/ jBl(3) T[BQK ftu gftZso T[Bw[ysk j[zdh j?l (4) T[BQK dk ;zgq/PD nshs Bkb j[zdk fojk j?, ns/ (5) G?n ns/nfrnkBsk d/ ekoD th b'e nshs d/ gqsh PoXktkB ofjzd/ jB ns/ gfotosD dk fto'X eod/ jB.

nkoHn?BH p/bkj (R.N. Bellah, Values and social Change in Modern Japan) d/ nB[;ko gozgokrs;wki dh ftP/PsktK jBL gozgoktK dh gqXkBsk, Bks/dkoh T[s/ nkXkos ;zrmB, gqd~s gfo;fEsh ns/;z;sfos ;wkfie ftnt;Esk. fJ;d/ T[bN ‘nkX[fBe ;wki’ dh ftP/PsktK jBL wPhBh seBhe, okPNohs/ Xow fBog/ysk d/ ftuko ns/ nfsnzs T[Zusk dh ftftXsk g{oD ;zouBktK. n;kB PpdK ftu fJj fejkik ;ed j? fe fi~E/ gozgokrs ;wki ohsh^fotkiK s/ gqEktK Bkb pzfBQnK jz[dk j? ns/ ;z;sfos(Hierarchical), gqd~s gfo;fEsh tkbk, ns/ nB[sgkde (unproduction) j[zdk j?, T[E/ jh nkX[fBe;wkBstkdh (egalitarian), T[gbpX goe (achievement oriented), ns/ T[sgkdB goe (production-oriented) noE ftnt;Ek T[s/ nkXkos j[zdk j?.

gozgokrs ;wki rshjhB j[zdk j?. T[Zu rshPhbsk tkb/ ;wki ftu fi; Bz{ w[es ;wki th fejk iKdk j?,ftnesh wkor ftu nkT[D tkb/ nt;oK ns/ nkgDh :'rsk s/ ;zGktBktK dk bkG T[mkT[Ad/ j'J/ nkgDhgfo;fEsh ftu gfotosD eo ;edk j?. d{ih soc, pzd iK rshjhB ;wki ftu ftnesh iBw s'A fwqs{se fJe jh gfo;fEsh ftu ofjzdk j?. nkX[fBesk s'A ;kvk noE w[es ;wki dh ouBk j? iK BthA ;z;EktKdh ouBk dh ;hwk s', ns/ T[; gfotosD Bz{ ;thekoD s'A j? i' ;z;EktK ftukoK ns/ ;wki dh ;wkfie;zouBk Bkb ;zpX j?. fPbg (shils) dh wkBsk j? fe gozgokrs ;wki fe;/ th noE ftu g{oDskgozgokrs BjhA j[zdk ns/ nkX[fBe ;wki fe;/ th gqeko gozgoktK s'A w[es BjhA j[zdk.

12H3H2 ftP/PsktK12H3H2 ftP/PsktK12H3H2 ftP/PsktK12H3H2 ftP/PsktK12H3H2 ftP/PsktKekob fvT{P B/ nkX[fBesk d/ fJe g~y (noEks ;wkfie iB;zfynkswe iK fi; Bz{ T[j ;wkfie rshPhbskth efjzd/ jB) dk ;zdoG fdzd/ j'J/ fJzfrs ehsk j? fe fJ;d/ e[M ;{ue (indices) fJ; gqeko jBL :zsoKd/ wkfXnw ftu nkX[fBe ihtB d/ gqsh ftr'gB iK nBkftqsh (exposure), PfjoheoD, y/sh XzfdnK ftugfotosD, ;kyosk ns/ gqsh ftnesh nkwdB ftu tkXk.

fJi/ANkv d/ nB[;ko ;wkfie ;zrmB (iK nkX[fBeheoD) d/ ;zouBkswe gZyK d/ w[~y ;{ue (indices) jBLftfPPN G{fwektK (specialized roles) T[Bw[es ftuod tkbh (free floating) j[zdh j? (noEks T[BQK ftugqt/P ftnesh d/ gqd~s byPDK Bkb fBoXkos BjhA j[zdk j?), ns/ XB s/ Pesh iBw d/ nkXko T[s fBPfusBjhA j[zd/. (fit/A fe gozgokrs ;wkiK ftu j[zdk j?). fJj wkofeN torh ;z;EktK Bkb, (nkofEe ihtBftu), wsdkB Bkb, ns/ okiB?fse ihtB ftu gkoNhnK ezwK Bkb ;zpX j[zd/ jB.


B ØN


w{o B/ df;nk j? fe nkX[fBe ;wki d/ ftP/P nkofEe, okiB?fsens/ ;K;feqse byPD j[zd/ jB. nkofEey/so ftu nkX[fBe ;wki d/ byPD j/mb/ jBL (1) nfsnzs T[Zu g~Xoh seBheh dk ftek; i' frnkB d/ftnt;fEs y'i Bkb j[zdk j?, fi;dk nB[;oD gqkEfwe fe~sk (y/sh) ftu x~N ns/ d{i/ (T[fd:'r, tgko)ns/ shi/ (B"eoh) fe~fsnK ftu fInkdk jz[dk j?L (2) nkofEe ftfPPNsktK dh G{fwektK dk ftek;, (3)gqw[Zy pkikoK, fit/A t;s{nK dk pkiko, Pqw pkiko, ns/ w[dqk pkiko d/ y/so s/ ifNbsk dk ftek;.

okiB?fse y/so ftu nkX[fBe ;wki e[M noEK ftu gqiksKfsqe iK x~N s'A x~N iBtkdh (populistic) j?. fJ;d/byPD jBL (1) Pk;eK d/ nkgD/ ;wki s'A pkjo Pesh d/ ;zdoG ftu gkozgfor t?Xsk ftu froktN, (2) Pk;eKdh T[BQK Pkf;sK d/ gqsh fJe gqeko d/ t?ukfoe fizw/tkoh (ideological accountability) dh ;EkgBk i' okiB?fse;~sk d/ tk;sfte XkoDjkoh j[zd/ jB, (3) p"fXe ftfPnK T[s/ nkXkos ftfPPN G{fwektK d/ ftek; d/ bJh ifNb;z;Ekswe ftnt;Ek, (4) ;zuko ;kXBK dk ftek;, (5) BthB ;K;feqse fdqPNhe'D dk ftek; fi; ftu gqrshs/ ;[Xko T[s/ pb, :'rsktK dh nfGftnesh ns/ gq;zBsk T[s/ pb, ftneshtkd dk B?fse ehwsK d/ o{g ftuwzBD T[s/ pb ns/ ftnesh dh e[Pbsk ns/ ;BwkB T[s/ pb fdsk iKdk j?.

ft;fsqs o{g ftu nkX[fBeeoD d/ gqw[Zy byPD fJ; gqeko jBL

• t?frnkfBe Gkt T[Bwkd

• ekoD ns/ soetkd

• XowfBog/ysk

• T[Zu nkeKPktK ns/ T[gbpXh goesk

• ehwsK, wkBdzvK ns/ nfGo{uhnK ftu ;zg{oD gfotosD

• BthB gqekoikswe ;z;EktK dh ouBk

• wkBt ;z;XBk ftu fBt/P

• ftek; goe noE ftnt;Ek

• Bks/dkoh, iksh, Xow iK GkPk goe fjsK dh ng/ePk okPNoh fjs

• w[es ;wki

• rshPhb ftneshst

12H3H4 nkX[fBeheoD d/ gfowkg12H3H4 nkX[fBeheoD d/ gfowkg12H3H4 nkX[fBeheoD d/ gfowkg12H3H4 nkX[fBeheoD d/ gfowkg12H3H4 nkX[fBeheoD d/ gfowkgnkX[fBeheoD d/ gfowkgK d/ ftP/ ftu ftnkfynk eod/ j'J/ o;N't ns/ tkov B/ fJBQK ftu gfotosD d/fJBQK ftP/P g~yK Bz{ Pkwb ehsk j?. (1) noE ftnt;Ek dk T[fd:'rheoD ns/ T[fd:'r, y/sh, d[~X T[fd:'r(dairy farming), nkfd ftu t?frnkBe seBheh xkoD eoe/ T[BQK Bz{ fInkdk s'A fInkdk T[sgkdepDkT[Dk, (2) ftukoK dk Xow fBog/yheoD, (3) G"r'fbe ns/ ;wkfie rshPhbsk ftu T[b/yBh tkXk, (4)seBheh ns/ t?frnkBe fpfynk dk gq;k, (5) gqd~s gfo;fEsh s'A nofis gfo;fEsh ftu gfotosD,(6) G"fse ihtB g~Xo ftu tkXk, (7) noE ftnt;Ek ftu fBoiht Pesh (inanimate energy) dki?fte (animate) Pesh s'A fInkdk T[g:'r, (8) gqkEfwe T[sgkdB y/so dh ng/ePk d{i/ ns/ shi/ T[sgkdy/so ftu fInkdk PqfweK dk ezw eoBk (noEks, y/sh ns/ wSbh ezwK dh ng/ePk fBowkD ns/ B"eoh nkfdfe~fsnK ftu fInkdk Pqfwe. (9) s/i PfjoheoD, (10) T[Zu g~Xoh ;kyosk, (11) gqsh ftnesh T[ZuokPNoh T[sgkdB, (12) iB ;zuko dk fBP[be ft;sko (13) iBw d/ ;w/A T[Zu ihtB ng/ePk (expectency).

12H3H5 nkX[fBeheoD dh g{ot io{osK12H3H5 nkX[fBeheoD dh g{ot io{osK12H3H5 nkX[fBeheoD dh g{ot io{osK12H3H5 nkX[fBeheoD dh g{ot io{osK12H3H5 nkX[fBeheoD dh g{ot io{osKgozgoktkd s' nkX[fBeheoD ftu gfotosD j'D s'A g{ot ;wki ftu nkX[fBeheoD dh e[M g{ot io{osKw"i{d j'Dh ukjhdhnK jBL (1) T[d/P dh ikDekoh ns/ GftZy T[s/ fdqPNh, (2) nkgDh d[BhnK s'A go/ thj'o ;wkiK d/ gqsh ikro[esk, (3) pj[s io{os dk Gkt, (4) ftftX G{fwektK ns/ nt;oK dh T[gbGXsk,(5) nkg b~d/ rJ/ ezwK ns/ pfbdkBK d/ bJh GktBkswe ssgosk, (6) gqshp~X, rshPhb ns/ fBPmktkBnrtkJh dk T[d/.


B ØN


nkX[fBeheoD pj[s ifNb j? feT[Afe fJ; ftu ng/ePkfeqs Bt/A ;EkJh YKu/ dh io{os j[zdh j?, pbfe nfij/YKu/ dh th i' nkg Bz{ fBozso pdbdh dPktK ns/ ;w~f;nktK d/ nB[e{b pDk bt/. fJ;dh ;cbsk ;wkidh nKsfoe gfotosD dh ;woEsk T[s/ fBoGo eodh j?.

fJi/ANkv dh wkBsk j? fe nkX[fBeheoD d/ bJh fJe ;wki d/ fszB ;ozukBkswe byPD j'D/ ukjhd/ jBL(1) (T[Zu g~Xoh) ;zouBkswe nzso, (2) (T[Zu e'Nh dh) ;wkfie rshPhbsk ns/ (3) ng/ePkfeqs e/Adohd/ gqsh gqshfeqnk ftnes eo ;edk j?. fJj jBL

1H n;thekokswe nB[feqnk (n;thekokswe nB[feqnk (n;thekokswe nB[feqnk (n;thekokswe nB[feqnk (n;thekokswe nB[feqnk (Rejective Response)))))—fJe gozgokrs ;wki nkX[fBeheoD Bz{n;theko eo ;edk j? fJj nB/e gqeko Bkb eJh g~XoK T[s j' ;edk j?. PeshPkbh ;w{j,G{;kwzsPkjh, ;oekoh ;tbgszso (oligarchy), wid{o ;zx ns/ XowKX b'e nkgD/ fjs dh ofynkbJh nkX[fBeheoD Bz{ js's;kfjs eo ;ed/ jB. ;wkfie g{otkrqfj (prejudices), gozgokrsihtB d/ e[M ;to{gK, ftPtk;K s/ gqEktK ftu fdqV nk;Ek ns/ ftP/P o{uh e[M b'eK Bz{nkX[fBeheoD dh gqfeqnk Bz{ n;theko eoB ns/ gozgokrs ftnt;Ek Bz{ pDkJ/ oyD d/ bJh wip{oeo ;ed/ jB.

2H ftebg:[es nB[feq ank (ftebg:[es nB[feq ank (ftebg:[es nB[feq ank (ftebg:[es nB[feq ank (ftebg:[es nB[feq ank (Disjunctive Response)))))—gqkuhB ns/ BthB d/ ftu ;zXh(conjunction) nB[feqnk ns/ nkX[fBeheoD ns/ gozgokswesk d/ ftu ;fj^j'Ad (co-existence)sd j[zdk j? id nkX[fBeheoD dh gqfeqnk gozgokrs ihtB Bz{ gqGkts ehs/ fpBk jh fB;gqfj(detached) ftek; d/ o{g ftu ubdk ofjzdk j? fJ; gqeko nkX[fBeheoD ns/ gozgoksweftnt;Ek ftu e'Jh ;zxoP BjhA j[zdk feT[Afe gqkuhB ftnt;Ek Bz{ e'Jh ysok BjhA jz[dk.nkX[fBeheoD d/ byPD gozgokswe ihtB d/ Bkb^Bkb ofjzd/ jB.

4H ;woEe nB[feqnk (;woEe nB[feqnk (;woEe nB[feqnk (;woEe nB[feqnk (;woEe nB[feqnk (Supportive Response)))))—fJ;d/ nzsors BthB s/ nkX[fBe rZbK;theko ehshnK iKdhnK jB feT[Afe T[BQK Bkb gozgokswe ftnt;Ek Bz{ pb fwbdk j?. T[dkjoDbJh, g[fb; iK ;?Bk ftu nkX[fBeheoD dh gqfeqnk dh ekoi :'rsk ns ;?Bk dh Pesh ftu tkXkeodh j?. eJh gozgokswe ;w{j ns/ ;z;EktK gozgokrs fjsK Bz{ ikoh oyD d/ bJh nkX[fBeheoDd[nkok gqd~s nt;oK dk gq:keq eod/ jB ns/ gozgokrs ;fEsh Bz{ fdqVsk Bkb pDk e/ oyd/ jB.nkX[fBeheoD gozgokrs fjsK Bz{ nr/ tXkJ/ oyD bJh ;z;kXB ns/ ;[ftXktK T[gbpX eok ;edkj?.

5H ftxNBekoh nB[feqnk (ftxNBekoh nB[feqnk (ftxNBekoh nB[feqnk (ftxNBekoh nB[feqnk (ftxNBekoh nB[feqnk (Disruptive Response)))))—fJ; nB[feqnk ftu gozgokswe ftnt;EkBz{ eJh fpzd{nK T[s/ ;wk:'iB d[nkok y'ybk pDkfJnk iKdk j? i' fe nkX[fBeheoD d[nkok T[sgzB;fEshnK d/ ekoD ehsk iKdk j?.

;kXkoD s"o s/ fJj gziK nB[feqnktK eJh ;z:'iBK (combinations) d[nkok gozgokrs ftnt;Esk d/ eJhfpzd{nK T[s/ j[zdh ofjzdh j?. nB[feqnktK tohnsk (preferences), o{uhnK (Interests), ns/ ehwsK (values)s'A gqGkts j[zdhnK ofjzdhnK jB.

wkJhBo thBo (Myron Weiner, 1966:8) nB[;ko nkX[fBeheoD Bz{ ;zGt pDkT[D tkb/ gqw[Zy ;kXB(Instruments) fJ; gqeko jBL

1H f;fynk (f;fynk (f;fynk (f;fynk (f;fynk (Education)))))—f;fynk okPNohnsk dk Gkt ikrqs eodh j? ns/ seBheh BthBsktK d/bJh io{oh :'rsk ns/ nfGo{uhnK g?dk eodh j?. n?vtov fPbg B/ th nkX[fBeheoD dh gqfeqnkftu f;fynk dh G{fwek T[s/ pb fdsk j?. gozs{ noB'bv n?AvowB (Arnold Anderson) dhwkBsk j? fe Ugukfoe (formal) f;fynk jh e/tb nfXnkgB e[Pbsk d/ bJh gfonkgs BjhA j?.edhêdh ftPtftfdnkbk g~Xo dh f;fynk ftnoE j' ;edh j?, feT[Afe fJj fvrqhXkohnK dh;zfynk ftu sK tkXk eo fdzdh j?, fezs{ nkX[fBe dePsk ns/ nfGo{uhnK Bkb g{oB b'eK dh ;zfynkftu tkXk BjhA eodh.

2H ;zuko (;zg/qyD) (;zuko (;zg/qyD) (;zuko (;zg/qyD) (;zuko (;zg/qyD) (;zuko (;zg/qyD) (Communication)))))—iB;zuko d/ ;kXBK dk ftek; (N?bhc'B, NhHthH, o/vhUns/ fcbw nkfd) nkX[fBe ftukoK dh gq;kfos eoB dk fJe wj~stg{oD ;kXB j?. e/tb ysok


B ØN


fJj j? fe fJBQK T[s/ ;oekoh fBnzsQD j't/ sK fJj fJe jh gqeko dh ftukoXkok Bz{ gq;kfoseoDr/. gqikszso ftu gq/w nkgD/ ftukoK dh nfGftnesh d/ bJh ;[szso j[zdk j?.

3H okPNohnsk T[s/ nkXkos ftukoXkok (okPNohnsk T[s/ nkXkos ftukoXkok (okPNohnsk T[s/ nkXkos ftukoXkok (okPNohnsk T[s/ nkXkos ftukoXkok (okPNohnsk T[s/ nkXkos ftukoXkok (Ideology based on Nationalism)))))—pj[s (Plural);wki ftu okPNotkdh ftukoXkoktK ;wkfie dokoK (social cleavages) d/ J/eheoD d/ bJh n~Sk;kXB j[zdhnK jB. T[j b'eK d/ ftT[jko gfotosD bJh okiB?fse nfGiB dh th ;jkfJsk eodhnKjB. gozs{ pkJhAvo (Binder) dh wkBsk j? fe nfGiBK dh ftukoXkok nkX[fBe j' ;edh j?, gozs{fJj io{oh BjhA j? fe fJ; Bkb ftek; Bz{ th ;[ftXk gqkgs j't/.

4H efoPkwkJh (uwsekoh) nrtkJh (efoPkwkJh (uwsekoh) nrtkJh (efoPkwkJh (uwsekoh) nrtkJh (efoPkwkJh (uwsekoh) nrtkJh (efoPkwkJh (uwsekoh) nrtkJh (Chairsmatic Leadership)))))—fJe efoPwkJh (uwsekoh)B/sk b'eK Bz{ nkX[fBe ftuko, ftPtk;, ohsh^fotki ns/ ftT[jko ngDkT[D d/ bJh g/qfos eoBftu n~Sh ;fEsh ftu j[zdk j? feT[Afe b'e T[; Bz{ PoXk s/ fBPmk Bkb d/yd/ jB. vo fJjh ofjzdkj? fe nfijk B/sk fes/ okPNoh ftek; d/ ;EkB T[s/ ftneshrs :P d/ bJh nkX[fBe ehwsK ns/nfGo{uhn dk gq:'r Bk eoD br/.

5H ntghVe ;oekoh ;~sk (ntghVe ;oekoh ;~sk (ntghVe ;oekoh ;~sk (ntghVe ;oekoh ;~sk (ntghVe ;oekoh ;~sk (Coercive Government Authority)))))—i/eo ;oekoh ;~sk ewI'o j? sKfJj nkX[fBeheoD dh gqfeqnk d/ T[d/PK Bz{ gqkgs eoB d/ bJh pDh BhshnK Bz{ feqnkftznB(implementation) ftu ;cbsk gqkgs Bk eo ;e/, fezs{ i/eo ;oeko wip{s j? sK fJj b'eK Bz{ ftek;d/ T[d/P s'A ftT[jko ns/ nfGo{uhnK Bz{ ngDkT[D d/ bJh wip{o eo ;edh j? ns/ fJ; d/ bJh ntghVB(coercion) dk ;jkok th b? ;edh j?. gozs{ wkJhBo shBo dk ftuko j? fe fJe skBkPkjh Pk;B dhYkb d/ E~b/ okPNohnsk d/P Bz{ ftek; d/ gk;/ b? ikD d/ ;EkB T[s/ d/P d/ pkjo nkswj~fsnk dk ft;sko;to{g (suicidal expansion) f;~X j' ;edh j?. fJ; ;zdoG ftu p[P gqPk;B (nw/foek ftu) d/okiB?fse nfGiBK dh BhshnK dk T[XoD d/Dk rbs BjhA j't/rk i' fe T[BQK B/ fJoke nkfd d/ bJh pDkJh;h. o{; dh Pq/Pmsk ysw j' ikD d/ pknd nw/foek dh ;oekoh ;~sk B/ nftef;s ns/ ftek;Phb d/PK Bz{ nkX[fBeheoD d/ Bkw T[s/ ghVs eoB dh Bhsh ngDkT[Dh nkozG eo fdsh.

wkBoB thBo (1966L9^10) B/ ;wki d/ nkX[fBeheoD d/ bJh ehwsK, nt;oK ns/ nfGo{uhnKftu gfotosD dh r~b th ejh j?. nB/e noEPk;sohnK B/ th fJ; ftuko dk ;woED ehsk j?.T[BQK B/ T[sgkdB dh gqfeqnk ftu T[BQK ;z;Ekswe o[ektNK d/ gk;/ ;ze/s ehsk j? i' ftfB:'iB(investment) dh do ftu ewh eodhnK jB. fJ; gqeko dh ;z;Ekswe o[ektNK d/ T[dkjoD jBLG{;tkwhst (land tenure) ftnt;Ek i' fe fe;kBK Bz{ tXd/ j'J/ T[sgkdB d/ bkG s'A tzfus eodhj?, nfij/ N?e; i' d/P d/ fJe Gkr s'A d{i/ Gkr ftu t;s{nK dh nkT[D ikD dh rsh x~N eod/jB ns/ B"eoPkjh fBnw.

12H3H6 Gkos ftu g~Sw dk j'o nkX[fBeheoD dk gqGkt12H3H6 Gkos ftu g~Sw dk j'o nkX[fBeheoD dk gqGkt12H3H6 Gkos ftu g~Sw dk j'o nkX[fBeheoD dk gqGkt12H3H6 Gkos ftu g~Sw dk j'o nkX[fBeheoD dk gqGkt12H3H6 Gkos ftu g~Sw dk j'o nkX[fBeheoD dk gqGktnbkNk; d/ nB[;ko Gkos T[s/ g~Swh gqGkt dk gzi uoDK ftu ftt/uB ehsk ik ;edk j?. gfjbk uoDf;ezdo dh fi~s d/ Bkb gqsho'Xh ;zgoe j? i' fe pknd dh PskpdhnK s'A tkfDie s/ tgko Bkb Peshg{oDnkdkB^gqdkB d/ o{g ftu ;dhnK se ubdk fojk. d{ik uoD gzdoQth Pskpdh d/ nzs s'A nkozG j'fJnk idtk;e'fvrkwk ekbheN ftu nkT[D tkb/ ijkiK d/ Bkb 1498 JhH g{ot ftu nkfJnk. e[M jh ;kbK ftug[osrkbhnK B/ r'nk T[s/ nfXeko eo fbsk. gozs{ fJBQK g~Swh b'eK dk gqGkt ng/ePkfeqs x~N fojk. shikuoD nkozG j'fJnk id Jh;N fJzvhnk ezgBh B/ nmkoQth Pskpdh d/ nkozG ftu nkgDk Pk;B nkozG ehskns/ pknd ftu nmkoQthA Pskpdh d/ w~X se fpqfNP ;woki Gkos ftu ;Ekfg j' frnk Gkos ftu g~Swh;z;feqsh d/ ft;kdko dk fJj gfjbk edw ;h. u"ek uod nkozG j'fJnk T[BhAthA Pskpdh d/ nkozG ns/T[fd:'rheoD eqKsh d/ nkrwB s'A. nzrq/iK d[nkok e~u/ wkb d/ o{g ftu nkofEe P'PD s'A nkozG j'fJnk ns/T[d'A s'A jh ;K;feqse ns/ ;wkfie y/soK ftu th g~Swh ;z;feqsh dk tou;t nkozG j'fJnk. gzitK ns/nzfsw uoD nkozG j'fJnk 1947 ftu Gkos dh okiB?fse ;[szsosk d/ Bkb.

;kvh ;wkfie ftnt;Ek ns/ ;kvh ;z;feqs T[s/ gqGkt d/ noE ftu g~Swh ;z;feqsh dh eh Skg gJh j?<fJ; Bz{ ;zy/g ftu fJ; gqeko d~f;nk ik ;edk j?L


B ØN


1H p?Ae ftnt;Ek, b'e gqPk;B, ;?fBe ;zrmB, nkX[fBe dtkJhnK, ekBz{B nkfd torhnK g~Swh;z;EktK Bz{ d/P ftu nkozG ehsk frnk.

2H g~Swh f;fynk B/ T[BQK b'eK d/ fdqPNhe'D Bz{ ft;fsqs ehsk fiBQK B/ nkikdh s/ nfXekoK dh rZb r[o{ehsh. BthB ehwsK, Xow fBog/y s/ fBnK ;zrs GktBk ns/ ftneshtkd, ;wkBsk s/ fBnK d/ftukoK d/ ;wkt/P B/ pV/ wj~st dk ;EkB b? fbnk.

3H t?frnkBe BthBsktK dh ;thfeqsh B/ ihtB g~Xo Bz{ T[uk u[eD dh nkeKPKtK Bz{ T[uk u[fenk ns/b'eK d/ bJh G"fse efbnkD T[gbpX eokfJnk.

4H eJh ;[Xko nzd'bB j'J/. nB/e gozgokrs ftPtk; ns/ ftnoE dh gqEktK fsnkr fdshnKrJhnK, ns/ nB/e Bt/A ftT[jko ;o{g ngDkJ/ rJ/.

5H ;kvh seBheh, y/sh fe~sk ns/ T[fd:'r nkX[fBe ehs/ rJ/ fi; Bkb d/P dk nkofEe ftek; ns/efbnkD j'fJnk.

6H okiB?fse ehwsK d/ ;z;soD dh w[V ouBk ehsh rJh. gaqikszso ;theko eoB d/ pknd ;kohfonkfJsK Gkosh oki ftu Pkwb eo bJh rJhnK ns/ ;kwzsK ns/ iwhAdkoK d/ nfXeko ns/ Peshysw j' rJh.

7H ftnkj, gfotko ns/ iksh torh ;z;EktK ftu ;zouBkswe gfotosD nkJ/ ns/ ;wkfie ns/Xkofwe ihtB ftu Bt/A ;zpzX pBD br/.

8H o/bt/, p; :ksok, vke ;/tk, jtkJh ns/ ;w[zdoh :ksok, g?q;, o/vhU ns/ d{odoPB nkfd ;zukowkfXnwK d/ nkT[D Bkb wkBt ihtB d/ nB/e y/soK ftu gqGkt fgnk j?.

9H okPNoh GktBk ftu tkXk j'Jh j?.

10H wfXnw tor d/ T[d/ B/ ;wki d/ gqw[Zy ehwsK ftu gfotosD eo fdsk j?.

nbkNK; (Alatas) B/ th g~Swh ;z;feqsh d/ gqGkt B{z ;kvh ;z;feqsh ns/ ;wkfie ftnt;Ek ftu uko gqekod/ gfotosDK d/ nkXko T[s/ ;wMkfJnk j?L fBo;Bkswe (eliminative) gfotosD, :'rkswe (addictive)gfotosD ;woED (supportive) gfotosD ns/ ;zPb/Pkswe (synthetic) gfotosD. fBo;BkswegfotosD T[j jB fiBQK Bkb ;K;feqse ftP/PsktK, ftT[jko d/ ;o{g, ehwsK, ftPtk; ns/ ;z;EktK b[gsj' iKdhnK jB. T[dkjoD bJh, n;hA :[ZX ftu gq:'r nkT[D tkb/ P;soK ftu g{oB gfotosD, ;sh gEkdk T[Bw{bB nkfd b? ;ed/ jBk. :'rkswe gfotosDK ftu ihtB d/ ftfGzB gfjb{nK Bkb ;zpzXs BthA;Kfeqse ftP/PsktK, ;z;EktK, ftT[jko ;o{gK ns/ ftPtk;K Bz{ ngDkT[Dk Pkwb jB fJ; gqeko d/ i'V b'eKdh ;z;feqsh ftu gfjbK ftfXwkB BjhA ;B. fjzd{ ;wki ftu ftnkj ftS/d dh ftnt;Ek, fgsk dh ;zgsh ftug[~soh Bz{ fj~;k d/Dk, gzukfJsK ftu u'D gqEk nkd fJ; gqeko d/ gfotosD d/ e[M T[dkjoD jB. ;woEBgfotosD T[j jB i' g~Swh ;zgoe ftu ikD g{ot ;wki ftu ftfXwkB ftPtk;, ehwsK iK ftT[jko ;o{gKBz{ fInkdk wIp{s eod/ jB. fJ;dk fJe wkso T[dkjo j? eoi ftT[jko ftu jz[vh dk gq:'r ;zPb/PkswegfotosD T[j jB i' toswkB ftfdwkB s~sK s'A Bt/A ;o{gK dh ouBk eod/ jB ns/ Bkb jh Bt/A ;o{gKBz{ th ngDkT[Ad/ jB. fJ; dk T[dkjoD T[; gfotko dh ouBk j? i' nktk; dh fdqPNh s'A sK fJekeh j?gozs{ ezw (function) dh fdqPh s'A j[D th ;z:[es j? i' wksk fgsk ns/ ;j'doK d/ gqsh ;wkfie fizw/tkohnKBz{ g{ok eodk j?. dki gqEk dh fBozsosk pDk e/ oyDk, fezs{ dki dh XB okPh b?D d/D T[s/ gqshpzX brkfJnkikDk ns/ p~funK dk wksk fgsk d/ Bkb ihtB ;kEh dh u'D ftu ;fJ;'r eoBk ;zPb/Pkswe gfotosD d/ d'n~S/ T[dkjoB jB.

g~Swh gqGkt d/ ekoD gfotosD dk T[go'es tzv e/tb ftPb/PB d/ T[d/P s'A j?, gozs{ fJe d{i/ s'A T[BQKBz{ nb~r eoBk ;zGt BjhA j?. fJe jh gqeko d/ gfotosD d/ nzdo fJe d{i/ gqeko d/ gfotosDK d/ s~sth d/y ;ed/ jK. T[dkjoD bJh egVk T[fd:'r d/ nkozG eoB ftu ;woEe s~s d/y/ ik ;ed/ jB feT[AfefJj egV/ d/ T[sgkdB Bz{ ;[ftXk gqdkB eodk j?. gozs{ Bkb jh feT[Afe fJ; BKb j~Eeoxk (handloom)T[d:'r Bz{ ;ZN brh j?, sK fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe fJ; ftu nkT[D :'r ns/ fBo;Bkswe gfotosD


B ØN


d/ s~s th ezw eod/ jB. y[bh i/bQ (wall-less prison) dk nkozG th fJe j'o T[dkjoD j? fi; ftu fszBgqeko d/ gfotosD ezw eod/ jB. fJ;/ gqeko f;fynk, ftnt;Ek, p?Afezr ftnt;Ek, ftnkj ftnt;Eknkfd ftu gfotosD jB.

j[D gqw[Zy gqPB j? fe g~Swh d/ ;zgoe d/ pknd Gkos fe~E/ gj[zu frnk j?< eh Gkos B/ gqrsh ehsh j?<eh fJ; B/ b'e efbnkD ftu :'rdkB ehsk j?, eh fJ; gqPB dk fBog/y T[Zso ;zGt j?< eh nfij/ ftPb/PD ftu nkswgoesk (subjectivism) ns/ dkoPfBe g~ygks (philosophical partilality) nB/e;w~f;nktK dk ;kwDQk eoBk fgnk, fit/A nkofEe fgSVkgB, tZvh ;zfynk ftu b'eK dk rohph dh o/yk s'Aj/mK ihtB dk r[ikok eoBk, p/o'irkoh, ihtB d/ ;ko/ y/soK ftu Xow dk gqG[~st, rqkwhD eoI, iksh;zxoP, ;zgodkfJe d[oGktBK, gz{ih dh ewh, seBheh :'rsk tkb/ :'o ezw eoD tkfbnK dh ewh, nkfd.fJBQK ;w~f;nktK dk ;wkXkB th g~Swh gqGkt B/ fdsk j?. gozs{ j'o ftdtkBK dh wkBsk j? fe g~Swh gqGktB/ Gkos Bz{ fJBQK ;w~f;nktK d/ jb ftu e'Jh ;jkfJsk BjhA ehsh. i/eo e[M ;w~f;nktK dk ;wkXkB j'fJnkj? sK eJh d{ih ;w~f;nktK yVhnK j'JhnK jB ns/ Gkos T[BQK g~Sw d/ Bw{B/ T[s/ ;[bMkT[D dk :sB BjhAeo fojk j?. Gkos ;td/Ph Yzr Bkb T[BQK Bz{ ;[bMkT[D dh e'fPP eo fojk j?. d/P dh ;[szso d/ pknd jhT[fd:'fre ftek; ftu tkXk, f;fynk dk ft;sko, g/Av{ ftek;, iB;zfynk T[s/ fBnzsqD nkfd gkfJnk frnkj?. fJ; gqeko g~Swh Pk;B dh w[esh Bkb ns/ Bk fe g~Swh ;zgoe s'A Gkos ftu nkX[fBeheoD ;zGtj'fJnk j?.

tk;sftesk fJj j? fe ihtB d/ e[M y/soK ftu g~Swh gqGkt Bz{ ;theko eoe/ n;hA mhe j' ;ed/ jK. nkX[fBeseBheh, gqkfeqse gqe'gK dk ;kwQDk eoD d/ nkX[fBe T[gkn, d/P Bz{ pkjoh ysfonK s'A ;[o~fynk gqdkB eoBd/ nkX[fBe sohe/, nkfd Gkos d/ fJfsjk; ftu g~Sw d/ nd[~sh :'rdkB d/ o{g ftu frD/ ikDr/. gozs{ GkosfJBQK d/ Bkb^Bkb b'eK d/ T[sEkB d/ bJh nkgDh gozgokrs ;z;EktK, gqEktK ns/ ftPtk;K dk th gq:'r eofojk j?. fJ; gqeko gZSwh gqGkt d/ pknd th ns/ eJh ftnt;EktK d/ nkX[fBeheoD d/ pknd th Gos, Gkosjh oj/rk Gkosh ;z;feqsh nkT[D tkb/ eJh dPeK se ;[o~fyns oj/rh.

12H3H7 Gkos ftu nkX[fBeheoD dh gqfeqnk12H3H7 Gkos ftu nkX[fBeheoD dh gqfeqnk12H3H7 Gkos ftu nkX[fBeheoD dh gqfeqnk12H3H7 Gkos ftu nkX[fBeheoD dh gqfeqnk12H3H7 Gkos ftu nkX[fBeheoD dh gqfeqnkgfjfbnK gzfBnK ftu ehsk frnk ftPb/PD doPkT[Adk j? fe gozgok ns/ nkX[fBesk ftu fJe nN[~N eqwgkfJnk iKdk j? fi; ftu fJe gk;/ gozgok ns/ d{i/ gk;/ nkX[fBeheoD j?. fBozsosk dh fJ; o/yk T[s/fe;/ th ;wki Bz{ fe;/ th fpzd{ T[s/ ofynk ik ;edk j?. fInkdkso ;wki fe;h Bk fe;h gqeko dh ;zeqwDdh ;fEsh ftu ofjzd/ jB.

;[szsosk d/ ;w/A Gkosh ;wki ftu th rfjoh gozgoktK ;B, fezs{ fJj nkX[fBe th j'Dk ukj[zdk ;h. nfij/b'e T[j nfij/ B/sk ;B i' fe gozgokrs ihtB P?bh jh g;zd eod/ ;B, gozs{ d{ih soc j'o nfij/ b'eth ;B i' Gkos dk nkX[fBe T[d/ d/yDk ukj[zd/ ;B fi; ftu nshs dk brkt Bk j't/. gozs{ e[M nfij/th ;B i' gozgok ns/ nkX[fBesk d/ ftu skbw/b d/ g~y ftu ;B. T[BQK dk efjDk ;h fe gozgokrsftnt;Ek fJe ;hwk se nkX[fBeheoD Bz{ ;theko eo ;edh j? s/ ngDk ;edh j?. fJ;/ gqeko fJenkX[fBehfeqs ftnt;Ek fJe fBPfus j~d se jh gozgokrs ftukoK Bz{ ;fjD eo ;edh j?. fJ; gqekoT[j ;fj^j'Ad ukj[zd/ ;B. gozs{ gfjbhnK d' ftukoXkoktK d/ gqshgkseK B/ wzfBnK fe ;fj j'Ad pj[s bzphntXh se BjhA ub ;edk. fJe nfijk fpzd{ io{o nkT[Adk j? idfe gozgok n;jkJ/ j' iKdh j?. nkfyoftu gfotosD dh fejVh gqfeqnk n;hA ngDkJh<

n;hA nkgD/ ;wki Bz{ eJh g~XoK T[s/ nkX[fBe pDkT[D dk fBPu/ ehsk. ihtB d/ fejV/ g~y nkX[fBeheoDd/ bJh u[D/ rJ/ ns/ fe; sohe/ Bkb< ;wkfie g~Xo T[s/ n;hA ;wkfie ;zpzXK Bz{ ;wkBsk ns/ wkBth r"otd/ nkXko T[s/ pDkT[Dk ukj[zd/ ;B. nfij/ ;wkfie ehwsK ukj[zd/ ;B i' ;wkfie rshPhbsk Bz{ ;[fBPfuseoD, iksh fBo:'rsktK Bz{ d{o eoD, fJ;sqhnK dh dPk ftu ;[Xko Bz{, nkfd. nkofEe g~Xo T[s/ n;hAseBheh ftek; ns/ fBnK ftsoD (distributive justice) ukj[zd/ ;B. ;K;feqse g~Xo T[s/ n;hA XowfBog/ysk, soetkd ns/ T[dkotkd ukj[zd/ ;B. okiB?fse g~Xo T[s/ n;hA gqshfBXh ;oeko, iBsKfsqe;z;EktK, T[gbpXh^goe Pesh ;zouBk (achievement oriented power structure), ns/ d/P dh


B ØN


;oeko ftu Gkosh iB dh fInkdk ntkI s/ fj~;/dkoh ukj[zd/ ;B. ;wki Bz{ nkX[fBe pDkJ/ ikD d/ bJhi' wkfXnw u[D/ rJ/ (soetkd ns/ ;?frnkfBe frnkg T[s/ nkXkos) T[j ;BL fB:'iB, f;fynk, (i'nfrnkBsk d/ nzXeko Bz{ d{o eo ;e/), ftXkB, ftd/PK s'A ;jkfJsk, T[dkotkd dh Bhsh ngDkT[Dk, nkfd

fi~E/ se nkX[fBeheoD dh gqfeqnk dk ;zpzX j?. ft;fsqs o{g ftu fejk ik ;edk j? fe r[Dkswe fdqPNhe'Ds'A Gkos ftu nkX[fBeheoD fJBQK gqfeqnktK s'A r[io fojk j?L

nkofEe ;zouBkswe g~Xo T[s/ g[okDh gfotkoe ns/ ;kw[dkfJe T[geoDh noE ftnt;Ek (tooleconomy) d/ ;EkB T[s/ :Kfsqe T[fd:'fre noE ftnt;Ek Bz{ ngDkT[D dh gqftosh tX ojh j?. fJjiiwkBh gqEk torh gozgokrs ftnt;Ek Bz{ s'VD d/ bJh th T[ZsodkJh j?.

okiB?fse ;zouBkswe g~Xo T[s/, Pesh ;zouBk ftu gfotosD fbnkfJnk ik fojk j?. noX ;kwzsh;w{j^goe (group-oriented) Pesh ;zouBk dk T[Bw{bB eo e/ ns/ T[;d/ ;EkB T[s/ iBsKfsqe Pesh;zouBk dh ;EkgBk eo e/ i' fe io{oh o{g Bkb ftnesh^goe (individual-oriented) j[zdh j?.

;K;feqse gZXo T[s/ ehwsK d/ y/so ftu gfotosD gft~so ehws ftnt;Ek s'A Xow fBog/y w[~bftnt;Ek ftu gfotosD d/ d[nkok fbnkfJnk ik fojk j?.

;wkfie ;zouBkswe g~Xo T[s/ nofis gfo;fEsh G{fwek dh ng/ePk gozgokrs gqd~s G{fwek s/ gfo;fEshftu ewh nkJh j?.

:'r/Ado f;zx dk ws j? fe Gkos ftu nkX[fBeheoD dh fJe nB'yh ftP/Psk fJj j? fe gozgokrs ;zouBkftu gfotosD ngDk e/ gfotosD fbnk ik fojk j?, Bk fe ;zouBk ftu ftyzvB d/ d[nkok.

idfe fJj ;~u j? fe gozgokrs ;wki dh fInkdkso ftP/PsktK nkX[fBe ;wki ftu T[g:[es BjhA p?mdh,fco th nkX[fBesk iBsk T[s/ E'gh BjhA ik ;edh. nkX[fBeheoD g/P/ d/ nB[;ko fBod/fPs (professionallydirected) j'Dk ukjhdk j?. gozgokrs ;z;EktK dh ftP/PsktK Bz{ ftek; dh gqfeqnk ftu T[g:[es ;wk:'iBd/ Bkb o'e/ ofynk ik ;edk j?. e'Jh th ;wki sDkn w[es sd jh ofj ;edk j? idfe fJj pzd j't/ ns/rshPhb ;wky Bk j't/. ftek;Phb ;wki sDktn ns/ gqsho'XK d/ nzdo j'D d/ nkXko T[s/ ezw eodk j?.sDkn nkX[fBesk s/ gozgok d/ ftu fBfjs ;zxoPK d/ ekoD pfDnk ofjzdk j?. sDkn fgS'eV dh Xo'joj[zd/ jB i' fe nkofEe ftek; d/ dpkt d/ ekoD pD/ ofjzd/ jB. fInkdkso ftek; dh gqfeqnk ftu e[MsDkt ;[bM iKd/ jB. ;Ekf:st ns/ ;ozfyne dh PeshnK ns/ gfotosD ns/ nkX[fBeheoD dh PeshnKd/ ftu d[jok ;zpzX j[zdk j?. ftek;phb ;wki fJBQK ;w~f;nktK dk ;kwDQk j[fPnkoh Bkb eod/ j?. ;'gfotosD ns/ nkX[fBeheoD dh u[D'shnK dk fit/A, y/sotkd, gqKshnsk, nf;fynk gqtiB (migration),w[dk ;chsh, g{zih dh ewh, o~fynk you ftu ewh d/ T[d/P s'A gV";h okPNoK Bkb skbw/b, okiB?fseGqPNkuko, B"eoPkjh dh ne[Pbsk ns/ ngqfsp~Xsk nkfd dk ;kwBk Xhoig{ote ns/ ftXh g{ote sohe/Bkb soePhb nfG;theoD (adoptive) gqfeqnktK d[nkok eodk j?. gozgokrs ;wki d/ N[~ND Bkbftneshrs ;[szsosk ftu tkXk, ;~sk dk ;wsbheoD, s/ fBoD/ b?D ftu iB ;w{jK dk :'rdkB fInkdkj'D brdk j?. nkX[fBeheoD dh gqfeqnk ftu ;kwkfie, okiB?fse s/ ;K;feqs ftke; dk fB:'ijh b'eK Bz{nkX[fBe ftukoK ns/ wkBdzvK ftu fj~;/dkoh d/ bJh gq/fos eo/rk ns/ wj~tg{oB ;wkife ;w{jK^p[~XhihthnK, okiB?fse nfGiBK, B"eokPkjh ns/ seBheh ftP/PfrnK Bz{ fB:'fis gfotosDK Bz{ ;theko eoBd/ bJh wip{o eo/rk.

12H3H8 nkX[fBeheoD dh ;w~f;nktK12H3H8 nkX[fBeheoD dh ;w~f;nktK12H3H8 nkX[fBeheoD dh ;w~f;nktK12H3H8 nkX[fBeheoD dh ;w~f;nktK12H3H8 nkX[fBeheoD dh ;w~f;nktKnkX[fBeheoD dh e[M ;w~f;nktK j/m fbyhnK jBL

1H nkX[fBeheoD dk gfjbk fto'XkGk; fJj j? fe fJe nkX[fBe ;wki Bz{ s[ozs jo gqeko d/ pdb ikDkukjhdk j?, gozs{ nfij/ fBnfws ns/ ftek; dk ;wBfts ;o{g dk nB[wkfBs fB:'iB BjhA j';edk. ;' fJe gqeko dh ;wkfie jbub g?dk j' jh iKdh j?. T[dkjoD, iB f;fynk ftnt;Ekdh wzr j? fe e[Pb (trained) ftneshnK Bz{ T[BQK dh Nq/fBzr ns/ T[BQK d/ frnkB d/ nB[e{bftnt;kfJe G{fwek ftu brk d/Dk ukjhdk j?. gozs{ ;ko/ f;fyns b'eK Bz{ ezw fdtkT[Dk ;d?t ;zGtBjhA j[zdk j?. fJ; Bkb f;fyns b'eK ftu fBokPk ns/ n;zs'y g?dk j[zdk j?.


B ØN


2H d{ih ;w~f;nk fJj j? fe nkX[fBeheoD dh ntXh ftu ;zouBkswe gfotosD n;wkB j[zdk j?.T[dkjoD bJh, T[fd:'r nkX[fBe pDkJ/ ik ;ed/ jB gozs{ gfotko ftnt;Ek, Xow ftnt;Eknkfd o{Vhtkdh jh pD/ ofjzd/ jB. fJ; gqeko dh fBftoshnK s/ nft~SBsktK ns/ gfotosD d/;o{g, ;Ekfgs ;wkfie ns/ j'o ;zouBktK Bz{ gqGkts eod/ jB ns/ nzsokb (lags) s/ rfsnfto'X(bottlenecks) g?dk eod/ jB. fJ;dk d{ik T[dkjoD j? Gkos ftu t'N gkT[D dk nfXeko 21 s'AxN eoe/ 18 ;kb eo d/Dk. fJj nkX[fBesk ftu gqt/P dk fJe edw j' ;edk j?, fezs{ fJ;B/ fJe;zeN g?dk eo fdsk j? feT[Afe fBotkue ;w{j fJ; nB[wkB T[s/ fBoGo eodk j? fe T[BQK ftuBkrfoesk dh g{oh GktBk j't/rh ns/ BshnK ftu Gkrhdkoh dh :'rsk j't/rh.

3H shih ;wf;nk j? fe ;wkfie s/ nkofEe ;z;EktK dk nkX[fBeheoD gozgokrs ihtB P?bh d/ Bkb;zxoP g?dk eodk j?. T[dkjoD bJh, gfVQnk fbfynk vkeoNo gozgokrs t?dK d/ bJh ysok j'iKd/ jB. fJ;/ gqeko wPhBK d[nkok t;s{nK xo/b{ PqfweK Bz{ o'ih o'Nh s'A tzfus eo fdzdh j?. fJ;/soQK pj[s gozgoktkdh b'e T[BQK b'eK d/ fto'Xh j' iKd/ jB i' nkX[fBesk ;theko eod/ jB.gozgoktkdh ns/ nkX[fBe sohfenK ftu ;zxoP nz;s'y dk ekoD j' iKdk j?.

u"Eh ;w~f;nk fJj j? fe ne;o b'e i' G{fwektK XkoD eod/ jB, T[j nkX[fBe sK j[zdh j?. fezs{ehws gozgokswe o{g ftu ikoh ofjzd/ j. T[dkjoD bJh, w?vh;B ns/ ;oioh ftu Nq/fBzr b?Dd/ pknd th fJe vkeNo nkgD/ wohi Bz{ fJjh efjzdk j?, “w?A fJbki eodk jK, JhPto mhe eodkj?.” fJj doPkT[Adk j? fe T[; Bz{ nkgD/ T[s/ ftPtk; BjhA j? fe T[j phwkoh dk ;jh fBdkB eo;e/ pbfe nkgD/ T[s/ nko'g brkT[D dk pikJ/ T[j T[BQK sohfenK dh fBzdk eodk j? fiBQK ftu T[;dkihtB^w[~b Bz{ ftef;s eoB d/ bJh ;wkiheoD ehsk frnk j?.

5H gzith ;w~f;nk fJj j? fe T[BQK ;kXBk d/ ftu i' nkX[fBe pDkT[Adh j? ns/ T[BQK ;z;EktK s/ftnt;EktK ftu fiBQK Bz{ nkX[fBe j'Dk j? ;fJ;'r dh ewh j?. eJh tko fJ; Bkb ;K;feqseftbzpBk (cultural lag) dh ;fEsh g?dk j' iKdh j? ns/ ;z;Ekswe ;zxoP j[zd/ jB.

6H nzfsw ;w~f;nk fJj j? fe nkX[fBeheoD b'eK dh nkeKPktK Bz{ tXkT[Adk j?, gozs{ ;wkfieftnt;EktK T[BQK Bz{ nkeKPktK dh g{osh d/ bJh nt;o gqdkB eoB ftu n;cb ofjzdhnK jB.fJj e[zmktK tzuBktK ns/ ;wkfie g?dk eodh j?.

12H3H9 ftnesh dk nkX[fBeheoD12H3H9 ftnesh dk nkX[fBeheoD12H3H9 ftnesh dk nkX[fBeheoD12H3H9 ftnesh dk nkX[fBeheoD12H3H9 ftnesh dk nkX[fBeheoDnkX[fBeheoD dk T[d/P ;wki d/ ;ko/ b'eK d/ bJh ;fGn s/ T[fus ihtB g~Xo gqkgs eokT[Dk j?. fJ;ftu nkofEe, ;wkfie, okiB?fse ns/ ;K;feqse ;wM dk ftuko th Pkwb jB. fJ; Bkb fInkdk, fJ;ftu wB[~y d/ ;[Gkn dk g{oD gfotosD tKfSs j?. nfijk gfotosD i' fe n?b/e; fJfeb; d/ nB[;ko;kfXn d/ bJh ;kxB BjhA jB, pbfe ftek; gqfeqnk dk ;kfXn nkg jh j?.

fezs{ ‘nkX[fBe ftnesh’ e"D jB< T[;dh gSkD fe; soQK j't/< nkX[fBe ftnesh T[j j? i' ftuko ns/jwdodh d/ gozgokrs sohe/ fsnkr d/t/, fi; dk fdwkr Bt/A ftukoK Bz{ ;theko eoD d/ bJh y[fbnkj't/, i' ftt/ePhb ns/ Xow fBog/y j't/ ns/ i' ;wkBsk, fBnK s/ ;[szsosk ftu ftPtk; oydk j't/.

nkX[fBe wB[~y dh pkjoh ftP/PsktK dk nKsfoe ftP/PsktK s'A fGzB j'D d/ ;zdoG ftu n?b/ep fJfeb;dh wkBsk j? fe nkX[fBe ftnesh d/ fJe fe;kB d/ o{g ftu ezw eoB dh ;zGktBk xZN j? ns/ T[;d/ d[nkoko'irko bZGD dh ;zGktBk fInkdk j? nfij/ w[Peb T[sgkde fe~sk s/ o'irko Bz{ i' nkX[fBe seBheh s/T[oik d/ gq:'r T[s/ nkXkos j't/ iK fco t~v/ fBih iK ;kotifBe T[geqw Bz{ i' T[; Bz{ ;wki ftu T[u gdns/ gfo;fEsh gqdkB eo ;e/. T[j nfij/ Bro ftu ofjDk fInkdk g;zd eodk j? fiZE/ T[; Bz{ fBeNftu jh ;ko/ ;kXB T[gbpX j' ;e/, fit/A :ksk:ks, pkiko, p~funK d/ ;e{b, w?fveb ns/ vke ;[ftXktKi' T[;dh gj[zu d/ nzdo j't/ ns/ nfij/ xo dk w?Apo j'Dk g;zd eo ;edk j? i' T[;d/ bJh nfGftnesh,gSkD ns/ rshPhbsk d/ nt;o gqdkB eo ;e/. ;zuko ns/ ;zg/qPD d/ bJh fInkdk y[bk j'D d/ ekoD T[j;wkfie ftek; ns/ okiBhsh ftu fInkdk o{uh b ;edk j?. nkgD/ gqkEfwe Bks/dkoK d/ ikb ftu c;/ ofjDdh ng/ePk nftneshrs tksktoD d/ gk;/ fIndk nkeofPs j[zdk j? fi~E/ T[j nfij/ b'eK d/ ;zgoe ftu


B ØN


nkJ/ i' T[;d/ fe~s/ iK j'o ;zeN d/ ;w/A T[;dh ;jkfJsk Bk eoD. fJj ;ko/ r[D Gkt/A ‘nkX[fBe’ BjhA jB,gozs{ fJj wB[~y d/ ihtB y/so d/ Bkb jB i' nkX[fBe wB[~y Bkb NeokT[Ad/ jB. Gkt/A nkX[fBe tksktoDd/ bJh wB[Zy dk ‘y[bk’ j'Dk fBPfus jh gozgokrs wB[Zy ftu gfotosD eoB ftu :'rdkB eo ;edkj?, ns/ fco T[; tksktoD ftu BthB ehwsK, ftT[jko ;o{gK dh T[; Bkb T[g/ePk ehsh ikt/rh, gozs{nkX[fBe ftnesh dh nKsfoe ftP/PsktK T[;d/ ;'uD, ezw eoB ns/ nB[G{sh d/ sohe/ nkfd, T[; Bz{tk;sfte nkX[fBe pDkT[D ftu wj~stg{oD jB. nkX[fBe wB[~y dh nKsfoe ftP/PsktK eh jB< J/be;fJfebw B/ fJBQK ftu'A e[M ftP/PsktK Bz{ fJ; gqeko gSkfDnk j?L (1) nkX[fBe ftnesh Bz{ BthB^nB[GtKd/ bJh fsnko ofjDk ukjhdk j? ns/ BthBsktK ns/ gfotosD d/ bJh y[bk j'Dk ukjhdk j?. (2) T[; ftut~vh ;zfynk ftu nkT[D tkb/ wkwfbnK ftu ns/ ;w~f;nktK d/ ftP/ ftu nkgDh XkoDk pDkT[D dh gqftoshj'Dh ukjhdh j? i' T[;d/ nzdo{Bh s/ pkjoh gfonktoD ftu T[d/ j[zdh j't/. fJ;d/ T[bN fJe gozgokrsftnesh nkgD/ uko'A soc d/ ftfPnK ftu e'Jh o{uh BjhA b?Dk i' T[;d/ xo ofjzd/ jB ns/ gqGkts th eod/jB. (3) fJe nkX[fBe ftnesh nshs dh ng/ePk toswkB ns/ Gft~y dh soc fInkdk T[Bw[y j[zdk j?.T[j nkgD/ wkwfbnK d/ ;zrmB ftu fInkdk ftnt;fEs ns/ fBnfws j[zdk j?. (4) fJe nkX[fBe ftneshfInkdk fB:'iB T[Bw[y j[zdk j? n/s ihtB dk ;kwQDk eoB d/ bJh fJe ;kXB d/ o{g ftu fJ; ftu ftPtk;oydk j?. (5) fJe nkX[fBe ftnesh gqGktekoh esh ftu ftPtk; eodk j? ns/ f;~yD d/ bJh fsnkoofjzdk j? sKfe gfonktoD s'A gqGkts j'D dh ng/ePk T[j gfonktoD T[s/ nfXeko eo/ ns/ nkgD/T[d/PK ns/ byPK dh soc n~r/ j' ;e/. (6) nkX[fBe ftnesh wjkB r[De (calculator) j[zdk j? ns/ wB[~yd/ fBnzsoD d/ nzdo soe ;zrs ns/ fBnwkB[e{b pubkT[D tkb/ ftPt ftu ftPtk; eodk j?. (7) nkX[fBeftnesh d{finK d/ gqsh nkgD/ ftT[jko ftu fInkdk ;BwkB ns/ gqshPmk dk gqdoPB eodk j?. (8) fJenkX[fBe ftnesh Bz{ ftfrnk s/ seBheh ftu nfXe nk;Ek j[zdh j?. (9) fJe nkX[fBe ftnesh iBszsos/ fBnK dk ;wkB ftsoD d/ gqsh nfXe nk;EktkB j[zdk j?.

nkX[fBe ftnesh dh ftP//PsktK dh fJ; ;{uh Bz{ tXkfJnk ik ;edk ;h, fezs{ T[j fJ; ftuko B{z ;wMDd/ bJh ekch j? fe nkX[feeoD Bz{ ftneshrs g~Xo d/ Bkb^Bkb ;kw[fje s/ ;wkfie g~Xo T[s/ fe; gqeko;wfMnk ikt/.

12H4 Xow fBog/ysk 12H4 Xow fBog/ysk 12H4 Xow fBog/ysk 12H4 Xow fBog/ysk 12H4 Xow fBog/ysk (Secularisation)

Gkos i' fe;/ ;w/A nfXnkswesk T[s/ pb d/D tkbk Xkofwe d/P ;h, j[D Xow fBo/gysk dh gqfeqnk s'Ar[io fojk j?. n?wHn?uH ;qhfBtk; (M.H. Srinivas) d/ nB[;ko, “Ppd ‘Xow fBog/ysk’ dk noE j? fegfjbK fi; Bz{ Xkofwe ;wfMnk idk ;h, T[; Bz{ j[D nfijk BjhA ;wfMnk iKdk ns/ ftG/dheoD dh gqfeqnkth fBfjs j? fi;d/ nzsors ;wki d/ ftfGz; o{g — nkofEe, okiB?fse, ftfXe ns/ B?fse fJe d{i/ s'AfInkdk nb~r j[zd/ iKd/ jB.” fJ; gqeko, Xow fBog/ysk Xowtkd dk ftgohs j? T[;d PpdK ftu, fitA/fit/A Xow fBog/ysk dk ftek; j[zdk j?, Xowtkd dk jqk; j[zdk j?. nB/e Xkofwe feqnktK ns/ ;K;ekfoeT[s;t i' fe;/ ;w/A Gkosh b'eK d/ ftneshst ns/ ;wkfie ihtB d/ nzr ;B, T[BQK j[D gfofsnkr eofdsk frnk j? Bk e/tb PfjoK ftu ;r'A d/jksK ftu th Xow fBog/ysk dh gqfeqnk B{z ekoiPhb d/fynkik ;edk j?. ;kv/ o'I d/ ihtB ftu Xow dk ;EkB fBPu/ jh x~N j' frnk j?. iBw, ftnkj ns/ fwqs{d/ T[s;tK T[s/ j[D g[okD/ ;ko/ ;z;ekoK B{z BjhA ehsk iKdk. Xow fBog/ysk dh ftP/;sktK j/m fbyhnK jB.

1H Xowtkd dk jqk; (Xowtkd dk jqk; (Xowtkd dk jqk; (Xowtkd dk jqk; (Xowtkd dk jqk; (Decrease of religionism)))))—fit/A fe T[go df;nk frnk j? fe XowfBog/ysk dh ftqXh ftu Xowtkd dk jqk; fBfjs j?. fjzd{ ;wki ftu ihtB d/ ftfGzB g~yK T[s/Xow d/ frod/ j'J/ gqGkt d/ ekoD Xow fBog/ysk dk fInkdk gqGkt fgnk fojk j?.

;z;feqsheoD dh gqfeqnk eh ;ze/s fdzdh j?<Nk;e


B ØN


2H ftG/dheoD (ftG/dheoD (ftG/dheoD (ftG/dheoD (ftG/dheoD (Differentiation)))))—Xow fBog/ysk dh ftqXh ;wkfie ihtB d/ ftfGzB ;o{gK ftuftG/dheoD T[sgzB eo fdzdh j?. fJ; gqeko, toswkB ;wki ftu nkofEe, okiBhse, ftftX ns/B?fse gqPBK dk jb okiB?fse fBnwK d/ nkXko T[s/ j[zdk j?. fJ; gqeko, Xow i' gfjbK ihtBd/ ftfGzB ;o{gK Bz{ fJe ;{so ftu ;z:[es oydk ;h, dk wj~st j[D ;wkgs j' frnk j?. okiBhseB{z B?fse s'A ftbr ofynk iKdk j?, B?fse Bz{ nkofEe s'A.

3H ftt/ePhbsk (ftt/ePhbsk (ftt/ePhbsk (ftt/ePhbsk (ftt/ePhbsk (Rationality)))))—ftt/ePhbsk Xow fBog/ysk dh nrbh ftP/Psk j?. wkBt ihtBdh ;w~f;nktK dh j[D ftt/ePhb ftnkfynk ehsh iKdh j? ns/ T[BQK dk soe:[es jb y'iD dk :sBehsk iKdk j?. gqkuhB gqEktK ns/ gozgoktK dk nB[;oD f;fyns ftnesh d[nkok T[;/ dPk ftuehsk iKdk j? i/eo fJj T[; Bz{ :[esh ;zrs fdykJh fdzdh j?.

4H t?frnkfBe fdqPNhe'D (t?frnkfBe fdqPNhe'D (t?frnkfBe fdqPNhe'D (t?frnkfBe fdqPNhe'D (t?frnkfBe fdqPNhe'D (Scientific attitude)))))—Xow fBog/ysk dh j'o ftP/PsktK fJj jB fet?frnkfBe y'iK B/ g[okDh gqEktK ftu b'eK d/ ftPtk; Bz{ ysw eo fd~sk j?.

nB/e gqkfeqse xNBktK ns/ ;wkfie goxNBk dh Xkofwe ftnkfynktK dk ;ekB t?frnkfBeftnkfynktK B/ b? fbnk.

12H4H1 Xow fBog/ysk d/ ekoD12H4H1 Xow fBog/ysk d/ ekoD12H4H1 Xow fBog/ysk d/ ekoD12H4H1 Xow fBog/ysk d/ ekoD12H4H1 Xow fBog/ysk d/ ekoDXow fBog/ysk d/ ekoDK ftu j/m fbyhnK wjs~tg{oD j?—

1H nkX[fBe f;fynk (nkX[fBe f;fynk (nkX[fBe f;fynk (nkX[fBe f;fynk (nkX[fBe f;fynk (Modern education)))))—Gkos ftu Xow fBog/ysk dk ;G s'A fInkdkwj~stg{oD ekoD g~Swh f;fynk j?. fi;B/ g~Swh ;z;feqsh dk ;{sogks ehsk ns/ Gkosh ;z;feqshd/ gqGkt Bz{ xN eo fdsk. fejk ik ;edk j? fe Gkos ftu Xow fBog/ysk dh gqfeqnk fJ; d/Pftu nzr/qiK d/ gqGkt Bz{ xN eo fdsk. fejk ik ;edk j? fe Gkos ftu Xow fBog/ysk dh gqfeqnkfJ; d/P ftu nzr/qIK d/ nkrwB s'A nkozG j'Jh. nkX[fBe f;fynk B/ wkBth ;w~f;nktK d/ gqsht?frnkBe fdqPNhe'D Bz{ gq's;kfjs ehsk. f;fyns tor B/ nB/e gozgokrs ftPtk;K ns/ feqnktKd/ bJh t?frnkBe ftnkfynk dh y'i eoB dk :sB ehsk. ;fjf;fynk^gqDkbh B/ ;wki ftufJ;sqhnK dh G{fwek d/ pko/ ftu nB/e ftPtk;K B{z ysw eo fdsk. ftnkj, fe~sk ns/ j'o wkBthfeqnktK d/ gqsh Xow fBog/y fdqPNhe'D ngDkfJnk frnk.

2H :ksk:ks ns/ ;zuko d/ ;kXBK dk ftek; (:ksk:ks ns/ ;zuko d/ ;kXBK dk ftek; (:ksk:ks ns/ ;zuko d/ ;kXBK dk ftek; (:ksk:ks ns/ ;zuko d/ ;kXBK dk ftek; (:ksk:ks ns/ ;zuko d/ ;kXBK dk ftek; (Development of the means of transportand communication)))))—:ksk:ks ns/ ;zuko d/ ;kXBK ftu gfotosDK B/ Pohoe rshPhbskBz{ tXk fdsk j?. d/P d/ ftfGzB fj~f;nK ftu ofjD tkb/ ftneshnK d/ nsfwPoD Bkb fInkdksoGqKshnK d{o j' rJhnK ns/ T[dko ftukoK dk ftek; j'fJnk. iksh gqDkbh Bz{ X~ek brk ns/ nS{ssk;zpzXh ftukoK ftu th gfotosD nkfJnk. :ksk:ks d/ ;kXBK dh ftqXh B/ g/Av{ ;w[dkJ/ d/ XowfBog/ysk ftu ekch ;jkfJsk ehsh j?.

3H ;wkfie ns/ Xkofwe ;[Xko nzd'bB (;wkfie ns/ Xkofwe ;[Xko nzd'bB (;wkfie ns/ Xkofwe ;[Xko nzd'bB (;wkfie ns/ Xkofwe ;[Xko nzd'bB (;wkfie ns/ Xkofwe ;[Xko nzd'bB (Social and religious reform movements)))))—Gkosh B/sktK, okik okww'jB okJ/, ;o ;Jhnd nfjwd yK, e/Ptuzd ;?B, ;tkwh dfJnkBzd, d/t/AdBkE N?r'o ns/ wjkswk rKXh d[nkok ubkJ/ rJ/ ftfGzB ;wkfie ns/ Xkofwe ;[Xko nzd'bBK B/th Gkos ftu Xow fBog/ysk dh gqfeqnk Bz{ rsh gqdkB ehsh j?.

4H Broh (Broh (Broh (Broh (Broh (Urbanization)))))—Xow fBog/ysk rqkwhD ihtB dh ng/ePk Broh ithB ftu fInkdkgqw[~y j?. wekBK dh ewh, :ksk:ks ns/ ;zuko d/ ;kXBK dh pj[sbsk, nkofEe ;w~f;nktK,P'Gkuko, f;fynk, Broh ;wkfie ns/ okiBhfse ;zouBk, g~Swh ;z;feqsh dk Broh ihtB dkgqGkt, ftnesh^fJBQK ;kfonK s~sK B/ Broh fdqPNhe'D Bz{ Xow fBog/y pDk fdsk.

5H ftXkB (ftXkB (ftXkB (ftXkB (ftXkB (Legislation)))))—nzr/qi Pk;eK B/ nB/e nfXfBnw, ftXtk g[Boftnkj ekBz{B, 1856liksh n:'rsktK T[Bw{bB nfXfBnw, 1850, ftP/P ftnkj ekBz{B, 1872 gkfos ehs/ fiBQK B/Gkosh b'eK d/ o{Vhrs ftukoK T[s/ gqjko ehsk. nkX[fBe ;w/A ftu fjzd{ ftnkj ekBz{B 1955l fjzd{T[ZsokfXeko ekB{zB, 1956l fjzd{ ftXtk g[Boftnkj ekBz{B, 1956l gkbB^g'PD ekBz{B ns/ d~serqfjD ekBz{B B/ ftnkj ns/ gfotko dh fjzd{ ;z;EktK d/ Xow fBog/ysk ftu :'r fdsk j?.


B ØN


6H Gkosh ;zftXkB (Gkosh ;zftXkB (Gkosh ;zftXkB (Gkosh ;zftXkB (Gkosh ;zftXkB (Indian constitution)))))—Gkos d/ ;zftXkB B/ Xow fBog/ysk dh gqfeqnk Bz{ d[qspDkfJnk j?. ;zP'fXs gq;sktBk ftu Gkos Bz{ Xow fBog/y x'fPs ehsk frnk j?. ;ko/ BkrfoeKBz{ iksh, fbzr ns/ ;zgqdk d/ G/dGkt d/ fpBk ;wkB nfXekoh dk ftPtk; fdbkfJnk frnk j?.;kotifBe y{j ns/ ftB'd^;EkB ;G ikshnK d/ bJh ;wkB o{g s'A y[b/ jB. BkrfoeK Bz{ e'Jh thfe~sk eoB dh S{N j?. nS{ssk Bz{ ngokX x'fPs ehsk frnk j?. Xow dh ;[szsosk Bkb ;zpzXsXkoktK 27^30 Gkos Bz{ Xow fBog/y oki pDkT[Adh j?. Gkosh ;zftXkB B/ Gkosh ihtB dh XowfBog/ysk ftu wj~stg{oB :'rdkB fdsk j?.

7H g~Swh ;z;feqsh (g~Swh ;z;feqsh (g~Swh ;z;feqsh (g~Swh ;z;feqsh (g~Swh ;z;feqsh (Western culture)))))—g~Swh ;z;feqsh d/ gqGkt B/ Gkosh ihtB Bz{ Xow fBog/y pDkfJnk j?. g~Swh ;z;feqsh G"fsetkd, ftneshtkd, ftfPnk;esh, nXowtkd ns/ ;tzSdskT[s/ pb fdzdh j?. fJ;B/ Gkos ftu b'eK d/ gfotkoe ;zpzXK ns/ fdqPNhe'D Bz{ gqGkts ehsk j?.e/tb Xow jh j[D ftnkj, f;fynk, fbzr ns/ gfotkoe ihtB ns/ nkofEe rshftXhnK Bkb;zpzXs ftfPnK dk fBoXkoD BjhA eodk. g~Swh ;z;feqsh d/ gqGktkXhB Gkosh ;z;feqsh B/ Bt/AftukoK Bz{ nksw;ks eo fbnk j?. ;K;feqse rshftXhnK dh Xkofwe ftnkfynk dk ;EkB XowfBog/y ftnkfynk B/ b? fbnk j?. Xow fBog/ysk d/ gqGkt Bz{ ;kfj~s ns/ ebk d/ y/soK ftu thd/fynk ik ;edk j? fiBQK d/ ftP/ j[D Xow fBog/y, t?frnkfBe, soe:[es ns/ gqikszsoh ftukodh nfGftnesh eod/ jB. Gkos fJe Xow fBog/y oki j?. ;' oki d[nkok gquko d/ ;ko/ ;kXBXow fBog/ysk dk gquko eod/ jB.

12H4H2 Xow fBog/ysk dk gqGkt12H4H2 Xow fBog/ysk dk gqGkt12H4H2 Xow fBog/ysk dk gqGkt12H4H2 Xow fBog/ysk dk gqGkt12H4H2 Xow fBog/ysk dk gqGktXow fBog/ysk B/ fe;h j'o Xow dh ng/ePk fjzd{ Xow Bz{ fInkdk gqGkts ehsk j?. fJ;dk ekoD fJjgsk ubdk j? fe fjzd{ Xow ftu e'Jh nfijh ;EkJh fJe~bh gqDkbh BjhA j? fi;dk nfij/ ;ko/ b'eK d[nkoki' nkg Bz{ fjzd{ efjzd/ jB gkbB ehsk ikDk io{oh j't/. fjzd[st fJe ftnkge Xow j? fi; ftu nB/e ;zgqdkPkwb jB i' ftfGzB d/tsktK ftu ftPtk; eod/ jB ns/ ftfGzB Xkofwe B/sktK dk nB[;oD eod/ jB.fJBQK ;G ;zgqdktK Bkb ;zpzXs b'e fjzd{ jB, gozs{ T[BQK dk e'Jh ne/bk ftPt^fjzd{^;zrmB ns/ ihtB dknkw Yzr BjhA j? nB/e b'e nfij/ jB i' fjzd[st d/ fe;h fBnw dk gkbB BjhA eod/, sd th fjzd{ ejkT[Ad/jB. T[BQK dk Pkekjkoh j'Dk nktPe BjhA j?. T[BQK dk fJe gsBh bJh j'Dk io{oh BjhA j?. T[BQK d/ bJhJhPto ftu ftPtk; eoBk th io{oh BjhA j?. T[BQK dk wzfdo ikDk th io{oh BjhA j?. iBw, ftnkj ns/fjzd{ gotK d/ nt;o T[s/ T[BQK d/ bJh Xkofwe feqnktK dk eoBk th io{oh BjhA j?. w[;bwkB s'A e[okBgVQB ns/ T[; ftu ftPtk; eoB dh ng/ePk ehsh iKdh j?, fJ;kJh s'A pkJhpb s' gVQD dh nkfrnk ehshiKdh j?, gozs{ nfijk e'Jh Xkofwe rzqE BjhA j? fi; Bz{ gVQD ns/ fi; ftu ftPtk; eoB dh fjzd{ Xowftu ng/ePk ehsh iKdh j't/. w[;bwkB jo/e P[~eotko B{z ;w{je Bwki d/ bJh w;fId ftu iKd/ jBlfJ;kJh n?stko Bz{ Xkofwe wzvbh ftu Pkwb j[zd/ jB, gozs{ fjzd{ Xow ftu nfijk e'Jh fBnw BjhA j?fi;d/ nzsors fjzd{nK d[nkok fe;h fBPfus fdt; Bz{ Xkofwe ;Gk ftu Gkr b?D dh ftnt;Ek j't/. fjzd{;zrmB dh fPfEbsk ns/ fjzd{ Xow d/ fBnwK dh fto'Xh ftgtXsk B/ j'o XowK dh ng/ePk fjzd{ Xow d/Xow fBog/ysk Bz{ s/i rsh gqdkB ehsh j?.

Xow fBog/ysk dk Gkosh ;wki T[s/ rfjok gqGkt fgnk j?. nkX[fBe gfotko fdqPNhe'D fdqPNh s'A Xow fBog/y gfotko j?. gozgoktkdh gfotko dh Xkofwe ohshnK ns/ ;t/o dh gqkoEBk, :~r, wzfdo doPB nkfd nkX[fBegfotko ftu gkbB BjhA ehsh iKdh. ftnkj ns/ ftnkj^ftS/d d/ T[go Xow dk gqkfXeko gfonkgs wksokftu x~N j' frnk j?. nzsoiksh ftnkjK dh ;zfynk tkX/ dh soc j?. g~Swh ;fGnsk d/ gqGktkXhB nZi dkf;fyns B"itkB ftfGzB gozgoh gfotkoe ohshnK dh t?frnkfBe ;whfynk b~GD dh e'fPP eodk j?. XowfBog/ysk d/ gqGktkXhB pkfbektK ns/ wfjbktK dh ;wkfie gfo;fEsh ftu nzso nkfJnk j?. gfjb/ bVehnKBz{ xo s/ pkjo g?o oyD dh nkfrnk BjhA ;h ns/ ;wki g{oDsk g[oP gqXkB ;h, gozs{ j[D bVehnK dcsoKftu eowukoh$nfXekoh jB. i' ;wkfie fdqPNhe'D s'A fJe eqKshekoh gfotosD j?. Xow fBog/ysk B/ ;wkBskns/ ;[szsosk d/ nkdoPK Bz{ nr/ tXkfJnk j?. nfijk gqshs j[zdk j? fe fJ;sqhnK i' ni/ se gfotkoe Xowns/ ohshnK d/ bJh ohY dh j~vh ;B, j[D nfijk BjhA ofjDrhnK.


B ØN


ikshrs ;zouBk T[s/ nkXkos ;wkfie toiBktK nkX[fBe ghVh d[nkok n;thfeqs eo fdsh rJhnK jB.gqd{PD ns/ ftP[~Xsk d'tK dh ;zebgBk j[D fPfEb j' rJh j? ns/ x~N gqGkth j?. j[D ;[szso ;wkfie;fjfeqnk j[zdh j?. Gkosh iksh ftnt;Ek ;zouBk dh nBwBhnsk BPN j' ojh j?. e'Jh th iksh j[D e'Jhfe~sk eo ;edh j?. pqkjwD dh G{fwek x~N j' rJh j?. G'iB ns/ gkB T[s/ j[D e'Jh gqshpzX BjhA ofj rJ/jB. Gkosh ;wki j[D fInkdk w[es jB.

j'o wj~stg{oD y/so fJ~E/ Xow fBog/ysk dk gqGkt doPBh j? T[j Xkofwe B/sktK dh ;fEsh ftP/ne j?i' okiBhfse y/so ftu gqGktPkbh fw~so oyd/ jB. Xkofwe j;shnK, uzdok;tkwh ;oeko d/ ftfBPu/fBowkD Bz{ gqGkts eod/ jB. okiBhfse B/sk th okiBhfse ;w~f;nktK d/ jb ftu Xkofwe r[o{nK dhpdbdh G{fwek ftP/ne nfXn?B Xow fBog/ysk ;zpzX ;kfj~s ftu w[~btkB :'rdkB j't/rk.

fJj th efjDk n;zrs BjhA j't/rk fe id fe Xow fBog/ysk Bz{ Gkosh ;zftXkB d[nkok fJe nw[~b nkdoPx'fPs ehsk frnk, fJj P'e dh r~b j? fe Xow fBog/ysk Bz{ toswkB B/sktK d/ d[nkok t'N dh okiBhshdk nzr pDk fdsk frnk j? fi;d/ gq:'r Bkb T[j fto'Xh db Bz{ ;zgodkfJe d;d/ jB ns/ nkgD/ Bz{ XowfBog/y. ;ko/ okiBhfse db Xow fBog/ysk dh PgE u[ed/ jB gozs{ pj[s eo{g Xowtkd dk gquko eod/jB. okiBhfse B/sk fe;/ ftfPPN Xkofwe ;w{j dh t'NK gqkgs eoB bJh T[; Xow d/ ;EkBe B/sk d/gqGkt dk gq:'r eod/ jB. Xkofwe r[o{ j[D u'D bVd/ jB ns/ u'D dh y/v fi~sD bJh ;G gqeko d/ rbs;kXBK dk gq:'r eod/ jB. e/;oh ozr d/ t;so XkoD ehs/ ;kX{nK dk ;z;d ftu gqt/P doPeK ftu p?m/ftneshnK d/ bJh nkeoPe fdqP j?. Xow fBog/ysk d/ pko/ ftu bzw/ u"V/ ftnkfynkBK ns/ ekBz{BhekotkjhnK d/ T[gozs ;~u fJj j? fe Gkosh iBsk B/ nkgD/ fdqPNhe'D ftu ni/ se Xow fBog/ysk Bz{nkdoP wzB e/ ;EkB BjhA fdsk j?. fJ;dk gq:'r ;tkoE^f;~Xh bJh ;kXB o{g ftu ehsk ik fojk j?.

12H512H512H512H512H5 t?PtheoD t?PtheoD t?PtheoD t?PtheoD t?PtheoD (Globalisation)

t?PtheoD dh gqfeqnk ;kv/ fJE/ j'o nfBnzso th nkofEe ;[XkoK d/ Bkb i[Vh j'Jh j?. nfws Gkd[Vhnfws Gkd[Vhnfws Gkd[Vhnfws Gkd[Vhnfws Gkd[Vhns/ dhge BJhno efjzd/ jB fe Gkos ;oeko B/ fi; T[dkoheoD dh Bhsh Bz{ ngDkfJnk j? T[j nkgD/nkg ftu fJe o{Vhtkdh ftnt;Ek j?. fJ; Bhsh d/ ekoD t?PtheopD jkb ftu Bt/A nk:kwK Bz{ gj[zufojk j?. fJBQK noE Pk;sohnK d/ nB[;ko t?PtheoD d/ fszB wj~stg{oD nkofEe gfjb{ jB. gfjbk sKgfjb{ fJj j? fe fJ; Bkb :kfB t?PtheoD s'A nzsookPNoh pkiko y[b frnk j?. j[D e'Jh th ftneshd/P d/ fe;/ th e'B/ s'A d{i/ d/P d/ fe;/ th e'B/ d/ Bkb tgko eo ;edk j?. t?PtheoD dk d{ik gfjb{ fJjj? fe j[D nzsookPNoh fBt/P (International Investment) ;obsk Bkb ehsk ik ;edk j?. fe;/ th d/P dk ftnesh ;kv/ fJ~E/ T[d:'r ubkT[D bJh ekoykBk y'bQD d/ bJh g{zih brk ;edk j?. fJe shik gfjb{j'o j? s/ T[j fJj fe noEftnt;Ek ftu nzsookPNoh wkfJe ;jkfJsk Bz{ ezw ftu fbnk ik ;edk j?.fJ; GKsh nro n;hA nkofEe ;zdoP ftu d/yhJ/ sK t?PtheoD B/ Gkos d/ noE pkiko ftu fszB BthAgqfeqnktK nkozG eo fdshnK jBL

1H y[~bk nzsookPNoh tgko (Open International Trade)

2H nzsookPNoh fBt/P (International Investment)

3H nzsookPNoh ft~s (International Finance)

nzsookPNoh w[dqk e'P ns/ ftPt p?Ae B/ fi; ezw g~Xsh Bz{ nkofEe ;[XkoK d/ sstktXkB ftu ubkfJnkj? fJ; d/ eJh Bshi/ ;kBz{ d/yD Bz{ fwb/ jB. j[D nkJ/ fdB BthA seBheh fJ; d/P ftu nk ojh j?, ;{uBkdk fJe g{ok B?Ntoe d/P ftu c?b frnk j? ns/ nkofEe ;/tktK B/ ;zg{oB d/P Bz{ nkgD/ ftu ;w/N fbnkj?. fJ~E'A se fJj io{o efjDk ukjhdk j? fe t?PtheoD B/ ;K;feqse y/so ftu th eJh Bt/A nk:kw gq;s[sehs/ jB. gozs{ ni/ n;hA t?PtheoD d/ nkofEe BshfinK Bz{ th d/yKr/. j[D pj[okPNoh ezgBhnK ;kv/d/P ftu ;Ekgs j' rJhnK jB. fJ;d/ Bshi/ ti' XVkXV Bt/A T[sgkdB pkjo nk oj/ jB. d/P ftuT[gG'rsktkd fBozso tX fojk j?. i' th pj[okPNoh ezgBhnK d/P ftu ezw eo ojhnK jB ;gPN o{g BkbT[BQK dk T[d/P w[Bkck ewkT[Dk j?. T[j fJj fJokdk BjhA oydh fe ftek;Phb d/PK Bz{ ftef;s ehsk


B ØN


ikt/. fJ; noE ftu d/P ftu i' th ftd/Ph fBt/P j' fojk j? T[;dk T[d/P ;EkBe pkiko Bz{ nkgD/ j~Eftu b? b?Dk j?. ;oeko B/ d/Ph ns/ ftd/Ph fBt/P d/ bJh N?e; dk fJe jh N?foc (Tariff) bkr{ ehsk j?.fJj ;wkBsk tobv p?Ae nzsookPNoh w[dqk e'P dh p/Bsh s/ fbnkJh rJh j?. ;oeko B/ T[dkoheoD d/BK T[s/ fJ; Bz{ bkr{ eo fdsk j?. tk;st ftu fJ;dk bkG ftd/Ph fBt/Pe b?Ad/ jB ns/ fJj ;G XB pkjoubk iKdk j?. rZb fJj j? fe T[dkoheoD ns/ fBiheoD dh Bhsh d/ nzsors n;hA ;EkBe fBt/P Bz{g'qs;kfjs BjhA ehsk j? ns/ Bshi/ ti'A fJ;dk bkG ftd/Ph fBt/PeK Bz{ fwbdk j?. ;kvh fBiheoD dh Bhshftu fJe j'o d'P j?. n;hA g{zih d/ fBt/P Bz{ d/Ph ns/ ftd/Ph d'tK d/ bkG bJh ;wMd/ jB. ;kBz{ i'o fJjd/Dk ukjhdk j? fe Bhsh fBt/P dk T[d/P ftek; j'Dk ukjhdk j?, w[Bkck BjhA. fJ; GKsh t?PtheoD dk pj[s;Pes nkXko nkofEe j? ns/ fJ; bJh t?PtheoD T[sgkdB dk ftd/Ph fBt/P j? ns/ fJ; soQK t?PtheoDwkfJe ;wk:'iB dk fJe ;kXB j?.

gozs{ t?PtheoD nzsookPNoh pkiko jh BjhA j?, nzsookPNoh tgko jh BjhA jB. nzsookPNoh fBt/P jhBjhA j?, fJj fJe skesto ;K;feqse gqfeqnk th j?. fJ; gfjb{ d/ nkb'ue efjzd/ jB fe t?PtheoD ns/e[M Bk j'e/ nw/foek ns/ :[o'g dk ;K;feqse ;wokitkd (Cultural Imperialism) j?. j[D n;hA fJ;d/;K;feqse ns/ ;wkfie g~y Bz{ d/yKr/.

t?PtheoDL ;z;feqse ns/ ;wkfie gfjb{t?PtheoDL ;z;feqse ns/ ;wkfie gfjb{t?PtheoDL ;z;feqse ns/ ;wkfie gfjb{t?PtheoDL ;z;feqse ns/ ;wkfie gfjb{t?PtheoDL ;z;feqse ns/ ;wkfie gfjb{fJzNoB?PBb ;'fPUb'ih fJzNoB?PBb ;'fPUb'ih fJzNoB?PBb ;'fPUb'ih fJzNoB?PBb ;'fPUb'ih fJzNoB?PBb ;'fPUb'ih (International Sociology) nzsookPNoh ;wkiPk;soh ;w[dkJ/ dk fJe w[~yg~so j?. fJ; B/ nkgD/ yzv 15, i{B 2001 d/ nze ftu t?PtheoD dh fJe pj[s t~vh ftnkfynk ehshj?. fJj nze ftP/PKe j? ns/ fJ;dk EhwEhwEhwEhwEhw t?PtheoD jh j?. fJ;d/ ;zgkdeh ftu r'oB E/op'oBr'oB E/op'oBr'oB E/op'oBr'oB E/op'oBr'oB E/op'oB (GoranTherborn) B/ fJe ;Pes fNZgDh t?PtheoD T[s/ fbyh j?. T[j efjzd/ jB fe fJ~ehthA ;dh dh pj[sBisheh Xo'jo i' ;wki ftfrnkBK Bz{ j? T[j t?PtheoD dh j?. fJ;dk nkozG ;zB 1930 d/ w~X s'A j?. nron;hA ;zB 1980 ftu nzrq/Ih, cq?Au, ;g?fBP ns/ iowB Ppd e'PK Bz{ d/y' sK ;kBz{ fJBQK ftu t?PtheoDBkw dk e'Jh Ppd BjhA fwb/rk. fJj io{o j? fe nop GkPk ftu uko Ppd nfij/ jB fiBQK dk noE i/eo fyZu^fyZu e/ brkfJnk ikt/ sK t?PtheoD s'A fBebdk j?. ikgkB d/ fe~s/ ftu fJ; Ppd dk gq:'r;zB 1980 d/ bkr/ j'fJnk j?. uhB ftu sK fJ;dk gq:'r ;zB 1990 d/ dPe ftu j'fJnk j?. fJj ;G T[b/y d;d/ jB fe t?PtheoD fJedw BthA gaqfeqnk j? fi;d/ ftek; dk nkozG ;zB 1990 s'A j?. nzsookPNoh;wki Pk;so d/ ;zgkde fJe j'o ;{uBk fdzd/ jB. T[j efjzd/ jB fe ;thvB dh ;oeko B/ 1990 ftu fJe;whsh pdkJh ;h fi;dk T[d/P d[Bhnk Go ftu nkX[fBesk dh i' ;z;EktK jB T[BQK dh gVskb eoBk ;h.fJ; ;whsh ftu e[M ;so nkwzfsqs ehs/ rJ/ ;B T[BQK Bz{ fJ; ftP/PKe ftu ofynk frnk j?. fJj nzepVh y{ph d/ Bkb d;dk j? fe ;wki Pk;soh t?PtheoD dk eh noE brkT[Ad/ jB ns/ fJ;dk fe; GKshgq:'r eod/ jB.

i/eo nkofEe gfjb{nK Bz{ S~v dJhJ/ sK t?PtheoD fJe nfijh gqfeqnk j? i' ;K;feqse c?bkt dh uoukeodk j?. fJj fJe soQK dk ;Kfeqse g?okfvw iK J/izvk j?. t?PtheoD d/ nzsors fi~E/ d[BhnK Go dhftfGzBsktK Bz{ gSkfDnk iKdk j? T[E/ d[BhnK dh ;ikshnsk Bz{ th ;wfMnk iKdk j?. t?PtheoD d' s~EK T[s/pokpo i'o fdzdk j?. fJj ;ko/ ;z;ko dh rZb eodk j? ns/ nekPhJ/ (Spatial) s~sK dh uouk eodk j?.id ;zB 1980 ftu t?PtheoD nkfJnk sd fJ;d/ ;woEeK B/ gozgokrs ;wkiPk;so dh fJj efj e/nb'uBk ehsh fe ;wki Pk;so e/tb okPNoh okiK (Nation-States) se jh ;hws j?. ;wki Pk;so fJjBjhA d/ydk fe fJj d[BhnK tk;st ftu eJh ;wkiK dh fJe ftnt;Ek j?. t?PtheoD ;wki d/ ;ko/y/soK dk nfXn?B eodk j? ns/ nfijk eoB ftu T[j fJj d/ydk j? fe d[Bhnk Go ftu ftfGzBsktK(Variations) fezBh j? ns/ T[BQK dk i'VB tkbh fezBhnK fJekJhnK jB. id t?PtheoD ;K;feqse gfjb{nKdk ftPb/PD eodk j?. sd p/Bsh eodk j? fe ;z;ko d/ e[M nfij/ s~s jB fiBQK ftu nkdkB^gqdkB j'Dkukjhdk j?. fJ; fdqPNh s'A t?PtheoD fJe ;K;feqs gqfeqnk j?. fJj ;wkfie gfotosD Bz{ d;dh j? ns/;zg{oB ftPt Bz{ nkgD/ ftu pzBQ b?Dk ukj[zdh j?.

Gkos tor/ d/P ftu fi~E/ t?PtheoD ;kBz{ d/yD Bz{ fwbdh j?, okPNoh ns/ ;EkBe ;z;feqse T[s/ fJ;dkpj[s t~vk gqGkt fgnk j?. fJ; gqGkt d/ ekoD nfijk brdk j? fe fes/ ftd/Ph ;z;feqsh dk gqGkt ;kvh


B ØN


;EkBe ;z;feqse dh gSkD Bz{ Bk ysw eo d/t/. :'r/Ado f;zx B/ e[M s~sK Bz{ ngDk e/ th Gkosh ;Eke;z;feqsh nkgDh w"fbe gSkD Bz{ io{o pDk e/ oy/rh.

;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD (Self Assessment)2H ;jh ftebg u[D' (2H ;jh ftebg u[D' (2H ;jh ftebg u[D' (2H ;jh ftebg u[D' (2H ;jh ftebg u[D' (Choose the correct option)—)—)—)—)—

(i) fe; d/ nB[;ko nkX[fBeheoD ;wekbhB fdqP dh ;G s'A gqGkth ftP/Psk j?, feT[Afe fInkdkso okPNo n~iebQ fJ;d/ geV ftu jB—

(a) fJi/ANkv (b) ;qhfBtk;

(c) I/Nopor (d) fJBQK ftu'A e'Jh BjhA.

(ii) g~Swh :[o'g ftu ;wkiK dk ftek; j'fJnk—

(a) fBoze[P okiK s' (b) ;kwzsh okiK s'A

(c) T[gfBt/Ptkd s'A (d) fJBQK ftu'A e'Jh BjhA.

(iii) wkJho thBo d/ nB[;ko nkX[fBeheoD Bz{ ;zGt pDkT[Dk tkb/ gqw[~y ;kXB jB—

(a) f;fynk (b) ;zuko

(c) efoPwkJh nrtkJh (d) fJBQK ftu'A e'Jh BjhA.

(iv) nbkNk; d/ nB[;ko Gkos T[s/ g~Swh gqGkt dk ftt/uB ehsk ik ;edk j?—

(a) d' uoDK ftu (b) uko uoDK ftu

(c) gzi uoDK ftu (d) fJBQK ftu'A e'Jh BjhA.

(v) Xow fBog/ysk dh ftP/PsktK jB—

(a) Xow tkd jqk; (b) ftG/dheoD

(c) ftt/ePhbsk (d) T[g:[es ;G.

(vi) Gkos ftu Xow fBog/ysk dh gqfeqnk fe;d/ nkrwB s'A nkozG j'Jh—

(a) nzr/qiK d/ (b) w[;fbwK d/

(c) gkdohnK d/ (d) T[g:[es ;G.

(vii) fe; Bz{ Gkosh ;zftXkB d[nkok fJe nw[~b nkdoP x'fPs ehsk frnk j?—

(a) nkX[fBeheoD Bz{ (b) ;z;feqsheoD Bz{

(c) Xow fBog/ysk Bz{ (d) T[g:[es ;G.

(viii) fe; ekoD Bkb nzsookPNoh pkiko y[b frnk j?—

(a) t?PtheoD (b) nzsookPNoh fBt/P

(c) nzsookPNoh ft~s (d) T[g:[es ;G.

(ix) t?PtheoD B/ Gkos d/ noE pkiko ftu fezB/ gqeko dh gqfeqnktK nkozG ehshnK jB—

(a) d' (b) fszB

(c) uko (d) ;~s

1212121212.6 ;ko nzP 6 ;ko nzP 6 ;ko nzP 6 ;ko nzP 6 ;ko nzP (Summary)

• w'N/ s"o T[s/ ;wki ftu d' gqeko dh gqfeqnktK j[zdhnK jBL (1) T[j gqfeqnktK i' ;wkfie ftnt;EkBz{ ekfJw oydhnK jB ns/ (2) T[j gqfeqnktK Bz{ ftnt;Ek d/ nzdo ns/ ftnt;Ek ftu gfotosDfbnkT[AdhnK jB. gfjbh gqfeqnktK Bz{ nB[o{gsk, :Ekg{ot ;fEsh ns/ fBozsosk nkfd d/ Bkw s'A;wMd/ jK. d{ihnK gqfeqnktK Bz{ ;K;feqse ns/ ;zouBkswe gfotosD dh gqfeqnktK fejk iKdk j?.


B ØN


• ‘;z;feqsheoB’ ns/ ‘g~SwheoD’ dh ntXkoDktK 1952 ftu n?wHn?BH ;qh fBtk; d[nkok d~yD Gkosftu e[or b'eK d/ ;wkfie ns/ Xkofwe ihtB d/ ftPb/PD ftu ftef;s j' rJh ;h. 20thA Pskpdhd/ w~X se iksh dk nfXn?B iK sK ‘toD’ d/ nkXko T[s/ j[zdk ;h iK fco tzPkB[eqw ns/ nP[~Xskns/ P[~Xsk dh XkoBktk d/ nkXko T[s/ gfo;fEsh d/ noEK ftu j[zdk ;h.

• ;qhfBtk; B/ ‘;z;feqsheoD’ Ppd Bz{ ‘pqkjwDheoD’ s'A fInkdk gqkEfwesk fdsh j?. T[BQK B/ fJ;d/e[M ekoD fds/ jBL (1) ;z;feqsheoD Ppd ft;fsqs jB, idfe pqkjwDheoD Ppd ;zehoD s/ ;hwsjB. tk;st ftu pqkjwDheoD ;z;feqsheoD dh ftnkge gqfeqnk ftu Pkwb jB.

• ;z;feqsheoD B{z ;zGt pDkT[D tkb/ ekoe jBl T[fd:'rheoD, ftnt;kfJe rshPhbsk, ftef;s;zuko ftnt;Ek, ;kyosk dk gq;ko ns/ g~Swh g'qfd:'freh. fJ; ftu j?okBh Bjh fe ;z;feqsXkofwe ftukoK dk fpqfNP ekb ftu j'fJnk. ;zuko ;kXBK d/ ftek; d/ Bkb ;z;fesheoD T[BQK y/soK ftu ubk frnk i' gfjbK nrzw (inaccessible) ;B ns/ ;kyosk d/ ft;sko B/ fJ; gqfeqnkBz{ iksh ;z;soD ftu BhthA ikshnK se Bz{ nkGk; eok fdsk. ;qhfBtk; B/ fJe ftfPPN ekoe dkT[b/y ehsk j?. fi; B/ BhthA ikshnK ftu ;z;feqsheoD Bz{ c?bkT[D ftu ;jkfJsk ehsh j?. fJj(ekoe) j? eoweKvh (ritual) feqnktK s'A wzso T[ukoB dh nb~rsk fi;d/ ekoD pqkjwDK d/ ;z;eko ;ko/fjzd{nK ikshnK ns/ nS{sK Bz{ th gqkgs j'J/ rJ/.

• ‘g~SwheoD’ Ppd Bz{ ‘nkX[fBeheoD’ Ppd dh ng/ePk n~Sk wzfBnk iKdk j?. id fe v/fBnb boBo,j?o'bv rbv, fwbNB f;zro ns/ :'r/Ado f;zx B/ ‘nkX[fBeheoD’ Ppd Bz{ T[fus wzfBnk j? T[j‘nkX[fBeheoD’ Bz{ ftneshgoe ns/ g~SwhekoD Bz{ t;s{goe wzBsk j? (;/whBko, 88, 1986L2).nkX[fBeheoD ftu sEkefEs ‘byfPnK dh soe ;zrssk’ (rationality of Goals) Bz{ fBPfus BjhAwzfBnk ik ;edk feT[Afe wkBt byP ehws tohnsktK (preferences) T[s/ nkXkos jB.

• nkX[fBeheoD d/ eJh nk:kw (dimensions) jB. fJ; Bz{ ;wki, ;w{j iK ftnesh d/ g~Xo T[s/;wfMnk ik ;edk j?. fJ;Bz{ nkofEe nkX[fBeheoD, okiB?fse nkX[fBeheoD, ;wkfie nkX[fBeheoD,seBheh nkX[fBeheoD, ;?fBe nkX[fBeheoD, g[fb; nkX[fBeheoD, f;fynk dk nkX[fBeheoD,gqPk;fBe nkX[fBeheoD nkfd d/ o{g ftu th ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?. fJ; gqeko fJ; ntXkoDk dkgq:'r ft;fsqs o{g ftu ehsk frnk j?.

• nkX[fBeheoD pj[s ifNb j? feT[Afe fJ; ftu ng/ePkfeqs Bt/A ;EkJh YKu/ dh io{os j[zdh j?, pbfenfij/ YKu/ dh th i' nkg Bz{ fBozso pdbdh dPktK ns/ ;w~f;nktK d/ nB[e{b pDk bt/. fJ;dh;cbsk ;wki dh nKsfoe gfotosD dh ;woEsk T[s/ fBoGo eodh j?.

• nbkNk; d/ nB[;ko Gkos T[s/ g~Swh gqGkt dk gzi uoDK ftu ftt/uB ehsk ik ;edk j?. gfjbkuoD f;ezdo dh fi~s d/ Bkb gqsho'Xh ;zgoe j? i' fe pknd dh PskpdhnK s'A tkfDie s/ tgkoBkb Peshg{oD nkdkB^gqdkB d/ o{g ftu ;dhnK se ubdk fojk. d{ik uoD gzdoQth Pskpdh d/nzs s'A nkozG j'fJnk id tk;e'fvrkwk ekbheN ftu nkT[D tkb/ ijkiK d/ Bkb 1498 JhH g{ot ftunkfJnk. e[M jh ;kbK ftu g[osrkbhnK B/ r'nk T[s/ nfXeko eo fbsk. gozs{ fJBQK g~Swh b'eKdk gqGkt ng/ePkfeqs x~N fojk. shik uoD nkozG j'fJnk id Jh;N fJzvhnk ezgBh B/ nmkoQthPskpdh d/ nkozG ftu nkgDk Pk;B nkozG ehsk ns/ pknd ftu nmkoQthA Pskpdh d/ w~X se fpqfNP;woki Gkos ftu ;Ekfg j' frnk Gkos ftu g~Swh ;z;feqsh d/ ft;kdko dk fJj gfjbk edw ;h.u"ek uod nkozG j'fJnk T[BhAthA Pskpdh d/ nkozG ns/ T[fd:'rheoD eqKsh d/ nkrwB s'A. nzrq/iKd[nkok e~u/ wkb d/ o{g ftu nkofEe P'PD s'A nkozG j'fJnk ns/ T[d'A s'A jh ;K;feqse ns/ ;wkfiey/soK ftu th g~Swh ;z;feqsh dk tou;t nkozG j'fJnk. gzitK ns/ nzfsw uoD nkozG j'fJnk 1947ftu Gkos dh okiB?fse ;[szsosk d/ Bkb.

• t?PtheoD dh gqfeqnk ;kv/ fJE/ j'o nfBnzso th nkofEe ;[XkoK d/ Bkb i[Vh j'Jh j?. nfws Gkd[Vhnfws Gkd[Vhnfws Gkd[Vhnfws Gkd[Vhnfws Gkd[Vhns/ dhge BJhno efjzd/ jB fe Gkos ;oeko B/ fi; T[dkoheoD dh Bhsh Bz{ ngDkfJnk j? T[j nkgD/


B ØN


nkg ftu fJe o{Vhtkdh ftnt;Ek j?. fJ; Bhsh d/ ekoD t?PtheopD jkb ftu Bt/A nk:kwK Bz{ gj[zufojk j?. fJBQK noE Pk;sohnK d/ nB[;ko t?PtheoD d/ fszB wj~stg{oD nkofEe gfjb{ jB.

• Gkos tor/ d/P ftu fi~E/ t?PtheoD ;kBz{ d/yD Bz{ fwbdh j?, okPNoh ns/ ;EkBe ;z;feqse T[s/fJ;dk pj[s t~vk gqGkt fgnk j?. fJ; gqGkt d/ ekoD nfijk brdk j? fe fes/ ftd/Ph ;z;feqsh dkgqGkt ;kvh ;EkBe ;z;feqse dh gSkD Bz{ Bk ysw eo d/t/. :'r/Ado f;zx B/ e[M s~sK Bz{ ngDk e/th Gkosh ;Eke ;z;feqsh nkgDh w"fbe gSkD Bz{ io{o pDk e/ oy/rh.


• gqhoePk ^gqhoePk ^gqhoePk ^gqhoePk ^gqhoePk ^ jo soK s'A ofynk eoBk

• Gkt'Bwkd ^Gkt'Bwkd ^Gkt'Bwkd ^Gkt'Bwkd ^Gkt'Bwkd ^ GktBktK B{az GVekDk• toiBK ^toiBK ^toiBK ^toiBK ^toiBK ^ o'eDk, o[ektN


1H ;wkfie ;zouBk ft~u gfotosB dh gqfeqnk T[Zs/ gqekP gkU.

2H ;z;feqsheoD dh ntXkoDk Bz{ ;gPN eod/ j'J/ fJ; dhnK ftP/PsktK d~;'.3H g~SwheoD dh ntXkoDk dh ;whfynk eo'.4H ;wkfie gfotosB Bz{ ;wMD ft~u ;z;feqsheoD ns/ g~SwheoD dh eh T[g:'frsk j?<

5H nkX[fBeheoD dh ftnkfynk eod/ j'J/ fJ; dhnK ftP/PsktK d~;'.6H Gkos ft~u nkX[fBeheoD dh gqfeqnk Bz{ ;wMkU ns/ fJ; dhnK ;w~f;nktK dk ftt/uB eo'.7H Gkos ft~u Xow^fBog~ysk dk ekoD d~;'. Xow^fBog~ysk B/ fe; Xow Bz{ nfXe gqGkfts ehsk j?<

8H t?PtheoD dh gqfeqnk T[Zs/ gqekP gkU ns/ fJ; d/ ;wkfie ns/ ;z;feqfse gfjb{ dh ;whfynk eo'.9H fBwBfbfys T[Zs/ fN~gDh fby'^

(i) Gkos ft~u g~Sw dk ns/ nkX[fBeheoD dk gqGkt

(ii) ;z;feqsheoD ns/ pqkjwheoD(iii) Gkosh ;zftXkB(iv) g~Swh ;z;feqsh

T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD (Answers: Self Assessment)1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H (i) nzsopzXB (ii) PhfBtk; (iii) pqkjwDheoD

(iv) ;z;feqsheoD (v) ;w{j (vi) ;z;soD

(vii) Pesh ns/ gqG{st (viii) ;fEsh gfotosD

2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H (i) (a) (ii) (b) (iii) (d) (iv) (c) (v) (d)(vi) (a) (vii) (c) (viii) (a) (ix) (b)



2H P[eoh, nfjwd, w[jzwvB bk Uc w?foi n?Av fvt'o; 19173H e/H n?wH egkVhnk, w?foi n?Av c?fwbh fJB fJzvhnk, nke;c'ov :{Bhtof;Nh gq?; fd~bh,

1972

p[e;


B ØN


fJekJh–13L ;wkfie gfotosD d/ ekoefJekJh–13L ;wkfie gfotosD d/ ekoefJekJh–13L ;wkfie gfotosD d/ ekoefJekJh–13L ;wkfie gfotosD d/ ekoefJekJh–13L ;wkfie gfotosD d/ ekoe(Factor fo Social Change)


T[d/P (Objectives)


13H1 ;wkfie gfotosD d/ iBnzeeh, nkofEe ns/ Xkofwe ekoe (Demographic, Economicand Religious Factors of Social Change)

13H2 ;wkfie gfotosD d/ seBheh i?t gq'fd:'freh, ;{uBk g'qfd:'freh ns/ whvhnk ekoe(Technological bio-tech, Info-tech and Media Factors of Social Change)





T[d/P (T[d/P (T[d/P (T[d/P (T[d/P (Objectives)


• ;wkfie gfotosD d/ iBnzeehJ/, nkofEe ns/ Xkofwe ekoe dh ftnkfynk eoB ftu.

• ;wkfie gfotosD d/ seBheh i?t gq'fd:'freh, ;{uBk g'qfd:'freh ns/ whvhnk ekoe dk ftt/uB eoBftu.


;wki dh ;zouBk ns/ ;z;feqsh ftu ;wkfie gfotosD dk ;{sogks nKsfoe ns/ pkjoh ;q'sK d[nkok j[zdkj?. ;wki dh ;zouBk Bkb ;zdoG nfX;zouBkswe ;j{bsK, b'eK ftu fJ;d/ ftsoD ns/ T[BQK dhnK ;j{bsKse gj[zu s'A j? id fe ;wki dh ;z;feqsh ftu gozgoktK, Xow, ihtB d/ wkBe ns/ gko;gfoe fttjkoPkwb jB. ;wki dh ;zouk ns/ ;z;feqsh ;fEo BjhA ojh j?. ;wkfie gfotosD fJ; gqeko fJengfojkfon gqfeqnk j' iKdh j?.

fJ;d/ gfjbK d/ nfXnkJ/ ftu fJj fejk frnk ;h fe ;wkfie gfotosD dh fdPk T[Xotw[yh iK nX'w[yh,fJe o/yhJ/, pj[o/yhJ? iK uqehJ/ j' ;edh j?. ;wkfie gfotosD so~eh iK xkN ftu T[Go ;edk j?. ;';wkfie gfotosD dk noE fJj ftfPPN ;wki dh ;zouBk ns/ ;z;feqsh ftu pdbkn Bkb j?. nkws"os/ ;wkfie gfotosD ehwsK sN;E j?. edhêdh ;wkfie gfotosD o{Vhtkdh iK nshtkdh gqfeqsh d/;?XKfse ftukoK d/ o{g ftu th j[zd j?. gfotosD, ftP/Psk ftfrnkB ns/ g'qfd:'freh d/ ekoiy/so ftu;zuJh j[zdk j?. fJ; ;zuJh ns/ T[dGth j'D d/ nbktk, gfotosD ueqhJ/ ns/ teq dh soQK th j[zdk j?.

go;go ns/ nkX[fBesk ;fjtosh jB, fBozsosk ns/ gfotosD ;wkfie ihtB d/ nB[Gkfte s~E jB.gozgok ns/ nkX[fBesk ;fjtosh fJ; bJh th jB feT[Afe ;G ;wkiK ftu ;fEosk ns/ ;wkfie fBnzsoDKdh io{os j[zdh j?. gfotosD Bkb j'D tkbhnK wzrK ns/ u[D"shnK dk w[ekpbk eoB d/ bJh, frnkB ns/seBheh ikDekoh d/ Bt/A g~XoK Bz{ gqkgs eoB bJh nkX[fBesk ns/ gfotosD dh Io{os j[zdh j?. fJBQKgfo;fEshnK d/ ekoD ;wkfie gfotosD j[zdk j?. ;wkfie sDkn ns/ ;zxoP th ;wkfie gfotosD d/;q's jB. ;wkfie gfotosD pi[or, B"itkB, f;fyns, nf;fyns ns/ Brotk;h ns/ g/Av{ d/ ehwsK ftunzso d/ ekoD th j[zd/ jB.


fJekJh^13L ;wkfie gfotosD d/ ekoefJekJh^13L ;wkfie gfotosD d/ ekoefJekJh^13L ;wkfie gfotosD d/ ekoefJekJh^13L ;wkfie gfotosD d/ ekoefJekJh^13L ;wkfie gfotosD d/ ekoe

B ØN


13H113H113H113H113H1 ;wkfie gfotosD d/ iBnzeeh/, nkofEe ns/ Xkofwe ekoe;wkfie gfotosD d/ iBnzeeh/, nkofEe ns/ Xkofwe ekoe;wkfie gfotosD d/ iBnzeeh/, nkofEe ns/ Xkofwe ekoe;wkfie gfotosD d/ iBnzeeh/, nkofEe ns/ Xkofwe ekoe;wkfie gfotosD d/ iBnzeeh/, nkofEe ns/ Xkofwe ekoe(Demographic, Economic and Religious Factors of Social Change)

i?fte ekoeK dk noE T[BQK ekoeK s'A j? i' Gkth ;zsshnK dh ;zfynk, ouBk, u'D ns/ nkB[tzfPe r[DK Bz{fBoXkos eod/ jB. ;wki dk wkBth s~s ;dK gfotosDPhb ofjzdk j?. jo/e gqkDh d/ r[D ns/ T[;dh:'rsktK fGzB j[zdh j?. i/eo n;hA nkgDh s[bBk nkgD/ g{otiK s'A eoD sK n;hA nkg B{z T[BQK s'A nkgDhPohoôuBk, ftuko ns/ j'o nB/e rZbK ftu ftfGzB gktKr/. e'Jh th ghVh g[okDh ghVh dh gqshfeqsh BjhAj[zdh. jo/e BthA ghVh fJe BtK nkozG j?.

iB;zfynk ns/ T[;dh ouBk ftu gfotosD dk ;wki T[s/ wj~stg{oB gqGkt j[zdk j?. fi; ;wki ftu bVehnKdh frDsh g[oP pZfunK dh frDsh s'A fInkdk j[zdh j?. T[;d/ g/qw, ftnkj ns/ gfotkoe ;zrmB dk o{g T[;;wki s'A fGzB j'J/rk fi; ftu g[oP p~funK dh frDsh fInkdk j?. iB;zfynk ;zpzXh nfXnkJ/ ftu n;hA fJj;gPN ehsk ;h fe fgSb/ fJe ;" ;kbK ftu nB/e d/PK dh iB;zfynk ftu pj[s fInkdk s/i tkXk j'fJnk j?.nshs ftu iBw^do ns/ fwqs{̂ do d'tK ftu dqs ns/ pokpo jqk; ;wkfie gfotosD dk fJe wj~stg{oB ekoDfojk j?. ;w[zBs ;t~Ssk ;zpzXh nt;EktK, fufes;k ;zpzXh ;j{bsK ns/ j'o gqkfeqse ftfrnkBK dh ;jkfJsk BkbiB;zfynk ftu jqk;Phb iBw do d/ pkti{d tkXk j'fJnk j?. iB;zfynk d/ tkX/ B/ nB/e ;wkfie ;w~f;nktKs/ p/ekoh, pkb wid{oh, roG fBo'Xe dk gq:'r, :[~XK, gqsh:'rsk ns/ ;zfPbPN t;s{nK nkfd d/ T[sgkdB Bz{iBw fdsk j?. fJ; Bkb BroheoD Bz{ iBw d/ e/ fJ;d/ d'PK Bz{ th fbnk yVk eo fd~sk j?. fwqs{̂ do x~N j'ikD d/ ekoD pi[or b'eK dh frDsh fJe Pskpdh gfjbK dh s[bBk ftu toswkB ;wki ftu fInkdk j?.

d{i/ gk;/ i/eo iB;zfynk d/ tkX/ Bz{ o'e fdsk ikt/ sK fJ;dk Bshik j't/rk ihtB^g~Xo ftu so~eh,fJ;sqhnK dh pko^pko gq;t s'A w[esh, pZfunK dk P/qPmso gkbB^g'PD ns/ Bshi/ ti'A P/qPmso ;wki.fiBQK d/PK ftu iB;zfynk dk tkXk j[zdk ofjzdk j? ns/ fiBQK d/ gqkfeqse ;q's ;hws j[zd/ jB, T[BQK ftu;wokitkd ns/ ;?fBetkd dh gqftosh ftef;s j' iKdh j?. iB;zfynk d/ tkX/ ihtB g~Xo d/ bJh fGnkBepD iKd/ jB. gozs{ nZi T[BQK d/ gq:'r Bz{ ;wki d[nkok g'qs;kfjs ns/ gqPz;sh ehsk iKdk j?. gfotko dknkeko xN ikD Bkb ftnkj ns/ sbke dh ;[ftXk, gsh gsBh d/ ;zpzXK, wksk fgsk ns/ pZfunK d/ ;zpzXK,pZfunK d/ gkbB^g'PD d/ YzrK, xo ftu wksk dh ;fEsh, ns/ gfotko dh nkofEe nksw fBoGosk dhwksok nkfd ;G ftu gfotosD j' fojk j?. fJ; gqeko ;gPN j? fe iB;zfynk d/ nkeko ns/ T[;dh ouBkftu gfotosDK B/ ;wkfie ;zpzXK ftu nB/e gfotosDK Bz{ iBw fdsk j?.

fJ;d/ nbktk, iB;zfynk ns/ b'eK d/ Pohoe ;tk;E ns/ :'rsk ftu r{Vk ;zpzX j?. feT[Afe pj[fsnK dkg/N GoBk j[zdk j?, ;' fe;h Bz{ th Go g/N G'iB BjhA fwb gkT[Adk, fi;d/ Bshi/ ti'A rzGho e[g'PD ns/ss;zpzfXs o'r ftnkgs j' iKd/ jB ns/ b'eK dh Pohoe :'rsk, T[s;kj ns/ T[Xw ftu ewh nk iKdhj?. fJj fXnkB oj/ fe ;z;ko dhnK ;kohnK nfijhnK iB;zfynktK i' fBotkj^g~Xo T[s/ r[ikok eodh j?,;wkfie o{g ftu fgSVh j'Jh ns/ ngqrshPhb j[zdh j?. nkgDh G"fse ;fwqXh Bz{ soZeh d/D d/ gqsh T[BQKdh T[dk;hBsk dk ekoD T[BQK d/ Pohoe ;tk;E dk j/mbK g~Xo j[zdk j?. nXg'fPs ns/ o'rrq;s ftneshnkb; j[zd/ jB. iB;zfynk d/ d'P j/m fby/ jBL

(1) T[Zu iBw^do, (2) T[Zu fwqs{̂ do, (3) fPP{nK dh fInkdk ;zfynk, (4) pi[orK dh fInkdk frDsh, ftX[ons/ ftXtktK dh fInkdk frDsh, (5) g[oP ns/ Bkoh iB;zfynk dh nB[gksjhB frDsh, (6) ftebKr b'eKdh fInkdk ;zfynk, (7) g/Av{ ftneshnK dh fInkdk frDsh, (8) T[Zu pkb fwqs{̂ do, (9) T[wo dh x~N ;hwk.fJj ;ko/ d'P iB;zfynk d/ r[D Bz{ gqGkts eoe/ ;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie ;z;EktK T[s/ p[ok gqGkt gkT[Ad/jB. fJj d~;D dh io{os BjhA j? fe Gkos dh iB;zfynk ftu T[g:[es ;ko/ d'P toswkB jB fi; d/ Bshi/ti'A Gkosh ;wki fBoXBsk, p/ekoh, B?fse gsB, ngokX^ftqsh ns/ fgSV/gB d/ ;zeNwJh ekb s' gkfos j'fojk j?.

gqkfeqse ns/ ;wkfie gqtoDgqkfeqse ns/ ;wkfie gqtoDgqkfeqse ns/ ;wkfie gqtoDgqkfeqse ns/ ;wkfie gqtoDgqkfeqse ns/ ;wkfie gqtoDnZr/ tXD s'A gfjbK n;hA fJ; ;EkB T[s/ gqkfeqse ns/ ;wkfie gqtoD d/ d' f;XKsK T[s/ ftuko eoKr/. nkwnoE ftu, “gqtoD fJe feqnk ns/ gqfeqnk j? fi; d/ d[nkok gqd~s byP ns/ nkdoP fBnw d/ nB[;ko


B ØN


fe;/ t;s{ Bz{ gqshXkfos ns/ g'qs;kfjs ns/ j'oBK dk gfofsnkr ehsk iKdk j?.” fJj e[M fJe t;s{nKd/ bJh tohns dh feqnk j?. T[dkjoD bJh, n;hA ;wki Pk;so d/ ftP/ T[s/ w?ekJhto w?ekJhto w?ekJhto w?ekJhto w?ekJhto dh g[;se‘Society’ Bz{ tohnsk gqdkB eod/ jB. gqtoD gfotosD BjhA j[zdk, feT[Afe gfotosD ftu fJe t;s{j'oBK d[nkok ft;Ekfgs eo fdsh iKdh j?.

gqkfeqfse gqtoD gqkfeqfse gqtoD gqkfeqfse gqtoD gqkfeqfse gqtoD gqkfeqfse gqtoD (Natural selection)— gqkfeqse gqtoD dk f;XKs ekch gqkuhB j?, gozs{ fJ;dh ;wkiPk;soh ftt/uB jopoN ;g?A;o (Herbert Spencer) B/ ehsk, fi;/ vkoftB d/ ‘j'Ad d/ bJh ;zxoP’(struggle for existence) d/ f;XKs Bz{ fJ;dk nkXko pDkfJnk. vkoftB d/ f;XKs d/ nB[;ko, gqkfeqseftu j'Ad d/ bJh ;d?t ;zxoP ubdk ofjzdk j?. fJ; ;zxoP ftu e/tb :'rsw ihts ofjzd/ jB. ;g?A;oB/ f;XKs Bz{ wkBt ;wki T[s/ gq:[es ehsk. T[;d/ nB[;ko, wkBt ;wki ftu e/tb T[jh ftnesh ihtsofjzd/ jB i' :'rsw jB, noEks fiBQK B/ nkgD/ nkg Bz{ gqfeqsh Bkb nB[e{fbs eo fbnk j? ns/ i' nfijknB[e{bB BjhA eo ;eDr/, T[BQK dk fBo;B iK fwbkB j' ikJ/rk. jopoN ;g/A;o d/ nB[;ko, gqkfeqsegqtoD ;wkfie ftek; dk w{bwzso j?. jo/e gqkDh ns/ ;z;Ek Bz{ nkgD/ gfonktoD d/ gqsh nB[e{fbs j'Dkg?Adk j?. fJj nB[e{bB ;wo{g ;zouBkswe gfotosDK d[nkok jh fbnkfJnk ik ;edk j?. gfonktoD dhnfsng/ePktK nkg ;z;Ek ftu fJBQK gfotosDK Bz{ fbnk fdzdh j? fi; Bz{ nB[e{bB ;zGt j' iKdk j?. i';z;EktK ;fEsh d/ gqsh ;[yd nB[feqnktK BjhA eodhnK, T[j BPN j' iKdhnK jB. e/tb :'rsw jh ihtsofjzdhnK jB. gqkfeqse gfonktoD dk ezw ;z;EktK dk gqtoD eoBk j? i' ihts ofjD :'r jB ns/ n:'rdk fBo;B eoBk j?. gqfeqsh Pohoe o{g s'A ns/ dh ;woEsk dh fdqPNh s'A d[opb ftneshnK dkfBod?skg{ote fBo;B eo fdzdh j?. Pohoe o{g s'A d[opb ns/ o'rh ftnesh Bz{ ;ozfyns eoB d/ :sB,fiBQK Bz{ BjhA sK gqkfeqse PeshnK BPN eo d/DrhnK, :'rsw ftneshnK dh ehws T[s/ i?fte o{g Bkbn:'r ftneshnK Bz{ fuo;EkJh pDkT[Dk j?. e[g'PD, o'r, wekB^;zpzXh n;[ftXk ns/ em'o Pohoe fwjBswkBt gqiksh d/ bJh fJe noE ftu n~S/ jB.

fJ; gqeko ;gPN j? fe gqkfeqse gqtoD d/ d' o{g jB—fBo;B (elimination) ns/ fwbkB (absorption).i' gqkDh gqfeqsh d/ Bkb ;cbskg{ote nB[e{bB BjhA eo gKd/ jB, T[BQK dk fBo;B j' iKdk j?. fJ;d/ T[bNi' gqkDh gqfeqsh d/ Bkb nB[e{bB eoB ftu ;woE j' iKdk j?, T[BQK dk d{i/ ihts gqkDhnK d/ Bkb ftbnj' iKdk j?. gqfeqsh d/ Bkb T[Bw{bB eoB ftu ;woE j' iKdk j? T[BQK dk d{i/ ihts gqkDhnK d/ Bkb fwbkBj' iKdk j?. gqkfeqse gqtoD fwqs{^do jh ezw eodk j?. i' ftnesh nkgD/ nkg Bz{ gqfeqsh Bkb nB[e{fbsBjhA eo gkT[Ad/, gqfeqsh T[BQK B{z ysw eo fdzdh j?. gqkfeqse gqtoD dh gqfeqnk ftu iBw^do fe;/ tho{g ftu gqGkts BjhA j[zdh, feT[Afe nB[e{bB dh gqfeqnk iBw d/ pknd jh nkozG jz[dh j?.

fgno;Bfgno;Bfgno;Bfgno;Bfgno;B (Pearson) B/ gqkfeqse gqtoD d/ uko w[~y nkXkoK dk toDB ehsk j?—

1H r[D gfotosDPhb jBl 2H r[D fgsokrs j[zd/ jBl

3H gqfeqsh fwqs{ d[nkok ezw eodh j?l 4H fwqs{^do gqtoDkswe j[zdh j?.

gqkfeqse gqtoD d/ f;XKs dh nB/e nkXkoK T[s/ nb'uBk ehsh rJhL (1) gfjbk, :'rsk ;d?t gfonktoD;kg/y j[zdh j?. ;wGkt gfonktoD nB/e j[zd/ jB ns/ T[BQK gaqsh nB[e{bB d/ wkor th nB/e jB. (2) d{i/,ihtB d/ ;zxoP ftu :'rsw f;~X j'D tkbk ftnesh ;zzGt j?, ;wkfie, B?fse ns/ p"fXe r[DK ftu jhBswj't/. ihts ofjD dh i?fte :'rsk dk ;wkfie r[DK s'A e'Jh ;zpzX BjhA j' ;edk j? fJj T[go'es d/ T[bNj't/. ihts ofjD dk i?fte :'rsk d/ ;EkB T[s/ wkBt^w[~b dh ntXkoDK Bz{ ;EkB fdsk ikDk ukjhdk j?fi;dk fInkdk ;wkfie wj~st j?. (3) shik, fJj s~E ;theko ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j? fe fi~E/ gP{ irsftu ;zxoP ns/ fBo;B d[nkok ihftsk dk f;XKs wj~stg{oD ;EkB oydk j?, T[E/ ;fj:'r ns/ PKshg{oD;fjtk; th wj~stg{oD G{fwek ndk eod/ jB. wB[~y irs ftu sK ;fj:'r dk fJzBK wj~stg{oD ;EkBj? fe ;wki fJ;d/ fpBk ihfts BjhA ofj ;edk. wB[Zy dk ;wkfie ihtB gqsh:'rsk d/ ;EkB T[s/ ;fj:'r,;zxoP d/ pikJ/ ;wo;sk, wsG/d d/ pikJ/ ;fjwsh T[s/ nkXkos j?, (4) u"Ek, wB[~y nB[e{bB dh gqfeqnkftu e/tb wkso fBPfeqn s~s BjhA j?. fJj ;~u j? fe jo/e iht Bz{, fi; ftu wB~[y th Pkwb jB, nkgD/gfonktoD d/ gqsh nB[e{fbs j'Dk g?Adk j?, gozs{ wB[~y nkg fJ; r~b dk fBPu/ eodk j? fe nB[e{bB fe;gqeko ehsk ikt/. fJe ;t;E wkBt iht gqkfeqse gqsh:'rsk dk ntP/P BjhA pbfe ;wkfie ;ozfynD


B ØN


dh T[gi j?. (5) gzitK, gqkfeqse wB[Zy dh Pohoe g{oDsk dk ftuko e/tb fJe eEk j? gqfeqsh ftu e[g'PDns/ o'rK Bkb w[esh fBnw dh ng/ePk e/tb ngtkd j?. id se ftnesh nkgDh frDsh Bz{ fJ; gqekofBnzfsqs BjhA eo b?Ad/ fe T[BQK B{z ihts ofjD d/ bJh fJe d{i/ d/ Bkb gqsh:'rsk Bk eoBh gt/, T[j frDshftu E'V/ ns/ nkeko ftu S'N/ j'Dr/. (6) S/t/A, ;wkfie ftok;s jo fes/ gqkfeqse gqtoD d/ fdqV ftebgKdk gfoPeko eodh j?. ;wkfie ftok;sjhB ihtK d/ bJh ;wki gqkfeqse gfonktoD d[nok fBod/fPs e[MftXhnK dk fso;eko eo ;edk j?. bkfJv w'orB (Loyd Morgan) d/ PpdK ftu, “idfe wkBf;eftek; ni/ nKfre ftek; T[s/ nkXkfos j?, T[j g{oBsk nKfre io{osK d/ nXhB fpbe[b BjhA j?. fJe;hws wksok Bz{ S~v dJhJ/ sK gqkfeqse gqtoD d[nkok fJ;dk fBnzsqD th BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. gqkfeqsegqtoD dh dk;sk s'A e[M d{o se wB ;[szso j? ns/ fJe Bt/A tksktoD d/ ;zpzX ftu ns/ nkgD/ jh fBnwKd/ nB[;ko T[;dk ftek; j' ;edk j?. Gkt/A gqiksh ftu wkBf;e ftek; dh fBozsosk j[D th nKfre tKfPeskd[nkok ;zGt j?, fezs{ wkBf;e gqrsh e/tb wkBf;e ;kwoE dh gqkgsh ns/ ftqXh d/ ekoD jh BjhA j?.gozgok s'A wkBt^T[gbpXh d/ Bshi/ d/ o{g ftu wkBf;e gaqrsh ;zGt j?.” (7) ;st/A, gqkfeqse gqtoDdk f;XKs gP{ ;wki ns/ wB[~y ;wki d/ ftu nzso Bz{ g{oBsk G[bk fdzdk j?.

b'eohshnK ns/ b'ekukoK d/ y/so ftu th gqkfeqse gqtoD dk f;XKs x~N fdqPwkB j?. fB;zd/j ;w{j d/ bJhnfsnzs jkBhekoe b'eohshnK dk i' gfonktoD ftu gfotosD d/ ekoD nkgDh T[g:'rsk r[nk fdzdh j?.ns/ i' ;w{j dh ihftsk dk P'PD eo d/DrhnK, ;jh ;w/A ftu jh d{oheoD j'Dk ukjhdk j?. gozs{ e[Mb'eohshnK T[Zihts ofjzdhnK jB. T[BQK dk T[ZihtB T[BQK dh :'rsk dk ftPt^gqwkD BjhA j?. nfrnkBns/ nzXftPtk; ftu g'fPs gqshe{b b'eohshnK ;Ekgs j' e/ nB[e{b gfotosD d/ fto[X fGnzeo nto'XyVk eo ;edh j?. Gkos ftu pkb ftnkj, JhPto d/ gqe'g Bz{ PKs eoB bJh fJzdokikfbe T[gkn, nS{sskns/ e[M fJe gqeko d/ G'iBK d/ fto[~X nfijh b'eohshnK d/ T[dkjoD jB. b'eohshnK d/ ftu gqkfeqsegqtoD fdqVsk Bkb ezw BjhA eodk. :[~X iK jwb/ ftu ;w{jK d[nkok ;w{jK dk fBo;B j' iKdk j?, gozs{fJj b'eohshnK d/ y/so ftu gqkfeqse gqtoD d/ gq:'r dk gohyD BjhA j? feT[Afe b'eohshnK dh gqfeqoshd/ nbktk nB/e ekoe, nkofEe ;kXB, P/qPm P;soK, ;?fBe ;zrmB, nrtkJh nkfd dh nfXfeqsh thgqftPN j[zd/ jB. ftd/Ph ;fGnsk dh ;fEshnK d/ nko'gD d/ ekoD nkfdw ikshnK dk b'e j' frn j?, gozs{fJ;Bz{ gqkfeqse gqtoD edkfus jh fejk ik ;edk j?. ;zy/g ftu, ftfGzB ikshnK d/ eJh nkukoK ns/;z;EktK dk ;ot/yD ;kBz{ fJ;/ Bshi/ T[s/ b? iKdk j? fe ;fGn wB[~y d/ T[dftek; ftu gqkfeqse gqtoDdk x~N ;p{s T[gbpX j?.

;wkfie gqtoD;wkfie gqtoD;wkfie gqtoD;wkfie gqtoD;wkfie gqtoD (Social election)—;wkfie gqtoD ;wki ftu wB[~yK d[nkok fBnzfsqs feqnwkDPeshnK dk Bshik j?. w?ekJhtow?ekJhtow?ekJhtow?ekJhtow?ekJhto B/ fbfynk j?, “fi~E/ se wkBt^;wki d/ nzdo T[sgzB PeshnK ;wkfie;zpzXK d[nkok feqnwkD j'e/ iB;zfynk dh T[ZihtB^doK ns/ gqiBB Bz{ gqGkts eoB tkbh PeshnK dkfBowkD eodhnK jB, fJ; gqfeqnk Bz{ ;wkfie gqtoD dk Bkw d/ ;ed/ jK.” ;wkfie gqtoD dh feqnk;z;feqsh ns/ ;fGnsk dh T[BQK PeshnK d/ ;z:[es gqGkt dk Bshik j[zdh j?. i' wB[~y d/ ;/tkoE T[gbpXjB. wB[~y T[BQK :"iBktK ns/ T[geoK dh y'i ftu th ;zbrB j? fiBQK Bkb gqkfeqse gqtoD d/ ;zGkth gqGktKBz{ pdfbnk ik ;edk j?. fit/A^fit/A ;fGnsk dh gqrsh j[zdh j?, gqfeqsh d/ T[go wB[~y d/ fBnzsqD ftu tkX/j[zd/ jB ns/ gqkfeqse gqtoD fBozso xNdk j'fJnk ekoe pD iKdk j? ns/ ;wkfie gqtoD fInkdk s'A fInkdkgqw[Zy pD iKdk j?. wB[~y gfonktoD dk w[ekpbk fJe p[~XhwkB ftnesh d/ o{g ftu eodk j?, fi; T[s/T[j nkgDh p[ZXh ns/ gqftXh d/ d[nkok ekp{ gk b?Adk j?. ;wkfie gqtoD dh feqnkPhbsk dh ftXhnK gqkfeqsegqtoD s'A fGzB jB. w?ekJhtow?ekJhtow?ekJhtow?ekJhtow?ekJhto B/ fbfynk j?, “toswkB ;~sk d/ ftu toD eod/ j'J/ gqfeqse gqtoD woDd[nkok ekoiPhb j[zdk j? ns/ fJ; soQK fBPu/ j[zdk j? fe feBQK dh j'Ad ofjDh ukjhdh j?. ;wkfie gqtoDth woD^do ekoiPhb j[zdh j?, fezs{ T[;dh gqs~y feqnk sK iBw^do d/ ;zpzX ftu j?. gqfeqse gqtoD

;fGn wB[~y d/ T[dftek; ftu gqkfeqse gqtoD fJe fBozso x~Ndk j'fJnk ekoe j?.B'N;


B ØN


e/tb woD d/ ftebg iK ;cb o{g rqfj eodk j?l ;wkfie gqtoD eJh ftebg gq;s[s eodk j?. T[j gqXkBiK e/tb o{g ftu fBo;Bekoh BjhA j?l nKfPe o{g ftu T[j fto'Xe ns/ f;oiBkswe th j? ns/ fBPu/eodk j? fe feBQK Bz{ iBw b?Dk ns/ T[Zihts ofjDk ukjhdk j?.” gfonktoD d/ gqsh nB[e{bB dh wzr eodkj?. ;wkfie gqtoD ;wki d/ nB[;ko nkgD/ g~XoK dk fBowkD eodk j?. gqkfeqse gqtoD d/ ;Bw[y ftneshfBPfeqn ns/ ;ziwh ofj iKdk j?, gozs{ ;wkfie gqtoD d/ ;Bw[y T[j T[BQK ehwsK d/ fBoXkoD ftufeqnkswe :'rdkB j[zdk j?. fiBQK d/ nB[;ko ftnesh Bk e/tb T[Zihts ofj ;edk j? pbfe ihtB ftufJe fBPfus ;fEsh Bz{ th gqkgs eo ;edk j?.

;wkfie gqtoD dk y/so gqkfeqse dh ng/ePk fInkdk ft;fsqs j[zdk j?. fJj fJe jh ;fEsh d/ ftfGzB;wkXkB gq;s[s eodh j?. Pohoe o{g ftu d[opb ftnesh ihts ofjD d/ j[D n:'r BjhA jB, ;r'A T[jnkgDh B?fse ns/ p"fXe gqkggshnK d[nkok ;wki dk fJe :'rsw gqkDh pD ;edk j?. nB/e ftnesh i'gqkfeqse gfonktoD s'A d{Go ihtB pshs eod/, j[D ;wki d/ :'rsw w?Apo pD e/ ihtB pshs eo ;ed/jB. fJj ;gPN j? fe gqkfeqse gqtoD d[nkok ng/fys r[D, Pohoe :'rsk ns/ pb ;wkfie gqtoD ftufInkdk wj~stg{oD BjhA j?, feT[Afe T[Zso'es ;wkfie ehwsK Bz{ fInkdk wj~st gaqqdkB eodk j?. gqfeqshe'Jh gqtoD BjhA eodh. fJj fe;/ fBPfus g~Xo dk nB[;oD ehs/ fpBk nzXkX[zX fBof;s iK T[Zihts eodhj?. d{i/ gk;/, ;wkfie ihtB ftu e[M nkdoP fBnw j[zd/ jB, fiBK Bz{ ;'u ;wM e/ fBofws ehsk iKdkj? ns/ ;theko ehsk iKdk j? s/ fiBQK d/ nB[;ko e[M fJe t;s{nK B{z n~Sk ;wM e/ fbnk iKdk j? ns/ j'oBkBz{ fBof;s eo fdsk iKdk j?.

;zy/g ftu, gqfeqse gqtoD ns/ ;wkfie gqtoD ftu nzso dh w[~y r~bK j/m fbyhnK jB—

1H gqkfeqse gqtoD e/tb fwqs{^do d/ d[nkok ezw eodk j?, idfe ;wkfie gqtoD iBw^do T[s/ pbfdzdk j?.

2H gqkfeqse gqtoD e/tb d' wkor—nB[e{bB ns/ fwqs{ gqdkB eodk j?, idfe ;wkfie gqtoD nB/eftebg gqdkB eodk j?. fJj nto'Xe ns/ f;oiBkswe d't/A jB.

3H gqfeqse gqtoD ftu wB[~y Bz{ gqfeqsh Bkb nB[e{bB eoBk g?Adk j?. fi; Bz{ T[j pdb BjhA ;edk,gozs{ ;wkfie gqotD wB[~y d/ :sBK dk Bshik j[zdk j?.

4H gqkfeqse gqtoD gqsh:'rsk ns/ ;zxoP dk wkor j?, idfe ;wkfie gqtoD ;fj:'r ns/ go'geko dkwkor j?.

5H gqkfeqse gqtoD ftu ftnesh d/ ;Bw[y e/tb fJe gfonktoD j[zdk j?. fi;d/ Bkb T[; Bz{nB[e{fbs j'Dk g?Adk j?, idfe ;wkfie gqtoD ftu nB/e gfonktoD j[zd/ jB.

6H gqkfeqse gqtoD gqkfeqse dPktK T[s/ nkXkos j[zdk j?, id fe Bkb T[; Bz{ nB[e{fbs j'Dk g?Adk j?,idfe ;wkfie gqtoD ftu nB/e gfonktoD j[zd/ jB.

7H gqkfeqse gqtoD wkBt^ftek; dh j~dK Bz{ fBPfus eodk j?, idfe ;wkfie gqtoD fJBQK j~dK d/nzsors ofjzd/ j'J/ fdPk fBoXkoD eodk j?.

;wkfie gqtoD d/ gqeko;wkfie gqtoD d/ gqeko;wkfie gqtoD d/ gqeko;wkfie gqtoD d/ gqeko;wkfie gqtoD d/ gqeko;wkfie gqtoD, fit/A fe w?ekJhto B/ df;nk j?, d' gqeko d/ ezw eodk j?. fJe sK ftfGzB byPK Bz{ fdqPNhftu oy e/ ;Ekgs ;wkfie ;fEshnK dk e/tb Bshik j?. fJj ngqsZy Yzr j?. d{ik, fJ; gqeko fBofwsbyP d/ bJh ;wkfie :'iBk dk gqs~y Bshik j?. fJj gqs~y Yzr j?. d't/A gqeko fJe d{i/ Bkbgo;go^;zpzXs jB.

1H ngqsZy ;wkfie gqtoD (Indirect Social Selection)–edhêdh ;wki dk ;zrmB iBw ns/T[ZihtB dk ;zs[bB fpBk fe;/ fJ~Ss Bshi/ d/ pdb fdzdk j?. T[dkjoD bJh, eowPkbk ftu ezweoB dh d'P:[es dPktK wid{o tor ftu T[Zu woDPhybsk T[sgzB eo ;edhnK jB ns/ rzdhp;shnK ftu ofjD Bkb :ePwk d/ ekoD fwqs{̂ do fInkdk T[Zuh j' ;edh j?. nfijh ;fEsh ftugqfeqsh dh dkje PeshnK T[; dPk d/ ekoD ekoios j'JhnK fi;d/ bJh ;wki fizw/tko j?. i/eo


B ØN


woDPhbsk g"PfNe G'iB, no'r ftnt;Ek ns/ fufe;sk ;zpzXh ;[ftXktK d/ T[Zu j' ikD Bkb x~Nj' rJh j? sK gqkfeqse PeshnK Bz{ ;wkfie fdqPNh s'A fBofws ;fEshnK d[nkok nto[~X eo fdskfrnk j?. fJ; gqeko id nkofEe o'Irko, ezw d/ xzN/, g'fd:'freh^soZeh d/ nB[;ko feZfsnK d/ftsoD, eowPkbk ftu ekoi :'rsktK Bkb ;zpzXs fBnw pdbd/ jB sK T[j ;wkfie gqtoD d/gqekoK Bz{ th gqGkts eod/ jB.

2H gqs~y ;wkfie gqtoD (Direct Social Selection)—gozs{ ;wki gqfeqsh dh PeshnK Bz{ gqs~y o{gBkb fBnzfsqs eodk j?. fJ; gqeko, fJj ;t~Ssk ns/ no'r ;zpzXh fBnwK dk fBowkD eodk j?,fufes;k^;zpzXh ;j{bsk gqdkB eodk j?, PqfweK Bz{ fGnkBe ;fEsh s'A pukT[D d/ bJh ezw dhdPktK Bz{ fBnfws eodk j?. ns/ fPP{ j~fsnk, nkswj~fsnk ns/ roGgks d/ bJh dzv dhftnt;Ek eodk j?. ftnkj dh T[wo fBoXkosw eoe/ fJj ftnkj Bz{ fBnzfsqs eodk j?, d{i/ftnkj dh wBkjh eodk j?, sbke Bz{ nt?XkfBe x'fPs eodk j? ns/ edhêdh ftnkj s'A gfjbK;tk;E ;zpzXh gqwkD^g~so wzrdk j?. fJj gfotko fB:'iB ;zpzXh ;{uBk dk gq;koB eodk j?,nkwdB eo ftu eN"sh d/ e/ iBw^fBnzsqD Bz{ gq's;kfjs eodk j? ns/ gfotko d/ nkeko Bz{ ;hwseoB bJh j'o :[eshnK dk gq:'r eodk j?. fJ; gqeko, n;hA ;wki Bz{ gqiBB ns/ T[ZihtB do Bz{ftuko:[es ;wkfie fB:'iB d[nkok fBnzfsqs eod/ d/yd/ jK.

gozs{ fJj fXnkB oj/ fe oki ftXkB d[nkok fBnzsqDK dh ng/ePk jo/e ;w{j d/ ohsh fotkiK ns/b'ekukoK d[nkok fBnzsqD fInkdk gqGkth j[zdk j?. b'ekuko d[nkok nfij/ g~Xo ;Ekgs ehs/ iKd/ jBfiBQK T[s/ ;zG'r, ftnkje ;fEshnK ns/ gfotko d/ nkeko nkXkos j[zd/ jB. ;wkfieftnt;Ek e/tb ;fEshnK ;Ekgs eodh j? fiBQK d/ nzdo fJj g~Xo feqnkPhb j[zd/ jB. b'ekukoKd/ gqsh ftfPPN P?bh s'A gqshfeqnk eodk j? nB/e P'X fJ; s~E dh g[PNh eod/ jB fe gqiBB^T[otoskftfPPN ;wkfie ;w{jK d/ b'ekukoK ns/ dPktK d/ ;zpzX ftu ;wkfie s~s i?fte s~s dh ng/ePkfInkdk gqG[stPkbh jB. T[otosk ;zpzX gfotosDK ftu fe;h th gqeko d/ i?fte gfotosDfBfjs j'D, T[j b'ekukoK d/ nzdo gfotosK d[nkok jh rshPhb ehs/ iKd/ jB. ;zy/g ftu, ;wkfiegqtoD ;otsq ekoiPhb jB, ukj/ ;kBz{ fJ;d/ Bshfink Bz{ d/y Bk ;ehJ/. ;wkfie gqtoD d/ ekoD;gPN j?, gozs{ fJ;d/ Bshi/ fSg/ ofjzd/ jB, feT[Afe ;wkfie gqtoD d/ gqGktK Bz{ gqkfeqsegfonktoD d/ gqGktK s'A ftbr eoBk efmB j[zdk j?.

;wkfie gqtoD d/ ;o{g;wkfie gqtoD d/ ;o{g;wkfie gqtoD d/ ;o{g;wkfie gqtoD d/ ;o{g;wkfie gqtoD d/ ;o{g;wkfie gqtoD d/ nB/e ;o{g jB i' j/m fby/ jB—

1H ;?fBe ;wkfie gqtoD;?fBe ;wkfie gqtoD;?fBe ;wkfie gqtoD;?fBe ;wkfie gqtoD;?fBe ;wkfie gqtoD (Military Social Selection)—:[~X fJe pj[s fInkdk gqtoDkswe Peshj?. ;t;E ns/ ;kj;h ftnesh :[ZX bJh Gosh ehs/ iKd/ jB fi;d/ cb;o{g ;wki Bz{ jkBh j[zdh j?.fJ;d/ nbktk, :[ZX ftu ;?fBeK dh fwqs{ ;wki ftu ftXtktK dh ;zfynk ftu tkXk eodh j?. ;?fBedhoxekb se nkgD/ gfotkoK s'A d{o ofjzd/ jB fi; Bkb iBw^do th gqGkts j[zdh j?.

2H okiBhfse ;o{g okiBhfse ;o{g okiBhfse ;o{g okiBhfse ;o{g okiBhfse ;o{g (Political Form)—rqfj:[~XK ns/ ;[szsosk nzd'bBK ftu p[~XhwkB ns/ fJwkBdkoftnesh wko/ iKd/ jB. bkbk bkigs okJ/, uzdoP/yo nkikd, Grs f;zx, ;[GkP uzdo p'; tor/ wjkBftnesh Gkosh ;[szsosk nzd'bB d/ d"okB wko/ rJ/.

3H Xkofwe ;o{gsk Xkofwe ;o{gsk Xkofwe ;o{gsk Xkofwe ;o{gsk Xkofwe ;o{gsk (Reiligious Form)—e[M Xow pqjwuo T[s/ pb fdzd/ jB. Xkofwe B/skihtB^gfonzs ftnkj BjhA eod/. nfij/ B/sk Pohoe, wkBf;e ns/ B?fse fdqPNhe'D s'A P/qPmftnesh jz[d/ jB. T[BQK d/ nDftnkj/ ofjD Bkb ;wki Bz{ T[Zu ;zskBK gqkgs BjhA j[zdhnK.

4H ;wkfie ;o{g;wkfie ;o{g;wkfie ;o{g;wkfie ;o{g;wkfie ;o{g (Social Form)—b'eoshnK, b'ekuko ns/ gqEktK th ;wkfie gqtoD Bz{ gqGkts eod/jB. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, t;so gfjBD d/ ;wkfie fBnw d/ ekoD ;kBz{ t;so gfjBD/ g?Ad/ jB fi;Bkb ;{oi dh feoDK ns/ ;t~S jtk ;kv/ Poho Bz{ gqkgs BjhA j' gkT[Adh ns/ ;kB{z o'r x/o b?Ad/ jB.fJ; Bkb fwqs{^do gqGkts j[zdh j?. ;wkfie gqEktK, godk gqDkbh, pkb ftnkj, ftXtk g[Bo ftnkjT[s/ gqshpzX nkfd ;wki Bz{ eJh gqeko Bkb gqGkts eod/ jB. nkgD/ B?fse fBnwK d/ ekoD n;hA


B ØN


ftebKr, gkrb ns/ e[Pm o'r d/ ftneshK Bz{ gqiBB dh nkfrnk fdzd/ jB fi; Bkb ;wki dk Gkot~Xdk j?.

5H ekBz{Bh ;o{gekBz{Bh ;o{gekBz{Bh ;o{gekBz{Bh ;o{gekBz{Bh ;o{g (Legal Form)—d/P d/ ekBz{B th ;wkfie gqtoD Bz{ gqGkts eod/ jB. j~fsnkfonKBz{ fwqs{ dzv fdsk iKdk j?. i' iBw^do Bz{ gqGkt eodk j?. edhêdh ekBz{B t/Ptkftqsh, ;zssh^fBnzsqD,sbke ns/ roGgks nkfd Bz{ ;thfeqsh gqdkB eodk j?. ;zssh^fBnzsqD ns/ roGgks iBwdo Bz{gqGkts eod/ jB.

6H nkofEe ;o{gnkofEe ;o{gnkofEe ;o{gnkofEe ;o{gnkofEe ;o{g (Economic Form)—e[M fJe nkofEe fe~s/ fwqs{^do dk tkXk eod/ jB. fJ;gqeko, nbg ftef;s ns/ ysoBke T[fd:'r ftu ezw eoB tkb/ eowukohnK Bz{ fwqs{ dk fInkdk voj[zdk j?. fJ; Bkb fwqs{ do gqGkts jz[dh j?. d/fynk frnk j? fe ;c/d g'P eowukohnK dh ng/ePkne[P;b PfwqeK Bz{ ;zskBK fInkdk j[zdhnK jB.

7H Broh ;o{gBroh ;o{gBroh ;o{gBroh ;o{gBroh ;o{g (Urban Form)—Broh y/soJK ftu ofjD tkb/ b'eK dh ;zskBK g/Av{ y/soK ftu ofjDtkb/ ftneshnK dh ng/ePk xZN j[zdhnK jB. fJ;d/ nbktk, BroK ftu fwqs{^do g/Av{ y/soK dhng/ePk rzdh p;shnK, ;t~S jtk ns/ X[~g d/ nGkt ns/ n;t~S nt;EktK d/ ekoD fInkdk T[Zuhj[zdh j?. Bkb jh Pfjoh b'e ;zssh^fBo'X d/ eJh T[gktK Bz{ ngDkn e/ iBw^do Bz{ x~N eod/ jB.

nkofEe ekoenkofEe ekoenkofEe ekoenkofEe ekoenkofEe ekoeekob wkoe; ;wkfie gfotosD d/ nkofEe f;XKs d/ gqw[~y gqshgkde jB. wkoe; d/ nB[;ko, T[sgkdBdh gqftXh d[nkok ;wkfie ihtB d/ ;wkfie, ;K;feqse, Xkofwe ns/ okiB?fse gfjb{ fBoXkos j[zd/ jB.;kwzstkd, g{zihtkd ns/ ;wkitkd d/ nB[o{g gfotosD d/ ;zdoG ftu nfGXkoDk, gqshnfGXkoDk ns/fJBQK d/ ;zPb/PD Bz{ ;wkfie ;zouBk d/ gfotosD uoDK dh ;zfrnk fdsh. ;kwzstkd d/ nzsofto'XK Bkbg{zihtkd dk iBw j'fJnk j?. tor ;zxoP d/ Bshi/ ti'A gz{ihtkd Bkb ;wkitkd T[Go/rk. g{zihtkdhftnt;Ek ftu d' tor gkJ/ iKd/ jBL poi{nk ns/ ;otjkok, ;otjkok b'e sBykj G'rh jB ns/ poi{nkpus d/ P'Pe jB. id ;otjkok g{zihtkdh ftnt;Ek dh fBozsosk Bz{ u[D'sh d/Dr/ sd fJ; ftt;Ek ftusDkn T[sgzB j't/rk. gz{ihtkd dh p[okJhnK dk jb e/tb eqKshekoh gfotosD ftu jB.

wkoe; B/ gqp[~X tor, B/sktK ns/ f;fynkftdK Bz{ gqGkts ehsk j?. wkoe;tkdh T[gkrw dk ;ko fJj j?fe Gkosh ;wki d/ bJh G"fse (w{b s"o s/ nkofEe) nt;EktK nkXkoG{s jB, ns/ fJBQK nt;EktK ftugfotosD Bkb ihtB d/ j'o ekoiy/soK ftu nkg/ jh nB[o{gh gfotosD ;zGt j' ;e/rk. fJ; fdqPNhe'Ddh d' wkBsktK jB (1) T[d:'r ns/ y/sh nzso^;zpzXs, ns/ (2) Gkos ftu y/sh T[sgkdB nkgD/ ;o{gns/ nzsot;s{ d'tK ftu g{zihtkdh j?. fJBQK wkBsktK Bz{ nkXkfoe wzBd/ j'J/ ;kBzz{ fJj d/yD dh io{os j?fe fJe ;w{j iK tor s'A j'o ;w{j iK tor d/ e'b nkofEe Pesh j;sKsfos j'D Bkb e'Jh ;zouBkswegfotosD j[zdk j? iK BjhA. eh gq'fd:'fre T[gkfJnK d[nkok gozgokrs n;wkBsktK (iksh gfo;fEsh ns/G{ ;tkwhst T[s/ nkXkos n;wkBsk) fInkdk fdqV j'Jh j? iK T[BQK ftu wj~stg{oB ewh j'Jh j?.

;[szsosk d/ nkozGe ;kbK ftu ;zouBkswe gfotosD d/ T[dkjoD fwbd/ jB. Gkos d/ nB/e GkrK ftuikrhodkoh ns/ iwhAdkoh gqEktK d/ T[Bw{bB d/ ekoD ikrhodkoK ns/ iwhAdkoK Bz{ nkgDh ikrhoK s'A j~EX'Dk fgnk. fJBQK G{ ;tkwhnK d/ ekPsekoK Bz{ fJBQK ;[XkoK s'A pj[s bkG j'fJnk, feT[Afe wkfbeK dh G{whT[s/ ekPsekoK Bz{ ;tkwhst nfXeko gqkgs j' rJ/. G{ ;tkwhnK d/ bJh fJ; gqfeqnk Bz{ ;otjkokeoD fejkik ;edk j?, ns/ ekPsekoK d/ bJh fJ; Bz{ poi{nkeoD dk Bkw d/ ;ed/ jB. fJ;/ gqeko dh gfotosDdh gqfeqnk Bz{ n?cHihH p/bh B/ T[Vh;k ftu t/fynk ;h. fIwhAdkoh T[Bw{bB d/ ekoD, skVh pDkT[D tkb/y[b/ pkiko ftu skVh t/uD br/, idfe T[Bw{bB s'A gfjbK T[BQK skVh nkgD/ G{ ;tkwhnK Bz{ d/Dh g?Adh ;h.E'V/ jh ;w/A ftu fJBQK skVh pDkT[D tkfbnK dh nkofEe ;fEsh ftu pj[s ;[Xko j'fJnk ns/ G{ ;tkwhnKdh nkofEe dPk ftu froktN nkJh. G{ ;tkwhnK B/ nkgDh iwhBK skVh pDkT[D tkfbnK Bz{ t/uhnK feT[AfeskVh pDkT[D tkfbnK d/ e'b y[b/ pkiko ftu skVh t/uD d/ ekoD feqn Pesh pj[s fInkdk j' rJh ;h.fJ; gfotosD d/ ekoD rohpK d/ P'PD d/ nzs dh P[o{nks j'Jh ns/ ;wkfie ns/ nkofEe ;wkBsk dkth nkozG j'fJnk.


B ØN


Gkos ftu ;wkfie^nkofEe ;zouBk ftu ftPwsk, ;wkfie sDkn ns/ ;zxoPK d ftfGzBsk j?. Gkos fJeftek;Phb ;wki j? fi; ftu g{ot g{zihtkdh ;wkfie e'NhnK gz{ihtkdh P/qDhnK d/ Bkb gkJh iKdhnK jB.wkoe; B/ w{b s"o s/ T[d:'fre ;wki dh ;w~f;nktK d/ pko/ ftu tko fInkdk ehsk j? idfe Gkos Bz nZith gqw[~y o{g ftu, fe;kB noE ftt;Ek ns/ nkfdw ;wkfie ;zouk wzB ;ed/ jK. Gkos fJe pj[s jhifNb ns/ ftG/dhfeqs ;wki j?. fe;kB tor d/ ftG/dheoD ;o{g B/ ;fEshnK Bz{ j'o th fInkdk ifNbpDk fdsk j?. pj[s jd se y/sh T[sgkdB gqftXh noX ;kwzsh, noX T[gfBt/Ph, noX g{zihtkdh ns/r?o g{zihtkdh iK gkozgfoe j?. iksh ns/ y/soh ft;sko d/ Bkb fJj ftG/d j'o fInkdk tX iKd/ jB. Gkosftu fe;kB d/ ezw bJh gfotko fwjBs n~i th fJe tk;sftesk j?.

oki dhnK BhshnK ns/ g'qrokwK d/ ;ekokswe ezwK d/ o{g ftu iwhAdkoh ns/ ikrhodkoh gqEktK dkT[Bw{bB, ;ky ;kjekoh ;whshnK B{z tkXDk, G{wh i'sK dk j~dpzdh ns/ nkofEe T[sEkB d/ j'o g'qrokwK dkT[b/y ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJBQK BhshnK ns/ g'qrokwK ns/ jfos eqKsh d/ gqGktK Bz{ ;wkfie o{gKsoD d/ fJeBt/A gZXo d/ o{g ftu d/fynk frnk j?.

gozgokrs n;wkBsk d/ ;EkB T[s/ j[D fJe Bt/A gqeko dh n;wkBsk T[Goh j?. BthA gfo;EshnK dhnKwzrK d/ nB[o{g iksh ftnt;Ek B/ nkgD/ nkg Bz{ gfotofss ehsk j?. ;zouBkswe fdqPNh s'A gfotkoK dk;z:[es ofjDk ;zGt BjhA fojk j? feT[Afe fJBQK d/ w?Apo fJe jh ;EkB T[s/ Bk sK ofjzd/ jB ns/ Bk jhezw eod/ jB. gozs{ ftfGzB ns/ d{o tkb/ ;EkBK T[s/ ofjzd/ j'J/ th T[j nkgD/ gfotko d/ w?ApoK dh ;jkfJskeod/ jB fi; Bkb gfotkoK Bz{ gqekoikswe ;z:[essk gqkgs j?. toswkB gfo;fEshnK nfijhnK jB fefJe gfotko d/ w?ApoK Bz{ ;kXkoD s"o s/ fJe jh ;EkB T[s/ B"eohnK BjhA fwb ;edhnK. ;' Gkos ftugfotosD ;EkBkgzBsk d/ pikJ/ o{gKsoD d/ ;o{gK ftu fInkdk j' fojk j?. fJj ftqXh d/ o{g ftu fInkdkj?, Bk fe ;zuJh o{g ftu.

Xkofwe ekoeXkofwe ekoeXkofwe ekoeXkofwe ekoeXkofwe ekoewB[~yK ftu Xow dh T[sgsh fet/A j'Jh, fJ; gqPB dk e'Jh fBPfus T[Zso BjhA fdsk ik ;edk. Xow dhT[sgsh oj~; d/ ros ftu S[gh j'Jh j?. fJ; ftP/ T[s/ b/yeK ftu gfonkgs wsG/d jB e[M b/ye,v/ftvv/ftvv/ftvv/ftvv/ftv fjT[w fjT[w fjT[w fjT[w fjT[w (David Hume), w?e; w{bow?e; w{bow?e; w{bow?e; w{bow?e; w{bo (Max Muller) ns/ frfvzr;frfvzr;frfvzr;frfvzr;frfvzr; (Giddings) dk ftuko j?fe wB[~y dh feqsh d/ o{g ftu Gqw T[s/ nkXkfows ;h ns/ vo fJ;dh T[sgsh dk ekoD pfDnk. nkfdekbhBwkBt dk ihtB gqfeqsh dh r'd ftu gbdk ;h. gaqfeqsh dh ftfGzB uhiK s'A T[; Bz{ bkG s/ jkBh d't/A j[zd/;B. T[dkjoD bJh, i/eo ;{oi mzve Bkb T[;dh o~fynk eodk j?. sK jB/oh T[;dh M'AgVh Bz{ T[vk e/ b?iKdh j?. gqfeqsh d/ ftfGzB o{gK Bz{ d/y e/ nkfdwkBt d/ wB ftu T[;d/ gqsh nksze, vo ns/ PoXk nkfdGktK dk T[sgzB j'Dk ;tkGkfte ;h. gqfeqsh s'A G? Ghs j' e/ T[j T[;dh nokXBk eoB brk. (fJ; Bz{gqfeqshtkd dk f;XKs efjzd/ jB). j'o b/yeK, fiBQK ftu ;g?A;o ;g?A;o ;g?A;o ;g?A;o ;g?A;o (Spencer) ns/ NkfJboNkfJboNkfJboNkfJboNkfJbo (Tyler) dkBk ;G s'A gfjbK j?, dk ftuko j? fe Xow dh T[sgsh g/qskswktK d/ vo Bkb j'Jh ns/ nkswktkd ;ko/ XowKdk nkXko j?. T[;d/ nB[;ko, nkswk dk ftuko Xow ftu e/Adoh ;EkB oydk j?. nkswktK wB[~y d/ fBnzsqDs'A pkjo jB. ;' T[BQK Bz{ y[P oyD d/ bJh wB[~y T[BQK dh nokXBk eoB brk. (fJ; Bz{ nkswktkd dk f;XKsefjzd/ jB.) fpqfNP wkBtPk;soh okpoN w?o/NokpoN w?o/NokpoN w?o/NokpoN w?o/NokpoN w?o/N (Robert Marett) d/ nB[;ko, ihts ;~sktkd noEks‘wkBk’—Pesh ftu ftPtk; i' G"fse Pohoe Pesh s'A ;otEk fGzB j?—;G XowK dh T[sgsh dk ekoDj?. ‘wkBk’ nPohoh PeshnK jB, fJ; ekoB fJ;dk frnkB fJzdqhnK d[nkok BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. (fJ;Bz{ wkBktkd dk f;XKs fejk iKdk j?). vpfbT[H okpoN;BvpfbT[H okpoN;BvpfbT[H okpoN;BvpfbT[H okpoN;BvpfbT[H okpoN;B (W. Robertson) dk ftuko ;h fe gqkuhBXowK ftu ;z;EktK ns/ feqnktK, noEks ;z;ekoK dh gqXkBsk j[zdh ;h fiBQK Xow dk nkozGesw o{g;wfMnk ikDk ukjhdk j?. d[oyhw d[oyhw d[oyhw d[oyhw d[oyhw (Durkheim) dk th nfijk ftuko ;h. T[;d/ nB[;ko, Xow dh

Gkos d/ nkofEe ftek; ftu oki dh efbnkD J/iz;h d/ o{g ftu wj~stg{oDG{fwek ojh j?.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j'


B ØN


T[sgsh ‘N'Nwtkd’ s'A j'Jh j?. T[; B/ nkgD/ g[;se ‘The Elementary Forms of the Religous Life’ftu fJj Bshik e~fYnk j? fe ;wki nkg Xow dk w{b j?. N'Nwtkd d/ nkXko T[s/ jh gft~so ns/ ;kXkoDt;s{nK ftu G/d eoD dh GktBk dk iBw j'fJnk. ;' N'Nwtkd jh ;kfonK XowK dk gqkEfwe o{g j?. (fJ;Bz{ ;wki Pk;soh f;XKs efjd/ jB). ;wBo ns/ e/bo;wBo ns/ e/bo;wBo ns/ e/bo;wBo ns/ e/bo;wBo ns/ e/bo (Sumner and Keller) dk ftuko j? fe Xowdh T[sgsh nfsgqkfeqse ns/ ekbgfBe gfonktoD d/ gqsh nB[e{bB dh fBPfus io{os d/ gqsh nB[feqnkftu j'Jh. fJj gfonktoD sEkrs gfonktoD d/ ;wkB tk;sfte fdybkJh fdzdk j? ns/ fJ;d/ gqshnB[e{bB io{os j?. T[BQK d/ nB[;ko i/eo e'Jh GkrK nXhB s~s Bk j[zdk sK Xow dh T[sgsh Bk j'Jh jz[dh.(fJ; Bz{ ;[Gkrtkdh f;XKs fejk iKdk j?).

gozs{ Xow dh T[sgsh Bz{ fe;/ fJe~b/ ;q's ftu BjhA y'fink ik ;edk. fJ; Bz{ fe;/ fJe s~s—vo, nPohoePesh ftu ftPtk;, ;z;eko ns/ fBPfus io{os dh gqshfeqnk T[s/ nkXkos jhA ;wfMnk ik ;edk.Bk fJ~Sk ns/ Bk e/tb GktBk fJ;dh T[sgsh dh ftnkfynk eo ;edh j?. Xow dk gqkozG wkBt u/sBkd/ ;wkB g[okDk j?. e'Jh th nkfd ;wki nfijk BjhA j? fi; ftu Xow dh nt;fEsh BjhA ;h ns/ i/eoXow ;kotG"fwe gfoxNBk j? sK fJ; B{z wkBt gqftosh dh eohsqw nt;Ek BjhA ;wfMnk ik ;edk, gozs{fJj sK fJe nfijh t;s{ j? fi;dh iV wkBth wB'ftfrnkB ftu ;EkJh o{g Bkb p?mh j'Jh j?,. r?b'tr?b'tr?b'tr?b'tr?b't/(Galloway) B/ fbfynk j?, “fJj s~E fe wB[~yK B/ jo/e ;EkB T[s/ ns/ ;dk Xow dk ftek; ehsk j?,feT[Afe nfijk e'Jh ;p{s BjhA j? fe e'Jh iB iksh ns/ gqiksh Xowofjs ojh j't/, fJ; ;fsnsk Bz{ fJzfrseodk j? fe Xow dh iVK wkBt^;[Gkn ftu jB. gfonktoD dk e'Jh ;zi'r ns/ gozgok dh rqfjDPhbskBz{ nfijh t;s{ dk w{b BjhA wzfBnk ik ;edk i' ;EkJh ns/ nftos j?. i' nB[Gt ftu ;kotG"fwe j?,T[j wB[~y d/ ihtB dh tk;sfte j'Dh ukjhdh j?.” j'o ;wkfie ;z;EktK dh GKsh Xow dh T[sgsh thwB[~y dh e[M io{osK dh gqshfeqnk ftu wB[~y dh p"fXe Pesh Bkb ns/ Xosh T[s/ T[;d/ ihtB dh ;fjuohnt;EktK d/ ekoD j'Jh.

fJ; gqeko, Xow dh fJfsjk;e T[sgsh dh rZb eoB dk e'Jh noE BjhA j? feT[Afe Xow T[Bk jh g[okDkj? fizBh wkBt iksh. tk;st ftu, ;wkfie ;z;EktK dh ftnkfynk T[BQK dh ftnkfynk T[BQK dh T[sgshd/ toDB s'A BjhA ehsh ik ;edh. nkozGe ;wkie nkozGK d/ fuzBQK dh y'i eoBk n;zGt j?. feT[Afe ;z;EktKg~Eo BjhA jB fiBK dh y[dkJh BjhA ehsh ik ;edh, ;' T[BQK dh T[sgsh d/ pko/ ftu e'Jh ;p{s ngqs~yns/ fBPfeohJ/ j't/rk. ftek;tkdhnK dh ebgBktK ftu nB/e n;~s wkBsktK jB. Xow fJe nfs gqkuhB;z;Ek j?. B?AvoEbB?AvoEbB?AvoEbB?AvoEbB?AvoEb (Neanderthal) ftneshnK ftu th, i' 25,00 ;kb gfjbK ofjzd/ ;B, XowftfdwkB ;h. ;G nkfdw ikshnK ftu th Xow gkfJnk iKdk ;h. Xow dk nkozG nkg ;zz;feqsh d/ nkozGd/ Bkb i[fVnk j'fJnk j?. fJj fJe nB[gw ;z;Ek j?. idfe j'o ;kohnK ;z;EktK dh T[sgsh Bz{ wkBtdh gP{ts io{osK ns/ T[;dh Pohoe ftP/Pskt ftu y'fink ik ;edk j?l fJj ;gPN BjhA j? fe XowwkBt d/ feBQK byPDK T[s/ fBofws j?.

Xow dh ;wkfie G{fwekXow dh ;wkfie G{fwekXow dh ;wkfie G{fwekXow dh ;wkfie G{fwekXow dh ;wkfie G{fwekGkt/A Xow fJe fBsKs ftneshe t;s{ j?, go fJ;dk ;wkfie ;o{g ns/ ;wkfie G{fwek j?. fJj ;wki ftuPeshPkbh nfGeoD fojk j? ns/ fJ;B/ nB/e wj~stg{oD ezwK dh g{osh ehsh j?. ;?bph (Selbie) dk eEBj?, “rZb fJj BjhA fe gft~so ;wki ns/ uou JhPto pD iKdk j? ns/ JhPto dk ;EkB b? b?Adk j?, ;r'A t;s{;fEsh fJj j? fe wB[~y fJj nB[Gt eodk j? fe T[j nkgD/ JhPto Bz{ ;w[dkJ/ d/ w?Apo o{g ftu, d{finK d/Bkb fwb e/ gqkgs eo ;edk j?, T[j ;w[dkJ? T[; T[d/P dh g{osh bJh fBofws j[zdk j? fi; d/ bJh JhPto dhnt;fEsh j?.” noBkbv vpfbT[H rqhB noBkbv vpfbT[H rqhB noBkbv vpfbT[H rqhB noBkbv vpfbT[H rqhB noBkbv vpfbT[H rqhB d/ nB[;ko, Xow d/ fszB ;kotG"fwe ezw jB—

1H gfjbk, fJj fJ; ;z;ko ftu ftneshrs d[yK dk :[esheoD eo T[BQK Bz{ ;fjBhJ/ pDk fdzdk j?l2H d{ik fJj nksw wj~st dh ftqXh eodk j?l ns/3H shik, fJj ;wki d/ ;wkfie ehwsK Bz{ fJe ;z;es ;zg{oB ftu r[zdD ftu ;jkfJsk fdzdk j?.

1H ftneshrs d[y dh ftnkfynk eodk j? ftneshrs d[y dh ftnkfynk eodk j? ftneshrs d[y dh ftnkfynk eodk j? ftneshrs d[y dh ftnkfynk eodk j? ftneshrs d[y dh ftnkfynk eodk j? (Explains Individiual Sufferings)—wB[~y e/tbfrnkB d/ nkXko T[s/ jh ihts BjhA ofjzdk. T[j fJe Gkt[e gqkDh th j?. Xow fBokPktK ns/ d[yK


B ØN


d/ ;w/A wB[~y dh GktBktK Bz{ ;KstBk ns/ T[;d/ ftneshst d/ ;wkebB ftu :'rdkB fdzdk j?. ;z;koftu, wB[~y Bz{ T[gbpXhnK ns/ nkPktK d/ w~X ftu fBokPktK dk ;kwQDk eoBk g?Adk j?. fiBQK t;s{nKBz{ gqkgs eoB dh T[j e'fPP eodk j?, T[j T[; Bz{ BjhA fwb gkT[AdhnK. id wkBth nkPktK dks[Pkokgks j' iKdk j?, id ;ko/ :sB ftnoE j' iKd/ jB, sd wB[~y Bz{ ;tkGkftesk ;KstBk ns/ jkBhg{osh bJh e'Jh t;s{ ukjhdh j?. fi; Xhoi ns/ ;wGkt Bkb Xkofwe ftnesh d[oGkr ns/ d[yKBz{ ;fjB eod/ jB. T[j Xkofwe ftPtk;K ns/ feqnktK dh Pesh dh gqw[~y nfGftnesh j?. id g[~sodh fwqs{ j' iKdh j? sK wB[~y jwdodh d/ ;K;ekfoe ftfBw/n ftu nkgD/ d[y Bz{ G[~b ikD dh e'fPPeodk j?. T[j JhPto T[s/ PoXk oydk j? ns/ T[;d/ wB ftu fJj ftPtk; T[sgzB j[zdk j? fe e'JhnfdqP ftnesh oj~;wJh YzrK Bkb ezw eodh j? i' T[;dh B[e;kB Bz{ th noEg{oD pDk fdzdh j?.JhPto ftu ftPtk; T[;dh B[e;kB g{osh eodk j?, ihtB ftu T[;dh o{uh Bz{ pDk e/ oydk j? ns/fJ; Bz{ ;fjBPhb pDkT[Adk j?. ;wki fJe fBPfus j~d s'A go/ p"fXesk Bkb Pkf;s BjhA j' ;edk.fJ; gqeko, Xow P'e ns/ vo s'A w[esh fdtkT[Adk j?. fJj ftnesh Bz{ fe;/ ;zeN Bz{ w~XekbhB ns/r"D ;wMD d/ :'r pDkT[Adk j?. fJj ftnesh Bz{ fBokPktK d/ ;fjD eB ns/ T[;d/ ftneshst Bz{;wkefbs eoB ftu ;jkfJsk eodk j?.

2H nksw^wj~st dh ftqXh eodk j?nksw^wj~st dh ftqXh eodk j?nksw^wj~st dh ftqXh eodk j?nksw^wj~st dh ftqXh eodk j?nksw^wj~st dh ftqXh eodk j? (Enhances Self-importance)—Xow wB[~y Bz{ T[;d/ nBzsft;sko T[s/ b? iKd/ j?. wB[~y nkgD/ nkg Bz{ nBzs d/ Bkb ;z:[es eodk j? ns/ r"otkPkbh wfj;{;eodk j?. nBzs d/ Bkb ;z:[esheoD d[nkok nksw r"otPkbh ns/ i/s{ pDdk j?. Xkofwe ftneshdh nkswk ;zg{oB Xosh d/ ;woki s'A fInkdk w[~btkB j?. wB[Zy nkgD/ nkg Bz{ JhPto dh ;G s'AtXhnk feqsh ;wMdk j?. fi;d/ Bkb T[;dk fwbB j't/rk ns/ fJ; gqeko T[;dh nkswk wjkB ns/fdtn pD iKdh j?. ;wki Bz{ th Xow d[nkok fJ; gqeko gqd~s nkswuks[oh Bkb bkG j[zdk j?. XowwB[~y Bz{ d{i/ ihtB ftu ;K;kfoe n;cbsKtK dh B[e;kB g{osh d/ o{g ftu g[o;eko dk ftPtk;fdtkT[Adk j?. nfijk ftPtk; fInkdkso fBokPk Bz{ d{o eo fdzdk j? ns/ wB[~y Bz{ ;wki ftu nkgDhG{fwek ;jh o{g ftu fBGkT[Ad/ ofjD bJh gq's;kjB fwbdk j?.

3H ;wkfie ;zPesh dk ;q's;wkfie ;zPesh dk ;q's;wkfie ;zPesh dk ;q's;wkfie ;zPesh dk ;q's;wkfie ;zPesh dk ;q's (A source of Social Cohesion)—Xow ;wkfie ;zPesh dk gow ;q's j?;wki dh gqkEfwe io{os ;wkfie ehwsK dh nkw nfXfeqsh j? fi;d/ d[nkok ;wki ihts ofjzdk j?. fJBQK;wkfie ehwsK Bz{ ftfrnkBe Yzr T[s/ gqwkDs BjhA ehsk ik ;edk, fJBQK dk T[drw Xkofwe ftPtk;Bkb j[zdk j?. Xow fJBQK ehwsK dk nkXko j?. ftfrnkB ns/ gq'fd:'freh fJBQK ehwsK Bz{ fBofws BjhA eo;ed/. fJj ehwsK sK jh gqGkth j[zdhnK jB. i/eo fJBQK dh ftnkfynk Bk ehsh ikt/. pZfunK Bz{ wkskfgsk dh nkfrnk dk gkbB eoBk ukjhdk j?, T[BQK Bz{ M{m BjhA p'bDk ukjhdk ns/ X'yk BjhA d/Dk ukjhdk,fJ;sqhnK nkgD/ gsh d/ gqsh PoXktkB j'D, ftnesh fJwkBdko ns/ B/e j'D, nkfd e[M nfij/ ;wkfieehwsK jB i' ;wkfie ;zPesh Bz{ pDk e/ oyd/ jB. Xow wB~[y Bz{ n;wkfie ezwK dk gfofsnkr eoDdh p/Bsh eodk j? ns/ T[;B{z nkgDh io{osK ns/ fJ~SktK Bz{ ;hws eoB dk T[gd/P fdzdk j?. g/qw ns/;/tk Xow dh d' wjkB f;fynktK jB. ;ko/ XowK B/ fJBQK dh f;fynk fdsh j?. Xow B/ ;dk ;wki ftu;fjGktBk Bz{ iBw fdsk. pb?ewko ns/ frfbB pb?ewko ns/ frfbB pb?ewko ns/ frfbB pb?ewko ns/ frfbB pb?ewko ns/ frfbB (Blackmar and Gillin) B/ ;wkiheoD dh gqfeqnkftu ns/ ;wki ftu fBnzsqD d/ ;kXB o{g ftu Xow dh ehwsK s/ pb fdzd/ j'J/ fJ;dk Peshg{oD ;woEDehsk j?. Xow dk ;G s'A fInkdk wj~stg{oD ezw edkfus nB[Pk;Bkswe ;h. Xow B/ jh gkPftenokiesk Bz{ d{o eo nkfrnk gkbB ns/ Grsh dk gkm gVQkfJnk.

fJ;d/ nbktk, Xow gfotkoe, nkofEe ns/ ;wkfie ;z;EktK d/ o{g Bz{ gqGkts eodk j?. nB/ent;oK iBw, ftnkj, fwqs{, fPeko, gP{gkbB T[s/ Xkofwe ;z;eko ehs/ iKd/ jB i' gfotko, Bks/dkoh, fjsK ns/ okiBhfse ;z;EktK Bkb r{V/ o{g Bkb ;zpX j[zd/ jB. Xow ;~fGnsk d/ ihtB ftue/Adoh s~s fojk j?. fJj fJe gqeko dh nkfXnkswe ftnke[bsk jh j[zdh j? i' ;fGnsk dk fBowkDeodh j? ns/ ihtB Bz{ nfijk o{g gqdkB eoB dh e'fPP eodh j? i' fifrnk;k dh ;zs[PNh eo ;e/.

4H ;wkfie efbnkD;wkfie efbnkD;wkfie efbnkD;wkfie efbnkD;wkfie efbnkD (Social Welfare)—Xow B/ wB[~y dh j'o ;/tKtK th ehshnK jB, fiBQK ftu;wBo ns/ e/bo ;wBo ns/ e/bo ;wBo ns/ e/bo ;wBo ns/ e/bo ;wBo ns/ e/bo B/ ezw dh ftt;Ek, g{zih d/ fJ~emk eoB, ftbk;h tor d/ iBw, ebk ns/ ;z;feqsh


B ØN


d/ gqsh T[s;kjPhb g[o'fjs tor dh T[sgsh Bz{ Pkwb ehsk j?. g[o'fjs tor B/ dtkJhnK dh BhAjoyh. g[o'fjsK B/ ftdtkBK ns/ ftfrnkfBeK d/ ezwK dh th g{osh ehsh. ikd{ B/ gfont/yD ns/gq:'rheoD Bz{ nkXko gqdkB ehsk fi; Bkb ftfrnkB dk ftek; j'fJnk. Xow B/ f;fynk d/ gq;kod[nkok wkBtsk dh ;/tk ehsh j?. Xkofwe rqzE wjkB ;kfj~se feqshnK ns/ frnkB d/ Gzvko jB. fJ;B/go'gekfosk ns/ ;ziw T[s/ pb fdsk j?. fJ;B/ b'eK ftu dkB dh GktBk Bz{ T[sgzB ehsk i' nB/ego'gekoh ;z;EktK j;gskb, ftPqkwrqfj, wzfdo nkfd y'b/ fiBQK Bkb fBoXBK ns/ io{oswzd b'eK Bz{;jkfJsk fwbh.

5H ;wkfie fBnzsqD dk nfGeoD;wkfie fBnzsqD dk nfGeoD;wkfie fBnzsqD dk nfGeoD;wkfie fBnzsqD dk nfGeoD;wkfie fBnzsqD dk nfGeoD (Agency of Social Control)—Xow fe;/ Bk fe;/ o{g ftu n~S/ns/ p[o/ ftT[jko d/ BshfinK T[s/ pb fdzdk j?. g[o;eko ns/ dzv, n~S/ ns/ p[o/ ezwK dk Bshik j[zdkj?. Xow b'eohshnK ns/ gqEktK dk T[BQK d/ fg~S/ nfsgqfeqse Pesh dh ;zg[PNhnK d/ gk;/ fXnkB fdtke/ ;woED eod/ jB. T[j e[M ezwK Bz{ Bk e/tb ;wki, ;r'A JhPto d/ gqsh ngokX x'fPs eod/ jB.ntZfrnk dk Bshik nkfXnkswe PeshnK d[nkok fBzdk j't/rk. nkgD/ ;ekokswe o{g ftu XowihtB dk nkdoP gq;s[s eodk j?. fJj e[M fJe ns/ ehwsK ftu ftPtk; oydk j?. Xkofwe ftneshfJBQK nkdoPK ns/ ehwsK Bz{ nkgD/ ihtB ftu ;EkB fdzdk j?. Xow ;kv/ B"itkBK Bz{ B?fse, nB[Pk;sns/ ;wki d/ ;wkihfeqs Bkrfoe pDB ftu ;jkfJsk d/ ;edk j?. ikB;BikB;BikB;BikB;BikB;B (Johnson) dk eEB j?fe “fjzd{ ;wkfie ftnt;Ek Xow T[s/ nkXkos j?. fJ; gqeko, Bekokswe ns/ ;ekokswe d't/A gqekoBkb Xow ;wkfie fBnzsoD dk fJe wj~stg{oD ;kXB j?.”

6H Xow nkofEe ihtB Bz{ th gqGkts ns/ fBnzfsqs eodk j?Xow nkofEe ihtB Bz{ th gqGkts ns/ fBnzfsqs eodk j?Xow nkofEe ihtB Bz{ th gqGkts ns/ fBnzfsqs eodk j?Xow nkofEe ihtB Bz{ th gqGkts ns/ fBnzfsqs eodk j?Xow nkofEe ihtB Bz{ th gqGkts ns/ fBnzfsqs eodk j? (Religion Controls and AffectsEconomic Life also)—w?e; t?po w?e; t?po w?e; t?po w?e; t?po w?e; t?po (Max Weber) dk ftuko ;h fe Xow nkgD/ nkokXeK dhnkofEe ftnt;Ek Bz{ th gqGkts eodk j?. fJ; gqeko T[;d/ nB[;ko, g{zihtkd dk iBw gq'N/;N/ANokPNoK, fJzrb?Av, ;z:[es oki nw/foek ns/ jkb?Av ftu j'fJnk. fJj fJNbh ns/ ;g/B ftu fte;sBjhA j'fJnk fi~E/ e?E'fbe Xow gqufbs j?. fjzd{ Xow G"fse gqrsh dh ng/ePk nkfXnkswe gqrshT[s/ fInkdk pb fdzdk j?. ;' Gkos ftu G"fsetkd dk ftek; Bk j' ;fenk.

Xow d/ B[e;kBXow d/ B[e;kBXow d/ B[e;kBXow d/ B[e;kBXow d/ B[e;kB (Disservices of Religion)—fJ; gqeko, Xow wkBt ;wki ftu fJe wjkB ;zrmBekohPesh j? gozs{ fJ;d/ Bkb jh ftBkPekoh th f;~X j'fJnk j?. wkoe; B/ Xow Bz{ ‘b'eK d/ bJh nchw’(opiate of the masses) fejk j? fi;B/ T[BQK Bz{ jhB nt;Ek ftu ofynk j?. iBsk Bz{ nkgD/ Gkr Bkb;zs[PN ofjD dh f;fynk fdsh iKdh j? i' T[BQK Bz{ Gkrtkdh pDk fdzdh j? ns/ so~eh dk wkor nto[~X j'iKdk j?. Xow dk fJfsjk; finkdkso nfsnkukoK dk fJfsjk; j?. fJ; d/ Bkw T[s/ :[~X bV/ iKd/ rJ/jB. Xow d/ Bkw T[s/ so~eh Bz{ o'e fdsk frnk j?. fJj e~NVsk ns/ nzXftPtk; dk o{g XkoD eo b?Adkj? ns/ ftuko^;[tkszso Bz{ dpkT[Adk j?. fJ;B/ :[~X ns/ fBoXBsk, P'PD ns/ Gkrtkd, t?Ptkftqsh ns/fBm~b/gD dk ;woEB ehsk j? ns/ nfijh feqnktK, wkB;^ykDk, nkswj~fsnk, dk;sk, nS{ssk ns/ b?Afre;eosk dk g~y fbsk j?. edkfus jh e'Jh nfijh p[okJh j't/ fi;dk fe;/ Bk fe;/ ;w/A Xow B/ ;woEBBk ehsk j't/. pb?ewko ns/ frfbBpb?ewko ns/ frfbBpb?ewko ns/ frfbBpb?ewko ns/ frfbBpb?ewko ns/ frfbB B/ fbfynk j?, “Xow dh e~NVsk ns/ jmXofwsk B/ pko^pko ;Zudh y'i ftu o'e gzj[ukJh j? ns/ fifrnk;{ ftneshnK Bz{ s~EK dh y'i eoB s'A o'fenk j?. fJ; B/ ftfrnkBdh gqrsh Bz{ nto[~X ehsk, ftdtkBK d[nkok ;[szso y'i ftu dyb ehsk ns/ nkw b'eK dh gqikszsohnkeKPktK dk dwB ehsk.” Gkos ftu d/P dk ftGkiB Xow d/ Bkw T[s/ j'fJnk ns/ n~i th Xow;zgodkfJesk d/ o{g ftu okPNoh nyzvsk d/ bJh vo pfDnk j'fJnk j?. n:'fXnk eKv B/ 1947 dh ;fwqshBz{ skik eo fdsk j?. wzfdo w;fid fttkd B/ okPNo Bz{ ;zgodkfJe j~fsnktK d/ d"o ftu Xe/b fdsk j?.okiBhfse db Xkofwesk dk t'N p?Ae yV/ eoB bJh P'PD eo oj/ jB. tfoPm B/sktK B/ Xkofwe T[rqtkdd/ ;Bw[y r'v/ N/e fds/ jB. ;Zu/ Xow dk b'g j' frnk j?. Xow dk okiBhsheoD ns/ tgkoheoD eofdsk frnk j?. ;zgodkfJe ;zrmBK dh T[sgsh j'Jh j? i' ‘j'oBK’ d/ gqsh Bcos dk T[gd/P fdzd/ jB. nihprZb sK fJj j? fe Xkofwe r[o{ th okiBhsh d/ nykV/ ftu gqt/P eo rJ/ jB.

gozs{ ftfGzB B[e;kB, i' Xow d/ Bkw T[s/ j'J/ jB, d/ pkti{d :[rK se fJ;dh ;fEosk fJ;d/ ehwsK dk;p{s jB. fJj nkXkoG{s ehwsK ns/ B?fse fBnwK dk gqfsgkde fojk j? i' ;wki Bz{ ;zrmB ns/


B ØN


ftneshst Bz{ ;wkebB gqdkB eod/ jB. ;wBo ns/ e/bo ;wBo ns/ e/bo ;wBo ns/ e/bo ;wBo ns/ e/bo ;wBo ns/ e/bo B/ j/m fby/ PpdK ftu Xow T[s/ nkgD/ fBoD/dk ;ko o{g fdsk–

“i/eo e'Jh Xow d/ fto[~X nky/gK Bz{ fBPg~yskg{ope ntb'eB eo/ ns/ T[BQK ;G Bz{ g{oB s"o s/ ns/ e[Mwksok ftu ;theko eo bt/ ns/ T[gozs Xkofwe gqDkbhnK d[nkok wkBt iksh T[s/ ehs/ rJ/ nfsnkukoKns/ B[e;kBK Bz{ th ;theko eo bt/, sd th nzs ftu T[; Bz{ wzBDk gt/rk fe Xow dh i' ehws fdshrJh j?, T[j fJ;d/ :'r ;h. Gkt/A Xow wfjzrk frnk j?, sd th fJ;d/ gqGkt th oj/ jB.”

Xow ns/ ftfrnkBXow ns/ ftfrnkBXow ns/ ftfrnkBXow ns/ ftfrnkBXow ns/ ftfrnkBXow ns/ ftfrnkB go;go fto'Xh jBXow ns/ ftfrnkB go;go fto'Xh jBXow ns/ ftfrnkB go;go fto'Xh jBXow ns/ ftfrnkB go;go fto'Xh jBXow ns/ ftfrnkB go;go fto'Xh jB (Religon is Incompatible with Science)—fJj gqPBfe eh ftfrnkB ns/ Xow go;go fto'Xh jB, T[ABhthA Pskpdh d/ tkd^fttkdK ftu fJe gqw[Zy ftP/ ;h.e[M b/yeK dk ftuko j? fe ftfrnkB ns/ Xow go;go fto'Xh jB. j?oh n?bwo pkoB;j?oh n?bwo pkoB;j?oh n?bwo pkoB;j?oh n?bwo pkoB;j?oh n?bwo pkoB; (Harry ElmerBarnes) B/ fbfynk j?, “id fe o{Vhtkdh Xow ns/ nkX[fBe ftfrnkB d/ w~X go;go fto'Xh ;zxoP j?,T[go'es ns/ wkBttkd d/ wZX e'Jh BjhA j?, feT[Afe wkBttkdh ;gPNsk nkgD/ Xow Bz{ ftfrnkB dh y'iKT[s/ nkXkos eod/ jB.” o{Vhtkdh Xow dk fBPfus o{g ftu ftfrnkB d/ Bkb ;zxoP j?. fJ; s~E dkgqwkD T[gbpX j? fe o{Vhtkdh Xow B/ ftfrnkB dk fto'X ehsk ns/ jo/e ;zGt ftXh Bkb fJ;d/ ftek;ftu dyb ehsk. e'gofBe; ns/ r?bhfbU Bz{ nkgDh y'iK ;wki d/ ;Bw[y gq;s[s eoB ftu pVhnKefmBkJhnK j'JhnK. r?bhfbU Bz{ Xkofwe ftPtk; d/ fto[~X eZY/ rJ/ BshfinK d/ ekoD cK;h s/ bNeDkfgnk. r?bhfbU B/ f;~X ehsk fe Xosh ;{oi d/ uko' soc x[zwdh j?, fJj Xkofwe ftPtk; d/ fto[~X ;hfJ;/ gqeko Xow B/ vkoftB ns/ je;b/ d/ BshfinK Bz{ M{mk f;ZX eoB dk :sB ehsk. Xow dh o{Vhtkfdskd/ ekoD ftfrnk dh gqrsh pj[s ;w/A se o[eh ojh. i?fte ftek; d/ f;XKs dk th gfonkgs bzp/ ;w/A se g'qN?;N?AN ns/ e?E'fbe d't/A ;zgodktK d[nkok fto'X j[zdk fojk j?. nkw b'e nkgDk Xkofwe ftPtk;S~v e/ ftfrnkBe ;~u B{z wzBD d/ bJh ibdh fsnko BjhA j[zd/ ;B ns/ fJ; gqeko Xkofwe ftPtk;ftfrnkB ns/ nkw iBsk ftu ;zxoP T[sgzB eo fdzd/ ;B. ;wBo ns/ e/bo;wBo ns/ e/bo;wBo ns/ e/bo;wBo ns/ e/bo;wBo ns/ e/bo fbyd/ jB, “Xow d/ fe;/nfijh gqeko dh y'i eoBk, fi;B/ ;[szso y'i dk ;tkrs ehsk j't/ T[ABk jh efmB j? fizBk nk;kB Xkofwe;~sktK d[nkok gqf;~X y'ieosktK Bz{ cK;h d/Dk ns/ T[BQK T[s/ nfsnkuko eoBk.” n?AfvqT{ vhH tjkJhNn?AfvqT{ vhH tjkJhNn?AfvqT{ vhH tjkJhNn?AfvqT{ vhH tjkJhNn?AfvqT{ vhH tjkJhN(Andrew D. White) dk ftuko j? fe ftfrnkB ns/ Xow ftu ;zxoP tk;st ftu o{Vhtkfdsk ns/ftfrnkB d/ w~X ;zxoP j?, Bk fe Xow ns/ ftfrnkB d/ w~X. gozs{ pkoB;pkoB;pkoB;pkoB;pkoB; (Barnes) d/ nB[;ko fJ;ftuko Bz{ ;thfeqs BjhA ehsk ik ;edk feT[Afe o{Vhtkfdsk Xow doPB dk fJe nzr j?. nw/foeB ;wkiPk;soh ebhc'ovêoe^g?fNqeebhc'ovêoe^g?fNqeebhc'ovêoe^g?fNqeebhc'ovêoe^g?fNqeebhc'ovêoe^g?fNqe (Clifford Krik-Patrick) dk ftuko ;h fe nkg ftfrnkB dh ng/ePk,ftfrnkB d/ doPB ns/ T[;dh g~Xsh dk Xow d/ Bkb ;zxoP j?. T[;B/ ftfrnkBe T[gkrw ns/ XkofweT[gkrw d/ w~X nzsoK dh ftnkfynk eoe/ T[BQK Bz{ fto'Xh gkfJnk. ftfrnkB gfot/yD ns/ fJzdqhnK ns/T[geoDK d[nkok gq:'r T[s/ nkXkos j?. fJj fe;/ nfij/ Bshi/ Bz{ wkBsk gqdkB BjhA eodk, fi; B{z gohyDns/ nkB[Gfte w[bKeD d/ nkXko T[s/ t?X f;ZX BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. Xow dk ;zpzX nfsgqkfeqs ;z;ko s'A j?.fJj ftPtk; ns/ d?th frnkB T[s/ nkXkos j?.

ftfrnkB ns/ Xow go;go fto'Xh BjhA jBftfrnkB ns/ Xow go;go fto'Xh BjhA jBftfrnkB ns/ Xow go;go fto'Xh BjhA jBftfrnkB ns/ Xow go;go fto'Xh BjhA jBftfrnkB ns/ Xow go;go fto'Xh BjhA jB (Science and Religion are not Incompatible)—d{i/ gk;/ ;hHJhHn?wH i'v;hHJhHn?wH i'v;hHJhHn?wH i'v;hHJhHn?wH i'v;hHJhHn?wH i'v (C.E.M. Joad) B/ fbfynk j?, “w?A fJ; nkw ftuko Bz{ ;Ekgs eoB dh e'fPPehsh j? fe ftfrnkB ns/ Xow ftu e'Jh fto'X BjhA j?. wB[~y d' ftfGzB ftt;EktK ns/ wzvbK dk w?Apoj?, ftfrnkB fJBQK ftu'A e/tb fJe T[s/ ftuko eodk j? ns/ T[; T[s/ th e/tb T[;/ ;hwk se fi; se fJ;Bz{d{i/ s'A Gbh gqeko ftbr ehsk ik ;edk j? ns/ fJe ;wrq frnkB d/ o{g ftu fJ;dk nfXn?B ehsk ik;edk j?. d{i/ PpdK ftu, ftfrnkB nfsgqkfeqse ftnt;Ek d/ gqGkt Bz{ tofDs BjhA eo ;edk, feT[Afe

eh Xow ftneshrs d[y dh ftnkfynk eodk j?<Nk;e


B ØN


fJ;dk ;zpzX gqkfeqse ftnt;Ek dh ;zg{oB ns/ T[;d/ gq;skt s'A j?. i/eo nfijk j? sK ;kB{z fJ; Bshi/Bz{ wzB b?Dk ukjhdk j? fe gqkfeqse ftnt;Ek dh ;zg{oB ftnkfynk BjhA ehs ik ;edh, id se T[; ftunfsgqkfeqse gqGktK Bz{ th fXnkB ftu Bk ofynk ikt/.”

tk;st ftu fJj ;wM gkT[Dk w[Peb j? fe ftfrnkB dk Xow Bkb fe; gqeko fto'X j?. ftfrnkB dkT[d/P ftPt d/ G"fse ;o{g dk nfXn?B eoBk j?, idfe Xow dh sksekfbe nfXn?B^t;s{ JhPto ns/nfsgqkfeqse ihtB j?. fB;zd/j ftfrnkB tk;sftesk d/ pj[s fInkdk gZyK dk nfXn?B eo fojk j? ns/Bfynsqk, uzdowk ns/ j'o frqjK d/ ftP/ ftu fInkdk frnkB gqkgs eoB dk :sB eo fojk j?, sd th fJj;kohnK ;w~f;nktK dk jb Bk eo ;fenk j? ns/ Bk jh fJj nkPk j? fe fJj wB[~y d/ ftPt d/ Bkb ;zpzXK s'A;zpzXs ;G ;w~f;nktK dk jb b~G bt/rk. fe;/ t;s{ B{z, i' ftfrnkBe BjhA j?, fJj r?o^ftfrnkBe nB[;zXkBd/ y/so s'A pkjo j?, j'Ad jhD f;~X BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. Xow nt?frnkBe BjhA j?. fJj r?o^ftfrnkBe j?.

Xkofwe fttjko dh ftfrnkBe ftnkfynk BjhA ehsh ik ;edh. Gkt/A n;hA ftfrnkB d/ y/so ftu fezBhjh so~eh eo bJhJ/, n;hA Xow d/ fpBk BjhA ofj ;ed/. gqf;~X ftfrnkB, nkJhB;NhB th Xkofwegqftosh d/ ftnesh ;B. rqhB rqhB rqhB rqhB rqhB (Green) B/ fbfynk j?, “fJ~E/ f;~X j' u[ek j? fe wB[~y ns/ ;wki ftfrnkBd/ fpBK ihfts ofj ;eD ftu ;woE jB. gozs{ wB[~y ns/ ;wki Xos d/ fpBK ihts ofj ;ed/ jB, fJjni/ f;~X BjhA j'fJnk j?.” nkrpoB ns/ fBwekcnkrpoB ns/ fBwekcnkrpoB ns/ fBwekcnkrpoB ns/ fBwekcnkrpoB ns/ fBwekc B/ fbfynk j?, “e[M b'e nfij/ jB i' ;'ud/ jB feT[j Xow d/ fpBK fBotkj eo ;ed/ jB. gozs{ T[j Xkofwe nB[Gt d/ w[~b s'A ngfofus jB. Xow dhio{os ftnesh ns/ ekb d/ nB[;ko x~N ns/ fInkdk j' ;edh j?. nkX[fBe ihtB ftu sDkn pj[s fInkdkj?. ;kv/ j;gskb wkBf;e o'rhnK Bkb Go/ gJ/ jB. fJ;dk edkfus fJe ekoD ihtB d/ tXd/ j'J/ sDknBz{ d{o eoB ftu Xow dh n;cbsk j?. pdfe;wsh Bkb, Xkofwe ftPtk; Bz{ fe;/ ftfPPN ;zgodk Bkb;z:[es eo fdsk iKdk j?, Bt/A frnkB d[nkok T[so'es Bz{ id X~ek brdk j? sK T[; Bkb nB/e ftneshnKdk ftPtk; th ysw j' iKdk j?. T[j fJ; s~E B{z BjhA ;wM gkT[Ad/ fe Xkofwe nB[G{sh ftfPPN ftPtk;Ks'A ;[szso t;s{ j? ns/ T[j Bt/A frnkB d/ ;zdoG ftu nkgD/ ftPtk;K dh w[V ouBk eo ;ed/ jB. uu?th fJ; ;fEsh d/ bJh fizw/tko j?, feT[Afe T[;B/ nkgD/ Xkofwe ftuko Bz{ BthB s~EK ns/ fdqPNhe'DK BkbnB[e{fbs BjhA ehsk j?.” i/eo Xow nkswk Bz{ PKsh fdzdk j?, nksw dk nBzs se ft;skoD eodk j?,ihtB Bz{ ;fjBPhb pDkT[Adk j? ns/ ;kv/ nzdo Pq/Pm bePnK B{z ikrqs eodk j? sK ftfrnkB dh gaqrshd/ pkti{d fJ;dh nfsnzs io{os j?. Xow dk nskofee ;o{g ;wki ns/ ftnesh, d'tK d/ bJh wj~stg{oDezw eodk j?, fi; Bz{ ftPt dh Xkofwe ftnkfynk d/ ;EkB T[s/ ftfrnkB ftnkfynktK Bz{ gq;Ekfgs eoe/ysw BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. Xow Bz{ ftfrnkB ftu e'Jh fto'X BjhA j?, ;r'A wB~[y ns/ ftPt dh gqfeqshBz{ fInkdk g{oB o{g Bkb ;wMD d/ bJh Xow dh fInkdk io{os j?. fJ;d/ nbktk, Xkofwe ftPtk;K Bz{;wkfie ehws T[BQK d/ pjh j'D T[s/ fBoGo BjhA j?. fJj sK e/tb ftPtk; T[s/ nkXkos j?. fJj s~Efe T[j wkBth soe s'A go/ dh t;s{ j?, T[BQK d/ ;wkfie ehwsK Bz{ ;wMD dh gqw[Zy e[zih j?. T[BQK dk gqGktfJ;/ rZb T[s/ fBoGo j? fe ftfrnkBe o{g s'A T[j n;~s j?.

nkX[fBe ;wki ftu Xow dh io{os x~N wj~stg{oB BjhA j?. fit/A fe T[go fejk frnk j?, nkX[fBe ihtBftu pj[s fInkdk sDkt j?. wkBf;e o'rhnK dh frDsh tkX/ dh soc j?. nkswj~fsnk d/ wkwb/ tX oj/jB. ftfrnkB nkX[fBe ihtB dh ;koh ;w~f;nktk dk ;wkXkB BjhA eo ;edk. i/eo e'Jh iB;zfynknkgDh wB'ftqshnK ftu pj[s fInkdk sEkswe, nkgD/ ftT[jko ftu finkdk ftukoPhb ns/ nkgDh ehwsKftu finkdk e{NBhfse pD iKdh j? sK ;zGt s"o s/ ftnt;Ek ns/ ;ozfynD pDk e/ oyD j/s{ fJj :E/Pm o{gftu ;z:[es BjhA eo ;edh. Xow fBog/ysk dh j~d j[zdh j?. fJj n;zGt fijk fdykJh fdzdk j? feftfrnkB Xow Bz{ ns/ Xow ftfrnkB B{z g{oDsk ft;Ekfgss eo d/t/rk. nkgD/ ihtB Bz{ fInkdknoEg{oD ns/ T[d/Pg{oD pDkT[D bJh ;kB{z fe;/ B?fse ns/ nkfXnkswe ;~u T[s/ nkfPqs j'Dk j't/rk. ;kBz{fe;/ nBzs Pesh ftu ftPtk; eoBk j't/rk, Gkt/A n;hA T[; Pesh Bz{ JhPto efjzd/ jK ns/ ihtB d/Dtkbk ns/ nDd/yh Pesh ftu nk;Ek d/ ;fwqPD s'A jh j' ;edk j?.

fB;zd/j fJj ;jh j? fe edhêdh Xow Bz{ ngo gqfeqshtkd ns/ jmXofwsk Bkb pj[s fInkdk gkpzd eofdsk iKdk j?, gozs{ Xow dh notkuhB gqftosh o{Vhtkfdsk dh ng/ePk ;wkfie ehwsK T[s/ fInkdk pb


B ØN


d/D dh soc j?. fJ;B/ nkgD/ f;XKsK Bz{ ftfrnkBe frnkB d/ Bkb ;z:s eoB dk :sB ehsk j?.XowPk;soh ;wkfie f;XKsK dh gzikj ;kb g{ot dh ng/ePk j[D xN nb'uBk eod/ jB. Xkofwe B/skG"fse ns/ ;wkfie xNBk^t;s{ dh ftnkfynk ftu j[D fInkdk ftfrnkBe s~EK dk gq:'r ed/ jB. T[j;tk;E Bz{ pDkJ/ oyD, iBw^do xNkT[D, o'rK dk T[guko eoB, ekw^GktBK Bz{ fBnzfsqs eoB ns/nkofEe rshftXhnK d/ fBnfws eoB g{ik dh ng/ePk wB[Zy dh ;/tk d/ nkXko T[s/ Xow dk fBowkD eoBdk :sB ehsk j?. nkX[fBe gaqftosh Xow d/ ;wkiheoD ns/ b"feeheoD d/ gk;/ j?. i/eo fJe tko Xowo{Vhtkfdsk ns/ ngo^gqfeqshtkd s'A T[s/ T[m frnk sK fJj gqpb f;oiDkswe Pesh pD ikJ/rk i' pDke/ oyD:'r j't/rh. fizBk fInkdk fJj toswkB dPktK ns/ s~Ekswe frnkB d/ Bkb ;wzfis j't/rk, T[Bhjh ;z;Ek d/ o{g ftu fInkdk fJ;d/ gqGkth pDB dh ;zGktBk j't/rh. pkoB; pkoB; pkoB; pkoB; pkoB; (Barnes) B/ mhe jh fejkj?, “;ozfynD :'r Xow JhPto Bz{ y[P eoB dh ng/ePk ;wki d/ bkG bJh b'eK Bz{ ;zrms ns/ T[BQK dhrshftXhnK dk wkor doPB eoB tkbk j'Dk ukjhdk j?.”

;t^w[bKeD ;t^w[bKeD ;t^w[bKeD ;t^w[bKeD ;t^w[bKeD (Self Assessment)1H ;jh ftebg u[D' (1H ;jh ftebg u[D' (1H ;jh ftebg u[D' (1H ;jh ftebg u[D' (1H ;jh ftebg u[D' (Choose the correct option)—)—)—)—)—

(i) T[BhAth Pskpdh ftu roG fBo'XeK Bz{ eh fejk iKdk ;h—

(a) B?fse (b) nB?fse

(c) a ns/ b d't/A (d) fJBQK ftu'A e'Jh BjhA.

(ii) gqkfeqse gqtoD ;wkfie ftek; dk w{bwzso j? fJj fe;B/ fejk j?—

(a) fgno;B (b) jopoN ;g/A;o

(c) vkoftB (d) fJBQK ftu'A e'Jh BjhA.

(iii) ;wkfie gfotosD d/ nkofEe f;XKs d/ gqw[Zy gqshgkde jB—

(a) ekob wkoe; (b) vkoftB

(c) fgno;B (d) fJBQK ftu'A e'Jh BjhA.

(iv) p[oi{nk ns/ ;ot;jkok tor gkJ/ iKd/ jB—

(a) ;wkitkd ftnt;Ek ftu (b) ;kwzstkd ftnt;Ek ftu

(c) g{zihtkdh ftnt;Ek ftu (d) fJBQK ftu'A e'Jh BjhA.

(v) fe; b/ye dk ftuko ;h fe Xow dh T[sgsh ‘N'Nw’ Bkb j'Jh j?—

(a) vpfbT[H okpoN;B (b) okpoN w?o/N

(c) d[oyhw (d) fJBQK ftu'A e'Jh BjhA.

(vi) gz{ihtkd dk iBw fe~E/ j'fJnk j?—

(a) fJzrb?Av (b) ;z:[es oki nwfoek

(c) jkb?Av (d) T[g:[es ;G.

(vii) wkBt ;wki ftu fJe wjkB ;zrmBekoh Pesh j?—

(a) Xow (b) ftfrnkB

(c) ;wkfie efbnkD (d) fJBQK ftu'A e'Jh BjhA.

(viii) Xow d/ ;kotG"fwe ezw jB—

(a) ftneshrs d[y dh ftnkfynk eodk j? (b) nksw^wj~st dh ftqXh eodk j?

(c) ;wkfie efbnkD eodk j?. (d) T[g:[es ;G.


B ØN


13H213H213H213H213H2 ;wkfie gfotosD d/ seBheh i?t gq'fd:'freh, ;{uBk gq'fd:'freh;wkfie gfotosD d/ seBheh i?t gq'fd:'freh, ;{uBk gq'fd:'freh;wkfie gfotosD d/ seBheh i?t gq'fd:'freh, ;{uBk gq'fd:'freh;wkfie gfotosD d/ seBheh i?t gq'fd:'freh, ;{uBk gq'fd:'freh;wkfie gfotosD d/ seBheh i?t gq'fd:'freh, ;{uBk gq'fd:'frehns/ whvhnk ekoe ns/ whvhnk ekoe ns/ whvhnk ekoe ns/ whvhnk ekoe ns/ whvhnk ekoe (Technological Bio-tech, Info-tech and MediaFactors of Social Change)

gq'fd:'freh ;wki Bz{ nB/e gqeko Bkb gqGkts eodh j?, feT[Afe gq'fd:'freh ftu e'Jh th gfotosD fe;/;z;EK ns/ ;w{j ftu gfotosD dk ekoD pDdk j?. T{oik d/ Bt/A ;q'sK dh y'i d/ cb;o{g :zso gq'fd:'frehd/ nkrwB d/ fJzB/ wj~stg{oB Bshi/ j'J/ fe fJ; Bz{ pj[Xk eqKsh dk Bkw fdsk iKdk j?. nkftPeko ns/y'i ;kv/ :[r d/ gqw[~y byPD jB. toswkB :[r Bz{ ‘ftfrnkB dk :[r’ – ‘T{oik dk :[r’ fejk frnk j?.fJj mhe j? jh fejk iKdk j? fe “;kv/ :[r dk ;G s'A fInkdk BthB ns/ ;op ftnkgh byPD g{zihtkdBjhA, ;r'A :zsoheoD j?. g{zihtkd sK :zsoheoD dh ;fj^T[gi wkso j?.” :zsoheoD B/ Bk e/tb ;wkidh nkofEe ;zouBk Bz{ pdb fdsk j?, pbfe ;wkfie ;zrmB d/ gqkuhB ;o{gK ns/ gqkuhB ftukoXkoktK dkth j'bh^j'bh ntw[~bB eo fdsk j?. nkropBnkropBnkropBnkropBnkropB (Ogburn) dk eEB j?, gq'fd:'freh ;wki Bz{ ;kv/ gfotoDftu gfotosD d[nkok fi;d/ gqsh ;kBz{ nB[e{fbs j'Dk g?Adk j?, pdbdh j?. fJj gfotosD G"fsegfonktoD ftu nkT[Adk j? ns/ n;hA fJBQK gfotosDK d/ Bkb i' nB[e{bB eod/ jK, T[; Bkb gqEktK ns/;wkfie ;z;EktK ftu gfotosD j' iKdk j?.

T[sgkdB^g'qfd:'freh ftu gfotosDT[sgkdB^g'qfd:'freh ftu gfotosDT[sgkdB^g'qfd:'freh ftu gfotosDT[sgkdB^g'qfd:'freh ftu gfotosDT[sgkdB^g'qfd:'freh ftu gfotosD (Changes in the Production Technology)—:zsoheoDdh so~eh d/ ;Bw[y ;kvh wB'ftqshnK, ;kv/ ftPtk; ns/ ohsh^fotkI u{oû{o j' rJ/ jB. ekohroh dhu/sBk, ;wkfie torK dh d?th ftnt;Ek, b?Afre y/so Bkb ;zpzXs ohsh^fotki, iBw dh gqfsPmk ;G:zsoheoD d/ fPeko j'J/ jB. T[fd:'freh :[r ftu fJ;sqhnK dh gfo;fEsh dk T[dkjoD fbnk ik ;edkj?. T[fd:'fresktkd B/ T[sgkdB dh xo/b{ gqDkbh dk BkP eo fJ;sqhnK Bz{ xo s'A eowPkbk s/ dcso ftugj[zuk e/ T[BQK dh nkwdB Bz{ ftG/fds eo fdsk j?. fJ; B/ fJ;sqhnK B{z BthB ;wkfie ihtB gqdkB ehskj?. pko{d d/ nftPeko Bkb :[~X dh gqftXh jh pdb rJh j?. nkX[fBe gq'fd:'freh d/ Bshi/ ti'A t;s{nKd/ g~XoheoD B/ Bk e/tb t;s{nK d/ T[sgkdB Bz{ ;;sk pDk fdsk j?, pbfe t;s{nK d/ ftsoD Bz{ th T[ZuYzr Bkb ;zrms, e[Pb ns/ ftnkge pDk fdsk j?. T[fd:'rK B/ PqfweK Bz{ ;zrms eo fdsk j? ns/ T[sgkdBns/ ftsoD dh ifNb ftnt;Ek Bz{ iBw fdsk j?. T[fd:'r ftu n~Sh T[sgkdB^Pesh B/ iB;zfynk d/fInkdkso fj~;/ Bz{ ;/tkêzwK d/ bJh w[es eo fdsk j?. nfGnBsktK, b/ykekoK, e~u/ gdkoEK d/ eq/sktK ns/fBofws t;s{nK d/ fte/qsktK, i' tk;sfte o{g ftu T[sgkdB dk ezw BjhA eod/, dh ;zfynk ftu pj[sfInkdk tkXk j'fJnk j?. T[sgkdB ns/ ftT[gko dh ftXh ftu gfotosD d/ ekoD okiBhfse fBnwB dhBthA ;w~f;nktK dk iBw j'fJnk. ekBz{B d/ ezwK dk ft;sko j'fJnk. ekBz{B^fBowksktK, ekBz{B Bz{feqnkBfts eoB tkb/ B"eoPkj ns/ ekBz{B dh ftnkfynk eoB tkb/ tehbK dh;zfynk ftu ftPkb tkXkj'fJnk j?. T[fd:'r, y/sh ns/ ;tk;E d/ y/so ftu ftfrnkB d/ gq:'r Bkb nB/e BthB ;/tkrs ezwK dkiBw j'fJnk. T[fd:'freh Pqfwe dh ;wkfie gfo;fEsh ftu jqk; j'fJnk, idfe ;wkfie ekoieosktKd/ ;wkfie wkB ftu tkXk j'fJnk. i/eo n;hA nkgD/ uko'A soc d/yhJ/ sK n;hA gq'fd:'reh nftPekoK d/cb;o{g ;wki ftu j' oj/ ftPkb gfotosDK dk nkGk; j' ikJ/rk. ;kv/ :[r dk ;G s'A fInkdk ftfPPNnBt/PD nD{̂ Pesh j? fi;B/ ;kv/ ihtB B{z ftnkge o{g s'A gqGkts ehsk j?. :[~X d/ nfGeosk d/ o{g ftufJ;B/ fjo'fPwk ns/ Bkrk;keh ftu GhPD Bo^;zjko ehsk. PKsh d/ nfGeosk d/ o{g ftu T[j ;fwqXh dknG{sg{ot :[r fbnk ;edk j?. ;tukfbs tkjBK ;wkfie ;zpzXK d/ y/so B{z ftnkge pDk fdsk j? ns/ gV";d/ ;kw[dkfJe ;o{g Bz{ x~N eo fdsk j?. ihtB g~Xo ftu ftqXh, tor ;zouBk ns/ tor^wkBeK ftugfotosD, wfXnw tor dk T[sEkB, ;EkBe b'eohshnK dh wj~stjhBsk, gV"; dk ftxNB, gqkuhBgfotkoe ftnt;Ek dk BkP, g/Av{ YzrK T[s/ Pfjoh ihtB eqw dh tXdh j'Jh gqpbsk, fJ;sqhnK dh dPkftu so~eh, BthB ftukoXkoktK ns/ nzd'bBK, ;kfwntkd ns/ ;wkitkd dk iBw, T[fd:'fre ;w{jK dhftP/Psk Pqfwe ;zxK dh u[D"sh ns/ P'Gkuko dk gq;ko T[sgkdB^gq'fd:'freh ftu gfotosD d/ Bshi/ jB.wB[~yK dh ftukoXkoktK fInkdk nB[Gttkdh j?. T[j r[D dh s[bBk ftu gfowkD d/ gqsh ns/ w[bKeD dhng/ePk wkgB d/ gqsh fInkdk fBPmktkB jB. T[BQK dh wB'ftqshnK :Kfsqe j?. fuzsB gqXkB ihtB dk nGktj?.


B ØN


y/sh gqftXhnK ftu gfotosDK B/ g/Av{ ;w[dkJ/ Bz{ gqGkts ehsk j?. BthB y/sh d/ T[geoDK ns/ o;kfJDeT[otoeK d/ nBt/PD s'A y/sh d/ T[sgkdB ftu tkXk j'fJnk fi; Bkb io{os j?. Bshi/ ti'A nB/e fe;kBPqfwweK B/ BroK dh soc ezw dh sbkP ftu gqtk; ehsk j?.

;zuko^;kXBK ftu gfotosD ;zuko^;kXBK ftu gfotosD ;zuko^;kXBK ftu gfotosD ;zuko^;kXBK ftu gfotosD ;zuko^;kXBK ftu gfotosD (Changes in the Means of Communication)—Bk e/tbT[sgkdB^gq'fd:'freh ftu gfotosBK B/ ;wkfie ;zpzXK ftu nB/e gfotosDK Bz{ iBw fdsk j?, ;r'A;zuko^;kXBK ftu gfotosDK B/ th ;wkfie ihtB Bz{ ftnkge o{g Bkb gqGksfts ehsk j?. nkX[fBe;zuko^goftXhnK ftu gfotosDK dk ;wkfie ihtB T[s/ gqGkt T[sgkdB^gq'fd:'freh ftu gfotosDK d/gqGkt d/ ;wkB j?. gozs{ ;zuko^;kXBK ftu gfotosDK dk j'o ngqGkt th g?Adk j? feT[Afe fi; gq:'r ftuT[j fbnkJ/ iKd/ jB, T[BQK dk nkg wjkB ;wkfie wj~st j[zdk j?.

;G ;zuko^ftXhnK dk w{b ezw ;w/A ns/ d{oh T[s/ fis gkT[Dk j?. ;zuko dh gfoftXhnK T[BQK ;zrmBK, fiBQKdk wB[~y ftek; eo ;edk j?, d/ y/so Bz{ ns/ g{oh j~d se T[BQK d/ ;o{g Bz{ ;hws eo fdzdh j?. ;zuoD;kv/ ;wkfie ihtB Bz{ fBoXkfos eoB/ tkbk fJe wj~stg{oD s~s j?. fJ;dh gqftXhnK tkDh ns/ ;ze/bj?. feT[Afe ;zuoD d/ j'o th Yzr fJBQK T[s/ nkXkos jB. b/yD tkDh dk fbys ;to{g j?l o/vhU ;zuoDd{oh, fwNkT[Ad/ j'J/ tkDh dk ;zuko j?. ;Ke/fse ns/ GkPkJh nzso ftfGzB ;w{jK ns/ ;wkiK d/ nB[PzrhgqfoftXhnK d/ y/so ftu wj~stg{oB ftek; j'J/ jB. g'qfd:'freh gfotosD B/ fJBQK ftek;K Bz{ g'qs;kfjsehsk j?. Gkt fu~soK d[nkok b/yB, i' fJfsjk;e ftek; dh fdqPNh s'A b/yD^gqsheheoD dk gfjbk o{g ;h,dh ng/ePk toDwkbk d[nkok b/yB Pq/Pmso j?. b/yB dh BwBhJ/ ns/ ;ob gqDkbh okiBhfse ;zrmB d/nkB[Pzfre o{gK d/ iBw Bz{ ;[rw pDk fdzdh j?. id ftnesh ;zuko dh gqkEfwe gfoftXhnK dk g{oDsknkfPqs j[zd/ jB sK ;EkJh, ifNb ns/ T[Zu o{g Bkb fJehfeqs ;zrmB dh T[sgsh efmB j[zdh j?.toDwkbksweb/yB ;K;feqse s~sK d/ nBt/PB ns/ ft;oD Bz{ n;kB pDk fdsk j?.

w[dqDkfbnk d/ nftPeko B/ ;;sh gkm^;wrqh d/ T[sgkdB Bz{ nk;kB pDk fdsk j?. ftfrnkB dh ;jh ns/y'iK Bz{ fe;/ ;wki d/ w?ApoK ns/ ;wkiK d/ ftu s/I rsh Bkb ft;fos eo fdzdk j?. fJ; Bkb frnkB,i' e/tb e[M fJe b'eK dh ;zgsh pD e/ ofj iKdk, nB/e b'eK ftu ftnkgs j' iKdk j?. fi; s/I rshBkb nkX[fBe :[r ftu ;K;feqse gfotosD j' oj/ jB, T[BQK dk Pq/n ;zuoD d/ o{g ftu w[fdqs Ppd d/tXd/ j'J/ gq:'r Bz{ fdsk ik ;edk j?. w[dqDkfbnk B/ wB'oziB, f;fynk, okiBhsh ns/ tgko Bz{ gqGkts ehskj?. fJ;B/ fgzv tk;h Bz{ Pfjoh ihtB dk frnkB eokfJnk j? ns/ T[; ftu BrohJ/ t;s{nK dh fJ~Sk T[sgzBehsh j? ns/ T[; Bro ftu gqtk; eok fdsk j?.

fJ; gqeko o/vhU, d{oGkP ns/ sko d/ nkftPeko B/ tgko, wB'oziB ns/ iBws Bz{ gqGkts ehsk j?. ns/ ;zrmBd/ Bt/A YzrK d/ ftek; Bz{ nr/ tXkfJnk j?. nrpoB B/ ;z;feqsh dh fJe o{gsk ns/ fJ;d/ ft;oD, wB'oziBns/ nkw'd^gqw'd, :ksk:ks, f;fynk, ;{uBk gq;koD, Xow, T[fd:'r, tgko, ftnt;kJ/, Pk;B gqDkbh, okiBhsh ns/j'o nftPekoK T[s/ o/vhU d/ 150 sksekfbe ns/ j'o d{orkwh ;wkfie gqGktK Bz{ ;{uhpX ehsk j?.

:ksk:ks d/ ;kXBK ftu gfotosD :ksk:ks d/ ;kXBK ftu gfotosD :ksk:ks d/ ;kXBK ftu gfotosD :ksk:ks d/ ;kXBK ftu gfotosD :ksk:ks d/ ;kXBK ftu gfotosD (Changes in the menas of Transportation)—:ksk:ks d/ ;kXBKftu gfotosD B/ ;kv/ ;wkfie ;zpzXK Bz{ eJh gqeko Bkb gqGkts ehsk j?. :ksk:ks d{oh T[s/ G"fse fi~s j?.:ksk:ks d/ ;kXB ns/ Yzr fJ; rb dk fBoXkoD eod/ jB. fe wB[~y fezBh nk;kBh Bkb nkîk ;ed/ jB ns/fezBh n;kBh Bkb d{i/ ;EkBK ns/ ;wkiK d/ b'eK Bkb ftukoK s/ t;s{nK d/ nkdkB^gqdkB bJh ;zgoe ;Ekfgseo ;ed/ jK. nkX[fBe ;wkfie ihtB ftu :ksk:ks dk wj~st ;gPN j?. fi; T[s/ pb d/D dh e'Jh io{osBjhA j?. nkX[fBe wB[~y gjhnK T[s/ fJzBk nkfPqs j? fe i/eo ;EkBe :ksk:ks Bk j[zdk sK T[j T[gBroK ftuofj e/ Bro ftu ezw BjhA eo ;edk ;h. i/eo ;t?ufbs tkjB Bk j[zd/ sK T[j ;N/PB T[s/ o/br~vh cVD d/bJh e[M jh fwzN gfjbK xo Bz{ BjhA S~v ;edk ;h, i/eo o/br~vhnK ns/ ijki Bk pDd/ i' ;z;ko d/ ftfGzB GkrKBz{ tgkoe o{g ftu ;z:[es eod/ jB, sK T[j nB/e t;s{nK B{z nkgD/ BkPs/ ftu BjhA b? ;edk ;h. i/eo:ksk:ks d/ gjhJ/ fJe fdB d/ bJh th o[e ikD sK nkX[fBe ;wki dk ihtB^ftPqzrfbs j' ikt/rk.

:ksk:ks ;wkfie ;zpzXK d/ ;EkBe ;o{g Bz{ fBoXkfos eoB tkbk fJe wj~stg{oB ekoe j?. fi; Bz{:ksk:ks d/ ;kXBK ftu gfotosD j'fJnk j?, t?;/ jh ;w{j d/ w?ApoK d/ ;EkBe ;zpzXK ftu th gfotosD


B ØN


nkfJnk j?. :ksk:ks d/ d[qsrkwh ;kXBK ;[ftXk Bkb nzsfj dthghJ/ tgko ns/ d/PK dh n:'rfPqnskftu tkXk j'fJnk j?. ftfGzB d/PK d/ b'eK d/ go;go fwbB Bkb fInkdkso rbs cfjwhnK d{o j'rJhnK jB ns/ Bcos ns/ Jhoyk dk ;EkB jwdodh ns/ ;fj:'r B/ b? fbnk j?. fJ; Bkb ;kotG"fweGoksoh dh GktBk dk ft;sko j'fJnk j?. tk:{;?Bk d/ nftPeko B/ t;s{nK d/ gfodkB Bz{ j'o thfInkdk s/I pDk fdsk j?. BroK dk ftek; fJ;dh ;kohnK ;w~f;nktK ;fjs :ksk:ks d/ ;kXBK d/ftek; dk fJe j'o wj~stg{oB Bshik j?. n~iebQ iB;zfynk nfs rshPhb j? fi; ftu :ksk:ks d/nkX[fBe s/I ;kXBK B/ :'rdkB fdsk j?. T[BQK Bkb ;K;feqse nbrkt d/ nto'Xe u{oû{o j' rJ/ jB.T[j b'e i' G"fse d{oh d/ ekoD ;K;feqse o{g Bkb fJeKfse j?, :ksk:ks d/ nkX[fBe ;kXBK d/ nzsors;zg{oB ;z;ko d/ nkfsE/n pD ;ed/ jB. :ksk:ks d/ Bt/A YzrK B/ ;K;feqse s~sK d/ ft;oD ftuwj~stg{oB pD ;ed/ jB. :ksk:ks d/ Bt/A YzrK B/ ;K;feqse s~sK d/ ft;oD ftu wj~stg{oB G{fwekndk ehsh j?. tkPg:kB o/bt/, w'No r~vhnK, ;t?ukfbs tkjB ns/ tk:{:kB B/ o/vhU ns/ w[dqkDkfbnk;fjs ;K;feqse gqEest Bz{ xN eoe/ ;K;feqse fJeo{gsk d/ bJh wkor gqP;s ehsk j?. fgSb/ e[MPskpdhnK, ftP/Psk fgSb/ fJ~e ;" ;kbK d/ :ksk:ks ;zpzXh ftek; B/ gqd/PK, okPNoK ns/ ;wrq o{gBkb ;z;ko d/ b'eK d/ nkofEe fJeheoD ftu wj~stg{oB :'rdkB fdsk j?, Gkt/A T[BQK d/ ftu ;wkfieJ/eheoD dk ni/ ftek; j'Dk pkeh j?.

fJ; gqeko, gq'fd:'freh gfotosDK B/ ;wkfie ehwsK ns/ nkdoPK Bz{ gqGkts ehsk j?. b'e gfotko ns/;w[dkJ/ d/ gqsh Grsh s'A d{o ik oj/ jB. T[BQK ftu ftneshtkd dh iVK rfjoh j[zdhnk ik ojhnK jB.fJBQK gfotosDK B/ ;wkfie ns/ wB'ftfrnkB fBow{bsk Bz{ rfjBsw pDk fdsk j?. ftneshtkd B/gozgoktkd dk ;EkB b? fbnk j?. B"eoPkjh dh ;~sk ns/ T[;dh ;zfynk ftu ftqXh j'Jh j?. wkBth ;zpzXnt?neshe ns/ nkB{Pzfre pD rJ/ jB.

ngqsZy ;wkfie gqGktngqsZy ;wkfie gqGktngqsZy ;wkfie gqGktngqsZy ;wkfie gqGktngqsZy ;wkfie gqGkt (Derivative Social Effects)— fJj th fXnkB oj/ fe id fJe nftPekofe;/ ;z;Ek ns/ gqEk T[s/ gqGkt gkT[Adk j? sK T[j T[E/ jh ;wkgs BjhA j' iKdk j?. nkrpoB B/ fJ; fpzd{dh ftnkfynk fJe T[dkjoD Bkb ehsh j?. ;z:[es oki ftu o{z UND dh wPhB dk gqGkt T[sgkdB tXkT[Dk;h, feT[Afe o{z ibdh Bkb ns/ x~N Pqw d[nkok UNh ik ;edh ;h, gozs{ o{z d/ T[sgkdB Bz{ fInkdk ;zfynkftu Pqfwe br/ fpBK BjhA tXkfJnk ;edk ;h, ;' pkjo s'A jpPh PqfweK Bz{ fbnkfJnk frnk. fJ; Bkbdk;^gqEk ftu ibdh Bkb ftqXh j'Jh. dk; gqEk ftu tkXk o{z UND dh wPhB dk d{ik ngqs~y Gkt j?. dk;gqEk dh ftqXh B/ rqfj:[~X Bz{ iBw fdsk i' oz{ UND dh wPhB dk shik ngqs~y gqGkt ;h. gozs{ fit/A nkrpoBB/ df;nk j?, o{z d/ T[sgkdB ftu ftqXh, dk; gqEk s/ rqfj:[ZX dk fJe wkso ekoD o{z UND dh wPhB BjhA;wfMnk ikDk ukjhdkl fJ; d/ j'o nB/e ekoD ;B. ;' fe;/ nBt/PD d/ gqGkt dk ;jh fu~so gqkgs eoBd/ bJh fJj r~b Gbh^GKs fXnkB ftu oyh ikDh ukjhdh j? fe fe;/ ftP/P Bshi/ dh T[sgsh ftu T[jt/PD eJh ekoeK ftu'A e/tb fJe ekoe j? ns/ fJ;/ gqeko fe;/ nBt/PD dk gqkEfwe Bshik ngqs~ynkB[Pzfre gqGkt Bz{ T[sgzB eoB tkb/ nB/e ekoeK ftu'A e/tb fJe ekoe j?. fJj ;otftfds j? fe e'Jhth ;wkfie gfoxNBk edh th e/tb fJe ekoe dh T[sgsh BjhA j[zdh. d{i/ ns/ shi/ g~Xo d/ ngqs~y gqGktKd/ T[goKs fe;/ nftPeko d/ ngqs~y gqGkt th pj[sk Bk pokpo ofj iKd/ jB. ;kBz{ fe;/ fJe~b/ nBt/PDd/ gqGkt dh y'i ftu d{o;Ek ftT[sgshnK se BjhA ikDk ukjhdk.

nfG;koh G"fse nkftPekoK d/ ;wkfie gqGktnfG;koh G"fse nkftPekoK d/ ;wkfie gqGktnfG;koh G"fse nkftPekoK d/ ;wkfie gqGktnfG;koh G"fse nkftPekoK d/ ;wkfie gqGktnfG;koh G"fse nkftPekoK d/ ;wkfie gqGkt (Social Effects of Converging MaterialInventions)—id nB/e nkftPeko fJe jh ;EkB T[s/ ;zrqfjs ns/ nfG;qs j' iKd/ jB sK T[BQK dk gqGktth ftfPPN j' iKdk j?. T[sgkdB, :ksk:ks ns/ ;zuko^;zpzXh nftPekoK, eowPkbk^:zsoK, ftfdT[sô/b,d{oGkP, o/vhU, ubfu~so nkfd B/ Bro Bz{ iBw fdsk. fJj nftPeko ftfGzB G"fse t;s{nK jB ns/ fJBQKd/ ftfGzB gq:'r jB, gozs{ ;G fJ~e e/Ado Bkb ;zrqfjs j' ikD Bkb fJe j'o Bshik, Bro dk ftek; j'fJnkj?. N?bhc'B d/ nftPeosk dk T[d/P BroK dk ftek; eoBk BjhA ;h, Bk jh nfijk T[d/P ftfd:[s o/bt/fBowksk dk ;h. gozs{ ;wkfie PeshnK B/ fJBQK nftPekoK d/ gq:'rK Bz{ fJe~mk eoe/ T[BQK Bz{ BroK d/ftek; ftu ;jkfJe pDk fdsk. fi; gqeko fe;h fJe~b/ nftPeko dk ngqsZy gqGkt g?Adk j?, T[;/ gqekonfG;koh nftPekoK d/ gq:'rK Bz{ fJe~mk eoe/ T[BQK Bz{ BroK d/ ftek; ftu ;jkfJe pDk fdsk. fi; gqeko


B ØN


fe;/ fJe~b/ nftPekoK dk ngqs~y gqGkt g?Adk j?, T[;/ gqeko nfG;koh nftPekoK d/ ;w{j dk th ;z:[eso{g Bkb ngqs~y gqGkt j[zdk j?. fJ; gqeko, Broh ;w[dkJ/ d/ ftek;, i' T[sgkdB, ;zuko ns/ :ksk:ks;zpzXh nftPekoK dk x~N s'A x~N th fInkdk gqs~y gqGkt ;h, B/ gq'fd:'freh ;w~f;nktK feqosqw gqekP d/;[o~fyns ns/ e[Pb ;kXBK dh ftt;Ek Bz{ iBw fdsk. nkX[fBe gqekPh gq'fd:'freh d/ ftek; B/ fw~Nh d/s/b dk ftek; ehsk. fw~Nh d/ s/b, ;qtD dh ;fj T[gi r?;'bhB ;h i' T{oik dk fJe ;kXB ;h ns/ fi;Bkb nKsfoe dfjB w'No dk nftPeko j'fJnk. nKsfoe dfjB w'No d/ nftPeko B/ ;zg{oB ;tukfbstkjbK dh gqDkbh B{z iBw fdsk ns/ fit/A gqekPh gq'fd:'freh ftu j'o ftek;K Bz{ g'qs;kfjs ehsk. fJ;Bz{r?;'bhB ftu pdb fdsk frnk fi; Bkb Pq/Pmso w'No s/b dk gq:'r eoB d/ bJh j'o Pq/Pm gqeko d/ w'NoKdk nftPeko ehsk frnk. fJ; gqeko gq'fd:'freh dh fJe gqDkbh ftu gfotosDK B/ j'o gqDkbhnK ftxNB,nksw j~fsnk, e[o{gsk ns/ ft;fsqs oki fBnzsqD dk ekoD jB ;wkfie ekoieosktK Bz{ fJj r~b fXnkBftu oyDh ukjhdh j? fe ngokX i' Broh ihtB dh gfoxNBk j?, tk;st ftu T{oik d/ nftPeko, fi;B/BroK d/ ftek; Bz{ ;zGt pDkfJnk, s'A T[sgzB j'fJnk j?. Broh ihtB d/ nB/e d'P ;jh noE ftu thjthAPskpdh d/ :ksk:ks ns/ ;zuko ;zpzXh BthBso nftPekoK d/ gqGkt jB.

T[g:[es fttoD s'A ;gPN j? fe gfotosD gfjb/ gqftXhnK dh fJe gqDkbh ftu T[sgzB j'D s'A pkndftu d{ih gqDkbhnK ftu nkJ/ jBL id edh gqftXhnK dh gqDkbh d/ fe;/ s~s ftu gfotosD j'fJnk j?sK ;zg{oD gqDkbh ftu T[Eb^g[Eb j'Jh fi; Bkb fJ; d/ ;G s~sK ftu gfotosD nkJ/.

gqw[~y ;wkfie ;z;EktK T[s/ gq'fd:'freh d/ gqGktK Bz{ j/mK gqeko Bkb ;zy/fgs ehsk ik ;edk j?—

1H gfotkoe ihtB T[s/ gqGktgfotkoe ihtB T[s/ gqGktgfotkoe ihtB T[s/ gqGktgfotkoe ihtB T[s/ gqGktgfotkoe ihtB T[s/ gqGkt (Effects on Family Life)—nkX[fBe gq'fd:'freh B/ gfotkoe ;zrmBns/ ;zpzXK Bz{ nB/e gqeko Bkb gqGkts ehsk. gqw[~y gqGkt j/m fby/ jB—

(i) fJ;B/ ;z:[es gfotko^gqDkbh d/ ftxNB ftu :'rdkB fdsk j?.

(ii) eowPkbK ns/ dcsoK ftu fJ;sqhnK d[nkok B"eoh B/ gsh gsBh d/ ;zpzXK d/ ;o{g Bz{ pdb fdskj? ns/ j'o gqeko Bkb gfotkoe ;zouBk ns/ ezwK Bz{ gqGkts ehsk j?.

(iii) fJ;B/ fJ;sqhnK Bz{ w[esh fdtkJh j?. ‘fJ;sqh w[esh nzd'bB’ gq'fd:'freh dk Bshik j?.

(iv) gq/w ftnkj, nzsoiksh ftnkj, ftbzp Bkb ftnkj gq'fd:'freh d/ j'o gqGkt jB.

(v) ;zssh^fBnzsqD d/ ;kXBK d/ nftPeko B/ gfotko d/ nkeko Bz{ x~N eo fdsk j?.

2H nkofEe ihtB T[s/ gqGktnkofEe ihtB T[s/ gqGktnkofEe ihtB T[s/ gqGktnkofEe ihtB T[s/ gqGktnkofEe ihtB T[s/ gqGkt (Effects on Economic Life)—fJj gqGkt j/m fby/ jB—

(i) T[fd:'r xo/b{ BjhA ofj rJ/ jB. j[D eowPkbktK, J/iz;hnK, GzvkoK, p?Ae nkfd tor/ nkofEe;zrmBK dk ftek; j'fJnk j?.

(ii) fJ;B/ g{zihtkd ns/ fJ;dh p[okJhnK Bz{ iBw fd~sk j?.

(iii) fJ;B/ ihtB^g~Xo ftu ftqXh ehsh j?.

(iv) Pqw^ftGkiB ns/ ftP/PheoD gqq'fd:'freh dh T[gi jB.

(v) fJ;B/ nkofEe wzdh, p/ekoh, T[fd:'freh ;zxoPK, d[oxNBktK ns/ o'rK Bz{ iBw fdsk j?.

(vi) fJ;B/ Pqfwe ;zx nzd'bB Bz{ iBw fdsk j?.

3H ;wkfie ihtB T[s/ gqGkt ;wkfie ihtB T[s/ gqGkt ;wkfie ihtB T[s/ gqGkt ;wkfie ihtB T[s/ gqGkt ;wkfie ihtB T[s/ gqGkt (Effects on Social Life)—e[M gqGkt j/m fby/ jB—

(i) fJ; Bkb ;kw[dkfJe ihtB dk jqk; j'fJnk j?.

(ii) fJ;B/ ftneshtkfdsk dh GktBK ftu ftqXh ehsh j?.

(iii) fJ;B/ BroK ftu wekBK ns/ rzdh p;shnK dh ;w~f;nk Bz{ T[sgzB ehsk j?.

(iv) wB'oziB dk tgkoheoD j' frnk j?.

(v) fJ;B/ iBw s'A b? e/ fwqs{ se ;wkfie g~XoheoD d/ nkXko Bz{ pdb fdsk j?.

(vi) fJ;B/ iksh ftnt;Ek dh d{oh Bz{ x~N eo fdsk j?.


B ØN


(vii)fJ;B/ ;wkfie ehwsK ftu gfotosD ehsk j?. wB[~y :zso pD frnk j?, ;wkfie ;zgoenkB[Pzfre j' rJ/ jB. ;zpzXK dh xfBPmsk ;wkgs j' rJh j?. wB[~y dk ;BwkB T[;d/ XB s'AfJe T[;d/ r[DK Bkb ehsk iKdk j?.

(viii) fJ;B// wkBf;e fuzsktK ns/ o'rK ftu ftqXh ehsh j?. nkX[fBe ftnesh wkBf;e ftneshsDkt, GktBkswe n;fEosk ns/ nkofEe no~fynk Bkb ghVs j?.

4H oki T[s/ gqGkt oki T[s/ gqGkt oki T[s/ gqGkt oki T[s/ gqGkt oki T[s/ gqGkt (Effects on State)—gq'fd:'freh B/ oki dh j/mb/ gqeko Bkb gqGkts ehsk j?—

(i) nB/e ezw gfotko Bkb oki Bz{ j;sKfos j' rJ/ jB. ;wki efbnkD dh ntXkoDk gq'fd:'frehdh T[gi j?. oki d/ ezwy/so ftu th tkXk j'fJnk j?.

(ii) oki T[/s/ dpkn^;w{jK dk gqGkt t~X frnk j?.

(iii) ;EkBe Pk;B d/ ezw e/Adoh ;oeko d/ e'b nk rJ/ jB.

(iv) okPNotkd d/ nto'Xe u{oû{o j' rJ/ jB ns/ ftPt oki dk ftuko pb geV fojk j?.

(v) gqikszso Pk;B dk nkw o{g pD frnk j?.

5H Xkofwe ihtB T[s/ gqGkt Xkofwe ihtB T[s/ gqGkt Xkofwe ihtB T[s/ gqGkt Xkofwe ihtB T[s/ gqGkt Xkofwe ihtB T[s/ gqGkt (Effects on Religious Life)—t?frnkfBe frnkB d/ tkX/ j'D BkbnzXftPtk; ysw j' oj/ jB. j[D Xkofwe ;fjBPhbsk fInksk wksok ftu gkJh iKdh j?. ftfGzBXowK d/ nB[:kJhnK B/ nkgD/ o{Vhtkfdsk Bz{ ysw eoe/ d{i/ XowK d/ b'eK d/ Bkb T[mDk^p?mDk nkozGeo fdsk j?. Xow j[D fInkdk t?frnkfBe ns/ b"feehfeqs pD frnk j?. T[g:[es ;G gqGkt GkoshihtB ftu th d/y/ ik ;ed/ jB.

6H gq'fd:'freh nftPekoK dk fto'Xgq'fd:'freh nftPekoK dk fto'Xgq'fd:'freh nftPekoK dk fto'Xgq'fd:'freh nftPekoK dk fto'Xgq'fd:'freh nftPekoK dk fto'X (Opposition to Technological Inventions)—gq'fd:'frehnftPekoK dk ;w/A^;w/A T[s/ gqf;~X ftneshnK d[nkok fto'X ehsk frnk j?. 1826 ftu fJe :'rnfGnzsk dk ftuko ;h fe S/ whb Bkb fInkdk rsh ftBkP d/ gk;/ b? ikJ/rh. 1906 ftu ;kJhwBfBT[ eKp (Simon New comb) fJe yr'b Pk;soh B/ ftuko ftnes ehsk ;h fe pj[s d{o seT[vkB d/ :sB ;cb BjhA j' ;eDr/, feT[Afe G"fseh d/ fBnw ns/ T[fd:'freh ebktK dh ;fEsh nfij/ftuko Bz{ nftntjkfoe pDkT[Ad/ jB. dtkJhnK d/ y/so ftu oes^;zuko d/ pko/ ftu ftfbnw jkot/dh y'i dk fBT[opor d/ ek;go jhcw?B d[nkok fJj efj e/ gfojk; ehsk frnk fe fJj gqfeqsh d/fBnw ftu dyb j?. fJ;/ gqeko, ehNkD{ ftfrnkB ftu gkPuo (Pasteur) dh y'iK dk x'o fto'Xehsk frnk. ckfJv, fJe wB'ftfrnkBe, dk nZi th fto'X ehsk iKdk j?. fJzrb?Av ftu o/br~vh d/nkozGe fdB ftu, o/b Bz{ ‘gjhJ/ T[s/ ubdk^fcodk Boe’ ns/ ‘P?skB dk fvZpk’ fejk frnk ;h.:ksk:ks d/ nftPekoK dk th x'o fto'X ehsk frnk, fJ~E'A se fe T[BQK Bz{ nt?X x'fPs eo fdskfrnk. 1861 ftu fpqfNP ;z;d B/ ‘x'VkjhD r~vh’ Bz{ nt?X x'fPs ehsk. ;z:[es oki ftu o/br~vhBz{ ihtB ns/ nzr d/ bJh ysok ns/ ;wki d/ bJh ftxNBekoh s~s efj e/ fBzdk ehsk rJh ni/ jkbjh ftu Gkos ftu ihtB phwk fBrw d/ eowukohnK B/ ‘ezfgT{No wPhB’ (Computing Machines)dk fJj efj e/ fto'X ehsk fe fJ; Bkb T[BQK dh S~NDh j' ikJ/rh. b'eK d[nkok nfij/ nftPekoK,i' pknd ftu Bk e/tb T[g:'rh, ;r'A wB[~y d/ bJh todkB f;~X j'J/, dk fto'X n~i fJe dw nihpfijk brdk j?.

;wkfie nftPeko ;wkfie nftPeko ;wkfie nftPeko ;wkfie nftPeko ;wkfie nftPeko (Social Invention)—gq'fd:'freh nftPeko nkrpoB d[nkok sEkefEs ;wkfienftPekoK Bz{ iBw d/ ;ed/ jB. ;wkfie nftPekoK Bkb T[;dk noE nfij/ nftPekoK Bkb j? i' G"fseBjhA j[zd/ ns/ fiBQK dk gqkfeqse ftfrnkB Bkb ;zpzX BjhA j?. pfjpeko, Bkoh^wsdkB, n;fj:'r nzd'bB,nkB[gkfse gqshfBXhst, pi[orK dh g/APB, pkb e'oN, ftnkj fpT{o', f;ftb ;oft;, PqfweK Bz{ bkGKP,nrzs[e nfXnkge, wB'ftfrnkBe fJbki e/Ado, o'Noh ebp, P'X ;z;EkB, ;z:[es okPNo ;zx, ;wkfienftPekoK d/ e[M fJe T[dkjoD jB. ;' nG"fse nftPekoK dk ;wkfie nftPeko fejk ik ;edk j?. Gkt/A;wkfie nftPekoK dh T[sgsh ftu edhêdh G"fse nftPekoK dk j~E j[zdk j?. go G"fse Bk pokpo j';edk j?. T[dkjoD bJh pftPeko i' fJe ;wkfie nftPeko j?, fe;/ sksekfbe :Kfsqe nftPeko T[s/nkfPqs BjhA j?. ;' fJj fBPeoP BjhA eYDk ukjhdk fe ;wkfie nftPekoK d/ bJh :Kfsqe nftPeko


B ØN


g{otîo{os j?. :Kfsqe nftPekoK dh GKsh ;wkfie nftPeko th ;wziB dh fe;/ io{os d/ ;fji frnkBBkb T[dG{s j[zd/ jB.

;wkfie nftPeko ;wkfie gfotosD fbnkT[Ad/ jB;wkfie nftPeko ;wkfie gfotosD fbnkT[Ad/ jB;wkfie nftPeko ;wkfie gfotosD fbnkT[Ad/ jB;wkfie nftPeko ;wkfie gfotosD fbnkT[Ad/ jB;wkfie nftPeko ;wkfie gfotosD fbnkT[Ad/ jB (Social Inventions Bring SocialChanges)—;wkfie nftPeko ;wkfie gfotosDK dk ekoD pDd/ jB. fJj ;gPN j?. GkPk d/nftPeko B/ i' edkfus ;G s'A wjkB nftPeko j?, ftfrnkBK d/ ftek; Bz{ ;zGt pDkfJnk, fiBQK B/wj~stg{oD nkX[fBe G"fse nftPekoK Bz{ iBw fdsk j?. toswkB nkwdB eo dk XB d/ g[Bo ftsoD T[s/;wkfie gqGkt g?Adk j?. PqfweK Bz{ bkGKP T[BQK d/ ihtB g~Xo Bz{ T[ABs eodk j?. Bkoh wsdkB B/ fJ;sqhnKBz{ okiBhfse y/so ftu fbnk e/ gfotkoe ihtB Bz{ gqGkts ehsk j?. nkozGe f;fynk io{oh eoe/ okiB/ pZfunK d/ T[Zs/ wksk fgsk d/ fBnzsqD Bz{ x~N eo fdsk j?. BPk^fBP/X B/ b'eK dh nkdsK ftu gfotosDfbnk fdsk j?. fjzd{ ftnkj nfXfBnw ftnkj ;zpzXh gqEktK Bz{ pdb fdsk j?. fBnzsqD gqDkbh B/ u'o pkikohns/ GqPNkuko Bz{ iBw fdsk j?. d' ftPt:[~XK B/ th ;wkfie ;z;EktK d/ ftPkb y/so Bz{ gqGkts ehsk j?.PkfJd jh e'Jh T[fd:'r nfijk j't/ i' gqGkts Bk j'fJnk j't/. fe;kBK B/ PqfweK dk nGkt wfj;{; ehsk,ftnkj ns/ iBw do x~N j' rJh, ;wkukoK T[s/ gqshpzX brkfJnk frnk, ehwsK uV rJhnK. ;' fBPeoPo{g ftu fejk ik ;edk j? fe ;wkfie nftPeko th :Kfsqe nftPekoK dh GKsh ;wki T[s/ ftnkge gqGktgkT[Ad/ jB.

;wkfie nftPekoK dk fto'X;wkfie nftPekoK dk fto'X;wkfie nftPekoK dk fto'X;wkfie nftPekoK dk fto'X;wkfie nftPekoK dk fto'X (Opposition to Inventions)—fi; gqeko b'e :Kfsqe nftPekoK dkfto'X eod/ jB, T[;/ gqeko T[j ;wkfie nftPekoK dk th fto'X eod/ jB. gqkuhB gqekoK Bz{ ngDkT[Ddh ng/ePk nk;kB jz[dk j?. ;z:[es oki ftu dk; gqEk d/ T[Bw{bB ns/ fpqN/B ftu Bkoh wsdkB dk nkozGftu x'o fto'X ehsk frnk. bzp/ ns/ ;zjkoe rqfj:[~X d/ T[gozs jh dk; gqEk dk nzs j' ;fenk. gqikszsohgqeko d/ Pk;B Bz{ ;Ekgs j'D ftu nB/e PskpdhnK brhnK. Gkos ftu b'eK B/ fjzd{ ftnkj e'v d/ fBowkDdk fto'X ehsk. cqK; ftu Pk;eh ;[XkoK dk fJzBk s/i fto'X j'fJnk fe T[E/ 1789 dh eqKsh j'Jh. nkrpoBnkrpoBnkrpoBnkrpoBnkrpoBB/ fbfynk j?, “fJj gfoxNBk fezBh ftb~yD j? fe wkBt wkso d/ bJh i' nftPeko todkB f;~X j'J/,T[BQK dk x'o fto'X j'fJnk ns/ fezBk y{B^yokpk j'fJnk. nfijk brdk j? fe fit/A wkBtsk d/ d[PwD gfjbKjh xo d/ nzdo p?m/ ;Bl fit/A fe ;kv/ ftu'A nB/e fJBQK todkBK s'A tzfus ofjDk ukj[zd/ ;B.”

b'e ;wkfie gfotosD dk fto'X feT[A eod/ jBb'e ;wkfie gfotosD dk fto'X feT[A eod/ jBb'e ;wkfie gfotosD dk fto'X feT[A eod/ jBb'e ;wkfie gfotosD dk fto'X feT[A eod/ jBb'e ;wkfie gfotosD dk fto'X feT[A eod/ jBnB/e nfij/ ekoD jB fi; Bkb b'e ;wkfie gfotosD dk fto'X eod/ jB. j/m fby/ ekoD fInkdkwj~stg{oB jB—

1H ;fEosk dh fJ~Sk ;fEosk dh fJ~Sk ;fEosk dh fJ~Sk ;fEosk dh fJ~Sk ;fEosk dh fJ~Sk (Desire for Stability)—gfjbk ekoD fJj j? fe wB[~y ;fEosk^g/qwh j[zd/ jB.ftnesh Bz{ d{i/ b'eK d/ Bkb ;fj:'r eoB s'A gfjbK nkgDh Gkth gqfsnkPktK d/ pko/ ftu ;[o~fynsnB[Gt eoBk j'J/rk. gfotosD ftfdwkB ;zs[bB Bz{ ftPqzyfbs eo fdzdk j?. fi; Bkb wB[~y GftZyd/ gqsh ;zPkb{ j' iKd/ jB. T[BQK Bz{ Bt/A dk vo j[zdk j?. nfijh BthA t;s{nK, fiBQK dh T[g:'rsk ;zfdrXj?, Bz{ ngDkT[D dh ng/ePk T[j ftfdwkB ;fEsh Bkb fuge/ ofjDk g;zd eod/ jB, feT[Afe Gft~y dkfe;/ B{z eh gsk fe Bth t;s{ gqkuhB dh ng/ePk fInkdk bkG tkbh f;~X j'J/rh. ;[Gkte s"o s/ ;fEoskfe;/ th ;wki dh g{ot Io{os j?, ;' jo/e ;wki gfotosD d/ gqsh u/szB ofjzdk j?.

2H nftPeko dh ngfonkgs nftPeko dh ngfonkgs nftPeko dh ngfonkgs nftPeko dh ngfonkgs nftPeko dh ngfonkgs (Inadequacy of Invention)—d{I/, nftPfeqs t;s{nK nkgDh gfjbhnt;Ek ftu fe;/ ekoDtP ngfonkgs j[zdh j?. e[M gq:'r eoB T[s/ ibdh N[~N iKdh j?. edhêdhT[BQK dh wozws eoBk efmB j[zdk j?, feT[Afe sdoE ftfPPN e"Pb dh io{os j[zdh j?. e[M fJe ftur[DK dh ng/ePk d'P fInkdk j[zd/ jB, fInkdk P'o iK ezgB. e[M nt;EktK ftu T[BQK d/ w[~b T[Zu/ j'oj/ jB. ;wkfie nftPekoK ftu th nkozGe so[~NhnK j[zdhnK jB. i/eo iBsk XhoitkB jwododhg{oB ns/ ;fJ;'rh j't/ sK fJBQK so[~NhnK Bz{ ekbKso ftu d{o ehsk ik ;ed j?.

3H nfrnkBsk nfrnkBsk nfrnkBsk nfrnkBsk nfrnkBsk (Ignorance)—fto'X dk fJe j'o ekoD nfrnkBsk j?. fe;/ nftPeko d/ d'PK ns/r[DK Bz{ ;wMD ftu ekch ;w/A br iKdk j?. o'r ;zpzX Bt/A ehNkD{ f;XKs dh ;wMD ftu gfonkgs;w/A brk. fJ th e[M ;w/A se ;wfMnk frnk fe b'j/ dk gq:'r G{wh ns/ phi dh T[otosk Bz{ ysw


B ØN


eo d/t/rk. fJ;/ gqeko, Bt/A nftPeko dk vo th b'eK d/ fto'X dk ekoD pD ;edk j?. j[D thnB/e b'eK Bz{ tk:{ :ksok s'A vo brdk j?. gq'fd:'freh nftPekoK d/ gqsh fto'X Bz{ Bt/A nftPekoKd/ ftP/ ftu b'eK d/ vo Bz{ gq:'rK d[nkok d{o eoe/ ysw ehsk ik ;edk j?. gozs{ ;wkfie nftPekoKd/ y/so ftu gq:'rheoD efmB j[zdk j?, ;' T[BQK d/ gqsh fto'X dhoxekb se pfDnk ofjzdk j?.

4H ;[Gkn ns/ ohsh fotki;[Gkn ns/ ohsh fotki;[Gkn ns/ ohsh fotki;[Gkn ns/ ohsh fotki;[Gkn ns/ ohsh fotki (Habit and Tradition)—;[Gkn ;wkfie gfotosD d/ wkor dh fJej'o o[ektN j?. ftnesh nkdstP ns/ gqEktP fInkdk ew eod/ jB. T[j ngfofus Bz{ g;zd BjhAeod/. Bt/A nftPeko Bz{ nzrheko eoB dk noE j? g[okDh nkds d/ ;EkB T[s/ BthA nkds gkT[Dki' ftP/Psk pi[or b'eK d/ bJh efmB ezw j[zdk j?. ohsh fotki, nshs d/ gqsh nkdo j[zd/ jB ns/ngo fBnzsoqD Pesh ftu ftPtk; b'eK Bz{ BthB wB'ftqshnK ngDkT[D s'A o'edk j?. fJ; gqeko,T[j ;zssh fBnzsqD dh ftXhnK ns/ j'o n;zy nBt/PDK dk fto'X eo ;ed/ jB. wB[~y fBotkfJso{Vhtkdh gqkDh j?. wkBt ;[Gkn ftu Xkofwe o{Vhtkdh gqftoshnK gfotosDekoh gqftoshnK s'AfInkdk fdqV j[zdhnK jB. fe;/ ;z;Ek d/ gqsh GktBk ;zrqjh j' iKdh j?. fi;d/ gqsh Grsh dk nB[Gtehsk iKdk j?. BthBsk nfij/ wB Bz{ g/qfos eoB ftu n;cb ofjzdh j?. fJjh ekoD j? fe ;feo;wki ftu ;wkfie gfotosD dk fInkdk fto'X ehsk iKdk j?. ;wkfie gqEest nftPeko dkfto'Xh j?. d't/A go;go fJe d{i/ d/ fto'Xh jB. nftPekoK d/ nzrheoD bJh Xow fBog/yfeqsgfonktoD io{oh j[zdk j?. fi; Bz{ ;K;feqse T[otoD d[nkok, noEks ftfGzB ftukoK ns/ gqEktKd/ gq;ko d[nkok T[sgzB ehsk ik ;edk j?.

5H nkofEe w[~b nkofEe w[~b nkofEe w[~b nkofEe w[~b nkofEe w[~b (Economics Costs)—nkofEe w[~b th nkX[fBe ekb ftu fe;/ nftPeko d/nzrheoD ftu o[ektN T[sgzB eo ;ed/ jB. fe;/ nftPeko ;wkfie ns/ :Kfsqe Bz{ nkozG eoBd/ bJh XB dh io{os j[zdh j?. fJ; gqeko, io{oh ;tk;E phwK dh :'iBk Bz{ feqnkBfts eoB bJhpj[s finkdk XB dh io{os j[zdh j?. ;' nftPeko Bz{ ngDkT[D ftu you dh XBokPh jh pkXk T[sgzeo ;edh j?. fJ;d/ nbktk i/eo fgSbk nB[Gt fJj doPkT[Adk j? fe e'Jh nftPeko pj[s fInkdkwfjzrk ns/ ;wkfie o{g ftu ftxNBekoh f;~X j'fJnk ;h sK Bt/A nftPeko dk fto'X ns/ fInkdkem'o j' ikJ/rk.

6H fBfjs ;tkoE fBfjs ;tkoE fBfjs ;tkoE fBfjs ;tkoE fBfjs ;tkoE (Vested Interests)—fBfjs ;tkoEK dh ;~sk th nBt/PD d/ wkor ftu o'eT[sgzB eodh j?. i' b'e nB[Gt eod/ jB fe ;wkfie gfotosD Bkb T[BQK d/ fjsK dk vo T[sgzBj' ikJ/rk, T[j jo/e nfij/ gq;skg dk x'o fto'X eod/ jB fiBQK Bkb T[BQK d/ nfXekoK Bz{ vo T[sgzBj[zdk j?. T[dkjoD d/ s"o s/ iwhAdkoh T[Bw{bB dk fto'X nfij/ b'eK d[nkok ehsk frnk i' iwhAdkoftnt;Ek s'A bkG T[mk oj/ ;B. fJ;/ gqeko o/bt/ gNoh d/ fBowkD dk nfij/ b'eK d[nkok fto'Xehsk idk j?. fiBQK dh iwhB sdoE nfXrqfjD eo bJh ikJ/rh. T[BQK dk fto'X T[BQK d/ ftP~[X;tkoE T[s/ nkXkos j[zdk j?. Gkos ftu pqkjwDK B/ fjzd{ e'N d/ fBowkD dk fto'X ehsk, feT[AfefJj T[BQK d/ fjsK T[s/ gqjko eodk ;h. gkmeqw ftu gfotosD dk nfij/ b'eK d[nkok fto'X ehskiKdk j? fiBQK dh g[okDh g[;seK ni/ pkeh jB. fJj th fXnkB oj/ fe ;tkoE gfotosD th ukj[zdkj? id fJ; Bkb ;~sk, XB ns ;BwkB gqkgsh dh nkPk Bk j't/.

n~i ;wki ftu fBfjs ;tkoeK dh ;zfynk ;otEk ftPkb j?. fJ;d/ nbktk T[BQK dh ;fEsh ns/T[BQK d/ ;kXBK d/ ekoD ;oeko T[s/ T[BQK fInkdk gqGkt j?. id edh e'Jh ;wkfie gfotosD T[BQKd/ fjsK Bz{ B[e;kB gj[zukT[Adk j? sK T[j fJ;dk em'o fto'X eod/ jB. fBfjs ;tkoEK d/ fto'X dkem'osk Bkb ;kjwDk eoBk ukjhdk j?.

7H p"fXe nkb;p"fXe nkb;p"fXe nkb;p"fXe nkb;p"fXe nkb; (Intellectual Laziness)—nzfsw, fBPfeqnsk ns/ p"fXe nkb; th gfotosD dkfto'X eok fdzd/ jB. wB[~y nBt/PD eoB dh ng/ePk T[Xko b?Dk, Bt/A wkor Bz{ niwkT[D dhng/ePk g[okD/ wkor T[s/ ubd/ ofjDk fInkdk g;zd eodk j?.

fto'X ;d?t jkBhekoe BjhA j[zdk (Opposition not always Harmful)—T[g:[es toDB Bkb fJjfBPeoP BjhA fBebDk ukjhdk fe ;wkfie gfotosD dk fto'X ntKSBh j?. edhêdh nB/e gfotosDKd/ r[DK d/ pko/ ftu gfonkgs ;zd/j j[zdk j?. fJj gaq;skt fe gqikszsoh ftnt;Ek d/ ;EkB T[s/ fBoze[P


B ØN


ftnt;Ek Bz{ ;Ekgs ehsk ikJ/, nfij/ ;[Xko dk T[dkjoD j? i' fBPfus o{g Bkb jkBhekoe j?. g'qfd:'frehnBt/PDK dk fto'X T[fus j't/rk, i/eo nftntjkoe ns/ bkGdkfJe dh ng/ePk jkBhekoe fInkdk j?.ftfrnkBeK dk fJj ezw BjhA j? fe T[j fJj fBPeoP d/D fe nw[e nBt/PD Bkb j'D tkb/ gfotosD n~S/ jBiK p[o/. nBt/PK d/ gqGktK T[s/ fXnkB d/Dk ns/ ;wkfie ;zpzXK T[s/ T[BQK d/ ;zGkts BshfinK dk g{ot eEBeoBk ;wkfie ftfrnkBeK dk ezw j?. id fe gq'fd:'freh s~s wj~stg{oD jB, T[BQK dk gq:'r ;K;feqse o{gBkb rqkjhJ/ wkBt^fjsK d/ nB[e{b ehsk ikDk ukjhdk. nkX[fBe :[r ftu gq'fd:'freh :zsoK Bz{ BPN eoBkw{oysk j't/rh, gozs{ jkBhekoe ;z;EktK d/ pko/ ftu io{o ftuko ehsk ik ;edk j?. fe;/ nBt/PD Bz{ nzrhekoeoB s'A gfjbK fJ;d/ BshfinK dk gfonkgs ns/ u/szB w[bKeD ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?.

;t^w[bKeD ;t^w[bKeD ;t^w[bKeD ;t^w[bKeD ;t^w[bKeD (Self Assessment)2H ykbh ;EkBK dh g{osh eo' (2H ykbh ;EkBK dh g{osh eo' (2H ykbh ;EkBK dh g{osh eo' (2H ykbh ;EkBK dh g{osh eo' (2H ykbh ;EkBK dh g{osh eo' (Fill in the blanks)—)—)—)—)—

(i) HHHHHHHHHHHHH Bz{ ‘ftfrnkB dk :[r’ T{oik dk :[r fejk iKdk j?.(ii) HHHHHHHHHHHH B/ PqfweK Bz{ ;zrms eo fdsk j? ns/ T[sgkdB ns/ ftsoD dh ifNb ftnt;Ek Bz{

iBw fdsk j?.(iii) b/yD tkDh dk fbys ;o{g j? HHHHHHHHHH d{oh fwNkT[Ad/ j'J/ tkDh dk ;zuko j?.(iv) :ksk:ks d{oh T[s/ HHHHHHHHHHH j?.

(v) HHHHHHHHHHHHHH ftu fJe :'r nfGnzsk dk ftuko ;h fe S/ whb s'A fInkdk rsh ftBkP d/ gk;/ b?ikt/rh.

(vi) HHHHHHHHHHHHH ;wkfie gfotosD dk ekoD pDd/ jB.

(vii) cqK; ftu Pk;eh ;[XkoK dk fJzBk s/i fto'X j'fJnk fe T[E/ HHHHHHHHHHHHH dh eqKsh j'Jh.(viii) fe;/ HHHHHHHHHHHHHH Bz{ nzrheko eoB s'A gfjbK fJ;d/ BshfinK dk gfonkgs ns/ u/szB w[bKeD

ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?.


• ;wki dh ;zouBk ns/ ;z;feqsh ftu ;wkfie gfotosD dk ;{sogks nKsfoe ns/ pkjoh ;q'sK d[nkokj[zdk j?. ;wki dh ;zouBk Bkb ;zdoG nfX;zouBkswe ;j{bsK, b'eK ftu fJ;d/ ftsoD ns/ T[BQKdhnK ;j{bsK se gj[zu s'A j? id fe ;wki dh ;z;feqsh ftu gozgoktK, Xow, ihtB d/ wkBe ns/gko;gfoe fttjko Pkwb jB. ;wki dh ;zouk ns/ ;z;feqsh ;fEo BjhA ojh j?. ;wkfie gfotosDfJ; gqeko fJe ngfojkfon gqfeqnk j' iKdh j?.

• iB;zfynk ns/ T[;dh ouBk ftu gfotosD dk ;wki T[s/ wj~stg{oB gqGkt j[zdk j?. fi; ;wki ftubVehnK dh frDsh g[oP pZfunK dh frDsh s'A fInkdk j[zdh j?. T[;d/ g/qw, ftnkj ns/ gfotkoe;zrmB dk o{g T[; ;wki s'A fGzB j'J/rk fi; ftu g[oP p~funK dh frDsh fInkdk j?. iB;zfynk ;zpzXhnfXnkJ/ ftu n;hA fJj ;gPN ehsk ;h fe fgSb/ fJe ;" ;kbK ftu nB/e d/PK dh iB;zfynk ftupj[s fInkdk s/i tkXk j'fJnk j?.

• fJ; gqeko ;gPN j? fe gqkfeqse gqtoD d/ d' o{g jB—fBo;B (elimination) ns/ fwbkB(absorption). i' gqkDh gqfeqsh d/ Bkb ;cbskg{ote nB[e{bB BjhA eo gKd/ jB, T[BQK dk fBo;Bj' iKdk j?. fJ;d/ T[bN i' gqkDh gqfeqsh d/ Bkb nB[e{bB eoB ftu ;woE j' iKdk j?, T[BQK dk d{i/ihts gqkDhnK d/ Bkb ftbn j' iKdk j?.

• ekob wkoe; ;wkfie gfotosD d/ nkofEe f;XKs d/ gqw[~y gqshgkde jB. wkoe; d/ nB[;ko,T[sgkdB dh gqftXh d[nkok ;wkfie ihtB d/ ;wkfie, ;K;feqse, Xkofwe ns/ okiB?fse gfjb{fBoXkos j[zd/ jB. ;kwzstkd, g{zihtkd ns/ ;wkitkd d/ nB[o{g gfotosD d/ ;zdoG ftu nfGXkoDk,gqshnfGXkoDk ns/ fJBQK d/ ;zPb/PD Bz{ ;wkfie ;zouBk d/ gfotosD uoDK dh ;zfrnk fdsh.


B ØN


• wB[~yK ftu Xow dh T[sgsh fet/A j'Jh, fJ; gqPB dk e'Jh fBPfus T[Zso BjhA fdsk ik ;edk. Xowdh T[sgsh oj~; d/ ros ftu S[gh j'Jh j?. fJ; ftP/ T[s/ b/yeK ftu gfonkgs wsG/d jB e[Mb/ye, v/ftvv/ftvv/ftvv/ftvv/ftv fjT[w fjT[w fjT[w fjT[w fjT[w (David Hume), w?e; w{bow?e; w{bow?e; w{bow?e; w{bow?e; w{bo (Max Muller) ns/ frfvzr;frfvzr;frfvzr;frfvzr;frfvzr; (Giddings)dk ftuko j? fe wB[~y dh feqsh d/ o{g ftu Gqw T[s/ nkXkfows ;h ns/ vo fJ;dh T[sgsh dk ekoDpfDnk.

• gozs{ Xow dh T[sgsh Bz{ fe;/ fJe~b/ ;q's ftu BjhA y'fink ik ;edk. fJ; Bz{ fe;/ fJe s~s—vo,nPohoe Pesh ftu ftPtk;, ;z;eko ns/ fBPfus io{os dh gqshfeqnk T[s/ nkXkos jhA ;wfMnkik ;edk. Bk fJ~Sk ns/ Bk e/tb GktBk fJ;dh T[sgsh dh ftnkfynk eo ;edh j?. Xow dk gqkozGwkBt u/sBk d/ ;wkB g[okDk j?. e'Jh th nkfd ;wki nfijk BjhA j? fi; ftu Xow dh nt;fEshBjhA ;h ns/ i/eo Xow ;kotG"fwe gfoxNBk j? sK fJ; B{z wkBt gqftosh dh eohsqw nt;Ek BjhA;wfMnk ik ;edk.

• gq'fd:'freh ;wki Bz{ nB/e gqeko Bkb gqGkts eodh j?, feT[Afe gq'fd:'freh ftu e'Jh th gfotosDfe;/ ;z;EK ns/ ;w{j ftu gfotosD dk ekoD pDdk j?. T{oik d/ Bt/A ;q'sK dh y'i d/ cb;o{g :zsogq'fd:'freh d/ nkrwB d/ fJzB/ wj~stg{oB Bshi/ j'J/ fe fJ; Bz{ pj[Xk eqKsh dk Bkw fdsk iKdk j?.nkftPeko ns/ y'i ;kv/ :[r d/ gqw[~y byPD jB. toswkB :[r Bz{ ‘ftfrnkB dk :[r’ – ‘T{oik dk:[r’ fejk frnk j?.

• T[sgkdB^gq'fd:'freh ftu gfotosBK B/ ;wkfie ;zpzXK ftu nB/e gfotosDK Bz{ iBw fdsk j?, ;r'A;zuko^;kXBK ftu gfotosDK B/ th ;wkfie ihtB Bz{ ftnkge o{g Bkb gqGksfts ehsk j?. nkX[fBe;zuko^goftXhnK ftu gfotosDK dk ;wkfie ihtB T[s/ gqGkt T[sgkdB^gq'fd:'freh ftu gfotosDKd/ gqGkt d/ ;wkB j?.

• gq'fd:'freh nftPeko nkrpoB d[nkok sEkefEs ;wkfie nftPekoK Bz{ iBw d/ ;ed/ jB. ;wkfienftPekoK Bkb T[;dk noE nfij/ nftPekoK Bkb j? i' G"fse BjhA j[zd/ ns/ fiBQK dk gqkfeqseftfrnkB Bkb ;zpzX BjhA j?. pfjpeko, Bkoh^wsdkB, n;fj:'r nzd'bB, nkB[gkfse gqshfBXhst,pi[orK dh g/APB, pkb e'oN, ftnkj fpT{o', f;ftb ;oft;, PqfweK Bz{ bkGKP, nrzs[e nfXnkge,wB'ftfrnkBe fJbki e/Ado, o'Noh ebp, P'X ;z;EkB, ;z:[es okPNo ;zx, ;wkfie nftPekoK d/ e[MfJe T[dkjoD jB.


• ft;oDft;oDft;oDft;oDft;oD^c?bkT[Dk

• ft;soDft;soDft;soDft;soDft;soD^ft;sko eoBk

• nfGeoDnfGeoDnfGeoDnfGeoDnfGeoD^nXhB ezw eoB tkbh ;z;Ek


1H nfXe iB;zfynk ns/ nX'ftek; d/ ft~u ;zpzX ;gPN eo'.

2H Gkos d/ T[d:'rheoD dh j"bh rsh d/ w[~y ekoDK dk ftPb/PD eo'.

3H nkofEe ftek; ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB ftueko ;zpzX dh ftnkfynk eo'.

4H gqfeqsh ns/ ;wkfie gqtoD ft~u nzso ;gPN eo'.

5H ;wkfie gqtoD s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'< fJ; d/ gqekoK dk T[b/y eo'.

6H ;wkfie gfotosB ft~u Xow dh G{fwek T[Zs/ gqekP gkU.

7H Xow ns/ ftfrnkB fJ~e d{i/ d/ fto'Xh jB iK ;fj:'rh.


B ØN


8H ;wkfie gfotosB ft~u whvhnk ns/ ;{uBk T[d:'r B/ fe; gqeko dh G{fwek fBGkJh j?<

9H fBwBfbfys T[Zs/ fN~gDh eo'^

(i) ;wkfie gqtoD d/ ;o{g

(ii) nkofEe w[~b

(iii) ;wkfie efbnkD

(iv) Xow ns/ ftfrnkB

T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD (Answers: Self Assessment)1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H (i) (b) (ii) (b) (iii) (a) (iv) (c)

(v) (c) (vi) (d) (vii) (a) (viii) (d)2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H (i) toswkB :[r (ii) T[d:'rK (iii) o/vhU ;zukoD

(iv) G'se fi~s (v) 1826 (vi) ;wkfie nftPeko(vii) 1789 (viii) nBt/PD


1H n?wH n?B PqhfBtk;, ;'Pb u/Ai fJB wkovoB fJzvhnk, fpqeb/L e?bhc'oBhnk :{Bhtof;Nhgq?;, 1966 .

2H :'frzdo f;zx, J/;/i nkB wkvoBkJhI/PB fJB fJzvhnk, fd~bhL wB'jo p[e vhg{, 1978 .

3H thA;/N J/H ;fwE, fj;Nqh Uc fJzvhnk bzdBL nke;c'ov :{Bhtof;Nh gq?;, 1970 .

p[e;


B ØN


fJekJh^14L ;wekbhB Gkos ft~u ;wkfie gfotosBfJekJh^14L ;wekbhB Gkos ft~u ;wkfie gfotosBfJekJh^14L ;wekbhB Gkos ft~u ;wkfie gfotosBfJekJh^14L ;wekbhB Gkos ft~u ;wkfie gfotosBfJekJh^14L ;wekbhB Gkos ft~u ;wkfie gfotosB(Social Change in Contemporary India)

ftP/ t;s{ ftP/ t;s{ ftP/ t;s{ ftP/ t;s{ ftP/ t;s{ (Contents)T[d/P (Objectives)ikDekoh (Introduction)14H1 gfotosB dh gqftq~sh (Trends of Change)14H2 nkofEe ftek; ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB (Economic Development and Social Change)14H3 T[d:'rheoD ns/ PfjoheoD (Industrialisation and Urbanization)14H4 ;ko nzP (Summary)14H5 Ppde'P (Keywords)14H6 nfGnk;^gqPB (Review Questions)14H7 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)



• gfotosB dh gqftq~sh Bz{ ikDB ft~u.

• nkofEe ftek; ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB dh ftnkfynk eoD ft~u.

• T[d:'rheoD ns/ PfjoheoD Bz{ ;wMD ft~u.


;wkfie ;zpzXK d/ ;Ekfgs ;o{gK, ;wkfie w[~bK, ;zouBktK iK T[g^ftt;EktK ft~u gfotosB jh ;wkfiegfotosB efjbtkUAdk j?. ;wkfie gfotosB g{ok iK nKfPe j' ;edk j?, ukj/ fInkdkso fJj nKfPejh j[zdk j?. fi; gqeko gqhfynk gqDkbh ft~u gfotosB f;~fynk gqDkbh ft~u nKfPe gfotosB wzfBnk iKdkj?, T[;/ soK wzfdoK ft~u nS{sK d/ gqt/P tofis eoD tkfbnK Bz{ dzv d/ ftXkB dh feqnkPhbsk,ftnkj^ft~S/d dh ekBz{Bh nkfrnk, S'Nh T[wo ft~u ftnkj T[Zs/ o'e ;zpzXh ftXkB nkfd Bz{ ;wki ft~unKfPe gfotosB fejk ik ;edk j?. p?AeK dk okPNoheoD, e'b/ dhnK ykDK dk okPNoheoD nkfd ;wkidh nkofEe gqDkbh ft~u nKfPe gfotosB d/ T[dkjoD jB, feUAfe fJj gfotosB j'o y/soK ft~u fBih;zgsh dh wbehns dh ftt;Ek d/ Bkb Bkb ft~fdnkwkB ofjzdk j?. efmBkJh sK ;wki d/ g{o/ gfotosBiK ;wkfie ftt;Ek ft~u gfotosB Bz{ gfjukDB ft~u nkUAdh j?. i/eo n;hA ejhJ/ fe ;wki d/ Bke/tb e[M g~yK ft~u pbfe jo g~y ft~u gfotosB j' frnk j? sK fJ; Bz{ ‘g{ok’ gfotosB fejk ikt/rk.gqzs{ nfijk ed/ BjhA j[zdk j?. fJ;/ gqeko gfotko ftt;Ek, ftnkj ftt;Ek, p?AfeAr ftt;Ek, iksh ftt;EkiK c?eNoh ftt;Ek d/ e[M g~yK ft~u gfotosB j' ;edk j?, gqzs{ fJBK ft~u'A fe;/ th ftt;Ek ft~u g{okgfotosB ed/ BjhA j[zdk. e'Jh th ;wkfie ftt;Ek g{o/ o{g ft~u ed/ th gfotofss BjhA jz[dh. ;wkfiegfotosB ;dk iK fInkdkso nKfPe jh j[zdk j?.

go;h e'j/B B/ fejk j? fe ;wki ft~u bx{ (minor) iK ftPkb (major) iK w"fbe (fundamental)gfotosBK ft~u nzso ehsk ik ;edk j?. ;wki iK ;wkfie ftt;Ek d/ w{b iK wj~stg{oD b~SDK ft~ugfotosB Bz{ ‘ftPkb’ gfotosB fejk iKdk j?. i/eo i/b Bz{ ;wkfie ftt;Ek d/ o{g ft~u bJhJ/ sK fJ;dhnK wj~stg{oD ftP/PsktK jB, e?dhnK Bz{ Nq/fBzr d/Dk, fBtk;hnK bJh G'iB, wB'oziB ns/ f;js o~fynk


fJekJh^14L ;wekbhB Gkos ft~u ;wkfie gfotosBfJekJh^14L ;wekbhB Gkos ft~u ;wkfie gfotosBfJekJh^14L ;wekbhB Gkos ft~u ;wkfie gfotosBfJekJh^14L ;wekbhB Gkos ft~u ;wkfie gfotosBfJekJh^14L ;wekbhB Gkos ft~u ;wkfie gfotosB

B ØN


dk gqpzX eoBk, i/b wkBdzvK Bz{ s'VD tkb/ ngokXhnK Bz{ dzv d/Dk, ngokXhnK Bz{ fw~soK ns/ gfoiBK Bkb;zgoe eokUDk ns/ i/b s'A G~iD Bz{ o'eD bJh gqpzX eoBk nkfd. j[D wzB fbnk ikt/ fe ;G ;[o~fynk dbjNk bJ/ iKd/ jB ns/ e?dhnK Bz{ fdB d/ ;w/A pIko ikD dh nkfrnk d/ fd~sh ikt/, gqzs{ oks Bz{ i/b ft~uofjDk Io{oh j't/, sK i/b ftt;Ek ft~u fJj gfotosB i/b d/ j'o g~yK Bz{ th gqGkfts eo/rk. nfijk j'Ds/ fJ; Bz{ i/b ftt;Ek ft~u w{bG{s ns/ ftPkb gfotosB fejk ikt/rk. fJ;/ gqeko nzsoiksh ;zpzXK ft~u;wkfie ns/ ;fjG'i ;zpzXh gqshpzXK Bz{ jNk fbnk ikt/ sK fJ; Bz{ iksh ftt;Ek ft~u ‘gqw[~y’ gfotosBfejk ikt/rk. ;wkfie ftt;Ek ft~u w{b b~SDK Bz{ t~y eoBk efmB BjhA j[zdk. T[dkjoD bJh, iBsKsfoeokiBhfse ftt;Ek ft~u u[Bkt ftt;Ek fJ~e b~SD j?. i/eo u[Bkt BshfinK s'A u[Bkt ftt;Ek ft~ugfotosB Bk j't/, gqzs{ u[Bkt ftt;Ek ft~u gfotosB u[Bkt BshfinK Bz{ gqGkfts eod/ j'D sK fJj fejkikt/rk fe u[Bkt ftt;Ek okiBhfse ftt;Ek dk w{b b~SD j?.

14H114H114H114H114H1 gfotosB dh gqftq~sh gfotosB dh gqftq~sh gfotosB dh gqftq~sh gfotosB dh gqftq~sh gfotosB dh gqftq~sh (Trends of Change)

gozgok ns/ nkX[fBesk ;fjtosh jB, fBozsosk ns/ gfotosB ;wkfie ihtB d/ nB[Gkfte s~E jB.gozgok ns/ nkX[fBesk ;fjtosh fJ; bJh th jB feUAfe ;G ;wkiK ft~u ;fEosk ns/ ;wkfie fB:zsoDKdh Io{os j[zdh j?. gfotosB s'A j'D tkbhnK wzrK ns/ u[B"shnK dk w[ekpbk eoD bJh, frnkB ns/seBheh ikDekoh d/ Bt/A ;soK Bz{ gqkgs eoD bJh nkX[fBesk ns/ gfotosB dh Io{os j[zdh j?. fJBKgfo;fEshnK d/ ekoD ;wkfie gfotosB j[zdk j?. ;wkfie sBkt ns/ ;zxoP th ;wkfie gfotosB d/;o's jB. ;wkfie gfotosB p[I[or, B"itkB, f;~fyne, nf;~fyne ns/ Brotk;h ns/ g/Av{ d/ w[~bK ft~unzso d/ ekoD th j[zd/ jB.

gfotosB d/ ;o's nzdo{Bh ns/ pkjoh d't/A jB. gfotosB ;{yw ns/ ftPkb d'jK ;soK s/ j[zdk j?. ekBz{B,;[Xko nzd'bB, f;~fynk ns/ toswkB ftt;EktK ft~u fto'XkGk;K Bz{ n;hA nzdo{Bh ekoeK ft~u Pkfwb eod/jK. ;z;feqfse ;zgoe, ftd/Ph PeshnK d[nkok jwb/, j'o d/PK s'A ftfrnkfBe ns/ T[d:'fre T[gktK dkj;sKsoD ns/ nzsookPNoh tkfDi ns/ tgko nkfd pkjoh ekoe jB. ftPkb gfotosBK ft~u ekBz{B ns/BtkukoK nkfd dk ;wkt/P ehsk ik ;edk j? id'A fe BthnK G{fwektK ns/ gqt;B nkfd d[nkok ;zdoGksweiK ;{yw gfotosB j[zd/ jB, fJ~e ekoiy/so dk gfotosB ;wkfie ihtB d/ j'o ekoiy/soK Bz{ gqGkftseodk j?. fJ; bJh fJ~e J/ehfeqs fdqPNhe'D dh Io{os j?, fi; d[nkok ;wkfie gfotosB d/ ftfGzB ;o'sKns/ ekoeK Bz{ ;wfMnk ik ;e/.

;wkfie gfotosB Bz{ ;wMD bJh g/Av{ ihtB, iksh, gfotko, Pfjoh ihtB ns/ ;wkfie, ;z;feqfsewkDeK ns/ w[~bK T[Zs/ BIo gkUD dh Io{os j?. iiwkBh ftt;Ek j[D ftfGzB ikshnK ft~u ekoikswenzsofBoGosk dh ftt;Ek BjhA j?. fgzvtk;hnK ft~u u[BktK d/ cb;o{g pj[s nfXe okiBhsheoD ns/r[Npzdh j' rJh j?. ftPkb noEftt;Ek ns/ okiBhfse ftt;Ek d/ gqGkt d/ ekoD g/Av{ ihtB pj[s nfXegfotofss j' frnk j?. iksh n~i e/tb ykD^gkD d/ ;zpzXK, ftnkj d/ fB:wK ns/ ngft~sosk dhnKXkoDktK T[Zs/ nkXkfos nzso feqnk gqshwkBK d/ wkDeK s~e jh ;hfws BjhA j?, pbfe iksh u[BktK ft~u fJ~efjs ;w{j ns/ ;wkfie ns/ ;z;feqfse rshPhbsk dk ;kXB pD u[eh j?.

;zouBkswe fdqPNh s'A Gkos ft~u gfotko pj[s j~d s~e ;z:[es BjhA jB, gqzs{ ekoikswe fdqPNh s'A ;z:[espfDnk j'fJnk j?. T[d:'rheoD, BroheoD ns/ nkX[fBeheoD Bkb ekoikswe ;z:[essk fdqV j'Jh j?feUAfe b'eK e'b nfXe ;z;kXB jB ns/ fJ; bJh wj~stg{oD ;wkfie nt;oK T[Zs/ ns/ ;zeN dhnKgfo;fEshnK ft~u Uj fJ~e d{i/ dh wdd nk;kBh Bkb eod/ jB. fJ~e gfotko d/ ;G w?Apo fJ~em/ BjhAofj ;ed/, feUAfe Uj fJ~e EK T[Zs/ ezw BjhA eod/ ns/ fJ; bJh gfotko ft~u ;zouBkswe ;z:[essk BjhAofj gkUAdh.

1951 s'A 1981 d/ ft~u Broh iB;zfynk 6# tX rJh j?. Pfjo ns/ e;p/ T[Zu f;~fynk ns/ frnkB gqkgshd/ e/Ado pD rJ/ jB.fgzvK s'A B"itkB nkozG ft~u f;~fynk bJh ns/ fco ;c/dg'P B"eohnK bJh PfjoKft~u nkUAd/ jB.


B ØN


fgzvK s'A j'o ekoe rohph, p/o[Irkoh ns/ ;tk;E ;/tk dk nGkt j?.feUAfe e;fpnK ns/ PfjoK B/ nkofEe;z;kXBK ns/ fufes;k ;[ftXktK T[Zs/ J/ekfXeko eo o~fynk j?, fgzvK s'A gqt;B d/ ekoD PfjoK T[Zs/ pj[snfXe Gko j' frnk j?. ;[szsosk s'A pknd d/ ekb ft~u w~X torK ftP/P eo e/ t/sBG'rh ;w{jK ft~unfsnkfXe tkXk j'fJnk j?.

fJBK gfotosBK d/ ekoD gozgokrs w[~bK ns/ wkDeK dh geV fY~bh j' ojh j?. ngft~sosk^gft~sosk ns/S{s^Sks dhnK XkoDktK n~i ;wkB o{g ft~u ;kv/ ;wkfie ihtB d/ ;G gfjb{nK ft~u ft~fdnkwkB BjhA jB.e[M w"fenK T[Zs/ fJj wkDe fttjko ft~u fPfEb gkJ/ iKd/ jB. fco th ftnkj d/ fB:wK dk ftP/P eo e/ nB[b'wftnkj, nzsoiksh ftnkj ns/ r's pkjoh ftnkj bJh pj[s ;hwk s~e j[D th gkbD ehsk iKdk j?.

14H214H214H214H214H2 nkofEe ftek; ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB nkofEe ftek; ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB nkofEe ftek; ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB nkofEe ftek; ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB nkofEe ftek; ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB (Economic Developmentand Social Change)

fJ~e nzrq/I noEPk;soh fte;Nhv (Wickstead) B/ fJ~e tko fejk ;h fe e'Jh th ftnesh Bk sK ;zs,Bk eth ns/ Bk gq/wh T[d'A s~e j' ;edk j?, id'A s~e fe T[; e'b e[M ykD Bk j't/. okPNoK d/ ftP/ ft~uth fJjh fejk ik ;edk j? fe okiBhfse ftek;, ;z;feqfse T[gbpXhnK ns/ gfotosB ns/ ;wkfie gqrshe/tb fBT{Bsw ihtB ;so gqkgs eoD Bkb jh ;zGt j?, iK n;hA fJj th efj ;ed/ jK fe ;wkfie gqrshnkofEe ftek; Bkb jh ;zGt j?. gqPB fJj j? fe nkofEe ftek; eh j?< fejV/ s~s nkofEe ftek; d/tkX/ ft~u :'rdkB fdzd/ jB< Gkos ;fjs ftPt d/ nftef;s y/soK ft~u nkofEe T[ZBsh ft~u eh o[ektNKjB< ;wkiPk;soh g~yK ns/ nkofEe ftek; dhnK ;w~f;nktK Bz{ ;wMD s'A gfjbK n;hA T[go'es e[Mwj~stg{oD gqPBK Bz{ ;wMDk ukjKr/.

ft;fsqs noE ft~u fejk ik ;edk j? fe “nkofEe ftek; n;b t/sB ft~u gqsh ftnesh tkXk j? i' ukj/fe;/ th ;kXB s'A j't/.” okpoN c?fo;okpoN c?fo;okpoN c?fo;okpoN c?fo;okpoN c?fo;. pku B/ fJ; Bz{ fJ; gqeko d~f;nk j?L”noEftt;Ek ft~u t;sKd/ g{oD T[sgkdB ns/ ;/tktK ft~u tkXk.” v/ftv B'tkev/ftv B'tkev/ftv B'tkev/ftv B'tkev/ftv B'tke B/ nkofEe tkX/ dh fJ~e g[okDh gfoGkPk dhuouk ehsh j? fi; d/ nB[;ko “fJj t;sK ns/ ;/tktK d/ gqsh ftnesh T[gG'r (consumption) ft~ufBozso ns/ nfsnkfXe tkXk j?.” nkofEe t;sK dk nfsnkfXe T[gG'r sK jh ;zGt j? id'A fe nkofEet;sK dk T[sgkdB th nfsnkfXe j't/. nkofEe ftek; “nkofEe t;sK d/ T[sgkdB ns/ ftsoD ft~uiV iK fBoiht Pesh (inanimate power) ns/ j'o seBheK dk ft;fsqs gq:'r j?.” okpoN c?fo;. fJBKnoEK ft~u nkofEe ftek; fttjkfoe o{g ft~u T[d:'rheoD dk d{ik BK fejk ik ;edk j?. gqzs{ fJj efjDkmhe BjhA j? fe nkofEe ftek; e/tb T[d:'rheoD j? feUAfe T[sgkdB ft~u Pesh ns/ seBhe d/ gq:'rs'A fJbktk Pqw rshPhbsk, ft;fsqs f;~fynk ftt;Ek nkfd th Pkfwb jB.

i/c ns/ ;NhtoN, fiBK B/ nkofEe ftek; Bz{ ‘nkofEe T[sgkdB dk soe;zrsheoD’ (rationalisation)fejk j?, UBK B/ gqsh ftnesh t/sB ns/ j'o ekoeK fit/A T[Zu ;kyosk, iBw d/ w"e/ T[Zs/ ihtB dhnKT[ZuhnK ;zGktBktK, fBwB gq;t do, y/sh ft~u b~r/ Pqw Pesh dk fBwB nB[gks ns/ gqsh ftnesh fpibhfeb'tkN dk T[Zu T[sgkdB nkfd d/ nkXko T[Zs/ ftef;s ns/ nftef;s d/PK dk d[GkiB (dichotomy)g/P ehsk j?. fJ; s'A fJbktk fJ; torheoD ft~u fJ~e shih Pq/Dh th i'Vh ik ;edh j?̂ Uj d/P i' ftef;sns/ nftef;s d/PK ftueko jB noEks ftek;Phb d/P. gqsh ftnesh t/sB d/ noE ft~u nwohek,eBkvk, nk;Nq/bhnk, g~Swh :{og (fJNbh, cqK;, iowBh ns/ fJzrb?Av) ftef;s d/P wzB/ iKd/ jB. d{i/gk;/ d~yD ncqhek, w?e;he' ns/ nfXeso d~yDh ns/ g{oth :{ogh d/P ftek;Phb d/P wzB/ iKd/ jB. gqshftnesh t/sB dh fdqPNh Bkb Gkos ni/ th nftef;s d/P j?.

i/c ns/ ;NhtoN dk efjDk j? fe T[go'es ftP/PsktK (ftef;s d/PK dhnK) Bz{ gqkgs eoD bJh nkofEeftek; jo t;s{ ft~u ibd gfotosB Bz{ fwbkUAdk j?. gqzs{ okpoN c/fo; dk ftPtk; j? fe fJj Bshik(nkofEe ftek; bJh jo t;s{ ibd gqkgs eoBk) fBnK;zrs BjhA j?. UBK dk ftuko j? fe ukj/ fJ; dknB[wkfBs wkg gqsh ftnesh t/sB ft~u tk;sfte tkXk wzfBnk ikt/rk, gqzs{ j'o ;G gfotosB Io{os d/;so T[Zs/ fBoGo j'Dr/.


B ØN


14H2H114H2H114H2H114H2H114H2H1 nkofEe ftek; dhnK g{otPosK ns/ o[ektNK nkofEe ftek; dhnK g{otPosK ns/ o[ektNK nkofEe ftek; dhnK g{otPosK ns/ o[ektNK nkofEe ftek; dhnK g{otPosK ns/ o[ektNK nkofEe ftek; dhnK g{otPosK ns/ o[ektNKfe;/ th ;wki d/ nkofEe ftek; ft~u :'rdkB eoD tkb/ nkofEe ekoe nkw s"o s/ fJ; gqeko ;wM/ iKd/jBL gqkfeqfse ;z;kXB (resources), XB ;zuD (capital accumulation), seBhe (technology), Peshd/ ;o's, iBPesh, wId{oh, iB;zfynk dhnK ftP/PsktK ns/ UBK dk nkofEe ;zrmB ns/ ;wkfiegfonktoD. g{otPosK d/ ftP/ ft~u okpoN c?fo; B/ fejk j? fe nkofEe ftek; dhnK g{otPosK fJjjBL (i) w[~b iK ftukoXkok, (ii) ;z;EktK iK nkdoPkswe rqzEhnK (normative complexes) noEksfttjko d/ fB:wK dh iK fttjko ;zpzXh ;thfeqsh nkd/PK (prescriptions) dh ;ot;zwsh ;thfeqsh ns/UBK dk gkbD, (iii) ;zrmB (BhshnK), noEks eh ;oeko fBih y/so Bz{ gq's;kjB d/Dk ukj[zdh j? iK ;oekohy/so Bz{ iK d'jK Bz{ jh, (iv) bkG$fJ~Is Bkb ;zpzfXs gq/oDktK$gq's;kjB.

B'tke dk wzBDk j? fe x~N ftek; d/ w[~y nkXko fJj jBL XB dk nGkt, fBwB T[d:'fre iB;zfynk ns/gqkfeqfse ;z;kXBK dh ewh. d{i/ gk;/ nkofEe ftek; dhnK g{otPosK ft~u g{zih, seBheh d/ r[D ns/gqkfeqfse ;z;kXB Pkfwb jB. UBK B/ wzfBnk j? fe nftef;s y/soK ft~u nkofEe ftek; ft~u i' ekoeo[ektN gkUAd/ jB Uj jBL (i) Io{oh wksok ft~u BthB y'I (innovation) ft~u ewh, (ii) ;wsktkdhy/sh ;[XkoK ft~u ewh, (iii) ekoi nB[Pk;B ft~u ewh, (iv) iB;zfynk tkXk ns/ (v) ftd/Ph ftfBw/ ft~uewh.

i?ep tkJhBo B/ nkofEe ftek; ft~u S/ o[ektNK dh ftnkfynk ehsh j?. Uj jBL G"fse tksktoD dknB[e{b Bk j'Dk, ekoiPhb iB;zfynk dh fBwB e'Nh, seBheh frnkB dh ewh, g{zih dh ewh, iB;zfynkft~u s/I rsh Bkb tkXk ns/ y/sh ;zouBk ft~u d'P.

:[og ft~u gq'N/;N/AN ;[XkoK B/ g{zihtkd d/ T[d/ ns/ ftek; bJh ;wki dk fdqPNhe'D ns/ ;z;EktK ft~ugfotosB d[nkok o;sk y'b fd~sk ;h. fJ;/ nkXko T[Zs/ “gq'N/;N/AN B?fsesk” dk ftek; j'fJnk i' nkofEeftek; bJh uzrk ;h. fJ; :{ogh xNBk d/ ftP/ ft~u fbyd/ j'J/ w?e; t/po B/ g{zihtkdh ;wki dhnK UBK;z;EktK T[Zs/ pb fd~sk j? i' g~Sw ft~u s/Ih Bkb nkofEe ftek; Bkb fwbdhnK jBL (i) fBih wbehnsns/ T[sgkdB d/ ;kXBk T[Zs/ fB:zsoD. (ii) o[ektNK ns/ ;oekoh w[~b fBoXkoD. (iii) rDBk ;zpzXh fB:wKdk Pk;B fi; Bkb b'eK Bz{ gfjbK jh gsk ub iKdk j? fe feBK fB:wK d/ nzsors UBK B/ nkofEe ihtBubkUDk j?. (iv) wId{oh bJh ftneshnK Bz{ ezw eoD dh ;[szsosk, (v) wId{oh ns/ ehwsK dh pIkoftt;Ek d[nkok nkofEe ihtB dk tkfDiheoD (commercialism) fi; Bkb T[sgkdB d/ ;kXBK Bz{;zukfbs ns/ nktzfvs (allocate) ehsk ik ;e/. (vi) ;~N/pkIh ns/ i'fyw T[mkUD dh gqftq~sh (fiBK Bz{ g{ot;kwzsh ;wkiK ft~u ftnkge o{g Bkb gqshpzfXs ehsk j'fJnk ;h). gqzs{ e[M ftdtkBK B/ fJ; XkoDk ft~uewhnK d~;hnK jB.

14H2H214H2H214H2H214H2H214H2H2 Gkos d/ nkofEe ftek; ft~u o[ektNK Gkos d/ nkofEe ftek; ft~u o[ektNK Gkos d/ nkofEe ftek; ft~u o[ektNK Gkos d/ nkofEe ftek; ft~u o[ektNK Gkos d/ nkofEe ftek; ft~u o[ektNKT[go'es T[b/fys ekoe Gkos d/ nkofEe ftek; d/ o;s/ ft~u pzXe s~sK Bz{ ;wMD ft~u ;jkfJe j' ;ed/jB. Ekw; Ph (Thomas Shea, See Jean Meynaud, 1963) d/ nB[;ko Gkos ft~u uko wj~stg{oDo[ektNK jBL iksh, G{wh g~N/ (land tenure) dk ;o{g, iB;zfynk tkXk ns/ ;zgsh ekBz{B (i' y/sh:'r G{whBz{ N[eV/^N[eV/ eodk j?).

J/H nkoH d/;kJh B/ i' w{b o[ektNK d~;hnK jBL (i) nshs s'A tzPkB[eqw ft~u gqkgs ;wkfie ns/ ;zs;EksweouBk ns/ w[~b (noEks iksh ftt;Ek) ns/ (ii) fgSVh j'Jh fBPmk bJh brkt.

ukj/ iksh ftt;Ek Gkos d/ ;zftXkB d[nkok f;XKse ns/ fBnKfJe fdqPNh Bkb ysw eo fd~sh rJh j?,gqzs{ n;b ihtB ft~u fJ; dk wj~st, nkofEe ftek; T[Zs/ fJ; dk n;o, ;zgsh ;zpzXK d/ ;o{g ns/ T[gG'rd/ ;o{g T[Zs/ fJ; dk gqGkt ns/ nkofEe, okiBhfse, ;wkfie ns/ ;z;feqfse y/soK ft~u Pesh ;zouBkd/ ;o{g T[Zs/ fJ; d/ gqGkt Bz{ ni/ uzrh soK BjhA ;wfMnk frnk j?. fJ; bJh fJ; dk rzGho o{g Bkbx~N nB[wkB brkfJnk frnk j?. iksh b'eK dh rshPhbsk Bz{ o'edh j? i' fe rshtkB nkofEe ftek; bJhpj[s Io{oh j?. fJj e[M ;w{jK Bz{ e[M eko'pko eoD s'A o'edh j? ns/ e[M nkofEe fttjko d/ ;o{gK Bz{ ns/T[gG'r d/ e[M ;o{gK Bz{ o'edh j?. fJj d/fynk frnk j? fe noEftt;Ek, gqPk;B ns/ ;z;feqfse ezweki


B ØN


ft~u fB:zsoD d/ pj[s ;ko/ gd Gkos ft~u e[M jh ikshnK d/ J/ekfXeko (monopoly) ft~u jB. n;bft~u, e[M jh ikshnK Gkos d/ b'eK d/ Gkr Bz{ fB:zsfos eodhnK jB fi; Bkb y/soh ns/ iksh sBkt ns/;wkfie nPKsh T[sgzB j[zdh j?. fJjh nPKsh ftP/PkfXeko gqkgs ;w{jK (privileged groups) ft~unkgD/ nkg ft~u ns/ UBK d/ ns/ nbg ftP/PkfXfeqs d/ ft~u e"V/ w[ekpb/ tkb/ ;zxoP Bz{ ihfts o~ydh j?ns/ fJ; dk ekoD th j?. ;t;E okPNoh noEftt;Ek T[Zs/ fJ; dk T[bNk gqGkt g?Adk j?.

fJ~e d{ik ;wkiPk;soh gqGkt fJj th j? fe fgSVhnK j'JhnK fBPmktK ;wki ft~u iwhnK ofjzdhnK jBfiBK d/ cb;o{g r[Ntkd (factionalism) ns/ Gkosh iB dk M{m/ jzeko tkb/ S'N/ S'N/ ;w{jK ft~u ftGkiBj[zdk j? i' fe ftef;s okPNoh u/sBk bJh jkBhekoe j?. e[M gqeko dhnK fBPmktK (iksh fBPmk s'A fJbktk)i' Gkos ft~u ;dk pDhnK ofjzdhnK jB Uj jBL Bks/dkoh fBPmk, y/soh gfjukD ns/ Xkofwe brkt.fJ; gqeko d/ ftGkiB ;wki ft~u J/esk dh GktBk Bz{ ns/ ;wki d/ w?ApoK ftueko gfjukD ft~u o'e brkUAd/jB. nfij/ gfonktoD ft~u gkfJnk ikD tkbk nkdoPkswe dpkn (normative pressure) ftnesh d/fttjko ns/ ;zpzXK T[Zs/ th gqshe{b gqGFkt gkUAdk j?.

d/;kJh dk wzBDk j? fe fJj ;zehoD ;EkfBe wkBf;esk (parochial mentality) g[okD/ gqeko dhnK ;z;EktKd/ Bkb eJh gqeko Bkb nkofEe ftek; ft~u o[ektN g?dk eodh j?L (i) fJj GkJh Gshiktkd (nepotism)Bz{ gq's;kjB fdzdh j?l (ii) fJj nD^T[sgkde fBt/P (investment) ns/ rbs T[gG'r d/ ;o{gK fijhnKjkBhekoe gqEktK Bz{ g?dk eodh j? l (iii) fJ; Bkb ezw, ekoi e[Pbsk, eko'pko ns/ ;kXBK dh tzv(allocation) d/ gqsh fdqPNhe'D ft~u fteqsh g?dk j[zdh j?.l (iv) fJj UBK wkBsktK ns/ b'e ohshnK(mors) d/ ftek; ft~u o[ektN T[sgzB eodh j? i' fe nkX[fBe ;w/A dh nkofEe ftek; dhnK w{b Io{osKjB, fit/A ekBz{B T[Zs/ nkXkfos b'eohshnK ns/ nB[Pk;shnK (sanctions), ftnefs~st bJh nkdo ns/;wkB Bkrfoesk dk ftuko.

:'r/Ado f;zx (1973) B/ Gkos ft~u nkofEe ftek; ft~u o[ektNK fJ; gqeko d~;hnK jBL (i) nB[Gtkshssk(transcendence) (fi; d/ nB[;ko gkozgfoe w[~bK dh t?Xsk Bz{ u[B"sh BjhA fd~sh ik ;edh), (ii) g{oDsk(holism) (fi; d/ nB[;ko ftnesh ns/ ;wki (;w{j) ftueko ;zpzX fJ; gqeko dk gkfJnk iKdk j? feftnesh nkgD/ fjs, nfXeko ns/ fJ~SktK Bz{ ;wki efbnkD s'A j/mK o~ydk j?. fJ; dk noE ftneshdh s[bBk ft~u ;w{jtkd Bz{ gfjb d/Dk th j?). (iii) ;z;soD (iksh eko'pko ns/ ;wkfie gq;fEsh ft~u;soheoD) (iv) fBozsosk (eow ns/ g[BoiBw ft~u ftPtk; nkfd).

14H2H314H2H314H2H314H2H314H2H3 nkofEe ftek; dhnK nt;EktK nkofEe ftek; dhnK nt;EktK nkofEe ftek; dhnK nt;EktK nkofEe ftek; dhnK nt;EktK nkofEe ftek; dhnK nt;EktKo';N/to';N/to';N/to';N/to';N/t B/ nkofEe ftek; dhnK gzi nt;EktK d~;hnK jBL (i) gozgokswe ;wki (ii) T[ZEkB (iii) T[ZEkB(nkozG) (iv) seBheh gfog~esk dh gqftq~sh (v) T[Zu iB^T[gG'r.

gozgokswe ;wki w{b o{g ft~u y/sh^gqXkB j[zdk j?. fJ; d/ w?Apo Gkrtkdh, nzXftPtk;h ns/ pkjoh ;z;kogqsh e'o/ j[zd/ jB. nfij/ ;wki ft~u gfotko, iksh, fgzv iK fBqiksh (ethnic) ;w{j dh fBPmk dh fJekJhj[zd/ jB.gozgokswe (y/sh) ;w[dkJ/ nkswfBoGo BjhA j[zd/, pbfe pIko bJh, Xow bJh, doPB bJh thns/ ;oeko bJh th e;fpnK iK PfjoK T[Zs/ fBoGo ofjzd/ jB feUAfe fJBK ;w[dktK ft~u nrtkJh dkftek; x~N jh j[zdk j?. fe;kBK bJh fBoD/ pkjo s'A ehs/ iKd/ jB. pj[s tko Uj fJj th BjhA ikD gkUAd/fe fJj fBoD/ fe; soK ns/ UBK bJh feUA bJ/ rJ/ jB. ukj/ Uj pj[s e'fPPK th eod/ jB, fco thUj fBoD/ ft~u pkjoh gqGkt s'A w[es BjhA j' gkUAd/. fJ; Bkb Bk e/tb ihtB d/ gqsh Gkrtkdh(fatalistic) fdqPNhe'D dk iBw j[zdk j? pbfe pkjoh b'eK gqsh P~e ns/ Bt/A ftukoK d/ gqsh ;soesk thg?dk j[zdh j?. pkjoh ;z;ko d/ gqsh nftPtk; UBK Bz{ UBK d/ gV";hnK Bkb BjhA i[VB fdzdk. ft;fsqsgfotko nkgD/ nkg Bz{ gV";hnK dh p/JhwkBh s'A pukUD ft~u b~frnk ofjzdk j?. gozgokswe ;wki d/ nzdoJ/esk dk fJj fJ~e yzv (segment) j?. fJ; (gozgokswe) ;wki ft~u ;kXBK d/ ;hfws j'D, ftP/P o{gBkb G{wh d/ ;hfws j'D d/ ekoD T[sgkdB th ;hfws j[zdk j?.

T[; s'A pknd j"bh j"bh gfotosB dh gqfeqnk nkozG j[zdh j?. fJ; nt;Ek ft~u T[ZEkB (take off) dhnKg{ot^dPktK dk ftek; ehsk ikdk j?. nkw s"o s/ fJj g{ot^dPktK ftef;s ;wki d[nkok pkjo s'A x[;g?md/ ekoD g?dk j[zdhnK jB. fJj x[;g?m BthB ftukoK ns/ GktBktK Bz{ gq/fos eod/ jB ns/ b'e ftPtk;


B ØN


eoD brd/ jB fe nkofEe gqrsh uzrh th j? ns/ ;zGt th. e[M b'e f;~fynk gqkgs eoBk nkozG eod/jB sK e[M B/sktK dk T[d/ j[zdk j? ns/ fBt/P d/ Bt/A y/so tgko ns/ tkfDi d/ o{g ft~u gqrN j[zd/ jB.fJj ;G e[M j"bh j"bh j[zdk j? feUAfe ;Ekfgs w[~bK ns/ gozgoktK ft~u gfotosB w[Pfeb Bkb j[zdk j?.;z;EktK ns/ w[~bK ft~u gfotosB nkozG j'D s'A gfjbK e[M ;wkfie gfotosB ns/ nkofEe ftek; dhnKg{ot^PosK (prerequisties) dk j'Dk Io{oh j?. fJj jBL T[d/P d/ gqsh ikfrqsh, Gft~y d/ gqsh fdqPNh,nftbzfpsk dh GktBk, G{fwek ns/ w"fenK dh ftftXsk dh Io{os, nkswo'fgs ekoiGko (self-imposed tasks)ns/ fsnkr dk p"fXe ;wkb'uB ns/ T[; d/ bJh GktBkswe fsnkoh ns/ rshPhb nrtkJh dk T[d/.

nkozfGe nt;Ek (take off stage) ft~u ftek; d/ wkor ft~u nkUD tkbhnK o[ektNK Bz{ d{o ehsk ikdkj? ns/ ftek; fJ~e nkw dPk pD iKdh j?. g{zih dk ;zuD P[o{ j' iKdk j?, y/sh ns/ T[d:'r ft~u seBhehftek; gkfJnk iKdk j? ns/ okiBhfse ;w{j dk T[d/ j[zdk j? i' noEftt;Ek d/ nkX[fBeheoD Bz{ rzGhoskBkb b?Adk j?. Bt/A T[d:'rK dk s/Ih Bkb ft;sko j[zdk j? ns/ nfXe ft;sko d/ T[d/P Bkb bkG dkg[BofBt/P ehsk iKdk j?. ezw eoD tkb/ wId{oK dh ;zfynk ft~u tkX/ d/ Bkb Bkb UBK dh wId{oh ft~uth tkXk j[zdk j?.

nkozfGe nt;Ek s'A pknd m'; tkX/ dk nzsokb nkUAdk j?. fJ; nzsokb ft~u nkofEe gqfeqnk d[nkok BthBseBhe d/ ft;sko bJh gq/oe nkgDk ezw nkozG eo fdzd/ jB. Bt/A T[d:'r nkgD/ ft;sko ns/ T[sgkdBekoi ft~u s/Ih nkozG eo fdzd/ jB. gfog~esk d/ o[MkB (drive to maturity) dk fJ~e wj~stg{oD gfjb{fJj th j? fe i' t;sK gfjbK nk:ks ehshnK iKdhnK ;B, j[D UBK dk T[sgkdB d/P ft~u jh ehsk iKdkj/. nkozfGe nt;Ek d/ 40 ;kb pknd fes/ ik e/ gfog~esk gqkgs j[zdh j?.

t~v/ g?wkB/ T[Zs/ T[gG'r (mass consumption) d/ :[r ft~u fNekT{ T[gG'rsk ;/tktK ns/ t;sK t~b M[eknj' iKdk j?. nwohek fJ; nt;Ek s'A fBeb u[ek j? id'A fe :{og ns/ ikgkB fJ; d/ ;[y dk bkG T[mkUDkP[o{ eo oj/ jB. feUAfe fJ; nt;Ek s'A T[Zgo ni/ e'Jh th d/P BjhA gj[zfunk j?, fJj efjDk n;zGtj't/rk fe nrbh nt;Ek eh j't/rh.

14H2H414H2H414H2H414H2H414H2H4 eh ;wkfie gfotosB nkofEe ftek; s'A gfjbK iK pknd ft~u eh ;wkfie gfotosB nkofEe ftek; s'A gfjbK iK pknd ft~u eh ;wkfie gfotosB nkofEe ftek; s'A gfjbK iK pknd ft~u eh ;wkfie gfotosB nkofEe ftek; s'A gfjbK iK pknd ft~u eh ;wkfie gfotosB nkofEe ftek; s'A gfjbK iK pknd ft~u j[zdk j?< j[zdk j?< j[zdk j?< j[zdk j?< j[zdk j?<

fJ~e ftuko fJj j? fe nkofEe ftek; s'A fpBK ;wkfie ftt;Ek ft~u gfotosB ;zGt BjhA j?, id'A fed{ik ftuko fJj j? fe ;wki ft~u ezw eodhnK ;z;EktK ft~u gfotosB d/ ekoD nkofEe ftek; ;zGtj[zdk j/.

i/eo seBheh gfotosB d/ gqGktK dh r~b ejh ikt/ sK ;kBz{ ;'uD dh fJ~e nkw rbsh eoD s'A ;ktXkBofjDk ukjhdk j? fe “fe;/ ezw Bz{ eoD d/ frnkB” ft~u gfotosB Bz{ “T[; ezw Bz{ n;b ft~u eoD” ft~ugfotosBK s'A t~y ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJj ftuko fe seBheh gfotosB fJ~e pkjoh Pesh (exogenousforce) j? i' ;wki d/ ;[;Ekfgs d?fBe ekoiK Bz{ gfotofss eodh j? fJ;/ rbs soK Bkb ;'uD ns/ p'bDd/ ekoD g?dk j{zdk j?. Gqkwe ftPtk; fJj j? fe ;wkfie feqnktK d' t~y GkrK ft~u j[zdhnK jBL gfjb/ (Gkr)ft~u ikDB dh ‘gqfeqnk’ j[zdh j?, ns/ d{i/ (Gkr) ft~u fJ; frnkB d/ gq:'r dh gqfeqnk fBfjs j[zdh j?.fJ;/ gqeko dh r~b ;wkfie gfotosB ns/ nkofEe ftek; d/ ftP/ ft~u ejh ik ;edh j?, noEks eh gfjbhs'A d{ih gqfeqnk g?dk j[zdh j? iK d{ih s'A gfjbh. fit/A fe T[Zgo ;ze/s ehsk frnk j? fe ;wkfie gfotosBBk sK nkofEe ftek; s'A gfjbK j[zdk j? ns/ Bk jh pknd ft~u. d't/A jh fJ~e d{i/ Bkb nzso;zpzfXs jB.T[dkjoD bJh, id'A y/sh s'A T[d:'r ft~u (fit/A ;hw/AN T[d:'r, uhBh T[d:'r, ekrI T[d:'r iK ;NhbT[d:'r) gfotosB j[zdk j? sK nfGo{uhnK ns/ ekoiK dh nkdsK Bkb ftek; th j[zdk j?. i/eo n;hA fe;/T[d:'r d/ nkozG Bz{ P[ZX wPhBh (w?e?fBeb) gqfeqnk dk i' th gqshcb iK Bshik j? Uj gfotosB dh fBozso(continuous) gqfeqnk j?. fJ; gqeko, i/eo T[d:'r ft~u b~r/ b'e ;[szso xo ft~u ofjzd/ j'D iK e[g'PDd/ fPeko j'D, f;~fynk d/ nGkt ft~u j'D iK wB'oziB d/ ;kXBK s'A tzfus j'D sK fJj T[d:'r t~b M[ekn;zpzXh gfotosB dk Bshik BjhA j't/rk pbfe fJ; gqfeqnk dh g{oDsk d/ n;cb j'D dk Bshik j't/rk.T[sgkdBft~u tkX/ (fit/A ;hw/AN, ekrI, ;Nhb) dh gqs~y gqfeqnk ft~u th nfXesw (optimum) e[Pbsk gqkgs BjhAehsh ik ;edh id'A s~e fe ;G ;zpzfXs nkofEe ns/ ;wkfie feqnktK ftef;s Bk ehshnk j'D. n;b


B ØN


ft~u, e'Jh th T[d:'r T[d'A s~e nkozG BjhA ehsk ik ;edk id'A s~e fe g{ot^fdqPNhe'DK, nkdsK ns/;wkfie ;zrmB d/ ;o{g ft~u e[M gfotosB Bk j' u[ek j't/.

fJ~e j'o T[dkjoD fbnk ikt/ fi; Bz{ e/tb seBheh wzB fbnk ikt/. fJj wzBhJ/ fe fJ~e nfij/ G{wh ns/gP{ XB wbehns tkb/ (Gkosh) ;w[dkJ/ dh T[sgkdesk ft~u tkXk eoBk j? i' nkgD/ y[d d/ T[gG'r iKfteoh bJh d[~X, w~yD nkfd dk T[sgkdB ed/ BjhA eod/. fJj T[whd ehsh iKdh j? fe fJj ;w[dkJ/ Bke/tb fJBK t;sK d/ T[sgkdB dk nkg T[gG'r eo/rk pbfe e[M ckbs{ ns/ puhnK j'JhnK t;sK Bz{ pIkoft~u t/u e/ nkgDk t/sB tXkUD dh th e'fPP eo/rk. nkozG ft~u sK nfijk b~r/rk fe fJ; ft~u e/tbT[sgkdB d/ Bt/A sohfenK Bz{ nkozG eoD ns/ n"IkoK ns/ wPhBK d/ gq:'r dh ;w~f;nk nkt/rh, gqzs{ n;bft~u fJ; ft~u ;wkfie ftPtk;K ns/ gqEktK ft~u Gkoh gfotosB dh r~b fBfjs j?. fJj wzB bt' fe n;hAe/tb fJj ftuko eohJ/ fe fJ; gqeko d/ seBheh gfotosB Bz{ feqnkPhb eoD bJh fejV/ d{orkwh ;wkfiegfotosB fbnkUD/ j'Dr/. t/sB d/ ;kXB d/ o{g ft~u gP{nK dk T[g:'r (G{wh wbehns s'A fJbktk) ;w[dkJ/dh ;wkfie ns/ nkofEe ;zouBk ft~u w"fbe gfotosB dh g{ot ebgBk eodk j?. ;w[dkJ/ d/ w?ApoK d/gozgokrs w[~bK ft~u th g[Boftuko Io{oh j?. fJ; bJh gozgokrs ftPtk;K ft~u fJ; gfotosB dhg{otêbgBk eoBk Io{oh j? fe fe; d/ d[nkok ns/ fet/A G{wh T[Zs/ y/sh ehsh ikt/ noEks n"osK iK wodKd[nkok ns/ nkgD/ nkg bJh ezw eo oj/ ftneshnK d[nkok iK d{finK d[nkok. fJ; Bkb fttjko d/Bt/A ;o{gK ns/ fdqPNhe'DK d/ g?dk j'D dk g{ot^nB[wkB ehsk ik ;edk j? i' ;w[dkJ/ d/ nkg;h ns/;wkfie ;zpzXK Bz{ fB:fws eoDr/. fJBK d/ Bkb nfij/ ;w{jK d/ T[d/ j'D dh th g{ot^XkoDk j? i'Bk f;oc v/oh T[sgkdB ft~u o{uh b?Dr/ gqzs{ BthB T[sgkdeK bJh :ksk:ks, ftsoD, ft~s, gqpzX ns/wkoehN s'A yohdD ns/ t/uD ;zpzXh ezwK ft~u th ;jkfJe j'Dr/. fJ; d/ bJh okiBhfse ;zouBk^;EkfBe,gqKse ns/ okPNoh^ dh ;EkgBk dh th Io{os j't/rh i' fe ;zg{oe (complementary) nkofEefeqnktK dh ;EkgBk bJh T[g:[es j't/rh. fJ; s'A fJbktk fJ; r~b dh th g{ot^XkoDk Io{oh j't/rhfe ;w[dkJ/ UBK t?XkfBe, okiBhfse ns/ gqPk;fBe ;z;EktK d/ ftek; dh nkfrnk d/t/rk i' UBKftneshnK d/ nfXekoK ns/ eos~tK ft~u skbw/b eoD bJh Io{oh j'DrhnK i' BthA nkg;^;fj:'rhnoEftt;Ek Bkb rq;s jB.

;wkfie ;w^nk:'iB dh fJ; bzph ;{uh dk T[d/P fJj do;kUDk j? fe fi; gfotosB Bz{ n;hA seBhehgfotosB ejhJ/, Uj ;w[~u/ ;wkfie YKu/ d/ nB/e w'ofunK T[Zs/ go;go fBoXkfos (mutuallydetermined) ns/ fBoXkoe (determining) ftek; dhnK gqfeqnktK dk e/tb fJ~e gfjb{ j?. fJ; ;zdoGft~u fJj ;[fBPfus eoD dh e'fPP p/eko j't/rh fe fejVk gfotosB BthB ns/ ekoD j? ns/ fejVk gqGktj?. cq/Ae/b B/ fejk j? fe j[D n;hA fJ~e gfotosB Bz{ ekoD ns/ d{i/ Bz{ gqGkt d/ o{g ft~u b?Ad/ jK, sK n;hAgfotosB dh gqfeqnk Bz{ e/tb ftftX fpzd{nK s'A d/yd/ jK.

14H2H514H2H514H2H514H2H514H2H5 nkofEe ftek; dhnK ;wkiPk;soh ;w~f;nktK nkofEe ftek; dhnK ;wkiPk;soh ;w~f;nktK nkofEe ftek; dhnK ;wkiPk;soh ;w~f;nktK nkofEe ftek; dhnK ;wkiPk;soh ;w~f;nktK nkofEe ftek; dhnK ;wkiPk;soh ;w~f;nktK;zouBkswe gfotosB s'A fpBK nkofEe ftek; ;zGt BjhA j?. f;zro fij/ ftdtkBK B/ wzfBnk j? fenftef;s d/PK ft~u nkofEe ftek; bJh T[d:'rheoD pj[s Io{oh j?. rohp nftef;s d/PK ft~u 60#s'A 80# iB;zfynk y/sh ft~u b~rh j'Jh j?. UBK d/PK dk okPNoh t/sB ns/ gqsh ftnesh t/sB nfsnzsfBwB j[zdk j?. fJ; bJh nfij/ d/PK d/ nkofEe ftek; bJh d' jh ftebg ofj iKd/ jBL (i) toswkBy/sh gqXkB YKu/ ft~u ;[Xko eo e/ (noEks toswkB YKu/ d/ nzsors fBwB T[sgkdB Bz{ tXk e/) ns/ (ii);w[~u/ YKu/ Bz{ pdb e/, noEks y/sh s'A jN e/ T[d:'fre ftek; bJh br ikDk. fBPuk fJj eoBk j? fefejVk ftebg u[B"shg{oD j?. ;jh ftXh fJj j? fe d'jK T[Zs/ jh pb fd~sk ikt/.

nkofEe ftek; ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB d't/A nkg;h fBoGo j[zd/ jB, noEks jo fJ~e fJ~ed{i/ dk ekoD ns/ Bshik d't/A j[zd/ jB.

B'N;


B ØN


d' gqPB jBL (i) y/sh ft~u ;[Xko fe; soK ;;s/ ft~u ns/ ;obsk Bkb fbnKdk ik ;edk j?< (ii) w"i{dkT[d:'rK Bz{ fe; soK ;[Xkfonk ik ;edk j?< y/sh ft~u ;[Xko G{wh g~N/dkoh ftt;Ek ft~u ;[Xko eo e/ ns/f;zukJh ;[ftXktK Bz{ fInkdk T[gbpX eok e/ jh ;zGt j?. T[d:'rheoD ;[Xko ft;fsqs g?wkB/ T[Zs/ T[geoDKBz{ i[Nk e/ iK Bt/A ;EkB^fBoXkoD eo e/ jh ;zGt j?. f;zro B/ n~r/ j'o th fejk j? fe y/sh Bkb T[d:'rft~u gfotosB ns/ T[d:'rheoD d/ w[~b Bz{ fszB soK Bkb x~N ehsk ik ;edk j?L (i) BroheoD Bz{fBoT[s;kfjs eo e/, noEks T[d:'rK Bz{ fgzvK ft~u ;Ekfgs eo e/ fi; Bkb ib ns/ :ksk:ks ;z;kXBKnkfd dh wzr x~N j't/. fJ; Bkb BroK t~b gbkfJB th x~N j't/rk. (ii) nfij/ T[d:'rK T[Zs/ e/Adfoseo e/ fiBK ft~u x~N g{zih dh Io{os j't/. (iii) nfijh seBhe dk gq:'r eo e/ fi; ft~u fInkdk fwjBsns/ x~N bkrs brdh j't/. fJj do;kUAdk j? fe toswkB YKu/ ft~u ;[Xko ns/ YKu/ ft~u gfotosB dhe'fPP ;zGt j?.

ftbpoN w{o B/ T[d:'rK d/ ;wkfie ns/ nkofEe YKu/ T[Zs/ gqGkt Bz{ fJ; soK do;kfJnk j?L (i) y/sh BkbfBowkD (manufacture) ns/ ;/tktK (services) t~b gqshrwB, (ii) eko'pkoh ftfPPNheoD, (iii) PqwftGkiB, (iv) ftfPPN feqnktK d/ ft~u skbw/b, (v) Pqw rshPhbsk, (vi) p?AeK dh ouBk, (vii) pIkoft;sko, (viii) T[gG'r ft~u gfotosB, ns/ (ix) ;wkfie ;zpzXK d/ ikb ft~u gfotosB.

J/H nkoH d/;kJh B/ Gkos ft~u nkofEe ftek; dhnK uko ;wkiPk;soh ;w~f;nktK t~b fXnkB fy~funk j?L(i) g[okD/ ;wkfie ;zrmB Bz{ pdb e/ ns/ Bt/A ;zpzXK d/ ikb Bz{ ftef;s eo e/ (ii) g[okDhnK ;z;EktK ft~ugfotosB fbnk e/ iK UBK dk fsnkr eo e/ ns/ Bt/A gqeko dhnK ;wkfie ;z;EktK dk ftek; eo e/ (iii)g[okD/ gqeko d/ ;wkfie fB:zsoD d/ sohfenK dk ftek; eo e/ (iv) ;wkfie gfotosB dhnK g[okDhnK J/iz;hnKT[Zs/ g[Boftuko eo e/ ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB d/ Bt/A ekoeK$;kXBK dk ftek; eo e/.

nzrq/IK B/ Gkos Bz{ nftef;s jh o~fynk. UBK d/ ;w/A i' e[M th T[d:'fre ftek; j'fJnk, Uj w[~y s"os/ fpqfNP g{zihtkdh b'eK B/ Gkos dh noEftt;Ek Bz{ ftef;s j'D s'A o'fenk, T[ZE/ jh UBK B/ ;wkfie;zrmB, ;z;EktK ns/ GkoshnK d/ ;wkfie fdqPNhe'DK T[Zs/ th nkxks ehsk. gozgokrs nkswfBoGog/Av{ ;w[dkJ/ i' fe gzukfJsK, iksh, ;z:[es gfotko d/ wkfXnw Bkb ekoiPhb ;h ns/ ohsh^fotkIK BkbPkf;s j[zdk ;h, Bz{ p[oh soK XkokPkJh eo fd~sk frnk. fJjh BjhA, fJ; dh EK s/ fJ~e BthA ;wkfie ekoigqDkbh, Bt/A fdqPNhe'D iK BthnK ;z;EktK dk ftek; BjhA ehsk frnk.fJBK ;G d/ nGkt ft~u Bt/A ekBz{BKd/ bkr{ j'D Bkb ssekbhB ;wkfie ;zpzXK ft~u ftxNB j'D b~rk. ;fj:'r ns/ ;zs[bB d/ g[okD/ f;XKsKdh EK s/ gqsh:'frsk dk f;XKs nk frnk fi; B/ ;wkfie ;zouBk ft~u Gzto fijh rshPhbsk g?dk eo fd~sh.

;[szsosk s'A pknd ;oeko B/ gzi ;kbk :'iBktK d/ wkfXnw Bkb noE ftt;Ek d/ g[Bo^fBowkD dk ezwnkozG ehsk. nkofEe ftek; B/ fJ~e gk;/ sK ;wkiPk;soh ;w~f;nktK (noEks ;wkfie ;zpzXK, ;wkfie;z;EktK, ;wkfie gfotosB dhnK J/iz;hnK dhnK ;w~f;nktK) Bz{ iBw fd~sk i' fe Bekokswe ;[Gkn dhnK;B ns/ d{i/ gk;/ ;ekokswe gqeko dhnK ;w~f;nktK Bz{ th. Bekokswe ;wkiPk;soh ;w~f;nktK g[okDhnK;wkfie ;z;EktK dh ;fEosk dk Bshik jB, fit/A fBoze[P ;z:[es gfotko ns/ gozgokswe Xkofwe;z;EktK nkfd. ;wkfie fB:zsoD d/ g[okD/ ;o{gK fit/A ngqkfeqfse wkBsktK, fBoze[P wkBdzv ns/ gfotko,iksh, iBiksh, Xkofwe ns/ j'o gqu~fbs wkBsktK d/ ekoD th ;w~f;nktK g?dk j'JhnK jB. fJ; s'A fJbktkfJj ;w~f;nktK T[; g[okD/ fdqPNhe'D d/ ekoD th g?dk j'JhnK i' Xkofwe Gkrtkdh ns/ b'eszso^fto'XhjB. nzs ft~u, fJBK dk T[d/ nf;~fynk, p/ekoh, fGqPNkuko, ikshtkd ns/ rohph d/ ekoD th j'fJnk j?.;ekokswe gqeko dhnK ;w~f;nktK dk T[d/ fJBK BhshnK d/ ekoD j'fJnkl (i) T[d:'rheoD, (ii)eko'pkoheoD (commercialisation), (iii) daqtheoD (monetisation) (noEks XB noEftt;Ek dknkozG). T[d:'rheoD B/ g[okDh Pqw^ftGkiB ftt;Ek Bz{ T[ykV ;[~fNnk j? ns/ Bt/A gqeko d/ nB[Pk;B ns/BthA ihtB gqDkbh dh wzr eod/ j'J/ Bt/A eko'pkoh ;o{gK Bz{ iBw fd~sk j?. nkX[fBeheoD B/ fco ukj/ Ujy/sh ft~u j'D, iK T[d:'r ft~u, ftnesh Bz{ T[; dhnK ;wkfie fJekJhnK dhnK gozgokswe gqfeqnktK ns/ftXhnK s'A t~y eo fd~sk j? ns/ ftnesh nkgD/ gfotko dh e[Pbsk ns/ ftfPPNsk s'A tzfus ofj frnkj?. tgkoheoD iK eko'pkoheoD B/ th nB/eK ;w~f;nktK Bz{ iBw fd~sk j?. fJ; Bkb Pesh ns/ ;~sk ft~ugfotsB nkfJnk j?. fe;kBK ns/ T[sgkdeK dh EK s/ G{̂ ;[nkwh ns/ T[d:'rgsh ns/ gqPk;e, Pk;e ;w{j


B ØN


j' rJ/ jB. fgzvK ft~u okiBhfse Pesh dk e/Ado p[I[orK dh EK ;kj{eko, tgkoh, fIzwhAdko ns/ nfXekohnKd/ j~EK ft~u nk frnk j?. dqtheoD B/ th nB/eK ;w~f;nktK Bz{ iBw fd~sk j?. fJ; Bkb G{wh d/ w[~bK ft~uGkoh T[skoûVkt g?dk j' rJ/ jB, ykd gdkoEK d/ w[~bK ft~u ft;sko ehsk frnk j?, dqt Gqw (moneyillusions) nfXe g?dk eo fd~sk frnk j? ns/ r?o^ykd gdkoEK T[Zs/ nfXe nB[gks ft~u you/ Bz{ T[s;kfjsehsk frnk j?. fJBK ysfonK s'A fJbktk dqtheoD dh noEftt;Ek Bkb ftnesh gfotko nzdo j'oJ/ekeh (atomistic) j[zdk ik fojk j?. ns/ gfotko ;zpzXK dk ftBkP j' fojk j?. fJ; gqeko fJBK fszBKgqfeqnktK (T[d:'rheoD, eko'pkoheoD ns/ dqtheoD) B/ nDfrDs ;wkiPk;soh ;w~f;nktK Bz{ iBw fd~skj?.

14H2H6 Gkos ft~u nkofEe ftek; dh :'iBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB14H2H6 Gkos ft~u nkofEe ftek; dh :'iBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB14H2H6 Gkos ft~u nkofEe ftek; dh :'iBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB14H2H6 Gkos ft~u nkofEe ftek; dh :'iBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB14H2H6 Gkos ft~u nkofEe ftek; dh :'iBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosBi/eo n;hA fpqfNP ekb d/ Gkos d/ nkofEe ftek; dh s[bBk Bfjo{ :[r (brGr 20 ;kb gfjbK),fJzdhokôkiht :[r (thj ;kb), ns/ fgSb/ S/ ;kbK (thH ghH f;zx, uzdoP/yo ns/ Bof;zj okU) dh s[bBkeohJ/ sK n;hA efj ;ed/ jK fe ;[szsosk s'A pknd dk nkofEe ftek; fJ~e eqKshekoh gfotosB j?. fpqfNPn"gfBt/fPe Pk;B ekb d/ d' ;" ;kbK ft~u (1757^1947) nkofEe ftek; 1# s'A th x~N fojk. fJj J/Bk dfJnk:'r ;h fe fJ; B/ Gkos Bz{ f;oc e~u/ wkb dh g{osh eoD tkbk jh pDk e/ o~y fbnk ns/ Gkosg~Sw bJh e/tb fBo:ks pIko jh pD e/ ofj frnk. T[d:'fre y/so fpqfNP g{zih d/ nXhB j' frnk ns/i' T[d:'fre y/so dk Gkr Gkostk;hnK d/ j~EK ft~u ;h, Uj th fpqfNP J/iz;hnK d[nkok gqpzX ehsk ikdk;h. y/sh noEftt;Ek ft~u ftukok fe;kB fIwhAdkoK ns/ ;kj{ekoK d/ ikb ft~u c; frnk. pus ns/fBt/P (investment) pj[s x~N ;h. T[d:'rheoD fBwB ;so dk ;h. fgSV/ y/soK d/ ftek; d[nkokgqd/fPe ;zs[bB o~yD dh e'Jh ftukoXkok BjhA ;h. Gkos d/ fBowkD ezwK bJh ftd/Ph g{zih T[gbpXBjhA ;h. x~N t/sB Bkb pus th x~N jh j[zdh ;h fi; Bkb fBwB fBt/P, fBwB ftek; eqw ns/ fBwBt/sB j[zdk ;h. rohph d/ e[u~eo dk f;XKs ns/ fBokPk dh ewh ysw Bk j'D tkbk u~eo n"gfBt/Pe ekbdh noEftt;Ek d/ T[g:[es jh ;h.

;[szsosk s'A pknd BthA ;oeko dh ;wM ft~u d' ezw ;BL n"gfBt/Pe noEftt;Ek dk ftBkP ns/ T[;dh EK s/ nkX[fBe, ;[szso ns/ nksw^fBoGo noEftt;Ek d/ fBowkD bJh nkXko fsnko eoBk. d/P dhBthB noEftt;Ek ns/ okPNotkd dk d;skt/I (blue print) ;wki dk ;wkitkdh ;o{g 1955 d/ eKro;npkVh nfXt/PB (Bfjo{ :[r ft~u) d[nkok ns/ 1969 d/ pzrb"o nfXt/PB (fJzdhok :[r) d[nkok T[gbpXeotkfJnk frnk. fJ; s~E s'A fJBeko BjhA ehsk ik ;edk fe Bfjo{ wkvb d/ ;wkitkd B/ ;kvhnoEftt;Ek Bz{ uko dPkpdhnK^1950, 1960, 1970 ns/ 1980 ft~u ekch ;[Xko fd~sk, ukj/ fJ~e nfijhftukoXkok th j? i' fJ; dk yzvB eod/ j'J/ efjzdh j? fe fJ; noEftt;Ek dk gqdoPB skJhtkB, EkJhb?Av,jKrêKr, f;zrkg[o, d~yD e'ohnk nkfd dh noEftt;Ek dh s[bBk ft~u e[M th BjhA. j[D ;kv/ e'b b~yKdh ;zfynk ft~u T[d:'rK d/ nkX[fBe T[geqw jB i' gfjbK e/tb w[~mhGo jh ;B. j[D ;kv/ e'b T[d:'r ;zpzXhns/ seBheh e[PbsktK dk Gzvko j?. ;kv/ e'b fGbkJh, o[oe/bk fijhnK t~vhnK iB^:'iBktK jBl jhoke[zvfij/ t~v/ pzB jBl ftek;Phb ;z;ko ft~u ;kv/ e'b ;ot^T[Zu pus do j?.1990^94 ft~u ;kvh ftek; do5# gqsh ;kb ;hl n;hA fBo:ks dh do Bz{ vkbo ft~u 17# gqsh ;kb pDk e/ o~fynk j?l gqtk;h (non-resident) GkoshnK d[nkok iwk ehs/ XB ft~u thj r[Dk tkXk ehsk j?, nzsookPNoh w[dok pIko ft~un;kXkoD ftPtk; gqkgs ehsk j?. rohph dh o/yk s'A j/mK ofjD tkbh iB^;zfynk ft~u ewh (1980 ft~u51# s'A 1994 ft~u 24#) th gqkgs ehsh j?. fJ; ftek; d/ pkti{d th fJj th fJ~e s~E j? fe ;kv/ ;kjwD/w[dok ;fcsh (inflation) ns/ T[Zu/ eoI/ dhnK ;w~f;nktK th jB. 30,000 b~y vkbo s'A th T[Zgo tgkoxkN/ dk pekfJnk j? ns/ piN xkNk sK nopK ft~u j?.

gqw[~y noEPk;sohnK d/ nB[;ko thH ghH f;zx ns/ uzdoP/yo ;oekoK dhnK BhshnK B/ ;zB 1988 s'A 1991s~e dh ntXh ft~u d/P dh noEftt;Ek Bz{ Bekokswe o{g Bkb gqGkfts ehsk ;h. Bof;zj okU B/ 1992d/ nkozG ft~u ;wkitkdh ftt;Ek Bz{ fsnkr e/ fJ~e Bt/A wkvb dh noE^Bhsh nkozG ehsh i' T[dkoheoD,pIkoheoD ns/ fBiheoD d/ doPB T[Zs/ nkXkfos ;h (fi; Bz{ j[D Bfjo{tkdh g{zihtkdh fejk ikdk j?).eKro; ;oeko dk dktk j? fe fJ; Bkb ;kv/ nkofEe ftek; Bz{ pj[s bkG j't/rk. ;oeko dk wzBDk j? fe


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fJ; BthA Bhsh dk w{b s~s fJj j? fe fJj ;oekoh ns/ fBih d'jK jh T[ZdwK ft~u ftPtk; g?dk eo/rhns/ fwPfos noEftt;Ek ns/ pj[îBszso (plural democracy) ft~u ftPtk; tXkt/rh.

ngq?b 1992 d/ fso{gsh nfXt/PB ft~u eKro; B/ fJ~e BtK nkdoP ftukokswe gq;skt gkfos ehsk i'fe e/Ado s'A y~p/ s'A e/Ado s'A ;~i/ Bz{ ;EkBKsoD dk ;h. Bfjo{ d/ BK s/ Bfjo{ Bz{ fsnkrD dh fJj soehp;h. fJj BtK wkvb ftfGzB y/soK ft~u fd~sh rJh nkofEe wdd (subsidy) Bz{ e~NDk, gofwN bkJh;/A;ysw eoBk, n?rfI;N (exist) Bhsh Bz{ bkr{ eoBk, d/P Bz{ pj[okPNoh ekog'o/PB bJh y'bDk, nk:ksfB:zsoD jNkUDk nkfd fpzd{nK T[Zs/ fXnkB e/Adfos eodk j?. fJ; gqeko UBK d/ eEB T[Zgoh s"o s/;wkitkdh pD/ oj/, id'A fe BhshnK d/ w{b ft~u g{zihtkdh GktBk dk T[d/ j' frnk j?.

nfij/ ftdtkB th jB i' fJj ftPtk; BjhA eod/ jB fe toswkB ;oeko dh nkofEe Bhsh n;b ft~uGkosh noEftt;Ek Bz{ g[Boihfts eo/rh. UBK dh wkBsk j? fe ;kvh noEftt;Ek fco s'A gDg ;edhj? i/eo nk:ks T[Zs/ o'e brk fd~sh ikt/, fBo:ks Bz{ T[s;kfjs ehsk ikt/, N?e; ftt;Ek Bz{ ft;fsqs ehskikt/, ekb/ XB Bz{ e~fYnk ikt/, o~fynk you/ ft~u eN"sh ehsh ikt/, gqkfeqfse ;kXBK d/ d'jD s/ fInkdkfXnkB fd~sk ikt/, t;sK bJh t~vk pkIko pDkfJnk ikt/, G{wh ;[XkoK ft~u gfotosB fbnkUAdk ikt/ nkfd.fJj ftdtkB fJj th ftPtk; eod/ jB fe d/P Bz{ nzdo{Bh ;kXBK T[Zs/ fBoGo ofjDk ukjhdk j? Bk fepkjoh ;kXBK T[Zs/.

;wkiPk;soh fdqPNhe'D s'A fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe nkofEe ftek; Bfjo{ ns/ T[dko wkvb d'tK B/ ;kvhnK;wkfie ;zouBktK Bz{ ;kvh fJ~Sk d/ nB[;ko gqGkfts ehsk j?. n;hA nkgD/ ;wki d/ w[~bKeD bJh fe;/ th;wkiPk;soh wkvb dk gq:'r eohJ/̂ ftek;tkdh (evolutionary) (;wki d/ T[dftek; Bz{ ftfGzB nt;EktKft~u o~yDk), ;zxoPtkdh (;~sk bJh w[ekpbk ns/ fBozso ;zxoP T[Zs/ pb), gqekoikswe (funtional)(;wkfie ;zouBk ft~u jo fJ~e ;z;Ekrs fttjko d/ j'o ;G fJekJhnK bJh BshfinK dk ftPb/PD) nkfd.fJ; s'A fJj ;gPN j't/rk fe ;wkfie ;zpzXK, ;z;EktK, ;wkfie ftt;EktK, ;wkfie ;zouBktK, ;wkfiewkBdzvK nkfd ft~u gfotosB j' frnk j?. n~i Gkos d/ b'e UB/ o{Vhtkdh BjhA jB fizB/ fJ~e PskpdhgfjbK ;B. G{sekb s'A i' B?fse w[~b ns/ wkBdzv ;wki ft~u gqu~fbs ;B UBK d/ gqsh Uj e~Notkdh BjhAjB. n~i b'e ftneshrs ;[szsosk bJh ns/ ftneshrs o{g Bkb ;zxoP eod/ jB ns/ ;w{fje ;[o~fynkgqkgs eoD dh e'fPP eod/ jB. UBK d/ fdqPNhe'DK ns/ ftukoK ft~u th gfotosB nkfJnk j?. Uj nB[GtKdh fJ~Sk eod/ jB. Uj j'o ;wkiK s'A Bk e/tb seBheh frnkB pbfe ;z;feqfse s~s th b?D dh e'fPPeod/ jB. UBK ft~u BthBsk bJh ouBkswe fJ~Sk j?. Uj ;wkfie gfotosB d/ BshfinK s'A fuzfss BjhAjB. Uj okiBhfse nfGiB d/ fto[ZX rohph T[Bw{bD nfGnkB dh n;cbsk ns/ p/ekoh, fGqPNkuko,w[dok;fcsh, GkJh Gshiktkd, nkszetkd, ikshtkd ns/ y/sotkd nkfd Bz{ ysw eoD bJh nzd'bB eo ;ed/jB. fco th Uj ikDd/ jB fe Gkos dh ;wkfie ftt;Ek ft~u n;zs[bB ed/ BjhA nk ;edk. Gkosh ;z;feqsho{uhnK ns/ fjsK dh ftftXsk d/ pkti{d Bk e/tb ihfts oj/rh pbfe ftef;s th j[zdh oj/rh.

;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD (Self Assessment)1H ykbh ;EkB Go' 1H ykbh ;EkB Go' 1H ykbh ;EkB Go' 1H ykbh ;EkB Go' 1H ykbh ;EkB Go' (Fill in the blanks)^̂̂̂̂

(i) ;zouBkswe fdqPNh Bkb HHHHHHHHHHHHH ft~u gfotko pj[s j~d s~e ;z:[es BjhA j?.

(ii) 1951 s'A 1981 ftueko Broh iB;zfynk HHHHHHHHHHH tX rJh j?.

(iii) HHHHHHH B/ fejk ;h fe e'Jh th ftnesh Bk sK ;zs, Bk eth ns/ Bk jh gq/wh T[d'A s~e j' ;edkj? id'A s~e fe T[; e'b e[M ykD Bz{ Bk j't/.

nkofEe ftek; d/ wkfXwn Bkb ;wkfie gfotosB, ;wkfie ;zouBktK ns/fttjko Bz{ fdPk gqdkB eodk oj/rk, ukj/ fJj gfotosB gozgokswe (traditional)gfotosB ;zpzXh (transitional) j't/.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j'


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(iv) HHHHHHHHHH B/ sK ;kbkBk ftek; ft~u S/ o[ektNK dh ftnkfynk ehsh j?.

(v) HHHHHHHHHHH Bk sK nkofEe ftek; s'A gfjbK j[zdk j? Bk pknd ft~u.

(vi) HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH o{uhnK ns/ ftftXsk d/ pkti{d Bk e/tb ihfts oj/rh pbfe ftef;s th j[zdhoj/rh.

14H314H314H314H314H3 T[d:'rheoD ns/ PfjoheoD T[d:'rheoD ns/ PfjoheoD T[d:'rheoD ns/ PfjoheoD T[d:'rheoD ns/ PfjoheoD T[d:'rheoD ns/ PfjoheoD (Industrialisation and Urbanization)

T[d:'rK d/ ftek; B/ j;sfPbg Bz{ ysw eo fd~sk ns/ ihtB^fBotkj bJh nD^;[DhnK ftXhnK dk gq:'rehsk ikD b~rk. eko'pkoh rshPhbsk ns/ g?fsqe fgzvK s'A ikD dh gqfeqnk B/ iksh d/ UBK wkBdzvK Bz{ s'VBkP[o{ eo fd~sk fiBK dk ftnkj Bkb e'Jh ;zpzX BjhA ;h. T[d:'rheoD Bkb :ksk:ks d/ Bt/A ;kXB thftef;s j'J/. cb;o{g, p;K ns/ o/bK ft~u tXdh j'Jh GhV Bkb ftfGzB ikshnK d/ b~yK dh ;zfynk ft~u b'eKd/ fJ~e d{i/ Bkb T[ZmD^p?mD d/ ekoD ;z;feqfse gft~sosk (ritual purity) ysw fijh j' rJh/. fit/A fit/AT[d:'fre wId{o nkgD/ gfotko fgzvK ft~u S~v e/ PfjoK ft~u iK T[d:'fre y/soK ft~u ik e/ ftfGzB ikshnKd/ b'eK Bkb fJ~e jh wekB ft~u ofjD b~r/, T[t/A T[t/A ykD^ghD d/ fBP/X th x~N gqGkth j[zd/ rJ/.

fco th, T[d:'rheoD dk gqGkt fJ~e pokpo BjhA j'fJnk j? ns/ iksh ftt;Ek dhnK ;G ftP/PsktK fJ;Bkb g{oh soK gqGkfts BjhA j'JhnK jB. T[dkjoD bJh, fJ; dk ftnkj T[Zs/ ns/ iksh d/ wkBdzvK T[Zs/e'Jh gqGkt BjhA fgnk j?. fJ; dk ekoD PkfJd fJj j? fe ;wkfie w[~bK dhnK iVK pj[s rfjohnK jB.gqzs{ fJ; ft~u e'Jh P~e BjhA fe iksh ;zouBk T[Zs/ T[d:'rheoD dk gqGkt Io{o fgnk j?.

e[M ftdtkBK dk ftPtk; ;h fe T[d:'rheoD Bkb nkgD/ nkg jh iksh ftt;Ek ysw j' ikt/rh ns/ fJ;dh EK s/ j"bh j"bh tor ftt;Ek nk ikt/rh i' fe g~Swh ftef;s T[d:'fre ;wkiK ft~u gkJh iKdh j?.fJ~e j~d s~e fJj T[whd ns/ d{ofdqPNh fJ; ftPtk; Bkb g?dk j'Jh fe wPhBheoD ns/ T[sgkdB ft~uokPNoh GktBk dk gq:'r ;wkfie gfotosB dk fJ~e ;o's j?. gqzs{ ;wkfie gfotosB Bkb ;zpzfXs fJjXkoDk e/tb nkofEe g~y jh g/P eodh j?. ;wkfie gfotosB dk ;wkfie ;zouBkswe ns/ iB;zfynksweg~y th j?. T[d:'fre ;wki dk g{oh soK p[~Xh;zrs (rational) ;wki j'Dk Io{oh BjhA j?.

fgSb/ e[M dPeK ft~u iB;zfynk ft~u tkX/ d/ Bkb Bkb, iB;zfynk dk g/Av{ y/soK s'A Broh y/soK ft~u;EkBKsoD (shift) th j'fJnk j?. tXd/ j'J/ BroheoD Bkb ngokX ns/ pkb^ngokX, wfdokgkB ns/BPhbhnK t;sK dk ;/tB, fojkfJP ft~u ewh, GhV^GkV ns/ rzdhnK p;shnK, p/o[Irkoh ns/ rohph,gqd{PD ns/ P'o, ;zuko ns/ :ksk:ks fB:zsoD fijhnK ;w~f;nktK g?dk j'JhnK jB. gqzs{ i/eo Bro sBktns/ dpkn d/ ;EkB jB sK Uj ;~fGnsk ns/ ;z;feqsh d/ e/Ado th jB. Uj ;feqn (active), gqtofse(innoative) ns/ ;iht (alive) jB. Uj fJ~e ftnesh Bz{ nkgDhnK fJ~SktK Bz{ g{ok eoD d/ w"e/ gqdkBeod/ jB. i/eo ;kv/ d/P dk Gft~y g/Av{ y/soK d/ ftek; Bkb i[fVnk j? sK J/Bk jh Uj BroK ns/ wjKBroKd/ y/soK d/ ftek; Bkb i[fVnk j?. gqzs{ fJBK ;w~f;nktK dk ftPb/PD eoD s'A gfjbK n;hA w{bG{sntXkoDktK Bz{ ;wMKr/.

Broh, BroheoD ns/ Bkrfosk dhnK ntXkoDktKBroh, BroheoD ns/ Bkrfosk dhnK ntXkoDktKBroh, BroheoD ns/ Bkrfosk dhnK ntXkoDktKBroh, BroheoD ns/ Bkrfosk dhnK ntXkoDktKBroh, BroheoD ns/ Bkrfosk dhnK ntXkoDktKBroh Broh Broh Broh Broh (Urban)LLLLL “Broh y/so” iK “Bro” eh j?< fJ; Ppd dk gq:'r d' noEK ft~u j[zdk j?îB;Kfyneh o{g ft~u (demographically) ns/ ;wkiPk;soh o{g ft~u. gfjb/ noE ft~u iB;zfynk d/nkeko, iB;zfynk dk ;zxDkgD (density) ns/ pkbr g[oPK ft~u'A fInkdkso d/ o[Irko d/ ;o{g T[Zs/ pbfd~sk iKdk j?, id'A fe d{i/ noE ft~u, ftPwsk (heterogeneity), nftnefsesk (impersonality),;fj^nkPfos (inter-dependence) ns/ ihtB dh r[Dt~sk (quality of life) T[Zs/ fXnkB e/Adfos ofjzdkj?. iowB ;wkiPk;soh N'BhI (1957) B/ g/Av{ ns/ Broh ;w[dktK ft~u fGzBsk ;wkfie ;zpzXK ns/ w[~bKd[nkok d~;h j?. g/Av{ r/fwBP/cN (Gemeinschaft) ;w[dkJ/ Uj j? fi; ft~u ;wkfie pzXB e[N[zp ns/fw~sosk d/ BIdhe d/ ftneshrs pzXBK T[Zs/ nkXkfos j[zd/ jB ns/ gozgok, ;zs[bB (consensus) ns/nD^n"gukfoesk T[Zs/ pb fd~sk iKdk j?. id'A fe Broh r?f;bP/cN (Gesellschaft) ;wki ft~unftnefse ns/ d'rb/ ;zpzX gqXkB j[zd/ jB ns/ ftneshnK ft~u ftukoK dk nkdkB^gqdkB n"gukfoe,


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nB[pzfXs ns/ ftP/P ezw iK B"eoh i' Uj eod/ jB UBK T[Zs/ nkXkfos j[zd/ jB. r?f;bP/cN ;wki ft~uT[g:'frsktkdh (utilitarian) T[d/PK ns/ ;wkfie ;zpzXK d/ w[ekpb/ d/ ;o{g T[Zs/ pb fd~sk iKdk j?.

w?e; t/po (1961) ns/ ikoi f;wb (1950) fij/ j'o ;wkiPk;sohnK B/ Broh tksktoD ft~u xDh nktk;hgfo;fEshnK, gfotosB ft~u s/Ih ns/ nftnefse nzsofeqnk (impersonal interaction) T[Zs/ pbfd~sk j?. b[Jh; toE B/ fejk j? fe ;wkiPk;soh T[d/PK bJh fJ~e Bro dh fJj efj e/ gfoGkPk fd~shik ;edh j? fe Uj ;wkfie o{g Bkb gzuw/b$ftPwo{g (heterogeneous) ftneshnK dh pikJ/ t~vh(relatively large), xDh (dense) ns/ n;EkJh p;sh (Settlement) j?. o{E rbk; (1956) fij/ ftdtkBKB/ Bro Bz{ fiBK ekoeK d[nkok gfoGkfPs ehsk j? Uj jB iB;zfynk dk nkeko, iB;zfynk dk ;zxDkgD,gqw[~y nkofEe ftt;Ek, gqPk;B dh nkw ouBk ns/ e[M ;wkfie ftP/PsktK.

Gkos ft~u ‘e;p/’ (town) dh 1961 ft~u fJ~e BthA gfoGkPk ngDkJh rJh. 1951 s~e, ‘e;p/’ ft~u Pkfwb;BL (i) wekBK dk ;zfrqj fiBK ft~u x~N s'A x~N 5,000 ftnesh ;EkJh o{g Bkb fBtk; eod/ jB, (ii) jofwT{Bf;g/fbNh$ekog'o/PB$fe;/ th nkeko dk nfX;{fus y/so, ns/ (iii) ;G f;ftb bkJhBK i' fwT{fBf;gbfJekJhnK ft~u Pkfwb BjhA jB. fJ; gqeko e;p/ dh gfoGkPk ft~u gqw[~y c'e; iB;zfynk s/ nkeko T[Zs/ Bkj' e/ gqPk;fBe ftt;Ek T[Zs/ nfXe ;h. 1961 ft~u fe;/ ;EkB Bz{ e;pk efjD bJh e[M wkgdzv brkJ/rJ/. Uj ;BL (n) x~N s'A x~N 5,000 dh iB;zfynk, (p) 1,000 ftnesh gqsh tor whb s'A x~N dk ;zxDgDBjhA, (;) T[; dh ekoiPhb iB;zfynk dk fszBû"EkJh r?o^y/sh rshftXhnK ft~u j'Dk ukjhdk j? ns/ (d) T[;EK dhnK nkgDhnK e[M ftP/PsktK j'DhnK ukjhdhnK jB ns/ :ksk:ks ns/ ;zuko, p?AeK, ;e{bK, pIkoK, wB'oziBe/AdoK, j;gskbK, fpibh ns/ nypkoK nkfd dhnK Bkroh ;[y^;[ftXktK j'DhnK ukjhdhnK jB. gfoGkPk ft~ufJ; gfotosB d/ cb;o{g 812 y/so (44 b~y ftneshnK d/) i' 1951 dh iBrDBk ft~u e;p/ x'fPs ehs/rJ/ ;B, UBK Bz{ 1961 dh iBrDBk ft~u e;p/ BjhA wzfBnk frnk.

1961 dk nkXko 1971, 1981, 1991 dhnK iBrDBktK ft~u th e;p/ dh gfoGkPk eod/ ;w/A ngDkfJnkfrnk. j[D iB;Kfyneh o{g ft~u UBK y/soK Bz{ fiBK dh iB;zfynk 5,000 ns/ 20,000 ftueko j?, S'Nke;pk (small town) wzfBnk iKdk j?, fiBK dh 20,000 ns/ 50,000 ftueko j?, UBK Bz{ t~vk e;pk (largetown) wzfBnk iKdk j?, fiBK dh 50,000 ns/ fJ~e b~y d/ ftueko j?, UBK Bz{ Pfjo (city) fejk iKdkj?, fiBK dh fJ~e b~y ns/ d; b~y d/ ftueko j?, UBK Bz{ t~vk Pfjo (large city) fejk iKdk j?, fiBK dh10 ns/ 50 b~y d/ ft~u j?, T[; Bz{ ftPkb Bro (mega city) fejk iKdk j? ns/ fi; ft~u 50 b~y s'A nfXeftnesh jB, T[; Bz{ wjKBro (metropolitan city) fejk iKdk j?.

;wkiPk;soh “Bro” dh gfoGkPk ft~u iB;zfynk d/ nkeko Bz{ nfXe wj~st BjhA fdzd/ feUAfe fBT{BswiB;zfynk d/ wkBdzv ekch pdbd/ ofjzd/ jBl T[dkjoD bJh Bhdob?Av ft~u fJ~e ;EkB B{z Bro efjbtkUDbJh 20,000 dh fBT{Bsw iB;zfynk dh Io{os j?l cqK;, nk;Nqhnk ns/ g~Swh iowBh ft~u fJj 2,000j?l ikgkB ft~u 3,000 j?l nwohek ft~u 3,500 j? nkfd. fJ; gqeko Uj iB;zfynk d/ nkeko dh EK s/ftP/PsktK Bz{ nfXe wj~st fdzd/ jB. fEUvko;B B/ ‘Pfjoh ;w[dkJ/’ dh gfoGkPk fJ; soK fd~sh j? fe“fJj Uj ;w[dkJ/ j? fi; dh iB;zfynk dh xDsk (density) pj[s j?, fi~E/ r?o^y/sh eko'pkoK dh;otkfXesk (predominance) j?, fJ~e T[Zu/ ;so dh ftP/P~rsk (specialisation) j? fi; d/ cb;o{g PqwftGkiB ifNb j[zdk j? ns/ ;EkfBe Pk;B dh n"gukfoe Yzr Bkb ftt;Ek j[zdh j?. T[; dhnK ftP/PsktKft~u nftnefse d'rb/ ;zpzX gqukfbs j[zd/ jB ns/ n"gukfoe ;wkfie fB:zsoDK T[Zs/ fBoGosk ofjzdhj?.” okpoN o/vchbv (nwoheB ioBb Uc ;'P'b'ih, iBtoh, 1942) d/ nB[-;ko Pfjoh ;wki dhnK ftP/PsktK fJj j[zdhnK jB fe “Uj fJ~e t~vh ftPwo{gh (heterogeneous) iB;zfynk j[zdh j?, T[; dk d{i/;wkiK Bkb fBeN ;zpzX j[zdk j? (tgko, ;zuko nkfd d/ iohJ/), T[; ft~u fJ~e ifNb Pqw ftGkiB j[zdk j?,;z;kfoe wkwfbnK Bz{ gft~so wkwfbnK dh pikJ/ nfXe wj~st fd~sk iKdk j? ns/ fBPfus T[d/PK d/ gqshftt/eg{oD sohe/ Bkb fttjko Bz{ ;[ftt;fEs eoD dh fJ~Sk j[zdh j?. Uj gkozgfoe wkBdzvK dk nB[;oDBjhA eod/.

BroheoD BroheoD BroheoD BroheoD BroheoD (Urbanization): iB;zfynk dk g/Av{ y/soK s'A Broh y/soK ft~u ikDk ‘BroheoD’ efjbkUAdkj?. fJ; d/ cb;o{g, iB;zfynk dk tXdk j'fJnk Gkr g/Av{ y/soK ft~u ofjD dh pikJ/ Pfjoh ;EkBK ft~u


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ofjzdk j?. Ekw;B tkoB (n?B;kJheb'ghvhnk Uc ;'Pb ;KJh;hI) B/ fJ; dh gfoGkPk fJ; gqeko fd~shj?L “fJj nfij/ ;w[dktK d/ ftneshnK, i' w[~y o{g Bkb iK g{o/ o{g Bkb y/sh Bkb i[V/ j'J/ jB, dk UBK;w[dktK ft~u ikDk j? i' nkw s"o s/ (nkeko ft~u) UBK s'A t~v/ jB ns/ fiBK dhnK rshftXhnK w[~y o{gBkb ;oeko, tgko, T[sgkdB iK fJBK Bkb ;zpzfXs eko'pkoK T[Zs/ e/Adfos j?.” n?Avo;B d/ nB[;koBroheoD fJ~esock gqfeqnk Bk j' e/ d'sock gqfeqnk j?. fJ; ft~u e/tb fgzvK s'A PfjoK ft~u ikDk BjhAj[zdk, gqzs{ fJ; ft~u gqtk;h d/ o[yK, ftPtk;K, w[~bK ns/ fttjko d/ ;o{gK ft~u th gfotosB j[zdk j?.

Bkrfosk Bkrfosk Bkrfosk Bkrfosk Bkrfosk (Urbanism): Bkrfosk fJ~e ihtB g~Xsh (way of life) j?. fJj ;wki dk nfijk ;zrmB j? fi;ft~u Pqw dk ifNb ftGkiB, T[d:'freh d/ T[Zu/ ;so, T[Zu rshPhbsk, nkofEe ezwK Bz{ g{ok eoD bJh T[;d/ w?ApoK dk nkg;h ;fj:'r ns/ ;wkfie ;zpzXK ft~u nftnefsesk (impersonality) dk ;wkt/P j[zdk j?.

Bkrfosk iK Broh ftt;Ek dhnK ftP/PsktK Bkrfosk iK Broh ftt;Ek dhnK ftP/PsktK Bkrfosk iK Broh ftt;Ek dhnK ftP/PsktK Bkrfosk iK Broh ftt;Ek dhnK ftP/PsktK Bkrfosk iK Broh ftt;Ek dhnK ftP/PsktK (Characteristics of Urbanism or UrbanSystem): b[Jh; toE (Louis Wirth: 1938: 49) B/ Bkrfosk dhnK uko ftP/PsktK d~;hnK jBL

• ;EkfJ~st (Transiency)L fJ~e Bro fBtk;h nkgD/ gfofusK Bz{ G[~bdk ofjzdk j? ns/ Bt/A ftneshnKBkb ;zpzX pDkUAdk ofjzdk j?. UBK d/ nkgD/ gV";hnK Bkb ns/ ebp nkfd fij/ ;w{jK d/ w?ApoK BkbfInkdk fw~sosk Go/ ;zpzX BjhA jz[d/, fJ; bJh ub/ ikD Bkb T[; Bz{ e'Jh fuzsk BjhA j[zdh.

• ;sjhgD (Superficiality)L fJ~e Bkrfoe e[M jh ftneshnK Bkb r~bpks eodk j? ns/ UBK Bkb thT[; d/ ;zpzX nftnefse ns/ nD^n"gukfoe j[zd/ jB. ftnesh fJ~e/ d{i/ Bkb nfsnzs nb~rG{fwektK ft~u fwbd/ jB. Uj nkgD/ ihtB dhnK Io{osK Bz{ g{ok eoD bJh fInkdk ftneshnK T[Zs/fBoGo j[zd/ jB.

• r[wBkwh (anonymity)L Brotk;hnK d/ fJ~e d{i/ Bkb g~e/ ;zpzX BjhA j[zd/. ftnefse nkg;hgfofussk (acquaintanceship) i' nk;^gV"; d/ ftneshnK ft~u fBfjs j[zdh j?, Bro ft~u BjhAj[zdh.

• ftneshtkd (individualism)L ftnesh nkgD/ fBfjs ;tkoEK Bz{ fInkdk wj~st fdzd/ jB.

o{Erbk; B/ Bkrfosk dhnK fBwBfbfys ftP/PsktK d~;hnK jBL rshPhbsk, r[wBkwhgD, ftneshtkd,nftnefse ;zpzX ;wkfie G/dheoD (differentiation), n;EkfJ~st ns/ :Ksfoe (organic) J/esk.n?Avo;B B/ Bkrfosk dhnK fszB ftP/PsktK Bz{ ;{uhpZX ehsk j?L ;kwzi; (adjustability), rshPhbsk ns/c?bkt (diffusion). wkoPb febBkov (Marshall Clinard: 1957) B/ d[osrkwh ;wkfie gfotosB,gqshwkBK ns/ w[~bK d/ ft~u ;zxoP, iB;zfynk dh tXdh j'Jh rshPhbsk, G"fse t;sK T[Zs/ pb ns/ nfGzBnzso ftnefse ;zgoe (intimate interpersonal communication) ft~u ntBsh (decline) Bz{ BkrfoskdhnK wj~stg{oD ftP/PsktK d~f;nk j?. e/H v/ft; (1953) B/ Broh ;wkfie ftt;Ek dhnK n~m ftP/PsktKdk T[b/y ehsk j?L ;wkfie ftPwsk (heterogeneity) (Broh y/soK ft~u ftfGzB XowK, GkPktK, ikshnKns/ torK d/ ftnesh ofjzd/ jB ns/ T[ZE/ eko'pko ft~u th ftP/P~rsk j[zdh j?), (d'rb/ ;zpzX, ;wkfiershPhbsk, ftneshtkd, ;EkB ;zpzXh nbrkt (spatial segregation), ;wkfie ;fjDPhbsk, d'jokfB:zsoD ns/ ;t?;/th ;z;EktK.

b[Jh; toE B/ Bkrfosk dhnK uko ftP/PsktK d~;hnK jBL iB;zfynk ft~u fGzBsk, ekoi dh ftP/P~rsk,r[wBkwh, nftnefsesk ns/ ihtB ns/ fttjko dk wkDeheoD (standardization). ukj/ fJj ftP/PsktKBroh ftnesh ns/ T[; d/ ihtB dk nfsozfis fu~so do;kUAdhnK jB fco th UBK dk ftPb/PD fJ~E/Io{oh j?^

1H iB;zfynk dh ftPwsk (Heterogeneity of Population)L ftfGzB y/soK s'A ftneshnK dk gqtk;BroK ft~u t~vh ;zfynk bJh T[ZsodkJh j?. fJ; d/ ekoD ftfGzB g[PmG{whnK ns/ ftPtk;K d/ftnesh Bkb Bkb ofjzd/ jB. ftneshnK dk fJj fwPoD nD^n"gukfoe fB:zsoDK (b'ekuko ns/gqEktK) d/ ;zukbB Bz{ gqGkfts eodk j? ns/ ftneshnK ns/ ;w{jK d/ fttjko Bz{ fB:zsfos eoDbJh n"gukfoe o{g Bkb pDkJ/ j'J/ ouBk^szsoK (mechanisms) T[Zs/ fBoGosk tX iKdh j?.ftnesh ;w{fje GktBktK (common sentiments) ft~u j[D nk;Ek BjhA o~yd/ ns/ j'o ;z;feqshnK


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d/ BthB ftukoK Bkb gqtk;hnK d/ ;zgoe d[nkok gqGkfts j' e/ Uj g[okD/ ftPtk;K ns/ e'fPPK ft~unftPtk; gqrN eod/ jB ns/ fJ; gqeko d/ Bt/A o[yK ns/ ihtBP?bhnK Bz{ ngDk b?Ad/ jB i' UBKdh nkofEe gqfsPmk (status) Bz{ tXkUD ft~u ns/ ;kwzi; dhnK ;w~f;nktK Bz{ fBpNkUD ft~u UBKdh wdd eod/ jB. gfotko ns/ gV"; dk gqGkt x~N j' iKdk j? ns/ ftneshnK ft~u fJ; gqPBT[Zs/, fe fttjko eoD dk ‘;jh’ sohek eh j?, MrVk j' iKdk j?.

2H ekoi ns/ fttjko dh ftP/P~rsk (Specialisation of function and behaviour)L Bro dhiB;zfynk dh fGzBsk ns/ T[; dk t~vk nkeko ftP/P~rsk d/ ftek; Bz{ T[s;kfjs eodk j?. feUAfeBro ft~u ihtB d/ eJh gfjb{ j[zd/ jB ns/ fJ~e ftnesh UBK ft~u'A e[M ft~u jh Gkr b? ;edk j?sK Uj u[DB:'r (choosy) j' iKdk j? ns/ e/tb e[M jh y/soK ft~u o{uh b?Adk j?. ekoi ft~u ftP/P~rsk fGzB fGzB ihtB d/ ;o{gK Bz{ T[s;kfjs eodh j?. T[dkjoD bJh, vkeNoK, fJzihfBnoK,tgkohnK, tehbK, gqPk;eK, ekoykfBnK d/ wId{oK, nfXnkgeK, pkp{nK ns/ g[fb; eowhnK d/fGzB ihtB ;o{g, fGzB nfGo{uhnK ns/ fGzB ihtB^doPB j[zd/ jB.jo ftP/P~r ;w{j ;wki Bz{nkgDk :'rdkB fdzdk j? ns/ fJ; gqeko fwjBs dk ftGkiB j' iKdk j?. fJ; gqeko d/ Pqw dkftGkiB fJ~e ftnesh Bz{ nkgD/ frnkB ns/ ywsktK dh s[bBk ft~u nfXe ftnkge ;/tktK s'AbkGKfts eodk j?. Bro ft~u jo ftnesh ftP/P~rK fit/A vkeNoK, fw;sohnK, d[ekBdkoK,doihnK, X'phnK nkfd T[Zs/ fBoGo j' iKdk j?. T[; Bz{ jo eko'pko dh seBhe Bz{ f;~yD dh Io{osBjhA j[zdh.

ftP/P~rsk ftnesh Bz{ ezw eoD, nkgD/ nkg Bz{ nfGftnes eoD ns/ nkgDhnK nzsoPeshnK Bz{ftef;s eoD d/ ftftX w"e/ gqdkB eodh j?. ukj/ ;zgoe ngqXkB ns/ n"gukfoe j' iKd/ jB ns/;w{fje ihtB pshs eoD ns/ ;w{fje ;zpzXK dh GktBk ysw j' iKdh j?.

fJ~e nfijh ;wkfie ftt;Ek ft~u fi~E/ iB;zfynk ft~u fGzBsk j? ns/ fttjko d/ ;o{gK ft~uftftXsk j?, T[ZE/ fJ~e fBPfus gfo;fEshnK ft~u T[fus fttjko d/ eJh ftebgK d/ j'D BkbGqKshnK T[sgzB j'D dh nfXe ;zGktBk j[zdh j?. T[dkjoD bJh, fJ~e ftfdnkoEh d{i/ ftfdnkoEh Bz{nB[fus ;kXBK dk gq:'r eo e/ gqEw Pq/Dh ft~u nkUAdk j'fJnk d/ydk j? sK Uj ;'udk j? fe eh T[;Bz{ th Ujh uhI eoBh ukjhdh j?< fJ~e ftnesh d{i/ ftnesh Bz{ 10,000 o[gJ/ fdzd/ j'J/ ns/ g[fb;T[g^fBohye dh B"eoh fwbd/ j'J/ d/ydk j?. T[; Bz{ Gqw (confusion) j' iKdk j? fe eh T[; Bz{ fJ;wkwb/ dh ogN eokUDh ukjhdh j? ns/ foPts b?D tkb/ Bz{ frocsko eotk d/Dk ukjhdk j? iK T[;Bz{ T[dk;hBsk dk o[y ngBkUDk ukjhdk j?. Bro d/ ihtB ft~u fJj B?fse, ;wkfie ns/ ekBz{Bhd[ftXktK pj[s fInkdk j[zdhnK jB.

3H r[wBkwh ns/ ftnefsesk (Anonymity and Impersonality)L Bro ft~u iB;zfynk dh GkohxDsk (high population density) ftnefse gfjukD Bz{ BPN eodh j? fi; d/ cb;o{gfJ~ebkgD brdk j? ns/ ftnesh dk fe;/ ftP/P Bkb ;zpzX j'D dh GktBk ysw j' ikdh j?. ;?AeV/ftnesh f;B/wk xo ft~u f;B/wk d/yD iKd/ jB, fJ~em/ nkBzd b?Ad/ jB ns/ j;d/ jB, gqzs{ id'A f;B/wk ysw j[zdk j? sK ;w{fje wB't/r (common emotions) r[wBwh ns/ nftnefsesk s'A gfofDs(disintegrate) j' iKd/ jB. d{i/ gk;/ fJj r[wBkwh jh ftneshrs ;[szsosk dk wow (crux) j?.d{finK ft~u o{uh dk nGkt fJ~e ftnesh Bz{ nB[o{gsk (conformity) d/ Gkoh dpktK s'A w[eseokUAdk j?. eJh gqeoDK ft~u T[; dh d{finK d/ gqsh fIzw/dkoh g?;k G[rskB eoD Bkb ysw j' iKdhj?. id'A Uj fJ~e ebp fij/ ;t?fS~e ;w{j dk th w?Apo pDdk j? sK T[; ;w/A th T[; dk ;fj:'rfBT{Bsw j' ;edk j?. T[; Bz{ d{i/ w?ApoK dh ;thfeqsh gqkgs eoD dh Io{os BjhA j[zdh, ns/ Bk jhT[; dhnK fJ~SktK d/ nB[o{g nkgD/ nkg Bz{ YkbD dh. Uj d{finK Bz{ ukj/ d/ydk (observe) oj/, gqzs{fJj Io{oh BjhA fe UBK dhnK gq/oDktK (stimuli) s'A gqGkfts j't/.

r[wBkfwsk dk fJ~e bkG fJj j? fe ftneshnK dh goy UBK d/ wksk fgsk d/ fBwB tor d/ gd d/nB[;ko BjhA j[zdh gqzs{ T[; dk nKebD (evaluation) nke;few ;zgoeK ft~u UBK d/ fdyD^pDB(appearance) ns/ fttjko s'A j[zdk j?. Bro d/ ihtB dh r[wBkwh ns/ nftnefsesk fJ~e


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ftnesh Bz{ i' j'o T[Zuk gd gqkgs eoD dh fJ~Sk o~ydk j?, T[Zuh gqfsPmk d/ gqsheK s'A bkG T[mkUDd/ nfXe nt;o gqdkB eodh j?. T[Zuh gqfsPmk d/ gqsheK fit/A nkeoPe e~gV/ gkUDk, nkgD/p'bûkb ns/ nkuoD ft~u ;[Xko eoBk, d/ d[nkok Uj T[Zu/ ;EkBK T[Zs/ b~r/ ftneshnK dh;thfeqsh gqkgs eo ;edk j? ns/ UBK Bz{ gqGkfts eo ;edk j? ns/ nzs ft~u, fJBK ;zgoeK d[nkoknkgD/ fJ~fSs T[d/PK dh gqkgsh eo ;edk j?.

4H fttjko dk wkDeheoD (Standardisation of behaviour)L Pfjoh ihtB ftnesh s'A T[; d/fttjko dk wkDeheoD eoD dh T[whd eodk j? i' nzs ft~u T[; Bz{ ns/ d{finK Bz{ (fiBK d/ ;zgoeft~u Uj nkUAdk j?) fJ~e d{i/ Bz{ ;wMD ft~u wdd eodk j? ns/ nkg;h ;zpzXK Bz{ ;ob pDkUAdk j?.T[dkjoD bJh, fJ~e d[ekBdko s'A rqkjeK dk sKsk fJ~e jh gqeko d/ gqPB g[~Sdk j?. rqkje fcofePsK ft~u tzv iKd/ jB^ftnesh i' Gkn dk s'b^w'b eodk j?, ftnesh i' r[Dt~sk (quality)ukj[zdk j?, ftnesh i' uhIK d/ydk j? gqzs{ T[; dk yohdD dk e'Jh fJokdk BjhA j[zdk nkfd. nB[Gthd[ekBdko ibdh jh fJj ;wM iKdk j? fe Uj fe; fe;w d/ rqkje Bkb fBpN fojk j? ns/ Ujnfijh t/uD dh oDBhsh dk gq:'r eodk j? fi; Bkb T[; ftP/P fe;w d/ rqkje bJh ;G s'A fInkdkgqGkth ;wMdk j?. fJj d[ekBdko ns/ rqkje d'jhK dh fteqh dh ekotkJh ;obsk ns/ ibd Yzr BkbeoD ft~u ;jkfJe j[zdh j?. fJ; gqeko dhnK wkDfes (standardized) T[whdK ns/ fttjko PfjohihtB d/ nzr jB. pIko, ebp, o/;soK, p;K, nypko, NhH thH ns/ ;e{b$ekbi nfXeKPwkDfes fu~so gqdofPs eod/ jB. i/eo fJ~e ftnesh fJ; gqeko d/ ihtB ft~u BjhA Yb gkUAdkj? sK Uj nkgD/ nkg Bz{ nb~r wfj;{; eodk j? ns/ T[; d/ ;kjwD/ ;kwzi; dh ;w~f;nk nkUAdh j?.Bro dh iB;zfynk dk t~vk nkeko fttjko d/ wkDeheoD T[Zs/ ftP/P pb fdzdk j? gqzs{ fJ; dk fJjnoE BjhA j[zdk fe ftneshrs nfGw[yheoDK ft~u fGzBsk (divergence in individualorientations) ;zGt BjhA j?.

;ko'feB ns/ fiwow/B B/ Pfjoh ;wkfie ftt;Ek dhnK fBwBKfes ftP/PsktK dh gfjukD ehsh j?L

1H r?o^y/sh eko'pko (Non-agricultural occupation)L g/Av{ noE ftt;Ek dk w[~y nkXko y/sh j?,tgko ns/ T[d:'r Pfjoh noE ftt;Ek dk nkXko jB. eko'pko dh fGzBsk fJj ;[fBPfus eodhj? fe g/Av{ gqkfeqfse tksktoD ft~u ezw eod/ jB fi; ft~u rowh, ;odh nkfd Bz{ nfGBtgfotosB tkbhnK gqthDsktK (innovative skills) Bkb fB:zsfos ehsk iKdk j?. i/w; ftbhnw;(1958) d/ nB[;ko pDktNh tksktoD ft~u ezw eoD Bkb ftneshnK d/ ftuko ns/ fttjkoK d/;o{g gqGkfts j[zd/ jB. fJ; gqeko eko'pkoh fGzBsktK d/ ekoD Pfjoh y/soK ft~u ;kBz{ T[dko ns/o{Vhtkdh, nkX[fBe ns/ gozgoktkdh ns/ n;wkfie ns/ ;wkfie ftnesh fwbd/ jB.

2H iB;zfynk dk nkeko (Size of population)L Pfjoh ;w[dkJ/ g/Av{ ;w[dktK d/ w[ekpb/ pj[s nfXet~v/ j[zd/ jB. fJ~e gk;/ B"eoh d/ w"fenK dh T[gbpXsk ns/ d{i/ gk;/ G"fse ns/ f;~fyne, fufes;kns/ wB'oziB dhnK ;[ftXktK ftneshnK Bz{ PfjoK t~b nkeofPs eod/ jB.

3H iB;zfynk dk ;zxDkgD (Density of population)L fgzvK ft~u ftneshnK Bz{ nkgD/ y/sh d/XzfdnK dk fBohyD eoD bJh nkgD/ y/sK e'b ofjDk g?Adk j?. gqzs{ Pfjoh y/soK ft~u ftneshnK dknktk; UBK d/ dcsoK, pIkoK, p~funK d/ ;e{b$ekb/i nkfd d/ ;EkB s/ fBoGo j[zdk j?. fJ;/ ekoDUBK y/soK ft~u fi~E/ fJBK ;[ftXktK dh pj[bsk j? iB;zfynk nfXe ;zxDh (density) j[zdh j?.Gkos ft~u iB;zfynk dh n";s xDsk gqsh torwhb wjKBroK ft~u 3,000 ns/ 5,000 ftneshnKd/ ft~u j[zdh j?. fJ; nfXe xDsk d/ nkgD/ ckfJd/ ns/ B[e;kB jB. bkG sK fJj jB fe ;wkfie;zgoe tXd/ jB, ;G Io{oh ;[ftXktK ;obsk Bkb gqkgs j' iKdhnK jB ns/ fw~soK d/ u[Bkt Bkb;zpzX n"gukfoe ns/ nftnefse j[zd/ jB ns/ UBK d/ wkBf;e sBkt tX iKd/ jB.

4H gfonktoD (Environment)L poBkov (1971) B/ uko gqeko d/ gfonktoD dk T[b/y ehsk j?Lgfjbk, G"fse (ibtk:{)l d{ik, i?fte (ikBto)l ns/ o[~y^g"X/, shik, ;wkfie, ;ohfoe^;wkfie(physio-social) (wPhBK, ebg[oI/, T[geoD) ns/ wB'ftfrnkfBe^;wkfie (ohsh^fotkI,


B ØN


gozgoktK, ;z;EktK nkfd) ns/ u"Ek, fwPfos (nkofEe, okiBhfse ns/ f;~fynk gqDkbhnK).Pfjoh tksktoD nfXe gqd{fPs j[zdk j?. fJ; s'A fJbktk feUAfe Uj f;~fynk ;z;EktK Bkb fxfonkj[zdk j?, fJ; bJh nfXe f;~fyne j[zdk j?, fJ; ekoD Pfjo ft~u ofjD tkbk ftnesh fInkdkftt/eh, Xow^fBog~y ns/ gqsh:'rh (competitive) gqfeqsh dk j[zdk j?.

5H ;wkfie ftG/dheoD (Social diferentiation)L Pfjoh y/soK ft~u ftneshnK ft~u eko'pkoK,Xow, tor, ihtB ;soK ns/ ;wkfie ftPtk;K d/ nkXko s/ G/d ehsk iKdk j?. fco th Uj fJ~ed{i/ s/ fBoGo j[zd/ jB ns/ ekoios ;zg{oD fJekJh (functioning whole) d/ o{g ft~u ezw eod/jB.

6H ;wkfie rshPhbsk (Social mobility)L Pfjoh y/so ;wkfie gqfsPmk ft~u gfotosB fbnkUD d/w"e/ gqdkB eod/ jB, fi; d/ ekoD fgzvK dh s[bBk ft~u PfjoK ft~u nfXe T[Zgorkwh (upward)rshPhbsk j[zdh j?.rshPhbsk ;wsb (horizontal) iK T[dw (vertical) j' ;edh j?. ;wkfiershPhbsk s'A fJbktk ;kBz{ Pfjoh y/soK ft~u G{r"fbe rshPhbsk th fwbdh j?.

7H ;wkfie nzsofeqnk (Social interaction)L Pfjoh fBtk;hnK ft~u ;zpzX d'rb/ ns/ nftnefsej[zd/ jB. ftnesh nkgD/ ftPtk;K ns/ ftukoXkoktK dh pikJ/ j'o ftneshnK dh gqfsPmk ns/gqthDsktK d/ gqsh nfXe fuzfss ofjzd/ jB. fB:zsoD J/Bk n"gukfoe j[zdk j? fe eJh tko Ujftufbs fttjko Bz{ T[sgzB eo fdzdk j?.

8H ;wkfie J/ekswesk (Social solidarity)L g/Av{ y/soK ft~u :Ksfoe (mechanical) ;wkfieJ/ekswesk dh s[bBk ft~u Pfjoh y/soK ft~u ;kt:fte (organic) ;wkfie J/ekswesk j[zdh j?.nfijh J/ekswesk ft~u ukj/ jo fJ~e dh nkgDh ftnefsesk ns/ ftnefs~st j[zd/ jB, fco thUj d{finK T[Zs/ UBK dhnK ftfPPN G{fwektK d/ ekoD nfXe fBoGo ofjzdk j?.

Bkrfosk dhnK ftP/PsktK d/ T[go'es fttoD s'A nfijk wfj;{; j[zdk j? fe fit/A PfjoK ft~u ftneshrs;zpzX, gqkoEfwe ;w{j ns/ ;wkfie xfDPmsk j[zdh jh BjhA. i/eo ikD^p[~M e/ ftef;s ehshnK rJhnK;z;EktK ftneshnK dhnK Io{osK Bza{ g{ohnK eodhnK jB sK gqkoEfwe ;w{j th w?ApoK d/ iBw d/ nkXkoT[Zs/ gqt/P fdzd/ jB. gqkoEfwe ;w{j d/ w?Apo fJ~e d{i/ d/ fwb/ i[b/ fjsK d/ ekoD nkg; ft~u pzB/ ofjzd/jB. UBK d/ ;zpzX fInkdk Gktkswe ns/ GktgqtD (interense) j[zd/ jB. gqkoEfwe ;w{j ft~u fJ~e w?Apod'rb/ ;w{jK ft~u ftP/P ezw eoD d/ ftgohs ftftX ezw eodk j?. T[dkjoD bJh, fJ~e gfotko ft~u wK,p~funK ns/ gfotko d/ w?ApoK bJh o;'Jhnk, Bo;, B?fse f;~fyne ns/ sBktK d/ gqpzXe d/ o{g ft~u ezweodh j?. ukj/ ;wkfie gfotosB B/ gfotko, gV'; ns/ j'o ftneshnK d/ ;w{jK d/ pzXB ewI'o eo fd~s/jB, fco th fJBK ;w{jK dk g[okD/ sohfenK Bkb ezw eoBk fpbe[b ysw BjhA j'fJnk j? ns/ w{b ;zpzXth b[gs BjhA j'J/ jB. gfotko ft~u Io{oh G{fwektK fBGkUDk, gV'; ft~u ;wkfie ;fjGkfrsk Bz{ pDk e/o~yDk, iksh d/ ;kotifBe wkwfbnK ft~u Pkfwb j'Dk ns/ nkgD/ ;zpzXhnK ns/ fw~soK dh ;jkfJsk d/ ;o'sd/ o{g ft~u ezw eoBk Pfjoh ihtB dhnK wj~stg{oD ns/ ;koEe ftP/PsktK jB. Gkos ft~u eJh nfXn?BK(fit/A egkVhnk, ;fu~dkBzd, nkoH e/H w[yoih ns/ n?wH n?;H r'o/) B/ fJj do;kfJnk j? fe g/Av{ ftnesh,i' PfjoK ft~u gqtk; eo iKd/ jB, fgzv s'A nkUD tkb/ gfotkoK ns/ ;zpzXhnK Bkb ;zpzX pDk e/ o~yd/ jB.PfjoK ft~u th Uj Bk e/tb nkgD/ fgzv iK nk;gk; d/ fgzvK d/ ftneshnK dhnK ;w~f;nktK d/ jb ft~uwdd eod/ jB pbfe nkgDh iksh d/ w?ApoK dk nfijhnK gfo;fEshnK ft~u ;kE fdzd/ jB. fJ; Bkb UBKdk Pfjoh ihtB d/ nB[e{b pDBk nfXe ;ob j' iKdk j?.

Broh y/soK dk tkXkBroh y/soK dk tkXkBroh y/soK dk tkXkBroh y/soK dk tkXkBroh y/soK dk tkXkukj/ BroK dk n;fs~st gqkuhB ;w/A s'A fwbdk j? gqzs{ j[D/ jkb s~e Uj iB;zfynk d/ fJ~e S'N/ Gkr dh jhnrtkJh eod/ ;B. fInkdkso ftneshnK dk ihtB w[~y o{g Bkb g/Av{ ;wki iK fgzv jh pDkUAd/ ;B.BroK ns/ wjKBroK dk tkXk ftek; ns/ iB;zfynk d/ t~v/ Gkr dk Broh y/soK ft~u ikDk fgSb/ gzi fJ~edPeK dk jh ftP/P b~SD fojk j?. BroheoD T[d:'fre eqKsh dk jh Bshik ;h. fJ; B/ e/Adfos ;EkBK(centralised locations) T[Zs/ wId{oK dh t~vh ;zfynk dh wzr Bz{ T[sgzB ehsk.


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BroK dk ftek; iBw ns/ w"s do ns/ ;EkBKsoD (migration) T[Zs/ jh fBoGo BjhA eodk, gqzs{okiBhfse, Xkofwe, fJfsjkf;e ns/ nkofEe ekoeK Bkb th j[zdk j?. okiBhfse e/Ado okiK dh okiXkBhj' ;ed/ jB (G'gkb, i?g[o, w[zpJh, ebe~sk nkfd) okiBhfse rshftXhnK d/ y/so (fd~bh) iK c"i d/ f;~fynk;Eb (yVrtk;bk) iK o~fynk T[sgkdB e/Ado (i'Xg[o)l nkofEe e/Ado Uj y/so j[zd/ jB fi~E/ tgko ns/tkfDi fInkdk (predominance) j[zdk j? (nfjwdkpkd, ;{os nkfd)l Xkofwe Bro Uj Bro jB fi~E/ftnesh shoE :ksok T[Zs/ iKd/ jB (jfod[nko, tkokD;h, fJbkjkpkd nkfd)l ns/ f;~fynk e/AdoK ft~uf;~fynk ;z;EktK j[zdhnK jB (fgbkBh).

Gkos ft~u 1971 ft~u Pfjoh iB;zfynk 10H91 eo'V ;h, 1981 ft~u 16H01 eo'V ns/ 1991 ft~u 21H1eo'V ;h. id'A fe 1921 ft~u Pfjoh iB;zfynk d/P dh iB;zfynk dk e/tb 11H3# ;hl 1951 ft~u fJjtX e/ 17H6#, 1971 ft~u 20H2#, 1981 ft~u 23H8# ns/ 1991 ft~u 25H7# j' rJh (;/B;; UcfJzvhnk, 1991, ;hohI 1,2). d{i/ gk;/, 1911^21 d/ dPe ft~u Pfjoh iB;fynk 8H3# tXh, 1921^31ft~u fJj 19H1# tXh, 1931^41 ft~u 32H0#, 1941^51 ft~u 41H4#, 1951^61 ft~u 37H0#, 1961^71ft~u 38H2#, 1971^81 ft~u 35H4# ns/ 1981^91 ft~u 40H4# tXh. fJ; gqeko 1941 ns/ 1991 ft~ugzi dPeK ft~u Pfjoh iB;zfynk dk tkXk do 3H4 ns/ 3H8# d/ ft~u gqsh ;kb j?.

Broh iB;zfynk dk ftfGzB okiK ft~u ftsoD th t~y t~y fwbdk j?. g~Swh y/so (wjKokPNo ns/ r[ioks)ft~u e[b Broh iB;zfynk dk 20#, d~yD y/so ft~u (nKXo gqd/P, sfwbBkv{, e/ob ns/ eoBkNe) ft~u27#, g{oth y/so (fpjko, pzrkb, T[Vh;k, fsqg[ok, Bkrkb?Av, fwI'ow nkfd) ft~u 18# ns/ T[Zsoh y/so(T[Zso gqd/P, w~X gqd/P) ft~u fwbk e/ 35#.

Gkos ft~u Broh iB;zfynk dk e/tb 25H7# j?, id'A fe ;z;ko dh e[b iB;zfynk dk 45# PfjoK ft~u ofjzdkj?. ;G s'A nfXe Broh iB;zfynk nk;Nq/bhnk ns/ fBT{Ihb?Av ft~u (85#) fwbdh j? ns/ T[; s'A pknd ikgkB(77#), T[Zso nwohek (74#), o{; (66#), ncqhek ns/ J/Phnk (34#) ns/ gkfe;skB (32#) ft~u.

gqw[~y wId{oK d/ g{oD o[Irko ft~u y/sh o[Irko dk Gkr 1961 ft~u 72# s'A xN e/ 1981 ft~u 68H0#ns/ 1991 ft~u 64H0# j' frnk (;/B;; Uc fJzvhnk). ;kb 2001 s~e g/Av{ iB;zfynk ft~u 19 s'A 20eo'V d/ ft~u ftnesh i[V ikDr/ ns/ fJBK ft~u'A 10 eo'V B"eohnK dh sbkP ft~u Pfjoh y/soK ft~u nkikDr/. id'A 1931 ft~u fJ~e b~y s'A nfXe iB;zfynk tkb/ BroK dh e[b ;zfynk 32 ;h, Uj 1961 ft~u107 j' rJh, 1981 ft~u 216 ns/ 1991 ft~u 317 j' rJh (izw{ ns/ ePwho Bz{ S~v e/). d; b~y s'A nfXeiB;zfynk tkb/ t~v/ PfjoK dh ;zfynk 1941 ft~u d' s'A tX e/ 1971 ft~u 9, 1981 ft~u 12 ns/ 1991 ft~u23 j' rJh (;/B;; Uc fJzvhnk, 1991 ;hohI 1 g/go 2H251).

Gkos ft~u 1998 ft~u PfjoK dh e[b ;zfynk 4,689 ;h. fJBK ft~u ;G s'A nfXe Pfjo (704) T[Zso gqd/P ft~u jB. fJ; s'A pknd sfwbBkv{ (434), w~X gqd/P (327) ns/ wjKokPNo ft~u (307) jB. 1991dh iBrDBk d/ nB[;ko 65H2# iB;zfynk fJ~e b~y s'A nfXe iB;zfynk UBK PfjoK ft~u ofj ojh ;h,10H9# 50,000 ns/ fJ~e b~y d/ ft~u dh iB;zfynk tkb/ PfjoK ft~u, 13H2# 20,000 ns/ 50,000 d/ft~u dh iB;zfynk tkb/ e;fpnK ft~u, 7H8# 10,000 ns/ 20,000 d/ ft~u dh iB;zfynk tkb/ e;fpnKft~u ns/ 2H6# 5,000 ns/ 10,000 d/ ft~u dh iB;zfynk tkb/ e;fpnK ft~u . Gkos d/ S/ wjKBro (1998d/ nKefVnK d/ nB[;ko) fiBK dh iB;zfynk 50 b~y s'A nfXe j? fJj jBL ebe~sk (125H9 b~y), w[zpJh(171H9 b~y), fd~bh (111H7 b~y), u/BzJh (64H4 b~y), pzrb"o (53H2 b~y) ns/ j?dokpkd (64H3 b~y).

brGr 15 ;kb gfjbK e/Adoh ;oeko B/ S'N/ e;fpnK d/ ftek; bJh fJ~e :'iBk pDkJh ;h. fJj :'iBk;h “S'N/ ns/ w~X e;fpnK bJh ftek; dh J/ehfeqs (integrated) :'iBk”. fJ; d/ nzsors oki ;oekoKBz{ e/Adoh ;oeko s'A wdd fwbdh j?. gqzs{ fJj :'iBk n;cb jh ojh j?. ftek; dk nGkt ftneshnK d/;wkfie, nkofEe ns/ okiBhfse ihtB Bz{ gqGkfts eodk j?.

BroheoD d/ ;wkfie gqGktBroheoD d/ ;wkfie gqGktBroheoD d/ ;wkfie gqGktBroheoD d/ ;wkfie gqGktBroheoD d/ ;wkfie gqGktBroheoD d/ ;wkfie gqGktK dk ftPb/PD T[; d/ gfotko, iksh, n"osK dh ;wkfie ;fEsh ns/ g/Av{ ihtBd/ ;zpzX Bkb ehsk ik ;edk j?.


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BroheoD ns/ gfotko BroheoD ns/ gfotko BroheoD ns/ gfotko BroheoD ns/ gfotko BroheoD ns/ gfotko (Urbanization and Family)LLLLL BroheoD e/tb gfotko d/ YKu/ Bz{ jhgqGkfts BjhA eodk pbfe Uj gfotko d/ nzdo{Bh ns/ nzso^gfotko ;zpzXK ns/ UBK ekoiK Bz{ i' gfotkoeodk j?, Bz{ th gqGkfts eodk j?. Pfjoh gfotkoK T[Zs/ nkJhH ghH d/;kJh, egkVhnk ns/ n?bB ok;(Aillen Ross) fij/ ftdtkBK d[nkok ehs/ rJ/ nB[Gkfte nfXn?BK B/ d~f;nk j? fe Pfjoh ;z:[es gfotkodh EK j"bh j"bh J/ekeh gfotko b? fojk j?, gfotko dk nkeko S'Nk j' fojk j? ns/ foPs/dkoh d/ ;zpzX e/tb d' iK fszB ghVhnK s~e ;hfws j' rJ/ jB. r[ioks ft~u wj[tk e;p/ ft~u 1955^57 ft~u 423 gfotkoKT[Zs/ ehs/ rJ/ nfXn?B ft~u nkJhH ghH d/;kJh (1964) B/ gkfJnk fe 5# gfotko J/ekeh ;B (fBtk;ho{g ns/ gqekoikswe o{g Bkb), 74# fBtk;h o{g Bkb J/ekeh ;B gqzs{ gqekoikswe o{g Bkb iK w{b r~bKft~u (;zgsh) ;z:[es ns/ 21# fBtk; ns/ ekoi (functioning) ns/ ;zgsh ft~u ;z:[es ;B. 95H0#;z:[es gfotkoK ft~u'A (ezw ns/$iK ;zgsh, ns/$iK fBtk; ft~u ;z:[es) 27# gqeoDK ft~u ;z:[es j'D dko{g x~N ;h (Uj ezw eoD ft~u jh ;z:[es ;B), 17H0# gqeoDK ft~u ;z:[es j'D dk o{g T[Zu ;h. (noEksUj ezw eoD ns/ ;zgsh d/ wkwfbnK ft~u ;z:[es ;B), 30# gqeoDK ft~u ;z:[es j'D dk o{g T[Zuso ;h(noEks Uj ezw eoD, ;zgsh ns/ nktk; d/ wkwfbnK ft~u ;z:[es ;B gqzs{ Uj d' ghVh d/ gfotko ;B),21H6# gqeoDK ft~u ;z:[es j'D dk o{g T[Zusw ;h (noEks Uj nktk;, ezw ns/ ;zgsh ft~u ;z:[es ;Bns/ Uj fszB ghVh d/ gfotko ;B). fJj fdykUAdk j? fe ukj/ Pfjoh gfotko dk YKuk pdb fojk j? gqzs{gfotkoK ft~u ftneshtkd dh GktBk BjhA tXh j?.

egkVhnk (1959) B/ 1955 ft~u r[ioks ft~u g/Av{ ns/ Broh (Bt;koh) y/soK ft~u 1,162 gfotkoK d/nfXn?B ft~u d~f;nk fe id'A g/Av{ y/soK ft~u d' J/ekeh gfotkoK d/ fg~S/ fszB ;z:[es gfotko ;B, Brohy/soK ft~u J/ekeh gfotko ;z:[es gfotkoK s'A 10# nfXe ;B. n?bhB ok; B/ (1961) 1957 ft~u pzrb"oft~u w~X ns/ T[Zu torK d/ 157 fjzd{ gfotkoK d/ nfXn?B ft~u gkfJnk fe (i) fszB gzuw (three-fifth)gfotko J/ekeh ;B ns/ d' gzuw gfotko ;z:[esl (ii) ;z:[es gfotkoK ft~u 70# S'N/ ;z:[es gfotko ;B(dzgsh ns/ nfttkfjs p~u/ ns/ p~funK d/ Bkb fttkfjs g[~so iK p~funK d/ Bkb d' iK d' s'A nfXe fttkfjsGkJh) ns/ 30H0# t~v/ ;z:[es gfotko ;B (nfttkfjs p~funK d/ wksk fgsk ns/ nfttkfjs p~u/ ns/p~funK d/ Bkb fttkfjs g[~so)l (iii) n~i dh gqftq~sh (trend) gkozgfoe ;z:[es gfotko s'A nb~r j' e/ J/ekeh gfotko fJekJh t~b j?l (iv) Pfjoh Gkos ft~u j[D S'Nk ;z:[es gfotko gfotkfoe ihtB dk ;otkfXegqshfBfXe o{g j?l (v) gfotko d/ o{gK dk fJ~e u~eo (cycle) j[zdk j?l (vi) ftneshnK dh tXdh j'Jh ;zfynkj[D nkgD/ ihtB dk x~N s'A x~N fJ~e fj~;k J/eb (single) fJekJhnK ft~u pshs eod/ jBl ns/ (vii)ftnesh d/ d{o d/ ;zpzXhnK Bkb ;zpzX N[~N oj/ jB iK ewI'o j' oj/ jB.

nkoH e/H w[yoih (1973) B/ th g~Swh pzrkb ft~u (1960^61) ft~u 4,120 gfoktkoK d/ nfXn?B d/ nkXkos/ fejk j? fe ;z:[es gfotko dk J/ekeh gfotko d[nkok gqsh;EkgB (replacement) fJ~e Io{oh gqfeqnkj?.

nzs ft~u, ukj/ gfotkfoe ns/ nzso gfotkfoe ;zpzXK ft~u th gfotosB nk fojk j?, gqzs{ fJ; dk noEfJj BjhA j? fe p~u/ nkgD/ t~fvnK dk j[D nkdo BjhA eod/, iK p~u/ nkgD/ wksk fgsk ns/ GkJh G?DK t~bnkgD/ eos~tK Bz{ fXnkB BjhA eod/, iK gsBhnK nkgD/ gshnK d/ nfXeko Bz{ u[B"sh fdzdhnK jB.wj~stg{oD gfotosB fJj j? fe ‘gsh gqXkB’ (husband-dominant) gfotko dk ;EkB;wsktkdh$;wkBtkdh (equalitarian) gfotko b? fojk j? fi; ft~u fBoDk b?D dh gqfeqnk ft~u gsBh thGkr b?Adh j?. wksk fgsk th p~funK T[Zs/ nkgD/ nfXeko BjhA E'gd/ jB ns/ Bk jh p~u/ n~yK pzd eo e/nkgD/ wksk fgsk d/ nkd/PK dk gkbD eod/ jB. p~funK dk o[y vo dh pikJ/ nkdo s'A gq/fos j[zdk j?.nkJhH ghH d/;kJh B/ th fJj wzfBnk j? fe “:[tk ns/ p[~YhnK ghVhnK ft~u sBkt d/ pkti{d p~funK dknkgD/ gfotko Bkb brkt ftob/ jh ewI'o j[zdk j?.” gqzs{ ok; d/ ftuko ft~u “gfotko d/ gqsh eos~t dhnKGktBktK ns/ gfotko d/ w?ApoK gqsh GktBkswe brkt fBPfus o{g Bkb ewI'o j' ikDr/ ns/ fgsq;~sk(authority of the partiarch) ysw j' ikt/rh. id'A nfijk j't/rk sK ;zpzXhnK d/ ns/ t~v/ ;w{j ft~ugfjukD bJh e[M th pkeh BjhA ofj ikt/rk.” ;kvk nkgDk ftuko j? fe Pfjoh Gkos ft~u (ns/ fJ; ftP/ft~u ;ko/ Gkos ft~u) gfotko ed/ th BjhA N[~N/rk gqzs{ fJj fJ~e PeshPkbh fJekJh pfDnk oj/rk.


B ØN


BroheoD ns/ iksh BroheoD ns/ iksh BroheoD ns/ iksh BroheoD ns/ iksh BroheoD ns/ iksh (urbanization and Caste): BroheoD, f;~fynk ns/ ftneshrs T[gbpXh(individual achievement) ns/ nkX[fBe ;fEsh t~b nfGw[yheoD dk ftek; (development of anorientation) iksh dh gfjukD Bz{ x~N eodk j?. Bro d/ b'e nfij/ ;zpzXK d/ ikb (networks) ft~u Gkrb?Ad/ jB fiBK ft~u eJh ikshnK d/ ftnesh j[zd/ jB. oiBh e'mkoh d/ nB[;ko, ftnesh d/ gqsh tckdkohdh EK fJ~e d{i/ Bz{ e~ND tkbhnK tckdkohnK B/ b? bJh j?. nKdo/ fps/Jh B/ fejk j? fe g~Swh ozr ft~uozr/ j'J/ nfGiB (elite) ft~u tor d/ pzXB iksh d/ pzXBK s'A fes/ nfXe wj~stg{oD j[zd/ jB.

e[M ikshnK d/ f;~fyns w?Apo, i' nkX[fBe eko'pkoK ft~u jB, ed/ ed/ dpkn ;w{j (pressure group)d/ o{g ft~u ;zrfms j' iKd/ jB. fJ; gqeko fJ~e iksh d{i/ dpkn ;w{jK d/ Bkb okiBhfse ns/ nkofEe;z;kXBK bJh fJ~e ;w{fje fJekJh (corporate body) dh soK w[ekpbk eodh j?. fJ; gqeko dk ;zrmBfJ~e BthA gqeko dh pikJ/ ;wkfie torK dh soK nfXe ezw eodk j?.

fJ~e j'o gfotosB i' n~ie~b n;hA d/yd/ jK Uj j? T[gikshnK dk ftbn (fusion) ns/ ikshnK dk ftbn.e'b/Avk (1984L150^151) B/ fszB gqeko d/ ftbn dh gfjukD ehsh j?L (i) o[Irko ft~u ns/ Pfjo dh pikJ/BthnK p;shnK ft~u ftfGzB T[gikshnK ns/ ikshnK d/ ftnesh fJ~e d{i/ Bz{ fwbd/ jB. Uj nkw s"os/ brGr pokpo doi/ d/ j[zd/ jB ns/ fJBK ft~u gV"; dh iK dcso ;w{j dh J/esk ftef;s j[zdh j?.fJ; soK dh uhI t~v/ PfjoK ft~u ;oekoh p;shnK ft~u nkw o{g ft~u gkJh iKdh j?l (ii) nzso^T[gîkshftnkj j[zd/ jB ns/ fJ; Bkb T[gikshnK d/ ftbn Bz{ gq's;kjB fwbdk j?. fJj fJ; bJh j[zdk j? fe eJhtko f;~fyne g[~soh bJh nkgDh jh T[giksh ft~u uzrk f;~fyns to BjhA fwbdk, gqzs{ BIdhe dh T[gikshft~u fwb iKdk j?l (iii) b'esKsfoe okiBhsh (democratic politics) T[gikshnK ns/ ;fBzeN pD ;e/.fJ; dk fJ~e T[dkjoD sfwbBkv{ d/ dqftV w[BzNk eIrw (vhH n?wH e/H) ns/ nzBk dqftV w[BzNk eIrw(J/H vhH n?wH e/H) d/ dbK dk j? fiBK dk ;zrmB T[Zu r?o pqkjwD ikshnK d/ w?ApoK d[nkok ehsk frnk j?.

Pfjo d/ b'e iksh d/ gqshwkBK d/ nB[;ko g{oh soK BjhA ubd/. ykD^gkD ;zpzXK, fttkfje ;zpzXK ns/eko'pkoh ;zpzXK ft~u gfotosB j'fJnk j?. fpjko ft~u iksh ftt;Ek d/ fJ~e nfXn?B ft~u fJj gkfJnkfrnk j? fe BroheoD B/ iksh ftt;Ek dhnK ;G ftP/PsktK Bz{ ;wkB o{g Bkb gqGkfts BjhA ehsk j?.gzi ftfGzB ikshnK (pqkjwD, X'ph, okig{s, njho ns/ uwko) d/ 200 ftneshnK d/ nfXn?B ft~u fJjgkfJnk frnk fe ;G B/ nkgDh jh iksh ft~u ftnkj ehsk ;h, ukj/ PfjoK ft~u ofj oj/ b'eK ft~u'A 20#nzsoiksh ftnkjK d/ g~y ft~u ;B. fJ; s'A T[bN g/Av{ y/soK ft~u 5H0# ;B. eko'pko d/ ;zpzX ft~u Pfjoft~u fJ~e th T[Zsodksk nkgDh gkozgfoe iksh d/ Xzd/ ft~u BjhA ;h, id'A fe g/Av{ y/soK ft~u 81H0#T[Zsodksk ni/ th nkgD/ gkozgfoe XzfdnK Bkb i[V/ j'J/ ;B. fJ;/ gqeko iksh J/esk g/Av{ y/soK dh pikJ/Pfjoh y/soK ft~u J/Bh wIp{s BjhA ;h. ikshnK dh gzukfJsK PfjoK ft~u pj[s ewI'o ;B. X[o/ (1952),egkVhnk (1959), pkoBtk;, :'r/Ado f;zx, nkoH e/H w[yoih, PqhfBtk;, :'r/P nNb ns/ n?;H ;hH d[p/B/ th iksh T[Zs/ BroheoD d/ gqGkt dk T[b/y ehsk j?.

BroheoD ns/ n"osK dh gq;fEsh BroheoD ns/ n"osK dh gq;fEsh BroheoD ns/ n"osK dh gq;fEsh BroheoD ns/ n"osK dh gq;fEsh BroheoD ns/ n"osK dh gq;fEsh (Urbanization and Status of Women)LLLLL n"osK dh ;fEshg/Av{ y/soK dh s[bBk ft~u Pfjoh y/soK ft~u nfXe T[Zuh j?. s[bBkswe o{g Bkb Pfjoh n"osK nfXef;~fyne ns/ T[dko jB. g/Av{ y/soK ft~u 25H1# ;kyo n"osK d/ w[ekpb/ Pfjoh y/soK ft~u 1991 ft~u54# n"osK ;B. UBK ft~u'A e[M ezwekih th ;B. fJ; gqeko UBK B/ Bz{ e/tb nkgD/ nkofEe, ;wkfiens/ okiBhfse nfXekoK dh ikDekoh ;h pbfe Uj nkgD/ nfXekoK dk T[g:'r nkgD/ nkg Bz{ ngwkfBsns/ P'fPs j'D s'A puD bJh th eodhnK ;B. bVehnK dh PfjoK ft~u ftnkj d/ ;w/A n";s T[wo th fgzvKft~u ftnkj dh n";s T[wo s'A nfXe ;h.

fco th Pqw pIko ft~u n"osK ni/ th gqshe{b ;fEsh ft~u jB. Pqw pIko ft~u n"osK d/ fto[ZX g~ygkshfttjko ngDkfJnk iKdk j? ns/ w"e/ th ;wkBsk d/ fto[~X j[zd/ jB. w'e/ dh ;wkBsk Bz{ fJ; ;zdoG ft~uftnkge o{g ft~u ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?. fJ; ft~u o[irko, f;~fynk ns/ T[ZBsh d/ w"fenK dh ;wkBsknkUAdh j?. fJ; o{g ft~u Pqw pIko ft~u, fi~E/ fbzr ft:'iB j?, gfotosB ;zGt BjhA feUAfe Pqw pIkod/ YKu/ fJj wzB e/ ubd/ jB fe n"osK dh ihtB^ftq~sh (career) d/ ;o{gK ftu nkw s"o s/ nzsokb nkUAd/jB ns/ fJ; s'A T[bN g[oPK d/ ;kXkoD ihtB^ftq~sh d/ ;o{gK (patterns) ft~u fBozsosk (continuity)


B ØN


j[zdh j?. Pqw pIko ft~u fbzr ft:'iB d/ gqshpzXK d/ ekoD n"osK dh gqftq~sh eko'pkoK d/ dkfJo/ ft~u ezweoD dh j[zdh j? ns/ fJBK eko'pkoK ft~u gqfsPmk ns/ wId{oh th x~N j[zdh j?. n"osK nkw s"o s/ nfXnkgB,Bof;zr, ;wkfie ezw fbfge ns/ eboeK d/ o[Irko Bz{ fInkdk ukj[zdhnK jB^fiBK ft~u gqfsPmk x~N j[zdhj? ns/ wId{oh th x~N fwbdh j?. UBK n"osK Bz{ th, i' eko'pkoh f;~fynk gkUD ft~u nkUD tkbhnK o[ektNKBz{ th gko eo b?AdhnK jB, gqshe{b ;fEshnK dk ;kjwDk eoBk g?Adk j? feUAfe UBK Bz{ eko'pkoh ihtB^ftq~shns/ xo d/ w[ekpb/ Bkb th wzrK Bkb nkgD/ nkg Bz{ nB[e{b pDkUD ft~u efmBkJh nkUAdh j?.

n"osK bJh nfttkfjs ofjDk iK ftnkj ns/ ihtB^ftq~sh Bz{ fwPfos (combine) eoBk fJ~e w[Pfeb ezwj?. fJ; nkw T[whd s'A fJbktk fe ;G gsBhnK Bz{ uzrh rqfjDh j'Dk ukjhdk j?, fJj th gkfJnk iKdk j?fe Io{os g?D s/ n"osK Bz{ nkgDh ihtB^ftq~sh fsnkrD Bz{ fejk iKdk j?. ns/ fJ; gqeko UBK d/ gshnKdh ihtB^ftq~sh d/ w[ekpb/ UBK dh ihtB^ftq~sh Bz{ r"D ;wfMnk ikdk j?. fJ; Bkb n"osK ft~u e[zmktK g?dkj' iKdhnK jB ns/ e[M wkwfbnK ft~u fJ; Bkb wkBf;e fpwkohnK th j' ikdhnK jB. gqzs{ g/Av{ n"osKBz{ nfijhnK fpwkohnK dk ;kjwDk BjhA eoBk g?Adk.

fJ; s'A fJbktk fJj th d/fynk frnk j? fe Gkos ft~u bVehnK dh T[Zu ;so dh f;~fynk x~N S'N/ nkekotkb/ gfotko Bkb wj~stg{oD Yzr Bkb ;zpzfXs j?. ukj/ f;~fynk B/ n"osK dh ftnkj dh T[wo tXk fd~shj? ns/ iBw do Bz{ x~N eo fd~sk j? fco th fJ; Bkb dj/I d/ Bkb gkozgfoe ;o{g tkbh s?nP[dk(arranged) ftnkjK ft~u e'Jh w{bG{s gfotosB BjhA j'fJnk j?. wkorq/N ekow/e B/ ftPtfdnkb/ d/ 500ftfdnkoEhnK d/ nfXn?B s'A fJj gsk ehsk fe bVehnK ekb/i ikD ns/ bVfenK Bkb fwbDî[bD bJhfsnko ;B gqzs{ Uj nkgDk ftnkj nkgD/ wksk fgsk d[nkok s?n eokUDk ukj[zdhnK ;B. n"osK Bt/A w"e/ukj[zdhnK jB gqzs{ fJ; d/ Bkb Bkb Uj nkgDhnK g[okDhnK ;[o~fynktK dh th wzr eodhnK jB. Uj nkgDhBthA BthA ;[szsosk Bz{ g;zd eodhnK jB, gqzs{ g[okD/ w[~bK Bz{ th pDk e/ o~yDk ukj[zdhnK jB.

sbke ns/ g[Bo^ftnkj Bt/A s~E jB fiBK Bz{ n;hA Pfjoh n"osK ft~u gkUAd/ jK. n~i n"osK ekBz{Bh o{gBkb ftnkj^ft~S/d eoD ft~u nfXe gfjb eodhnK jB i/eo UBK Bz{ ftnkj s'A pknd ;zs[bB ;EkfgseoBk w[Pfeb brdk j?. j?okBh dh r~b fJj j? fe t~vh ;zfynk ft~u sbke n"osK d[nkok n;zs[bB ns/wkBf;e :ksBk d/ nkXko s/ wzfrnk ikdk j?.

okiBhfse o{g Bkb Pfjoh n"osK n~ie~b nfXe ;feqn jB. UBK n"osK dh ;zfynk i' u[Bkt bVdhnK jB,jo ;so s/ tXh j?. Uj wj~stg{oD okiBhfse gdK T[Zs/ ;~sko{V jB ns/ ;[szso okiBhfse ftukoXkoktKo~ydhnK jB. fJ; gqeko fJj Bshik e~fYnk ik ;edk j? fe fi~E/ g/Av{ n"osK nkofEe ns/ ;wkfie o{gBkb g[oPK T[Zs/ fBoGo jB, Pfjoh n"osK s[bBkswe o{g Bkb nfXe ;[szso jB.

PfjoheoD ns/ g/Av{ ihtB PfjoheoD ns/ g/Av{ ihtB PfjoheoD ns/ g/Av{ ihtB PfjoheoD ns/ g/Av{ ihtB PfjoheoD ns/ g/Av{ ihtB (Urbanization and Village Life)L L L L L fgSbh n~Xh Pskpdh s'A ;kv/ d/P ft~u Pfjoh ftek; d/ ekoD g/Av{ ftneshnK dk nfij/ Pfjoh y/soK ft~u nge/Adoh (centrifugal)gbkfJB j'fJnk j? fi~E/ gj[zuD bJh iBT[g:'rh ;/tktK nk;kBh Bkb T[gbpX ;B. eJh ftnesh PfjoKft~u fJ; bJh rJ/ feUAfe T[ZE/ o[Irko T[gbpX ;B. i' ni/ th fgzvK ft~u t;/ jB, UBK Bz{ Pfjoh ihtBdhnK ;[ftXktK T[gbpX jB ukj/ Uj Pfjoh e/AdoK s'A whbK d{o jB. tXhnk okiwkor, p;K ns/ w'NoK,o/vhU, N?bhftIB ns/ nypko g/Av{nK Bz{ Pfjoh o[Irko, ns/ Pfjoh nktk; ns/ g/Av{ ;zgoe B/ Bk e/tb;wkfie ;o{gK ft~u e[M gfotosB ehs/ jB gqzs{ ihtB dh fJ~e BthA P?bh Bkb ;zs[bB th ;Ekfgs ehskj?. g/Av{nK Bz{ j[D Pfjoh ihtB pko/ nfXe ikDekoh j? ns/ T[; Bkb Uj fJzB/ nfXe gqGkfts j'J/ jB fej[D Uj iksh, Xow nkfd Bz{ fInkdk wj~st BjhA fdzd/. Uj nkgD/ fdqPNhe'D ft~u nfXe T[dko j' rJ/jB. Uj j[D nbrkt BjhA o~yd/. eJh fe;kBK B/ y/sh dhnK BthAnK g~XshnK ngDk bJhnK jB. Bke/tb UBK d/ w[~bK ns/ fJ~SktK ft~u gfotosB nkfJnk j? gqzs{ UBK d/ fttjko ft~u th gfotosB j'fJnk

BroK ft~u n"osK dh eh ;fEsh j?<Nk;e


B ØN


j?. iiwkBh ftt;Ek ewI'o j' ojh j? ns/ nzsoiksh ns/ nzsotorh ;zpzXK ft~u gfotosB nk fojk j?.ftnkj, gfotko ns/ iksh dhnK gzukfJsK dhnK ;z;EktK ft~u th gfotosB j?. phwkohnK d/ T[guko bJhnkozfGe sohfenK T[Zs/ fBoGo ofjD dh pikJ/ j[D Uj nkX[fBe n?b'g?fEe dtkJhnK dk gq:'r eod/ jB.u[BktK ft~u th fJ;/ gqeko Uj fJ~e T[whdtko dh Xkofwe iK ;wkfie gqfsPmk dh EK T[; dhnK ywsktKns/ okiBhfse g[PmG{wh Bz{ wj~st fdzd/ jB.

gqzs{ fJ; dk noE fJj BjhA fe fgzvK ft~u j[D gozgoktK dk e'Jh wj~st BjhA j?. ftneshtkd gfotkotkd(familism) dh EK BjhA b? gkfJnk j?. ns/ Bk jh XowfBog~ysk T[; pzXB dk ;EkB rqfjD eo gkJh j?i' Xkofwe j?.

BroheoD dhnK ;w~f;nktK BroheoD dhnK ;w~f;nktK BroheoD dhnK ;w~f;nktK BroheoD dhnK ;w~f;nktK BroheoD dhnK ;w~f;nktK (Problems of Urbanization)LLLLL Pfjoh ;w~f;nktK nBzs jB. BPhb/gdkoEK dk ;/tB, fGqPNkuko ns/ p/o[Irkoh UBK ft~u'A e[M jB. n;hA UBK S/ rzGho ;w~f;nktK d/ gqGkty/so ns/ ftnkgesk dk ftPb/PD eoKr/ fiBK dk fJ; g[;se d/ d{i/ nfXnktK ft~u T[b/y BjhA j'fJnkj?. Uj jBL (i) nktk; ns/ rzdhnK p;shnK, (ii) GhV^GkV ns/ fBoftnesheoD (depersonalisa-tion), (iii) gkDh dh nkg{osh ns/ ib^fBek; (drainage), (iv) gfotjB ns/ :ksk:ks, (v) fpibh dhewh ns/ (vi) gqd{PD.

nktk; ns/ rzdhnK p;shnKnktk; ns/ rzdhnK p;shnKnktk; ns/ rzdhnK p;shnKnktk; ns/ rzdhnK p;shnKnktk; ns/ rzdhnK p;shnK (Housing and Slums)LLLLL PfjoK ft~u ftneshnK dk nktk; iKnktk;jhDsk (houselessness) Bz{ ysw eoBk fJ~e rzGho ;w~f;nk j?. ;oeko, T[d:'rgsh, g{zihgsh,;kj;h ftnesh (enterpreneurs), ftek; (developers) m/e/dko ns/ wekBdko (landlords) rohp ns/w~X tor d/ ftneshnK dhnK nktk; dhnK Io{osK Bz{ g{ok BjhA eo gkJ/ jB. fJ~e :{H n?BH nkJhH dhfog'oN d/ nB[;ko (fd fjzd[;skB NkJhwI, 9 wJh, 1988), Gkos d/ ;G s'A t~v/ BroK ft~u PfjohiB;zfynk d/ fJ~e u"EkJh ns/ n~X/ d/ ft~u ftnesh ezwubkT{ EktK ns/ rzdhnK p;shnK ft~u ofjzd/ jB.d/P d/ e[b gfotkoK ft~u'A x~N s'A x~N 15H0# ‘nktk; s'A tzfus’ jB, xoK d/ 60# s'A nfXe ft~u o"PBhns/ jtk dhnK ;[ftXktK Bkekch jB. ns/ 80# g/Av{ iB;zfynk ns/ 30# Pfjoh iB;zfynk e~u/ wekBKft~u ofjzd/ jB. b~yK ftneshnK Bz{ pj[s fInkdk feokfJnk d/Dk g?Adk j? i' UBK d/ ;kXBK s'A go/ j[zdk j?.;kvh bkG^nfGw[y noEftt;Ek ft~u fBih ftek;eK ns/ p;shnK dk fBowkD eoD tkfbnK Bz{ rohp ns/fBwB w~X tor d/ ftneshnK bJh PfjoK ft~u wekB pDkUD s'A e[M bkG BjhA j[zdk. fJ; dh pikJ/ Ujnwho ns/ T[Zu w~X tor dhnK nktk;h Io{osK dh g{osh T[Zs/ nkgDk fXnkB e/Adfos eod/ jB. fJ;d/ cb;o{g feokJ/ tX/ jB. e[M T[gbpX wekBK d/ bJh feokJ/ dk w[ekpbk j[zdk j?. brGr n~Xh iB;zfynke'b yokp wekB jB iK Uj nkgD/ t/sB dk 20# feokJ/ T[Zs/ you eod/ jB. e[M okiK ft~u nktk;BwzvbK (Housing Boards) ns/ Bro ftek; gqkfXeoDK (City Development Authorities) B/ Pfjo dhnktk;h ;w~f;nk dk ihtB phwk fBrw, j[ve' (HUDCO) ns/ fJ; gqeko dhnK j'o J/iz;hnK dh ;feqnft~sh wdd d[nkok j~b eoD dh e'fPP ehsh j?. Uj wekB dh g{oh ehws wkf;e fePsK s~e ft~u b? b?Ad/jB ns/ 9# s'A 18# s~e ftnki b?Ad/ jB. gqzs{ fJzihfBno ns/ m/e/dko fJBK ;oekoh e'fPPK s'A pj[sewkUAd/ jB. Uj fBowkD ft~u xNhnk wkb brkUAd/ jB ns/ fBoXkfos fBod/PK (specifications) dkT[bzxD eod/ j'J/ GtBK dk fBowkD eod/ jB. yohdD tkb/ Bz{ S/sh jh gsk ub iKdk j? fe Ss Ngedhj?, u{Bk MVD brdk j?, ezXK ft~u dokoK g? iKdhnK jB. fpibh d/ ;kI'̂ ;kwkB (fittings) yokp j'D brd/jB. fJ; gqeko d/ ezwK Bkb nktk;B wzvb ns/ Uj E'V/ fij/ JhwkBdko nc;o, i' fJ; gqeko dhnK nktk;h:'iBktK Bkb ;zpzfXs j[zd/ jB, pdBkw j' iKd/ jB. fJ; bJh e'Jh j?okBh BjhA fe n~i th PfjoK ft~unktk;h ;w~f;nk e/tb o'Nh ns/ e~gV/ s'A pknd ;G s'A fteokb ;w~f;nk pDh j'Jh j?.

;~sthA :'iBk d/ nkozG ft~u wekBK dhnK nB[wkfBs fJekJhnK brGr 25H0 fwbhnB ;B. Pfjoh y/soKft~u 1990 s~e fJj ewh 9H7 fwbhnB ns/ 1999 s~e 18 fwbhnB fJekJhnK s~e tX ikD dh ;zGktBk;h. fJ~eb/ fd~bh ft~u, fi~E/ 1957 ns/ 1998 d/ ftueko 2 fwbhnB s'A 11H2 fwbhnB dh iB;zfynk ft~utkXk j'fJnk, jo ;kb 60,000 ftneshnK dk tkXk j' iKdk j? fiBK Bz{ Bt/A nktk; gqdkB eoD dh Io{osj[zdh j?. fJ~e :{H n?BH nkJhH dh fog'oN d/ nB[;ko fd~bh dh iB;zfynk d/ brGr 70# ftnesh fBwB;sodhnK gfo;fEshnK ft~u ofjzd/ jB. d/P dhnK rzdhnK p;shnK dh 1998 ft~u brGr 50 fwbhnB


B ØN


iB;zfynk ;h. fJ; ft~u fd~bh ft~u T[; dh iB;zfynk d/ 44# rzdhnK p;shnK (M[~rh^M"AgVh) ft~u ofjzd/;B, w[zpJh dh M"AgVg~Nh ns/ ukb ft~u 45H0#, ebe~sk dhnK p;shnK ft~u 42H0# ns/ u/BzJh dhu/ohI ft~u 39H0#. pzrb"o, j?dokpkd, nfjwdkpkd, ekBg[o, g[D/, Bkrg[o ns/ i?g[o d/ n~m j'o wjKBroKft~u ;fEsh fJ; s'A uzrh BjhA j?. ;oekoh e'fPPK d/ pkti{d rzdhnK p;shnK dh iB;zfynk dh nrb/ gzi;kbK ft~u (noEks 2005 JhH s~e) pj[s nfXe tXD dh ;zGktBk j?. fJ; Bkb nktk;h ;w~f;nk ns/ rzdrhj'o tX/rh. nkpkdeko (squatter) p;shnK d/ ftek; dk eqw j?, ftnesh, G{wh (;EkB), nkPow ns/;/tktK. ftnesh ;G s'A gfjbK fJ~e nfijh EK dk u[Bkt eod/ jB i' UBK dh ;wkfie ns/ nkofEeIo{osK dh g{osh eodk j?, fco nkPow xoK dk fBowkD eod/ jB ns/ fco nkofEe Io{osK dh g{osheodk j?, fco nkPow xoK dk fBowkD eod/ jB ns/ fco e[M ;wK pshs j'D s'A pknd fJj ;/tktK d/nkUD dk fJzsIko eod/ jB, ukj/ p;shnK ftneshnK dhnK Io{osK g{ohnK eodhnK jB, gqzs{ Uj Pfjodh :'iBk d/ fB:wK Bz{ Gzr eodhnK jB. fJ; bJh j[D fJj wzfBnk iKdk j? fe toswkB ft~u ftek; dkeqw j'Dk ukjhdk j?L G{wh (;EkB), ftnesh, ;jkok ns/ ;/tktK. j[D ;oeko B/ rohpK Bz{ x~N ehws tkb/nD^n"gukfoe nktk;h T[d:'frehnK Bz{ ngBkUD bJh T[s;kfjs eoD s'A fJbktk eJh j'o :'iBktK thpDkJhnK jB ns/ j'o nfXe uzr/ wekB pDkUD bJh T[s;kj d/D bJh eJh fonkfJsK fd~shnK jB. fJBKft~u okPNoh nktk;h p?Ae Bz{ 100 eo'V o[gJ/ dk :'rdkB, 100 eo'V o[gJ/ d/ ;zfrqj (corpus) Bkb fJ~et~y ;wkfie ;[o~fynk e'P (social security fund) dh ;EkgBk ns/ okPNoh nB[;{fus iksh ns/ nB[;{fusiBiksh ft~sh ns/ ftek; fBrw dk rmB Pkfwb j?.

GhV^GkV ns/ fBoftnesheoD GhV^GkV ns/ fBoftnesheoD GhV^GkV ns/ fBoftnesheoD GhV^GkV ns/ fBoftnesheoD GhV^GkV ns/ fBoftnesheoD (Crowding and Depersonalisation)LLLLL GhV^GkV (iB;zfynk dk;zxDkgD) ns/ ftneshnK dh d{i/ ftneshnK dhnK ;w~f;nktK (fiBK ft~u UBK d/ gV";hnK dhnK;w~f;nktK th Pfwb jB) gqsh T[dk;hBsk fJ~e d{ih ;w~f;nk j? i' Pfjoh ihtB ft~u g?dk j' ojh j?.e[M xoK ft~u J/Bh GhV^GkV j? fe gzi iK S/ ftnesh fJ~e jh ewo/ ft~u ofjzd/ jB. e[M PfjoK d/nV";^gV"; ft~u pj[s nfXe GhV^GkV j?. GhV^GkV d/ eJh jkBhekoe gqGkt j[zd/ jB. fJj ftufbsfttjko Bz{ tXktk fdzdh j?, phwkohnK c?bkUAdh j? ns/ wkBf;e phwkohnK, wfdokgkB ns/ ;zgodkfJedzfrnK bJh gfo;fEshnK g?dk eodh j?. xD/ Pfjoh nktk; dk fJ~e gqGkt T[dk;hBsk j[zdk j?. Pfjo ft~uofjD tkb/ d{finK d/ wkwb/ ft~u BjhA g?Dk ukj[zd/. fJ~E'A s~e fe ftnesh d[oxNBkrq;s j' iKd/ jB, szrehs/ iKd/ jB, UBK T[Zs/ jwbk ehsk iKdk j?, GikfJnk iKdk j? ns/ UBK dh j~fsnk s~e eo fd~sh ikdhj? ns/ nfij/ ;w/A ft~u j'o ftnesh e/tb yV/ d/yd/ ofjzd/ jB.

ib^nkg{osh ns/ ib^fBek; ib^nkg{osh ns/ ib^fBek; ib^nkg{osh ns/ ib^fBek; ib^nkg{osh ns/ ib^fBek; ib^nkg{osh ns/ ib^fBek; (Water Supply and Drainage)L L L L L n;hA nfij/ uoD ft~u gj[zu rJ/ jKfi~E/ fe;/ th Pfjo ft~u u"th xzN/ gkDh dh nkg{osh BjhA j[zdh j?. o[e o[e e/ nkg{osh eoD Bkb ykbh gkDhdhnK bkJhBK ft~u ykbh ;EkB (vacuum) T[sgzB j' iKdk j? fi; Bkb bkJhBK d/ fo;d/ j'J/ i'V (leaking joint)rzd/ gdkoEK (pollutants) Bz{ fy~u b?Ad/ jB. u/BzJh, j?dokpkd, okie'N, niw/o ns/ T[d/g[o fij/ PfjoK ft~uBrogkfbektK fJ~e fdB ft~u fJ~e xzN/ s'A th x~N ib nkg{osh eodhnK jB. eJh S'N/ e;fpnK ft~u gqw[~yib nkg{osh j[zdh jh BjhA ns/ Uj fNT{pt?bK T[Zs/ fBoGo j[zd/ jB. pzrb"o ft~u brGr 700 whNo fbcN eoe/ gkDh fbnKdk ikdk j?. eJh e;fpnK ns/ PfjoK ft~u fi~E/ jo ;kb uzrh toyk j[zdh ;h fgSb/ d' fszB ;kbKs'A gkDh dh pj[s fInkdk ewh j'D b~rh j?. fi; uhI dk p[oh soK nGkt j? Uj j? okPNoh ib Bhsh i' ;zg{oDib ;z;kXBK dk nKebD eo/ ns/ fco gkDh dh tzv eo/. fJj ftsoD 1987 ft~u fd~bh ft~u j'Jh T[Zu ;sohp?me d/ pkti{d j? fi; dk T[d/P ghD d/ gkDh dhnK Io{osK Bz{ gfjb d/Dk ;h.

id'A n;hA gkDh dh nkg{osh d/ d{i/ gk;/ d/yd/ jK, noEks ib^fBek;, sK ;fEsh J/Bh jh yokp j?. fJ~er~b i' Gkos d/ pko/ ft~u pj[s x~N b'e ikDd/ jB, Uj fJj j? fe fJ~E/ fJ~e th Pfjo nfijk BjhA j? fi~E/g{oh soK Bkb wb^ft;oiB Bkb/ j'D. uzvhrV fijk fB:'fis Pfjo th fJ; ftfPPNsk dk dktk BjhA eo;edk feUAfe T[; ft~u ns/ T[; d/ nk;^gk; d/ nD^nfXfeqs fBowkD gqw[~y ftt;Ek d/ y/so s'A pkjojB. ib^fBek; ftt;Ek d/ Bk j'D Bkb rowh d/ wjhfBnK ft~u jo Pfjo ft~u iw/ j'J/ gkDh d/ t~v/ t~v/y~v/ d/y/ ik ;ed/ jB. fi; soK ;kBz{ fJ~e okPNoh ib Bhsh dh Io{os j?, T[;/ soK ;kBz{ fJ~e okPNohns/ y/soh ib^fBek; Bhsh dh th Io{os j?.


B ØN


gfotjB ns/ :ksk:ks gfotjB ns/ :ksk:ks gfotjB ns/ :ksk:ks gfotjB ns/ :ksk:ks gfotjB ns/ :ksk:ks (Transportation and Traffic)L L L L L gfotjB ns/ :ksk:ks dh s;tho ;G GkoshPfjoK ft~u uzrh BjhA j?. fInkdkso ftnesh p;K ns/ N?Ag' dk fJ;s/wkb eod/ jB ns/ e[M o/b dk gfotjBftt;Ek d/ o{g ft~u fJ;s/wkb eod/ jB. ;e{NoK, w'No^;kJhebK, w'g/vK ns/ ekoK dh pdbh j'Jh ;zfynk:ksk:ks ;w~f;nk Bz{ j'o th nfXe yokp eodh j?. Uj X{zJ/ ns/ P'o Bkb jtk Bz{ gqd{fPs eod/ jB. fd~bh,w[zpJh, u/BzJh ns/ ebe~sk fij/ wjKBroK ft~u ubdhnK p;K dh ;zfynk ekch BjhA j?. :ksok eoD tkfbnKBz{ p;K bJh fJ~e iK d' xzN/ s~e fJzsIko eoBk g?Adk j?. fi; dk noE fJj j[zdk j? fe UBK Bz{ nkgD/ ezw dhEK s/ gj[zuD bJh ;t/o/ d' xzN/ gfjbK xo s'A fB~ebDk g?Adk j? ns/ Pkw Bz{ th d' xzN/ pknd Uj xo gj[zud/ jB.fJ; go/PkBh dk w[~y ekoD fJj j? fe :ksohnK dk x~N t/sB UBK Bz{ ;;s/ wekBK tkb/ y/soK ft~u ofjD bJhwip{o eodk j? fi; d/ cb;o{g UBK Bz{ bzph :ksok eoBh g?Adh j?. fJ; s'A fJbktk feUAfe ;kv/ Bkrfoe iBgfotjB ftt;Ek bJh nfXe feokJ/ BjhA d/ ;ed/, feokJ/ x~N o~yD/ g?Ad/ jB. fJ; ekoD Pfjo dhnKp; ;/tktK Bz{ fJzB/ ;kbkBk B[e;kB T[mkUD/ g?Ad/ jB fe Uj n;b ft~u tX jh BjhA ;edhnK iK Pfjo dhnKIo{osK Bz{ g{ok eoD bJh g{oh ;zfynk ft~u p;K ubk BjhA ;edhnK.

fpibh dh ewh fpibh dh ewh fpibh dh ewh fpibh dh ewh fpibh dh ewh (Power Shortage)L L L L L :ksk:ks Bkb BIdhe s'A i[Vh ;w~f;nk fpibh dh ewh j?. fJ~egk;/ PfjoK ft~u fpibh d/ ;kI'^;kwkB dk pj[s gqubB j' frnk j? ns/ d{i/ gk;/ Bt/A T[d:'rK d/ ;Ekfgsj'D Bkb ns/ g[okD/ T[d:'rK d/ ft;sko Bkb th fpibh T[Zs/ fBoGosk tX rJh j?. fInkdkso oki nkgDhIo{os nB[;ko fpibh T[sgkdB eoD dh ;fEsh ft~u BjhA jB fi; d/ cb;o{g UBK Bz{ gV'; d/ okiK T[Zs/fBoGo ofjDk g?Adk j?. d' okiK ft~u fpibh dh ;gbkJh T[Zs/ MrVk j' ikD Bkb Pfjo ft~u ftneshnKbJh fpibh dh fGnzeo ;zeN^;fEsh T[sgzB j' iKdh j?.

gqd{PD gqd{PD gqd{PD gqd{PD gqd{PD (Pollution)L L L L L ;kv/ Pfjo ns/ e;p/ gfonktoD Bz{ w[~y o{g Bkb gqd{fPs eod/ jB. eJh PfjonkgD/ g{o/ rzd/ gkDh ns/ T[d:'fre e{V/ dk 40# s'A 60# s~e n;z;kfXXs o{g ft~u (untreated) nkgD/BIdhe dhnK BdhnK ft~u pjk fdzd/ jB. S'N/ s'A S'Nk e;pk nkgD/ e{V/ ns/ wb Bz{ nkgDhnK y[~bhnK BkbhnKd/ iohJ/ fBeNsw Bfjo ft~u pjk fdzdk j?. Pfjoh T[d:'r tksktoD Bz{ nkgDhnK fuwBhnK s'A fB~ebd/j'J/ X{zJ/ ns/ ijohbh r?;K Bkb gqd{fPs eod/ jB.

Pfjoh ;w~f;nktK d/ ekoD Pfjoh ;w~f;nktK d/ ekoD Pfjoh ;w~f;nktK d/ ekoD Pfjoh ;w~f;nktK d/ ekoD Pfjoh ;w~f;nktK d/ ekoD (Causes of Urban Problems)LLLLL w?ep/ ns/ nkoEo P'PNe, fiBK B/nwohek ft~u Pfjoh ;w~f;nktK Bz{ uko ekoeK Bkb i'fVnk j?, dk nB[;oD eod/ j'J/ n;hA Gkos ft~u PfjohihtB dhnK ;w~f;nktK d/ gzi fBwBKfes ekoDK dh gfjukD eo ;ed/ jKL (i) Pfjo ft~u ns/ Pfjo s'Apkjo gqt;B (migration), (ii) T[d:'fre ftek;, (iii) ;oeko dh T[dk;hBsk, (iv) d'Pg{oD Bro:'iBktK ns/ (v) fBfjs ;tkoE dhnK PeshnK.

gqt;B gqt;B gqt;B gqt;B gqt;B (Migration)L L L L L ftnesh BroK t~b gbkfJB fJ; bJh eod/ jB feUAfe T[ZE/ o[Irko d/ fInkdkuzr/ w"e/ j[zd/ jB. Gkos ft~u gqt;B d/ uko ;o{g jBL fgzv s'A fgzv, fgzv s'A Bro, Bro s'A Bro ns/Bro s'A fgzv. ukj/ fgzv s'A fgzv gqt;B ni/ ;G s'A nfXe gqu~fbs gbkfJB dk o{g j? gqzs{ fgzv s'A Brons/ Bro s'A Bro gqt;B th J/Bk jh wj~stg{oD j?. 1991 d/ iBrDBk d/ nKeV/ d~;d/ jB fe 64H5#gqeoDK ft~u gqt;B fgzv s'A fgzv t~b ;h, 17H7# gqeoDK ft~u fJj fgzv s'A Bro t~b ;h. fJ; bJh fib/ft~u gqt;B (x~N d{oh dk gqt;B), nzso^fibk, iK nzso okiK ft~u gqt;B (w~X d{oh dk gqt;B) ns/nzsooki gqt;B (bzph d{oh dk gqt;B) dk ftPb/PD fJj d~;dk j? fe brGr 68H0# gqt;B x~N d{oh d/jB, 21H0# w~Xw d{oh d/ jB ns/ 11H0# bzph d{oh d/ gqt;B jB.

g/Av{ rohpK d/ Pfjo ft~u gqt/P oki d/ ;o'sK Bz{ x~N eod/ jB. d{i/ gk;/ n~ie~b XBtkB ftnesh T[g^Brohy/soK ft~u ofjDk nfXe g;zd eod/ jB. XBtkB ftneshnK d/ gbkfJB Bkb Bro Bz{ ft~sh jkBh j[zdhj?. fJ; gqeko dk Pfjo ft~u gqt;B ns/ Pfjo s'A d{o gqt;B Bkb ;w~f;nktK tXdhnK jB.

T[d:'fre ftek; T[d:'fre ftek; T[d:'fre ftek; T[d:'fre ftek; T[d:'fre ftek; (Industrial Growth)LLLLL Gkos ft~u fi~E/ Broh iB;zfynk ftek; do 4H0# j?,T[d:'fre ftek; do 6H0# j?. 9thA gzi ;kbk :'iBk dh nfGXkoDk j? fe T[d:'fre ftek; do 8H0#gqsh;kb j't/rh. fJj ftek; PfjoK dh tXdh j'Jh o[Irko dhnK Io{osK Bz{ g{ohnK eo/rk. shik yzv(tertiary sector) th gqtk;hnK Bz{ ;jkok gqdkB eodk j? ukj/ UBK dh nkwdBh pj[s x~N j[zdh j?.


B ØN


;oeko dh T[dk;hBsk ;oeko dh T[dk;hBsk ;oeko dh T[dk;hBsk ;oeko dh T[dk;hBsk ;oeko dh T[dk;hBsk (Apathy of the Government)LLLLL ;kv/ BroK dh gqPk;fBe nftt;Ek thBrotk;hnK dh go/PkBh bJh fIzw/dko j?. Brogkfbek dhnK ;oekoK Bro d/ ftek; d/ Bkb Bkb gqrshBjhA eo gkJhnK jB ukj/ Uj ;EkB dh fdqPNh (spatially) Bkb j'D iK fco gqpzX dhnK T[g;zouBktK(management infrastructures) dh fdqPNh Bkb. Gft~y bJh :'iBk pDkUD bJh Bk sK ;zebg j? ns/Bk jh ywsk. i' j[D s~e pfDnk j'fJnk j? T[; d/ gqpzX bJh ekoiê[Pbsk ns/ ywsk BjhA j?. id'A s~en;hA PfjoK dh nkgDk Pk;B ubkUD dh ywsk Bz{ BjhA ;[Xkod/, T[d'A s~e n;hA Pfjoh rVpVh T[Zs/ ekp{BjhA gk ;ed/. d{i/ gk;/ oki ;oekoK th ;EkfBe ;oekoK T[Zs/ eJh Pfjoh ;w~f;nktK d/ j~bK bJh Io{ohg?;/ i[NkUD T[Zs/ eJh gqshpzX brk fdzdhnK jB.

d'Pg{oD Bro :'iBk d'Pg{oD Bro :'iBk d'Pg{oD Bro :'iBk d'Pg{oD Bro :'iBk d'Pg{oD Bro :'iBk (Defective Town Planning)LLLLL Bkrfoe ;/tktK d/ ;so ft~u ftnkge froktNdk fJ~e nfXe j?okB eoD tkbk ekoe j? ;kv/ nk:'ieK ns/ gqPk;eK ft~u tXdh j'Jh wip{oh dh GktBk.:'iBk nk:'r s'A j/mK ;kv/ wjKBroK d/ nfB:zsfos ftek; gqsh fJ~e Gkrtkdh ;thfeqsh brdh j?.BroheoD d/ okPNoh nk:'r d/ w?ApoK dk wzBDk j? fe ekBg[o, fd~bh, w[zpJh nkfd PfjoK s~e bJh e[Mth BjhA ehsk ik ;edk.

fBfjs ;tkoE dhnK PeshnK fBfjs ;tkoE dhnK PeshnK fBfjs ;tkoE dhnK PeshnK fBfjs ;tkoE dhnK PeshnK fBfjs ;tkoE dhnK PeshnK (Vested Interest Forces)LLLLL Broh ;w~f;nktK dk nzfsw ekoD j? fBfjs;tkoEK dhnK PeshnK i' iBsk d/ fto[~X ezw eodhnK jB gqzs{ fBih tgkoe ;tkoEK ns/ bkGK Bz{ tXkUAdhnKjB. id'A fJj PeshPkbh ftfPPN ftnesh nfXe g?;k pDk ;ed/ jB sK Uj :'iBktK ns/ gq'rokw pDkUAd/;w/A fJBK dh gotkjh BjhA eod/ fe fJ; gqfeqnk ft~u fezB/ ftneshnK Bz{ jkBh j't/rh.

Broh ;w~f;nktK d/ j~b Broh ;w~f;nktK d/ j~b Broh ;w~f;nktK d/ j~b Broh ;w~f;nktK d/ j~b Broh ;w~f;nktK d/ j~b (Solutions to Urban Problems)LLLLL i/eo n;hA Broh ;w~f;nktK dk j~b eoBkukj[zd/ jK sK ;kBz{ e[M T[gkn eoB/ g?Dr/. fJ; ;zpzX ft~u fBwBKfes n~m T[gktK d/ ;[Mkn fd~s/ ik ;ed/ jBL

Broh e/AdoK dk :'iBkpZX ftek; ns/ o[Irko d/ w"fenK dk f;qiD Broh e/AdoK dk :'iBkpZX ftek; ns/ o[Irko d/ w"fenK dk f;qiD Broh e/AdoK dk :'iBkpZX ftek; ns/ o[Irko d/ w"fenK dk f;qiD Broh e/AdoK dk :'iBkpZX ftek; ns/ o[Irko d/ w"fenK dk f;qiD Broh e/AdoK dk :'iBkpZX ftek; ns/ o[Irko d/ w"fenK dk f;qiD (Systematic Develop-ment of Urban Centres and Creation of Job Opportunities)LLLLL ;kvhnK Broh ;w~f;nktK dk fJ~ewj~stg{oD j~b s/Ih Bkb ftef;s j[zd/ j'J/ Broh e/AdoK dk :'iBkpZX ftek; ns/ fBt/P d/ ekoieqw dh:'iBk pDkUDk j? fi; Bkb nrb/ 10 ;kbK ft~u g{o/ d/P ft~u t~vh ;zfynk ft~u ;[ftsfos Broh e/Ado pDikdr/. j[D s~e n;hA nkgDk fXnkB nkH nkoH vhH ghH, n?BH nkoH JhH ghH ns/ nkoH n?bH JhH ihH ghHekoieqwK d/ d[nkok g/Av{ y/soK ft~u t/sB T[Zs/ o[Irkoh fdbtkUD T[Zs/ e/Adfos eo oj/ jK fi; Bkb feftnesh fgzvK ft~u jh t;/ ofjD. id'A fe g/Av{ o[Irko T[gbpX eokUD dk pj[s noE j?, gqzs{ fJj nkgD/nkg ft~u ekch BjhA j?. y/sh ft~u bkGekoh o[Irko fJ~e ;hwk s'A pknd T[gbpX eotkUDk ;zGt BjhA . fJ;T[d/P bJh ;kBz{ UBK ekoieqwK T[Zs/ pb d/Dk j't/rk i' ftneshnK d/ BroK s'A GoD^g'PD bJhpj[êkoikswe rshftXhnK d/ w"e/ gqdkB eo ;eD.

Broh :'iBk d/ Bkb Bkb y/soh :'iBk Broh :'iBk d/ Bkb Bkb y/soh :'iBk Broh :'iBk d/ Bkb Bkb y/soh :'iBk Broh :'iBk d/ Bkb Bkb y/soh :'iBk Broh :'iBk d/ Bkb Bkb y/soh :'iBk (Regional Planning along with City Planning)LLLLL Broh:'iBk brGr BroK ft~u jh e/Adfos j[zdh j?. n;hA ;dk e;p/ ns/ Bro dh :'iBk dh r~b eod/ jK. gqzs{g{o/ y/so d/ fB:'fis ftek; dh ed/ BjhA fi; Bkb fe iB;zfynk dk ftt/eg{oD Yzr Bkb ft;oiB j' ;e/ns/ rshftXhnK dk mhe soK ftsoD j' ;e/. Bro dh :'iBk pDkUDk fJ~e ;jh j~b j? gqzs{ y/soh :'iBkfJ~e fInkdk ;EkJh j~b j' ;edk j?. T[dkjoD bJh BroK ft~u rzdhnK p;shnK ft~u ofjD tkfbnKBz{ Bro ftek; gqkfXeoDK d[nkok wekB T[gbpX eotkUD dh pikJ/ i/eo y/soh :'iBk d[nkokgqtk;hnK Bz{ j'o y/soK ft~u G/i fd~sk ikt/ fi~E/ nkeoPe o[Irko T[gbpX jB sK w"i{dk PfjoK d/ ftek;dh rsh o'eh ik ;edh j?. j[D ;wK nk frnk j? fe B"thA gzi ;kbk :'iBk ft~u Gkos ;oeko okiK dhy/soh :'iBk ;zrmBK Bz{ ;Ekfgs eoD ns/ noEg{oD y/soh nktk; :'iBktK pDkUD ft~u wdd eo/.

T[d:'rK Bz{ fgSV/ y/soK ft~u ikD bJh T[s;kfjs eoBk T[d:'rK Bz{ fgSV/ y/soK ft~u ikD bJh T[s;kfjs eoBk T[d:'rK Bz{ fgSV/ y/soK ft~u ikD bJh T[s;kfjs eoBk T[d:'rK Bz{ fgSV/ y/soK ft~u ikD bJh T[s;kfjs eoBk T[d:'rK Bz{ fgSV/ y/soK ft~u ikD bJh T[s;kfjs eoBk (Encouraging Industries to Moveto Backward Areas)LLLLL G{wh w[~b fBoXkoD Bhsh, i' G{wh d/ t~v/ yzv pj[s x~N w[~b ft~u fdzdh j?, Bz{ d[pkokfB:'fis eoBk gt/rk fi; Bkb T[d:'r fgSV/ y/soK$fifbnK ft~u ikD bJh T[s;kfjs j'D. fJ; BkbwjKBroK ns/ t~v/ BroK dk o/fye ftek; o[e ikt/rk. t~v/ BroK ft~u ns/ UBK d/ nk;^gk; dh ;zGkftsnfXe ehws dh G{wh Bz{ b? e/ T[; Bz{ pknd ft~u g{oh ehws t;{b eoD dh oki dh Bhsh T[Zs/ th rzGhoskBkb ftuko eoBk ukjhdk j?.


B ØN


BrogkfbektK dk nkgD/ ft~sh ;kXB y'iDk BrogkfbektK dk nkgD/ ft~sh ;kXB y'iDk BrogkfbektK dk nkgD/ ft~sh ;kXB y'iDk BrogkfbektK dk nkgD/ ft~sh ;kXB y'iDk BrogkfbektK dk nkgD/ ft~sh ;kXB y'iDk (Municipalities to Find own FinancialResources)LLLLL ftnesh BrogkfbektK Bz{ eo d/D ft~u nkg~sh BjhA eod/ i/eo UBK dk g?;k ;VeK d/o~yôykt bJh, BkbhnK dh ftt;Ek bJh, gkDh dh ewh Bz{ x~N eoD bJh ns/ fpibh T[gbpX eotkUDbJh mhe gqeko Bkb tofsnk ikt/.fJj r~b ;G Bz{ gsk j? fe BroK ft~u ;kXBK dh ewh j?. i/eoBrogkfbek d/ fGqPN eowukohnK Bz{ fBtkoe (deterrent) dzv fd~sk ikt/ sK e'Jh ekoD BjhA feBrogkfbek fBrwK Bz{ Brotk;hnK s'A g?;k iwk eoD ft~u e'Jh efmBkJh j't/. fJ~e Bro Bz{ nkgD/ ftek;T[Zs/ ehs/ rJ/ you dk Gko nkg b?Dk ukjhdk j?. oki ;oeko d[nkok Gkoh ft~sh ;jkfJsk gqdkB eoBkw[Pfeb j[zdk ik fojk j?. ;zgsh, gkDh ns/ fpibh d/ eoK Bz{ ;zP'fXs eo e/ g?;k fJ~emk ehsk ik ;edkj? ns/ Io{oh ;[y^;[ftXktK gqdkB eoD bJh nfXe g?;k gqsh ftnesh gqsh ;kb T[gbpX eokfJnk ik ;edkj?. id'A e'Jh BtK T[d:'r iK tgko Bro ft~u iK T[; d/ x/o/ ft~u brkfJnk iKdk j? sK T[; T[Zs/ Gkoheo brkfJnk ik ;edk j? fi; Bkb fe Brogkfbek Bz{ j'o XB gqkgs j' ;e/.

fBih gfotjB Bz{ gq's;kjB fBih gfotjB Bz{ gq's;kjB fBih gfotjB Bz{ gq's;kjB fBih gfotjB Bz{ gq's;kjB fBih gfotjB Bz{ gq's;kjB (Encouraging Private Transport)LLLLL Bro gfotjB T[Zs/ oki dkJ/ekfXeko feUA j'Dk ukjhdk j?< id'A gfotjB oki eowukohnK d[nkok ubkfJnk iKdk j? sK fJj gkfJnkiKdk j? fe Uj pj[s pdswhI ns/ em'o fjodk j' iKd/ jB. Nq/v :{fBnB dk ;woEB UBK Bz{ tko tkojVskb T[Zs/ ikD Bz{ T[s;kfjs eodk j?. fJ; bJh fJj Io{oh j? fe fBih gfotjB Bz{ T[s;kfjs ehskikt/. fBih y/so ft~u ubkJh rJh p; ns/ N?Ag' ;/tktK e[M nfXe feokfJnk t;{b eoDrhnK gqzs{ :ksohnfXe uzrhnK ;/tktK Bz{ d/yd/ j'J/ fJ; T[Zs/ nkg~sh BjhA eoDr/.

feokfJnk fB:zsoD ekBz{BK ft~u ;zP'XB feokfJnk fB:zsoD ekBz{BK ft~u ;zP'XB feokfJnk fB:zsoD ekBz{BK ft~u ;zP'XB feokfJnk fB:zsoD ekBz{BK ft~u ;zP'XB feokfJnk fB:zsoD ekBz{BK ft~u ;zP'XB (Amendment of Rent Control Acts)LLLLL ekBz{B, i' Bt/A wekB pDkUD iK wekBK d/ feokJ/ d/D T[Zs/ o'e brkUAd/ jB, ft~u ;zP'XB eoBk ukjhdk j?. fejVk nfijkwekB wkfbe j't/rk i' d' ewfonK d/ wekB T[Zs/ brGr fJ~e b~y o[fgnk brkt/ ns/ T[; Bz{ d; s'A thj;kb bJh 300 o[gJ/ feokJ/ T[Zs/ d/t/ ns/ T[; e'b fJj nfXeko th Bk j't/ fe Uj feokfJnk tXk ;e/ iKT[fus ekoDK d/ j[zd/ j'J/ th T[; Bz{ ykbh Bk eok ;e/. wjKokPNo ns/ oki;EkB B/ feokfJnk fB:zsoDekBz{B ft~u ;zP'XB eoD dh gfjb ehsh j? fi; Bkb jIkoK wekB feokJ/ T[Zs/ T[gbpX j' rJ/ jB. d{i/okiK ft~u th fJ; gqeko d/ edw dk ;tkrs j't/rk.

fttjkfoe nktk;h Bhsh ngBkUDk fttjkfoe nktk;h Bhsh ngBkUDk fttjkfoe nktk;h Bhsh ngBkUDk fttjkfoe nktk;h Bhsh ngBkUDk fttjkfoe nktk;h Bhsh ngBkUDk (Adopting Pragmatic Housing Policy)LLLLL wJh 1988 ft~u e/Ado;oeko B/ fJ~e okPNoh nktk;h Bhsh (National Housing Policy) pDkJh ;h fi; dk T[d/P Pskpdh d/ nzss~e nktk;jhDsk (homelessness) Bz{ ysw eoBk ;h ns/ nktk; dh r[D t~sk Bz{ tXk e/ fJ~e fBPfus x~Ns'A x~N ;so T[Zs/ fbnkUD ;h. fJj Bhsh fpbe[b nfttjkfoe brdh ;h. gqzs{ j[D fJj fJ~e nfijk ;[gBkbrdk j? i' ;zB 2010 s~e g{ok j'Dk n;zGt brdk j?. ;oekoh Bhsh ns/ :'iBk Bz{ nfXe fttjkfoe j'Dk ukjhdkj?. fJ; dk noE fJj BjhA fe n?BH n?uH ghH dh gfoebgBk ftt/ejhD j?. n?BH n?uH ghH dh oDBhsh ftnkgej?/. T[; ft~u fJj e'fPP ehsh rJh j? fe wekBK Bz{ pDkUD bJh ft~s ;obsk Bkb T[gbpX j' ;e/ ns/ IwhBns/ wekB pDkUD dk wkB T[fus ehwsK T[Zs/ fwb ;e/. T[; ft~u GtB fBowksktK Bz{ Bt/A gqeko d/ fBowkDd/ ;kwkB dk gq:'r eoD bJh T[s;kfjs eoD dk T[d/P th j?. fJ; s'A fJbktk Uj G{̂ wbehns, G{wh nfXrqfjDns/ Brogkfbek d/ nfXfB:wK ns/ feokJ/ d/ ekBz{BK T[Zs/ g[Boftuko eoD dh e'fPP eodk j?. gqzs{ fJj ;Gg/uhdk ;w~f;nktK jB. n?BH n?uH ghH XBtkB ftek;eK, G{whgshnK ns/ m/e/dkoK t~b nfGw[y j?. n?BH n?uHghH Bz{ oki;h wekBK (luxurious) d/ pDB Bz{ fBo^T[s;kfjs eoBk ukjhdk j? ns/ ;fjekoh ns/ ;w{fjs nktk;h;z;EktK Bz{ T[s;kfjs eoBk ukjhdk j?. T[; Bz{ rohpK ns/ x~N t/sB tkb/ ftneshnK bJh ftP/P :'iBktKftef;s eoBhnK ukjhdhnK jB. T[; Bz{ wkfbeK Bz{ eowukohnK bJh wekB pDkUD bJh T[s;kfjs eoBk ukjhdkj?. T[; Bz{ nkgDh 100 eo'V o[gJ/ dh gqkfXfeqs g{zih, i' ft~sh Io{osK Bz{ fpbe[b g{ok BjhA eo gkt/rh, Bz{ tXkUDkukjhdk j?. id'A s~e fJ~e nfXe fttjkfoe n?BH n?uH ghH BjhA ngDkJh ikdh, T[d'A s~e fBoXkfos T[d/PK dhgqkgsh n;zGt j't/rh.

;zouBkswe fte/AdoheoD ;zouBkswe fte/AdoheoD ;zouBkswe fte/AdoheoD ;zouBkswe fte/AdoheoD ;zouBkswe fte/AdoheoD (Structural Decentralisation)L L L L L Bt^gfotosB tkb/ (innovative)nk:'ieK ns/ e[M nkw{b gfotosBtkdhnK (radicals) dk fJ~e gq;skt ;tk:~s Pk;B d/ jh ;zouBkswefte/AdoheoD dh ebgBk eodk j?. fJ; ft~u ‘gV';^feqnk ;w{jK’ (neighbourhood-action groups) dk


B ØN


f;qiD j' ;edk j? fiBK Bz{ ;w[dkfJe e/Ado fejk ikt/rk ns/ UBK ft~u fBtk;h ns/ Brogkfbek d/ gqshfBXhj'Dr/. fJj e/Ado gV'; dhnK Io{osK dh gfjukD eoDr/ ns/ UBK dh g{osh dh fdPk ft~u ezw eoDr/.T[dkjoD bJh, eJh PfjoK ft~u eJh BthnK p;shnK ;Ekfgs j' rJhnK jB fiBK ft~u 10,000 s'A 50,000ftnesh ofjzd/ jB. fJ; gqeko fJj p;shnK nkgD/ nkg ft~u jh S'N/ e;p/ jB. e[M eo fit/A GtB eo,gE eo, fpibh eo nkfd BrogkfbektK Bz{ d/D dh pikJ/ f;~X/ jh fJBK ;w[dkfJe e/AdoK Bz{ fd~s/ ik ;ed/jB. fJj e/Ado gV'; d/ wkwfbnK Bz{ Brogkfbek fBrw Bz{ G/i/ fpBK nkg fJBK dk ;zukbD eoDr/ ns/iwK ehs/ j'J/ g?;/ Bkb ;VeK, bkJhNK nkfd dk o~yôykt eoDr/. Pfjo ft~u fJ; gqeko d/ fte/Adoh YKu/bJh fJj soe j? fe Ujh i' b~yK ftneshnK Bz{ UBK dh iB^fB:sh (civic destiny) T[Zs/ nfsnkfXefB:zsoD dh nkfrnk gqdkB eodh j? Ujh UBK ;z;EktK Bz{, i' UBK dk ihtB ftt;fEs eod/ jB, ftt;fEseoD ft~u gqGkth G{fwek fBGkUD s'A tzfus eodk j? ;w[dkfJe e/Ado UBK Bz{ nkgDk t~y (exclusive)tksktoD pDkUD dk nt;o gqdkB eoDr/.

fJ; bJh fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe BroheoD ns/ Bkrfosk (urbanism) d/ gqGktK ns/ BroK dhnK ;w~f;nktKdk ed/ j~b BjhA j' ;edk id'A s~e Broh :'iBk ft~u ;[Xko BjhA j[zdk ns/ w"fbe T[gkn BjhA ehs/ iKd/. fJjbkG d/ T[d/P T[Zs/ nkXkfos BjhA j'D/ ukjhd/ fi; Bkb fe e[M fBfjs ;tkoEK Bz{ jh fJ; dk bkG fwb ;e/.G{wh, T[d:'freh ns/ eoK dk T[g:'r ;G ftneshnK d/ bkG bJh j'Dk ukjhdk j? Bk fe e[M PeshPkbh ;tkoE;w{jK bJh. Brotk;hnK Bz{ okiBhfse fdqPNh Bkb ;feqn j'Dk gt/rk ns/ BroK ft~u ft~fdnkwkB nkofEe ns/;wkfie ftt;EktK gfotosB fbnkUD bJh ;zrfms j'Dk gt/rk ns/ nzd'bB eoBk gt/rk.

;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD (Self Assessment)2H ;jh ftebg u[D' 2H ;jh ftebg u[D' 2H ;jh ftebg u[D' 2H ;jh ftebg u[D' 2H ;jh ftebg u[D' (Choose the correct option)

(i) :ksk:ks d/ Bt/A ;kXB fe; gqeko ftef;s j'J/^

(a) y/sh d/ ftek; Bkb (b) T[d:'rK d/ ftek; Bkb

(c) T[d:'rheoD Bkb (d) fJBK ft~u'A e'Jh BjhA.

(ii) fe; d/ nB[;ko BroheoD fJ~esock gqfeqnk Bk j' e/ d'sock gqfeqnk j?^

(a) g'w;B tko/B (b) n?Avo;B

(c) fEUvko;B (d) fJBK ft~u'A e'Jh BjhA.

(iii) b[Jh; toE B/ Bkrfosk dhnK ftP/PsktK d~;hnK jB^

(a) iB;zfynk ft~u fGzBsk (b) ekoi dh ftP/Psk

(c) r[wBkwh (d) T[go'es ;ko/.

(iv) g/Av{ noEftt;Ek dk w[~y nkXko j?^

(a) y/sh (b) T[d:'r

(c) ftt;Ek (d) fJBK ft~u'A e'Jh BjhA.

(v) fe; :'iBk d/ nkozG ft~u wekBK dh nB[wkfBs brGr 25H0 fwbhnB fJekJhnK ;B^

(a) u"Eh :'iBk d/ (b) gzithA :'iBk d/

(c) ;~sthA :'iBk d/ (d) fJBk ft~u'A e'Jh BjhA.

(vi) Gkos ft~u gqt;B d/ ;o{g jB^

(a) fgzv s'A fgzv (b) fgzv s'A Bro

(c) Bro s'A Bro (d) T[go'es ;ko/.

(vii) fe; ;zB ft~u e/Ado ;oeko B/ okPNoh nktk;h Bhsh pDkJh ;h^

(a) wJh 1988 (b) wJh 1990

(c) wJh 1992 (d) fJBK ft~u'A e'Jh BjhA.


B ØN



• gozgok ns/ nkX[fBesk ;fjtosh jB, fBozsosk ns/ gfotosB ;wkfie ihtB d/ nB[Gkfte s~E jB.gozgok ns/ nkX[fBesk ;fjtosh fJ; bJh th jB feUAfe ;G ;wkiK ft~u ;fEosk ns/ ;wkfiefB:zsoDK dh Io{os j[zdh j?. gfotosB s'A j'D tkbhnK wzrK ns/ u[B"shnK dk w[ekpbk eoD bJh,frnkB ns/ seBheh ikDekoh d/ Bt/A ;soK Bz{ gqkgs eoD bJh nkX[fBesk ns/ gfotosB dh Io{osj[zdh j?. fJBK gfo;fEshnK d/ ekoD ;wkfie gfotosB j[zdk j?. ;wkfie sBkt ns/ ;zxoP th;wkfie gfotosB d/ ;o's jB. ;wkfie gfotosB p[I[or, B"itkB, f;~fyne, nf;~fyne ns/Brotk;h ns/ g/Av{ d/ w[~bK ft~u nzso d/ ekoD th j[zd/ jB.

• ;wkfie gfotosB Bz{ ;wMD bJh g/Av{ ihtB, iksh, gfotko, Pfjoh ihtB ns/ ;wkfie, ;z;feqfsewkDeK ns/ w[~bK T[Zs/ BIo gkUD dh Io{os j?. iiwkBh ftt;Ek j[D ftfGzB ikshnK ft~u ekoikswenzsofBoGosk dh ftt;Ek BjhA j?. fgzvtk;hnK ft~u u[BktK d/ cb;o{g pj[s nfXe okiBhsheoDns/ r[Npzdh j' rJh j?. ftPkb noEftt;Ek ns/ okiBhfse ftt;Ek d/ gqGkt d/ ekoD g/Av{ ihtBpj[s nfXe gfotofss j' frnk j?. iksh n~i e/tb ykD^gkD d/ ;zpzXK, ftnkj d/ fB:wK ns/ngft~sosk dhnK XkoDktK T[Zs/ nkXkfos nzso feqnk gqshwkBK d/ wkDeK s~e jh ;hfws BjhA j?, pbfeiksh u[BktK ft~u fJ~e fjs ;w{j ns/ ;wkfie ns/ ;z;feqfse rshPhbsk dk ;kXB pD u[eh j?.

• :[og ft~u gq'N/;N/AN ;[XkoK B/ g{zihtkd d/ T[d/ ns/ ftek; bJh ;wki dk fdqPNhe'D ns/ ;z;EktK ft~ugfotosB d[nkok o;sk y'b fd~sk ;h. fJ;/ nkXko T[Zs/ “gq'N/;N/AN B?fsesk” dk ftek; j'fJnk i'nkofEe ftek; bJh uzrk ;h. fJ; :{ogh xNBk d/ ftP/ ft~u fbyd/ j'J/ w?e; t/po B/ g{zihtkdh ;wkidhnK UBK ;z;EktK T[Zs/ pb fd~sk j? i' g~Sw ft~u s/Ih Bkb nkofEe ftek; Bkb fwbdhnK jB.

• o';N/to';N/to';N/to';N/to';N/t B/ nkofEe ftek; dhnK gzi nt;EktK d~;hnK jBL (i) gozgokswe ;wki (ii) T[ZEkB (iii)T[ZEkB (nkozG) (iv) seBheh gfog~esk dh gqftq~sh (v) T[Zu iB^T[gG'r.

• ;zouBkswe gfotosB s'A fpBK nkofEe ftek; ;zGt BjhA j?. f;zro fij/ ftdtkBK B/ wzfBnk j? fenftef;s d/PK ft~u nkofEe ftek; bJh T[d:'rheoD pj[s Io{oh j?. rohp nftef;s d/PK ft~u 60#s'A 80# iB;zfynk y/sh ft~u b~rh j'Jh j?. UBK d/PK dk okPNoh t/sB ns/ gqsh ftnesh t/sB nfsnzsfBwB j[zdk j?. fJ; bJh nfij/ d/PK d/ nkofEe ftek; bJh d' jh ftebg ofj iKd/ jBL (i) toswkBy/sh gqXkB YKu/ ft~u ;[Xko eo e/ (noEks toswkB YKu/ d/ nzsors fBwB T[sgkdB Bz{ tXk e/) ns/ (ii);w[~u/ YKu/ Bz{ pdb e/, noEks y/sh s'A jN e/ T[d:'fre ftek; bJh br ikDk. fBPuk fJj eoBk j? fefejVk ftebg u[B"shg{oD j?. ;jh ftXh fJj j? fe d'jK T[Zs/ jh pb fd~sk ikt/.

• T[d:'rK d/ ftek; B/ j;sfPbg Bz{ ysw eo fd~sk ns/ ihtB^fBotkj bJh nD^;[DhnK ftXhnK dkgq:'r ehsk ikD b~rk. eko'pkoh rshPhbsk ns/ g?fsqe fgzvK s'A ikD dh gqfeqnk B/ iksh d/ UBK wkBdzvKBz{ s'VBk P[o{ eo fd~sk fiBK dk ftnkj Bkb e'Jh ;zpzX BjhA ;h. T[d:'rheoD Bkb :ksk:ks d/Bt/A ;kXB th ftef;s j'J/. cb;o{g, p;K ns/ o/bK ft~u tXdh j'Jh GhV Bkb ftfGzB ikshnK d/ b~yKdh ;zfynk ft~u b'eK d/ fJ~e d{i/ Bkb T[ZmD^p?mD d/ ekoD ;z;feqfse gft~sosk (ritual purity) ysw fijhj' rJh/. fit/A fit/A T[d:'fre wId{o nkgD/ gfotko fgzvK ft~u S~v e/ PfjoK ft~u iK T[d:'fre y/soK ft~uik e/ ftfGzB ikshnK d/ b'eK Bkb fJ~e jh wekB ft~u ofjD b~r/, T[t/A T[t/A ykD^ghD d/ fBP/X th x~N gqGkthj[zd/ rJ/.

• BroK dk n;fs~st gqkuhB ;w/A s'A fwbdk j? gqzs{ j[D/ jkb s~e Uj iB;zfynk d/ fJ~e S'N/ Gkr dh jhnrtkJh eod/ ;B. fInkdkso ftneshnK dk ihtB w[~y o{g Bkb g/Av{ ;wki iK fgzv jh pDkUAd/ ;B.BroK ns/ wjKBroK dk tkXk ftek; ns/ iB;zfynk d/ t~v/ Gkr dk Broh y/soK ft~u ikDk fgSb/ gzifJ~e dPeK dk jh ftP/P b~SD fojk j?. BroheoD T[d:'fre eqKsh dk jh Bshik ;h. fJ; B/ e/Adfos;EkBK (centralised locations) T[Zs/ wId{oK dh t~vh ;zfynk dh wzr Bz{ T[sgzB ehsk.


B ØN


• BroheoD e/tb gfotko d/ YKu/ Bz{ jh gqGkfts BjhA eodk pbfe Uj gfotko d/ nzdo{Bh ns/nzso^gfotko ;zpzXK ns/ UBK ekoiK Bz{ i' gfotko eodk j?, Bz{ th gqGkfts eodk j?. Pfjoh gfotkoKT[Zs/ nkJhH ghH d/;kJh, egkVhnk ns/ n?bB ok; (Aillen Ross) fij/ ftdtkBK d[nkok ehs/ rJ/nB[Gkfte nfXn?BK B/ d~f;nk j? fe Pfjoh ;z:[es gfotko dh EK j"bh j"bh J/ekeh gfotko b? fojkj?, gfotko dk nkeko S'Nk j' fojk j? ns/ foPs/dkoh d/ ;zpzX e/tb d' iK fszB ghVhnK s~e ;hfwsj' rJ/ jB.

• d/P ft~u Pfjoh ftek; d/ ekoD g/Av{ ftneshnK dk nfij/ Pfjoh y/soK ft~u nge/Adoh (centrifugal)gbkfJB j'fJnk j? fi~E/ gj[zuD bJh iBT[g:'rh ;/tktK nk;kBh Bkb T[gbpX ;B. eJh ftneshPfjoK ft~u fJ; bJh rJ/ feUAfe T[ZE/ o[Irko T[gbpX ;B. i' ni/ th fgzvK ft~u t;/ jB, UBKBz{ Pfjoh ihtB dhnK ;[ftXktK T[gbpX jB ukj/ Uj Pfjoh e/AdoK s'A whbK d{o jB. tXhnkokiwkor, p;K ns/ w'NoK, o/vhU, N?bhftIB ns/ nypko g/Av{nK Bz{ Pfjoh o[Irko, ns/ Pfjoh nktk;ns/ g/Av{ ;zgoe B/ Bk e/tb ;wkfie ;o{gK ft~u e[M gfotosB ehs/ jB gqzs{ ihtB dh fJ~e BthA P?bhBkb ;zs[bB th ;Ekfgs ehsk j?.


• soe;zrsheoD^soe;zrsheoD^soe;zrsheoD^soe;zrsheoD^soe;zrsheoD^:"eseheoD, p[~Xh;zrs ftnfynk

• nB[Gtkshssk^nB[Gtkshssk^nB[Gtkshssk^nB[Gtkshssk^nB[Gtkshssk^nB[Gt s'A go/

• gqtofse^gqtofse^gqtofse^gqtofse^gqtofse^BthBsk, nfGBt gfotosB

• nftnefsesk^nftnefsesk^nftnefsesk^nftnefsesk^nftnefsesk^nftnefse, ftnefs~stjhD


1. nkofEe ftek; ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB dh ftnkfynk eo'. d'jK ft~u eh ;zpzX j?<

2. nkofEe ftek; d/ wkor ft~u nkUD tkbhnK o[ektNK dh ftnkfynk eo'.

3. o';N/t d/ nkofEe ftek; dhnK nt;EktK dh ftnkfynk eo'. ;wkfie gfotosB nkofEe ftek; s'AgfjbK j[zdk j? iK pknd ft~u.

4. Gkos ft~u nkofEe ftek; dh :'iBk Bz{ ;gPN eod/ j'J/ ;wkfie gfotosB ft~u G{fwek d~;'.

5. Gkos ft~u BroheoD ns/ Bkrfosk dhnK ntXkoDktK d~;' ns/ Bkrfosk dhnK ftP/PsktK Bz{ ;gPNeo'.

6. BroheoD ns/ gfotko ft~u eh ;zpzX jB<

7. BroheoD s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'< BroheoD dhnK ;w~f;nktK d~;'.

8. fBwBfbfys T[Zs/ fN~gDh eo'^

(i) T[d:'rheoD ns/ PfjoheoD

(ii) BroheoD ns/ n"osK dh gq;fEsh

(iii) BroheoD ns/ iksh

(iv) PfjoheoD ns/ g/Av{ ihtB


1. (i) Gkos (ii) 6# (iii) noEPk;soh fte;Nhv (iv) i?ep tkJhBo (v) ;wkfie gfotosB (vi) Gkosh ;z;feqsh

2. (i) (c) (ii) (b) (iii) (d) (iv) (a) (v) (c) (vi) (d)


B ØN



1H thA;/N J/H ;fwE, fj;Nqh Uc fJzvhnk bzdBL nke;c'ov :{Bhtof;Nh gq?;, 19702H n?wH n?B PqhfBtk;, ;'Pb u/Ai fJB wkovoB fJzvhnk, fpqeb/L e?bhc'oBhnk :{Bhtof;Nh

gq?;, 1996

3H :'frzdo f;zx, J/;/i nkB wkvoBkJhI/PB fJB fJzvhnk, fd~bhL wB'jo, 1978

p[e;

Social Structure and Social Change

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