ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF JUJUBE CULTIVATION IN MOOSA KHATIAN VIA
TANDO JAM DISTRICT HYDERABAD
INTERNSHIP REPORT
On
SOCIAL SCIENCES RESEARCH INSTITUTE (SSRI)Tando Jam
SUBMITTED BYMOHSIN ALI KHATIANREG.NO. 2K8.SS.48B.SC (AGRI) HONS
PART- IV
DEPARTEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL SOCIAL SCIENCES SINDH AGRICULTURE
UNIVERSITY TANDO JAM
2012-13
Table of Contents
3PREFACE
1DEDICATION
2ACKNOWLEDEMENT
9SOCIAL SCIENCES
9Action Plan for Livestock Marketing Systems in Pakistan
15PARC in Retrospective
22NARC Library
22PARC Website (http://www.parc.gov.pk)
23Publications
24Documentation of Research-based Knowledge
25PARC Achievements and Future Plans (New Initiatives of
PARC)
35ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF JUJUBE cultivation IN MOOSA KHATIAN VIA
TANDO JAM DISTRICT HYDERABAD
35INTRODUCTION
36Objectives
37REVIEW OF LITERATURE ON JUJUBE
38Methodology
39RESULT AND DISCUSSION
39Figure 1: Age of Respondents
40Figure 2: Farming Experience
41Figure 3: Jujube Growing Experience
41Figure 4: Involvement in farming
42Figure 5: Education level of jujube growers
44Table 2: Tenancy Status
44Table 3: Power Source
45Table 4: Land Type
46Table 5: Irrigation source
46Table 6: Fixed Cost of jujube
47Table 7: Variable Cost
48Table 8: Marketing Cost
49Table 9: Cost of Production
49Table 10: Net returns by the selected jujube growers
50Table 11: Input-output ratio of growers.
50Table 12: Cost benefit ratio of growers.
51CONCLUSION
PREFACE
Internship is considered to be a compulsory practical training
for the B.Sc students. Its duration is two months and has proved to
be golden chance of training for the students in the concerned
organization.
The main purpose of such training is to make students able to
apply theoretical knowledge in practical environment. Students come
to know about the knowledge like organization planning, policies,
management structure, activities and objectives.
My internship was arranged in the year 2013 started from feb 01,
2013 to April 31, 2013. In to this respect, the department sends me
to SSRI Social Science Research Institute of Pakistan. As I am
specializing in Finance, therefore this reputable organization
suited me up to the best of my satisfaction. I did my internship
training there very successfully where the SSRI staff welcomed me
in a very positive manner, provided me a lot of information about
SSRI, its working and objectives and policies. The staff also
cooperated with me in practical work.
At present I am going to present all work of RDF there in shape
of this report according to instruction given by our internship
incharge Prof. Sanaullah Noonari. I am hopeful of the positive
outcome of such training in the upcoming days.
MOHSIN ALI KHATIAN REG.NO.2K8-SS-48DEDICATION
THIS HUMBLE IS DEDICATED TO MY RESPECTED FATHER, MOTHER AND MY
OTHER FAMILY MEMBERS
WHOS AFFECTION INSPIRED TO LOVE AND RESPECT MANKIND AND THEIR
ADVICED UPLIFTED ME TO THE HIGH OF AN IDEAL LIFE
I DO NOT IGNORE MY RESPECTABLE TEACHERSWHO INSPIRED ME TO WORK
FOR DOWN TO DUSK LET ME REACH TO HIGHTS OF THE SKY
ACKNOWLEDEMENT
I offer my life humble thanks to Almighty Allah who enabled me
to complete one of my lifes academic urges. I am grateful to
almighty ALLAH who made me able to complete the work presented in
this report. It is due to his unending mercy that this work moved
toward success. I express my thoughts and feelings to supervisor
honorable Mr. Muhammad Ibrahim Lashari ,principle Scientific
officer, SSRI, Tandojam for his courteous professional advices,
internship report transcript checking and its improvement,
motivation, nice suggestion and encouragement during this
study.
Further author wishes to extend his special thanks of Dr. Ali
Muhammad Khushk Director Technology Transfer Institute Pakistan
Agriculture Council Tandojam who allow me for interning in that
organization and provide me house job pattern during research work
up to finishing the manuscript.
Further author wishes to extend his special thanks of his
respectable teacher Mr. Sanaullah Noonari Assistant professor of
Department of Agriculture Economics Faculty Of Agriculture Social
Sciences.
MOHSIN ALI KHATIAN
SOCIAL SCIENCES
Action Plan for Livestock Marketing Systems in Pakistan
Introduction
Livestock farming is an integral part of rural economy of
Pakistan. Despite the laissez faire type of public approach for the
development of this sector, it has grown at impressive rate.
Presently, this sector is sharing almost 50% to the total value
addition in agriculture sector and almost 11% of national GDP. Only
the milk produced has value higher than the combined value of wheat
and cotton. National Commission on Agriculture clearly emphasized
that one of the main reasons for the lack of development in the
livestock sub-sector is the exceeding defective system of marketing
of livestock and livestock products. Realizing the importance of
the issue, a nation wide study was carried out, with the assistance
of FAO Pakistan, to investigate the marketing of live animals and
their products in the country. Besides marketing of live animals,
the selling system of different livestock products like milk, meat,
wool, hides and skins were investigated.
Main Findings
It was found that majority of the animals brought for sale in
livestock markets were low milk yielding and have poor body score.
The livestock markets lack even basic facilities while local
governments collect a handsome amount of revenues from these
markets. Beoparies or traders are the major players in these
markets while the farmers, as sellers and buyers, have relatively
little information about competitive prices of the animals.
In milk marketing, dhodies or milkmen are the only dominant
intermediary. Consumers, shopkeepers, veterinarians and researchers
report a number of adulterations and contaminations in the milk
supplied by dhodies. The competitive milk marketing in the
pasteurized and UHT forms is at highly limited scale and UHT milk
prices are almost double than the loose fresh milk supplied by
dhodies.
In meat marketing, the abattoirs are the production points and
butchers shops are the only vending points to the consumers. The
abattoirs are seriously lacking basic sanitation facilities (like
light, adequate water supply, space for slaughtering and animal
keeping, meat refrigeration, and disposal of offal) all over the
country. A large portion of the by-products such as blood, glands,
intestines, and bones are either wasted or poorly processed. The
hygienic conditions of the slaughterhouses and meat shops are very
poor. One of the underlying reasons is that these facilities were
not periodically updated because of complex administratively
procedures involved. The flayers and butchers are also not
professionally trained. The fixing the prices of beef and mutton by
local governments are serious obstacles in buying good quality
animals for slaughtering.
Due to poor flaying, lot of damages occurred to hides and skins
right at the production points. The collection and disposal of
these hides and skins is a lengthy process and proper care is not
given to these useful products on their way from production point
till it reaches the tanneries. In town or city markets, the hides
and skins business is in the hands of commission agents or arthies.
The price is mostly dictated by the beopari who decides the price
on the basis of weight and cleanliness and they have the updated
price information.
In case of wool, due to clipping with scissors, the quality is
damaged right at the production point. The local wool collector
mixes fleece of different flock into one consignment and in this
way he adds some dirt to increase the weight. No quality control
measures are practiced during wool marketing. Virtually all
livestock and livestock products provide relatively a meager rate
of return compared to the investment. This is true at each stage of
largely traditional marketing systems.
Recommendations
Creation of a Livestock Marketing Regulatory Authority is
recommended to ensure good governance in marketing of livestock and
livestock products. Practicing of SPS measures in production and
marketing of milk and meat marketing. Provision of milk
pasteurization and chilling facilities in deep rural areas, and
hides/skins processing facilities in NWFP and Balochistan.
Key Reference
Sharif, M., W. Malik, N. I. Hashmi and U. Farooq. (2003). Action
Plan for Livestock Marketing Systems in Pakistan, Joint study by
Social Sciences Institute NARC and FAO Office Islamabad,
Pakistan.Adoption and Impact of Zero Tillage in the Rice-Wheat
System
Introduction
Rice-wheat system of Pakistan spread over 2.1 Mha, consumes a
large proportion of the region's water resources. Negative
environmental effects related to over irrigation and poor water
management lead to dropping water table in some areas and increased
water logging and salinity in others. In addition, tubewell
irrigation is becoming costly in view of increasing energy prices.
Since mid 1980s, researchers, farmers, extensionists, machinery
importers, and local machinery manufacturers have been working to
adapt resource conservation technologies (RCTs) to rice-wheat
cropping systems. Among RCTs, zerto tillage (ZT) planting of wheat
after rice has received most attention in Pakistan Punjab. The
obvious advantages of ZT drill are the reduction of energy costs
due to less tractor use compared with conventional tillage methods,
but also reducing the amount of time that tube wells must be
operated. The use of ZT drill also allows wheat planting sooner
than conventional methods leading to reduce the turnaround time.
This is an important consideration for the rice-wheat belt, where
late planting of wheat is one of the major causes of low yields.
The overall objective of the study was to evaluate the impacts of
ZT technology to productivity and profitability of rice-wheat
system. The study draws data from three primary data sources: a
survey of ZT drill manufacturers, a formal adoption survey of
rice-wheat farmers and a village level survey of the owners of ZT
drill.
Main FindingsThe study confirmed notable adoption of ZT wheat
(19%) in the rice-wheat system of Pakistans Punjab, but also
prominent dis-adoption (14%). Driving adoption are the significant
ZT induced cost savings for wheat cultivation. ZT has non
significant effect on wheat yield, reflecting similar crop
establishment times. Lack of yield enhancement is a major
contributor to farmer disillusionment and dis-adoption. The present
study could not confirm a significant water saving effect of ZT,
only that ZT saved diesel and tractor time. ZT induced effects
primarily apply to wheat crop establishment and production costs,
with limited implications to subsequent rice crop and the
rice-wheat system as a whole.The ZT has been primarily adopted by
the larger and more productive farmers. The structural differences
between the adopters and non-adopters/dis-adopters in terms of
resource base, crop management and performance thereby easily
confound the assessment of ZT impact across adoption categories.
For most indicators ZT and conventional plots of adopters do not
differ significantly from each other in our sample, although they
consistently suggest ZT indicators to be typically superior to
conventional till. In the end, ZT is primarily a cost saving
technology.Recommendations
A more objective approach to ZT is needed for its promotion as
its adoption has been severely hampered by the polarization of the
field in terms of ZT advocates and ZT opponents. There is a need to
more emphatically stress timeliness of wheat establishment by ZT
drill sowing. There is a need to enhance the accessibility of ZT
drills, particularly to smallholders. There is a need to address
some of the operational problems of ZT drill like raking of loose
residues during drilling, clogging of pipes and breakage of tines.
There is scope for improvements in both the operation and in their
design and quality. ZT must be duly projected as one option of
wheat planting in a campaign run through mass media by the
Department of Agricultural Extension and MINFAL.Key
ReferencesIqbal, M., M. A. Khan, M. Z. Anwar. (2002). Zero-tillage
Technology and Farm Profits: A Case Study of Wheat Growers in the
Rice Zone of Punjab. The Pakistan Development Review. 41:
665-682.
Sheikh, A. D., T. Rehman, C. M. Yates. (2003). Logit Models for
Identifying the Factors That Influence the Uptake of New
'No-Tillage' Technologies by Farmers in the Rice-Wheat and the
Cotton-Wheat Farming Systems of Pakistan's Punjab, Agricultural
Systems. 75: 79-95.Farmers Led IPM in PakistanIntroductionThe
Farmer Field School (FFS) approach evolved from the concept that
optimal learning derives from experience - in the case of farmers,
from observation in the field. The FFS integrates the domains of
ecology and non-formal education to give farmers the opportunity to
learn about their crop and to learn from each other. Learning
objectives of FFS are; i) grow healthy crop, ii) conduct regular
field observations, iii) conserve natural enemies of pests, iv)
farmers understand ecology and become experts in their own
field.The FFS based IPM approach was institutionalized in Pakistan
in 2001.
Technology, Development and Demonstration The FFS approach
starts with Training of Facilitators (ToF) in which initially 25
facilitators are trained over a cropping season. For first two days
in each week, the ToF participants observe a selected field and do
the agro-ecosystem analysis (AESA), draw their figures on charts,
present results and discuss their observations of the field on the
soil, the crop health, need for water, pests and their natural
enemies, establish small experiments on identification and
behaviours of pests and their natural enemies through insect zoo.
For next two days the ToF participants break into groups of five,
each group to run 2 FFS (25 farmers per FFS). There, the farmers
are passed through the same experiential learning of AESA, and
discussions on the above mentioned field parameters. In addition
the farmers are facilitated for social organization.
By the end of 2004, a total of 425 IPM facilitators (8 women)
were trained in 12 ToF courses (including 5 Farmer ToF, FToF). A
total of 525 crop season long FFSs were conducted. The total
numbers of beneficiaries were 12,999 farmers (including 231 women).
For sustainability of knowledge and skill of the
facilitators/farmers annual facilitation skills enhancement
workshops, farmers congresses, workshops on community and
leadership management were organized. As a result of this process,
59 associations/organizations of IPM facilitators, farmer
facilitators and women facilitators have emerged and working
sustainably by generating their own resources/with support of NGOs.
The FFS based IPM initially experimented on cotton crop has now
expanded to the cropping system (i.e. cotton-wheat) and to high
value crops like fruits (apple, mango, citrus, peach, guava),
vegetables (onion, tomato, cucumber, Pumpkin, okra). The FFS-IPM
concept has also been upgraded to Integrated Crop Management, Best
Agriculture Practices, Enterprise Development, Farm Service Centers
and Livestock Management etc.
Impacts
A short-term impact assessment carried out in 2003 showed:
30% increase in cotton yield
43% reduction in use of chemical pesticides
54% reduction in use of highly toxic pesticides
23% increase uses of technical knowledge, recognition of
pests/beneficial insects, decision making capacity and field
experiments.
33% increase in number of farmers joining community
organizations
16% reduction in poverty of the target farmers group
Key Reference
Khan, M. A., I. Ahmad, and G. Walter-Echols. (2005). Impact of
an FFS-based IPM approach on farmer capacity, production practices
and income: evidence from Pakistan. In: The Impact of the FAO-EU
IPM Programme for Cotton in Asia (eds. Peter A.C. Ooi, S.
Praneetvatakul, H. Waibel and G. Walter-Echols). Pesticide Policy
Project, Hannover. Special Issue Publication Series, No. 9. pp.
45-58.
Capacity Building of Rural Women through Women Open School
(WOS)
IntroductionThe rural women of Pakistan contribute in about 43%
of on-farm agriculture related activities including mixing and
preparation of pesticide solutions etc., which result in sickness
of about 84 % of the workers. Due to social fabrics and traditions
it was not possible to impart trainings to the rural women along
with men in the Farmer Field School (FFS). Therefore, based on FFS
concept, the National IPM Programme developed a novel mechanism WOS
for experiential learning and skill development of rural women. It
started with training in Pesticide Risk Reduction and later other
areas like kitchen gardening, small enterprise development (goat
and chicken farming, vegetable seed production) etc.
Technology, development, Demonstration and Recommendation
The programme was initiated with the training of a small team of
Women Facilitators based on FFS approach. For two days in each
week, the WFT (Women Facilitators Training) participants were
trained in pesticide risk reduction through different pre-designed
experiential learning activities/exercises. The main emphasis was
on self-monitoring for possible signs and symptoms of pesticide
poisoning on human body. For the whole week the participants
collect data in this regard, elaborate the signs and symptoms of
pesticides on human body by drawing human sketches on chart,
present results and discuss. For next two days the WFT participants
break into pairs, each pair to run 2 WOS (20 women per WOS) to
impart practical training regarding pesticide risk reduction. In
order to achieve better results, women activists from the villages
and NGO workers of the area were involved to facilitate the change
process and dialogue on environmental conservation and health
issues, kitchen gardening, small enterprise development (goat and
chicken farming, vegetable seed production). The major outcome of
training was development of women facilitators organization; i)
Women Agricultural Development Organization (WADO) in Khairpur, ii)
Al-Noor Rural Development Organization, Khairpur, iii) women wing
of Kissan Welfare Association (KWA), Bahawalpur. The project has
resulted in development of a team of 37 expert women facilitators,
establishment of 53 WOS and training of over 993 rural women.
PARC in Retrospective
Like many other developing countries of South East Asia,
agriculture is the mainstay of rural economy of Pakistan as well.
Nearly two-third of the country's population live in rural areas
and an overwhelming majority of them are dependent on agriculture
for their livelihood. Agriculture contributes 23 percent to
national income (GDP), and employees about 50 percent of the labour
force. It is a prime source of raw materials for Pakistan's
industries, notably the textile sector. The development of
science-based agriculture production technologies is of utmost
importance for moving forward and keeping pace with developing
economies. Major goals of agricultural research include making
Pakistans agriculture: productive, profitable, competitive and
sustainable.
Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC) established in
1981 is the premier institution for agricultural research and
development in Pakistan and has the mandate to undertake, aid,
promote and coordinate agricultural research in the country. PARC
also generates, acquires and disseminate agricultural information
for expeditious utilization of research results. It also creates
research establishments to fill in the provincial gaps, and trains
high level scientific manpower. It develops its research agenda in
accordance with the government policies thus keeps abreast with the
requirements of national and international demands. Therefore, PARC
has always been contributing towards a prosperous Pakistan.
Major areas of Councils research include: crops, horticulture
and floriculture, agricultural biotechnology, farm mechanization,
natural resources, animal sciences, social sciences and
agricultural informatics. PARC has contributed tremendous1y through
the National Agricultural Research System (NARS) of Pakistan and
has assisted in developing more than 264 improved varieties of
wheat, rice, pulses, maize, sorghum, millet, fodder, cotton,
sugarcane, oilseeds and horticultural crops. Many other varieties
are in process as well. Special attention is being given on
developing high yielding pest resistant varieties. Besides
developing varieties, strengthening of agricultural research
programs at the provincial levels, promoting linkages between
research, education and extension; and introducing cutting edge
technologies are other high priority areas of PARC.
Major achievements of the Council in animal sciences' sector
include livestock reproduction capacity enhancement from one to
three offsprings per year through embryo transplant technology.
Genetic improvement of dairy animals through artificial
insemination has increased the milk production three times
contributing an additional Rs. 5 billion to the national economy.
Hydro pericardium vaccine production technology for poultry has
been transferred to private sector with a success rate of 95%.
Losses prior to the introduction of this vaccine were estimated at
75 to 80 percent. Annual financial savings during the past 10 years
were approximately Rs. 30 billion, due to this vaccine. PARC has
played the major role in the diagnosis, and prevention of bird flu
in Pakistan. Through the introduction of balanced concentrate
feeds, milk and meat production has increased and production cost
reduced.
Improved varieties of wheat, cotton, rice and sugarcane crops
coupled with balanced fertilizer use have resulted in yield
increases from 100-170%. Use of chickpea inoculums on large scale
in Bhakkar (Punjab) area increased the chickpea yield by 45 to 65%.
PARC has successfully undertaken commercialization and
indigenization of rain-gun sprinkler and trickle irrigation
system/technology.
The Cotton Leaf Curl Virus (CLCV) epidemics during 1992 94
caused serious havoc. Monetary loss only in 1992 was estimated to
be Rs. 2000 millions. PARC scientists on the way to manage the
crisis have diagnosed and characterized the virus and its vector.
Virus-free potato seed and banana plantlets have been developed by
the PARC scientists working at its various institutes.
Consequently, seed potato import has reduced to almost nil as
compared to thousands of tons in 1980s. Another breakthrough was
the introduction of virus-free banana saplings. The Bunchy-top
virus had almost eroded banana plantation in Sindh in mid 1990s.
Now, this plantation is being replaced by PARC produced virus free
banana plantlets in Hyderabad, Thatta and Gharo areas. Work on
development of transgenic Basmati rice is also in progress at
PARC.
In collaboration with Japan, PARC has established a,
state-of-the-art plant genetic resources facility for conservation
and exchange of germlasm including collection of seeds of all
plants etc. In-vitro conservation facility of vegetatively
propagated crops is also available in this institute. Screening of
genetic stock for seed born diseases is undertaken along with
in-vitro development of rice with bacterial blight resistant
gene.
PARC has also developed a state-of-the-art grain quality
laboratory to test the quality of the food grains in terms of
physical, chemical, microbiological and pathological, pests and
diseases, pesticides residues and heavy metals etc. The laboratory
is now ISO-17025 certified. In order to minimize the indiscriminate
and excessive use of harmful pesticides, PARC is promoting the
concept of biological control of insect pests through Integrated
Pest Management (IPM) programs for fruits and vegetables. Impact of
IPM on cotton crop in six districts of Sindh and five districts in
Punjab proved remarkably superior to conventional crop protection
techniques. PARC established bio-control laboratories in five sugar
mills and provided technical assistance to another eight sugar
mills to do so. 100,000 acres around these sugar mills are applied
biological control against sugarcane borers.
To reduce input costs and to produce health and
environment-friendly crops, PARC has given special thrusts on
organic wheat and vegetable production based on only EM-compost and
humic acid. This year 600 acres of wheat and 65 acres of vegetables
are being grown on organic basis at NARC. Intercropping of
vegetables on ridge cultivation is also being propagated. Adoption
of the concept would increase farmers income. PARC has also
developed technology for off-season vegetable production under
different economically viable plastic structure which protects the
crop from frost and cool wind. Production of early spring
vegetables would enhance economic benefit and the span of
availability during the year.
Very recently, PARC has initiated to establish two waste-water
treatment plants for agricultural use through bio-remediation at
NARC with capacity of 70,000 and 16,000 gallons/day, respectively.
Feasibility study of used-water treatment facility of Jamshid
Colony, Benezirabad (Nawab Shah) with a capacity of 3 3.5 million
gallon/day has been conducted. Similarly, establishment of
PARC/NARC sub-research station at village Neela,Chakwal for
demonstration of biological treatment of used-water and solid
organic matter for integrated farming is also under
consideration.
A campaign has been launched to plant fruit saplings and
vegetables to cover the spaces available along road sides, green
belts etc. in the urban areas including households (backyards,
front-yards and other empty spaces). An urban agriculture centre is
being established at NARC through public-private partnership to
promote, aid and provide technical backup the initiative.
Pakistan is a major tea importer. Tea import to the tune of
Rs.12 to 14 billion per annum is quite disturbing and a challenge
to all concerned in Pakistan. PARC has been working to enhance
indigenous tea production in the country since 1980s. As a result
of sustained efforts, the Council has established a big nursery
with 1.5 million tea plants. Tea plantation has been established on
more than 400 acres at farmers' fields. Farmers and NGOs' workers
have been trained in tea cultivation technology. Green and black
tea processing plants of 50 kg/day and 1 ton/day capacity,
respectively have been installed and private sector is being
encouraged to come forward in a big way to help increase the area
under tea. MoU was signed with a local company to promote the
indigenous tea production and make the country self- reliant in
tea. However, more work on this project is needed to make tea
cultivation a sustainable and profitable venture for the
farmers.
Another remarkable achievement of PARC's research and
development has been the introduction of European honeybees in
Pakistan in the 1980s, which made Pakistan a leading exporter of
honey in the region. Now, more than 300,000 bee colonies exist in
Pakistan which increased honey production from 4 kg in 1982 to 28
kg per colony per annum in 2009. We also trained around 8000
farmers in modern beekeeping.
Farm Machinery Institute (FMI) under PARC has designed,
developed and modified variety of farm mechanization technologies
and transferred these to about 30 private sector engineering
firms/companies for commercial production. The machines developed
by PARC include reaper-windrowers, groundnut-diggers,
paddy-threshers and sunflower-threshers. A rice-transplanter has
been designed, developed and introduced by PARC to suit the local
socio-economic and agro-ecological conditions. It has given
satisfactory performance in rice fields of Punjab and Sindh. It is
being manufactured by Heavy Mechanical Complex (HMC), Taxila on
commercial scale. Tractor mounted reaper-windrower, wheat drill,
wheat straw chopper-cum-blower and mobile seed processing units
have also been recently developed and introduced. Realizing the
importance of straw, FMI has developed wheat and rice
clipper-cum-blower, facilitating the farmers to save the uncut and
un-chopped wheat straw after combine harvesting of these crops. FMI
has also introduced phosphate band placement fertilizer drill,
which saves 50% fertilizer.
Covering diverse socio-economic aspects of agricultural research
and a wide variety of production technology packages developed by
PARC research scientists, the Social Sciences discipline takes care
of agri-economics, agribusiness, socio-economics, biometrics,
gender development and WTO opportunities and challenges for
Pakistan's agriculture. A variety of surveys and studies are
conducted every year to gauge the suitability and profitability of
various agricultural technologies.
As a result, PARC has more than 100 off-the-shelf available
technologies for immediate transfer to farmers through various mass
media and technology transfer/extension channels. The new
management has desired that the new technologies will be
demonstrated at farmers' fields in more aggressive manner so that
the technologies developed at PARC research stations disseminates
fairly rapidly. Work on such activities is likely to start
soon.
PARC has already established a network of Technology Transfer
Institutes (TTIs) at Faisalabad, Tandojam, Peshawar, Quetta, Gilgit
and Muzaffarabad for efficient transfer of developed technologies
and generated knowledge. PARC management realizes that the process
of technology transfer will be successful if it is done through
closed collaboration with the provincial extension departments. The
emphasis is on development and dissemination of site-specific
solutions and technology transfer according to local needs of the
farming community. PARC has imparted training to about 15000 people
(farmers, extortionists, junior scientists, technicians) through
750 organized training courses, published booklets/brochures (300),
audios (160) and videos (300) programs, held exhibitions (60),
seminars/workshops (70). More than 16000 farmers benefitted by PARC
helpline.
In this age of information technology where Internet and email
has become a house-hold item, PARC also inaugurated its own web
site in August 2000. It contains more than 500 pages with more than
160,000 hits by visitors from over 50 countries. The web site has
both English and Urdu Sections to cater the information needs of a
wide variety of clientele including scientists, researchers, policy
makers, planners, students as well as farmers. The site contains 25
English and more than 100 Urdu commoditypapers. As mandated, PARC
has maintained a National Library for Agricultural Sciences at NARC
with more than 25000 books/documents and about 1100 scientific
journals.
In line with the new challenges in the WTO regime PARC has
established a WTO- Food and Agriculture Related Matters (WTO-FARM)
Cell in 2000. The Cell has conducted more than 50 workshops and
seminars in close collaboration with key stakeholders across the
country to create awareness of WTO regime for food and agriculture.
Ithas also conducted research in this area and published 10 policy
research papers, a training manual and a bulletin for farmers.
Council has recently obtained post-graduate degree awarding status
by establishing National University of Agricultural Sciences (NUAS)
which will teach cutting-edge knowledge to students at M.Phil and
Ph.D level.
PARC has registered a company, PARC Agrotech Trading Company
(PATCO), to patent and commercialize the technologies, services and
produces developed and provided by the agricultural scientists. It
has already started functioning although humbly.
.Scientific Information
Introduction
Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC), being an apex
federal research and development (R&D) organization in Pakistan
has one of its mandates to cater to the scientific literature needs
of its researchers as well as the national agricultural research
system (NARS) of Pakistan. The Scientific Information set-up at
NARC was established in 1984. It is a technical support facility
providing a variety of services to the scientific community at
national, regional and international levels. During 1980s, the
Directorate introduced first-ever use of computers, CD-ROM and
other electronic information location, collection, processing,
dissemination and knowledge management technologies in Pakistani
agricultural research.
Activities & Achievements
PARC is working on strengthening agricultural information system
of Pakistan. In this regard twenty-one agricultural libraries were
strengthened by providing financial and technical support in the
year 1992 under Management of Agricultural Research and Technology
(MART) PARC collaboration Program. Each library was given computer
equipment along with software and copies of international databases
on CDs and PARC developed databases. Librarians on-hand training in
use of latest information handling techniques and organization of
workshops, training courses and seminars are continuous activities
of PARC.
NARC LibraryNARC Library is working as National Library of
Agricultural Sciences in Pakistan. It is fully automated with
on-line public access catalogue. Library services are not only used
by PARC/NARC scientists but scientific community through
outPakistan is also benefiting from its services. Library has
established a network of 36 libraries for information resource
sharing on agriculture and allied disciplines at national
level.
PARC Website (http://www.parc.gov.pk)It is one of the largest
website on agricultural R&D in Pakistan with more than 500
pages and five on-line databases. It contains detailed information
about Pakistans agricultural research in general and PARC in
particular. It is bi-lingual website with a strong Urdu section for
farmers. Website is continuously updated with new information. It
counted more than 200,000 hits since June 2004. In addition to
achievements of PARC development projects, PARC annual report,
agricultural maps, popular articles, technology reporter, etc.
On-Line Access of Full-Text PARC Publications
In order to provide access to PARC publications to national and
international scientific community an agreement was signed with CAB
International (CABI), Wallingford, UK to include PARC publications
on-line with CABI full-text products Global Agricultural Research
Archive. 810 full-text PARC publications and articles published in
Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research are available on-line at
http://www.cabi.org/GARAInput to AGRIS Database of FAO
PARC is working as national liaison office for FAO AGRIS
database in Pakistan and regularly submitting the input with
abstracts of Pakistani published agricultural research literature
for the database since 1985. Annually input of about 1500
documents/articles is sent.
Pakistan Agriculture Database
To facilitate scientific community in review of Pakistani
agricultural research and development literature Pakistan
Agriculture Database was developed containing bibliographic
information along with abstracts of articles/ documents published
in Pakistan or abroad about Pakistans agriculture or by Pakistani
scientists. Access of the database with about 73000 records is
available under PARC website http://www.parc.gov.pkUnion Database
of Journals in Agricultural Libraries of Pakistan
With the collaboration of agricultural libraries of Pakistan
Union Database of Journals was developed that contains information
of more than 3000 journals/magazines titles with available volumes
and issues in 36 libraries of Pakistan. Database is providing
access to scientists for easy and quick retrieval of required
volume and issue of journal from Pakistani libraries.
Database of Pakistani Periodicals
Comprising information of journals / magazines / newsletters
published from Pakistan on agriculture and allied subjects. Till
now it contains 302 records. Each record has sufficient detail to
facilitate scientists in accessing the relevant periodical of their
subject of interest and to contact the source for more
information.Literature Search Service
Under this service requests for literature search received from
scientists, faculty members and students through outPakistan were
processed and abstracts/references supplied from international
databases on CDs and PARC indigenously developed Pakistan
Agriculture databases. Service started in the year 1992 and till
now about 48500 (+) requests entertained by providing approximately
2.4 million references/abstracts.
Public Information
Motivated PARC scientists for writing more than 500 popular
science articles, and got published in the leading national
English/Urdu newspapers.
Linkages
Linkages have been developed with AGRIS (FAO); SAIC (SAARC);
PRISM- RWC (India), APAARI (Thailand) and CABI (UK) for exchange of
research information with 150(+) countries by using internet,
email, data bases (online and offline) and related websites.
Publications 25 scientific papers; 42 papers in
proceedings/reports/bulletins and 130 popular science articles on
various aspects of agricultural research and Information
Communication Technologies (ICTs).
Two issues of Pakistani Bibliographies of Agriculture.
Inventory of Pakistani Periodicals on Agriculture and allied
subjects.
Proceedings of National Workshop on Resource Sharing and
Networking of Libraries and Documentation Centres held in April
2005, 210 pp.
Documentation of Research-based Knowledge
Scientific knowledge is a crucial landmark for assessing
scientific progress of any nation. The research-based knowledge
generated by the PARC scientists has been published extensively,
i.e., as research papers in the HEC recognized scientific journals,
conference papers, book chapters, books and technical reports. A
summary of the PARC research publications is as under:
Research AreaPapers in JournalsBooksBooks ChaptersPapers in
Conf. ProceedingsTechnical Reports
NationalInternational
Animal Sciences4882294282189
Biotech. & Genetic Resources3221878421159
Crop Sciences1,4445780198121316
Farm Machinery72-495095
Horticulture 1394-3018139
Natural Resources 7994010199118234
Social Science 119--610154
In addition, more than 500 extension materials have been
published in local languages, i.e., Urdu, Sindhi, etc., for
immediate benefit of the farmer communities. Among the books
published, some are of academic value while others are extensively
used laboratory manuals, and textbooks for university students,
etc. Most of the research papers are being referred by the
scientific community around the globe. Some of the research
publications have led to formulating future research and
development strategies. Comprehensive bibliographies of the
published work have also been produced for various research
areas.
PARC Achievements and Future Plans (New Initiatives of PARC)
Dr. Iftikhar Ahmad, Director General, NARC
Dr. Imdad H. Mirza, Dr. Javed Iqbal, PRMC, NARC
SardarGhulam Mustafa, Director PR & Protocol, PARC
Like many other developing countries of South East Asia,
agriculture is the mainstay of rural economy of Pakistan as well.
Nearly two-third of the country's population live in rural areas
and an overwhelming majority of them are dependent on agriculture
for their livelihood. Agriculture contributes 23 percent to
national income (GDP), and employees about 50 percent of the labor
force. It is a prime source of raw materials for Pakistan's
industries, notably the textile sector. The development of
science-based agriculture production technologies is of utmost
importance for moving forward and keeping pace with developing
economies. Major goals of agricultural research include making
Pakistans agriculture: productive, profitable, competitive and
sustainable.
Major areas of Councils research include: crops, horticulture
and floriculture, agricultural biotechnology, farm mechanization,
natural resources, animal sciences, social sciences and
agricultural informatics. PARC has assisted in developing more than
264 improved varieties of wheat, rice, pulses, maize, sorghum,
millet, fodder, cotton, sugarcane, oilseeds and horticultural
crops.
Major achievements of the Council in animal sciences' sector
include livestock reproduction capacity enhancement from one to
three offsprings per year through embryo transplant technology.
Hydro pericardium vaccine production technology for poultry has
been transferred to private sector with a success rate of 95%.
Losses prior to the introduction of this vaccine were estimated at
75 to 80 percent. Annual financial savings during the past 10 years
were approximately Rs. 30 billion, due to this vaccine. PARC has
played the major role in the diagnosis, and prevention of bird flu
in Pakistan. Through the introduction of balanced concentrate
feeds, milk and meat production has increased and production cost
reduced.
Improved varieties of wheat, cotton, rice and sugarcane crops
coupled with balanced fertilizer use have resulted in yield
increases from 100-170%. Use of chickpea inoculums on large scale
in Bhakkar (Punjab) area increased the chickpea yield by 45 to
65%.
The Cotton Leaf Curl Virus (CLCV) epidemics during 1992 94
caused serious havoc. Monetary loss only in 1992 was estimated to
be Rs. 2000 millions. PARC scientists on the way to manage the
crisis have diagnosed and characterized the virus and its vector.
Virus-free potato seed and banana plantlets have been developed by
the PARC scientists working at its various institutes.
Consequently, seed potato import has reduced to almost nil as
compared to thousands of tons in 1980s. Another breakthrough was
the introduction of virus-free banana saplings. The Bunchy-top
virus had almost eroded banana plantation in Sindh in mid 1990s.
Now, this plantation is being replaced by PARC produced virus free
banana plantlets in Hyderabad, Thatta and Gharo areas. Hybrid seed
production of maize, oilseeds, wheat, rice, cotton and vegetables
is being researched in a big way.
In collaboration with Japan, PARC has established a,
state-of-the-art plant genetic resources facility for conservation
and exchange of germplasm including collection of seeds of all
plants etc. In-vitro conservation facility of vegetatively
propagated crops is also available in this institute.
PARC has also developed a state-of-the-art grain quality
laboratory. The laboratory is ISO-17025 certified.
In order to minimize the indiscriminate and excessive use of
harmful pesticides, PARC is promoting the concept of biological
control of insect pests through Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
programs for fruits and vegetables. PARC established bio-control
laboratories in five sugar mills and provided technical assistance
to another eight sugar mills to do so.
To reduce input costs and to produce health and
environment-friendly crops, PARC has given special thrusts on
organic wheat and vegetable production based on EM-compost and
humic acid. Plants for production of biofertilizers and
biopesticides have started production at NARC. Intercropping of
vegetables on ridge cultivation is also being propagated. PARC has
indigenized technology for all-season vegetable production. Work on
plants suitable for bio-fuel production like Salicornia, Jatropha,
Arind, Sarkanda, Sukhchan is in progress.
Under the visionary leadership of Dr. ZafarAltaf, Chairman PARC,
various innovative technologies like biotechnology, bioprospecting,
dairy goats crossbreeding, mushroom development, efficient water
harvesting, remote sensing, GIS, mitigation strategies for climate
change, biofuel production, biodiversity conservation, dry rice
farming organic certification, etc. are being researched,
perfected, tested, tried and extended.
Very recently, PARC has established two waste-water treatment
plants for agricultural use through bio-remediation at NARC.
Feasibility study of used-water treatment facility of Jamshid
Colony, Benezirabad (Nawab Shah) with a capacity of 3 3.5 million
gallon/day has been conducted. Similarly, establishment of
PARC/NARC sub-research station at village Neela,Chakwal for
demonstration of biological treatment of used-water and solid
organic matter for integrated farming is also under
consideration.
A campaign has been launched to plant fruit saplings and
vegetables to cover the spaces available along road sides, green
belts etc. in the urban areas including households (backyards,
front-yards and other empty spaces). An urban agriculture centre is
being established at NARC through public-private partnership.
Research work on high density fruit orchards is also in progress at
NARC and at various locations of the country.
Pakistan is a major tea importer. Tea import to the tune of
Rs.12 to 14 billion per annum is quite disturbing and a challenge
to all concerned in Pakistan. PARC has been working to enhance
indigenous tea production in the country since 1980s. As a result
of sustained efforts, the Council has established a big nursery
with 1.5 million tea plants. Tea plantation has been established on
more than 400 acres at farmers' fields. Farmers and NGOs' workers
have been trained in tea cultivation technology. Green and black
tea processing plants of 50 kg/day and 1 ton/day capacity,
respectively have been installed and private sector is being
encouraged to come forward in a big way to help increase the area
under tea. AnMoU was signed with a local company to promote the
indigenous tea production and make the country self- reliant in
tea. However, more work on this project is needed to make tea
cultivation a sustainable and profitable venture for the
farmers.
Another remarkable achievement of PARC's research and
development has been the introduction of European honeybees in
Pakistan in the 1980s, which made Pakistan a leading exporter of
honey in the region. Now, more than 300,000 bee colonies exist in
Pakistan which increased honey production from 4 kg in 1982 to 28
kg per colony per annum in 2009. We also trained around 8000
farmers in modern beekeeping.
Farm Machinery Institute (FMI) under PARC has designed,
developed and modified variety of farm mechanization technologies
and transferred these to about 30 private sector engineering
firms/companies for commercial production. The machines developed
by PARC include reaper-windrowers, groundnut-diggers,
paddy-threshers and sunflower-threshers. A rice transplanter has
been designed, developed and introduced by PARC to suit the local
socio-economic and agro-ecological conditions. It has given
satisfactory performance in rice fields of Punjab and Sindh. It is
being manufactured by Heavy Mechanical Complex (HMC), Taxila on
commercial scale. Tractor mounted reaper-windrower, wheat drill,
wheat straw chopper-cum-blower and mobile seed processing units
have also been recently developed and introduced. Realizing the
importance of straw, FMI has developed wheat and rice
clipper-cum-blower, facilitating the farmers to save the uncut and
un-chopped wheat straw after combine harvesting of these crops. FMI
has also introduced phosphate band placement fertilizer drill,
which saves 50% fertilizer.
Covering diverse socio-economic aspects of agricultural research
and a wide variety of production technology packages developed by
PARC research scientists, the Social Sciences discipline takes care
of agri-economics, agribusiness, socio-economics, biometrics,
gender development and WTO opportunities and challenges for
Pakistan's agriculture. A variety of surveys and studies are
conducted every year to gauge the suitability and profitability of
various agricultural technologies.
As a result, PARC has more than 100 off-the-shelf available
technologies for immediate transfer to farmers through various mass
media and technology transfer/extension channels. The new
management has desired that the new technologies will be
demonstrated at farmers' fields in more aggressive manner so that
the technologies developed at PARC research stations disseminate
fairly rapidly.
PARC has already established a network of Technology Transfer
Institutes (TTIs) at Faisalabad, Tandojam, Peshawar, Quetta, Gilgit
and Muzaffarabad for efficient transfer of developed technologies
and generated knowledge. PARC management realizes that the process
of technology transfer will be successful if it is done through
closed collaboration with the provincial extension departments. The
emphasis is on development and dissemination of site-specific
solutions and technology transfer according to local needs of the
farming community. PARC has imparted training to about 15000 people
(farmers, extortionists, junior scientists, technicians) through
750 organized training courses, published booklets/brochures (300),
audios (160) and videos (300) programs, held exhibitions (60),
seminars/workshops (70). More than 16000 farmers benefited by PARC
helpline.
In this age of information technology where Internet and email
has become a house-hold item, PARC also inaugurated its own web
site in August 2000. It contains more than 500 pages with more than
160,000 hits by visitors from over 50 countries. The web site has
both English and Urdu Sections to cater the information needs of a
wide variety of clientele including scientists, researchers, policy
makers, planners, students as well as farmers. The site contains 25
English and more than 100 Urdu commoditypapers. As mandated, PARC
has maintained a National Library for Agricultural Sciences at NARC
with more than 25000 books/documents and about 1100 scientific
journals.
In line with the new challenges in the WTO regime PARC has
established a WTO- Food and Agriculture Related Matters (WTO-FARM)
Cell in 2000. The Cell has conducted more than 50 workshops and
seminars in close collaboration with key stakeholders across the
country to create awareness of WTO regime for food and agriculture.
Ithas also conducted research in this area and published 10 policy
research papers, a training manual and a bulletin for farmers.
Council has recently obtained post-graduate degree awarding status
by establishing National University of Agricultural Sciences (NUAS)
which will teach cutting-edge knowledge to students at M.Phil and
Ph.D level.
PARC has registered a company, PARC Agrotech Trading Company
(PATCO), to patent and commercialize the technologies, services and
products developed and provided by the agricultural scientists. It
has already started functioning.
ADMINISTRATIVE SET UPAdministratively, PARC is an autonomous
body of the Federal Ministry of National Food Security and
Research. The management of the affairs of the Council is vested in
the:
- Board of Governors- Executive Committee- Chairman
Board of GovernorsThe Board of Governors (BoG) is responsible
for the overall control, direction and superintendence of the
affairs of PARC. It is assisted by the Research Advisory Committee.
The Federal Minister for National Food Security and Research, GoP
is the President of the BoG.
Official Members
i).Federal Minister for National Food Security & Research,
GoPPresident
ii).Secretary, Ministry of National Food Security &
Research, GoPMember
iii). Chairman, Pakistan Agricultural Research CouncilMember
iv).Secretary, Ministry of Finance, GoP or Representative
not
below the rank of Additional SecretaryMember
v).Member (Agri& Food) Planning Commission, GoPMember
Whole time Members of PARC
vi).Member (Crops Sciences) Member
vii).Member (Natural Resources)Member
viii).Member (Animal Sciences)Member
ix).Member (Social Sciences)Member
x).Member (Finance)Member
Non-Official Members
xi).Dr. Amir Muhammad
Rector, FAST National University of Computer
and Emerging Sciences (NUCES), IslamabadMember
xii).Mr. Abdul MajeedNizamani
Progressive Farmer/President Sindh Abadgar Board,
16-17th Shelter Shopping Mall, Cantonment Board,
Hyderabad, Sindh Member
xiii).Mir Jaffer Khan Jamali
H.283, Gomal Road E-7, Islamabad Member
xiv).Mr. Aurangzeb Khan
Village Charpriza, Distt, Peshawar Member
xv).Mr. Mutabiat Shah Member Gilgit-Baltistan Legislative
Assembly, GilgitMember
xvi).Rana Tariq Mehmood KhanMember
Executive Committee
The Executive Committee consists of the Chairman and the five
whole-time Members of the Council. The EC is responsible for:
Undertaking regular review and evaluation of the accomplishments
and progress of the research projects and the programmes of the
research organizations
Exercising control over the research activities of the
Council
Chairman
The Chairman is the Chief Scientific and Administrative
Executive of the Council and is assisted by several functionaries
of the level of Members and Directors in the execution of day to
day work.
RESEARCH BY SCIENTIFIC DIVISIONS
Plant Sciences DivisionNatural Resources Division
Animal Sciences DivisionSocial Sciences Division
RESEARCH INSTITUTES
NARC, IslamabadSARC, Karachi
Animal SciencesArid Zone Research
Agricultural and Biological EngineeringCrop Diseases
Research
Agriculture PolytechniqueCoastal Agricultural Research
Crop SciencesGrain Storage Research
Department of Plant and Environmental ProtectionLivestock &
Fisheries Research
Food Science and Product DevelopmentNational Sugar Crops
Research
Horticultural ResearchPesticide Research
Honeybee Research Vertebrate Pest Control
Land Resources Research Institute AZRC, Quetta
National Institute of Genomics & Advance Biotechnology
(NIGAB)Arid Zone Research Institute, D.I. Khan, KPK
National Institute of Bioremediation Arid Zone Research
Institute, Umerkot, Sindh
Organic Farming
Institute of Agriculture Biotechnology& Genetic
ResourcesArid Zone Research Institute, Bhawalpur
Social Sciences
Rangeland Research Institute
Water Resources Research National Tea Research Institute,
Mansehra
TOPPARC INSTITUTE OF ADVANCED STUDIES IN AGRICULTURE (PIASA)
Academic ProgramsCourses OfferedResearch & Allied
FacilitiesLibrary FacilitiesAnnouncementsFacultyContact us
We are living in a period of major structural changes where
global scenario of knowledge-based economy has posed a serious
challenge to the developing world. Higher education is expected to
play a major role of being the knowledge producer as well as a
medium to train skilled knowledge workers to contribute effectively
in the global knowledge-based economy. It is believed that in the
21st century countries with limited highly educated and trained
manpower will lag behind and consequently may experience
intellectual and economic marginalization and isolation. If higher
education is not given due importance, the developing countries
will further fall behind.
They will remain in the state of pursuing a moving target, as
the high-income countries are constantly pushing the knowledge
frontiers outward and are pulling away from the rest. Thus, higher
education institutions in the country, as the prime creators and
conveyors of knowledge, must be at the forefront of efforts to
narrow the development gap between East and West.
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF JUJUBE cultivation IN MOOSA KHATIAN VIA
TANDO JAM DISTRICT HYDERABADINTRODUCTION
Jujube, locally called ber, is an indigenous fruit of China and
South Asia. Produced in temperate regions such as China, India,
Pakistan, Syria, Malacca, Australia and Malaysia, it is also grown
in parts of Afghanistan, Iran and Russia. China is perhaps the most
important country for jujube cultivation, where it is known as the
Chinese dates, with hundreds of varieties, some being seedless.
In northern China, it is considered one of the principal fruits.
In the US this fruit has been introduced but is not grown on a
large scale. In Pakistan, ber is successfully cultivated in
Hyderabad, Khairpur, Multan, Sargodha and Lahore districts. The
area under its cultivation has increased in Sindh during 1994-95 to
2000-2001, from 680 to 1,326 hectares, thus pushing the production
from 3,451 to 4,817 metric tons 2005 3,019 area production 17288,
2006 3152 area production 1,7874 2007 area 3905 23225 production
2008 area 4470 production 25291, 2009 area 5200 production 28079.
Hyderabad is famous for producing quality fruit for export to
Middle East. Jujube tree is hard, drought-resistant and can thrive
in poor alkaline tracts without much irrigation and care, and can
also survive on soils where other fruit trees cannot. Kheerol
(chambeli), sanghri and gola are varieties among which gola is most
popular and is of two kinds, the green (leemai) and the golden
(white). White gola is harvested earlier than other varieties.
Previously, the fruit was harvest only for one month (March), but
with the introduction of grafted varieties in Pakistan, now the
fruit is available from mid December to early April.
The jujube is a small, deciduous tree, growing to 40 feet tall
in Florida, but smaller in size in California. The naturally
drooping tree is graceful, ornamental and often thorny with
branches growing in a zig-zag pattern. The wood is very hard and
strong. Jujube cultivars vary in size and conformation, with some
being very narrow in habit and others being more widespread. One
cultivar, the So, seems to be fairly dwarfing in habit. After
30years of growth in an average site, trees can be 30feet tall with
a crown diameter of up to 15feet. Plants send up suckers (often
with intimidating spines) from their roots, and these suckers can
appear many feet from the mother plant. Currently,
To establish a jujube orchard many growers depend on service
providers who conduct layout work and supply planting material. The
seedlings are planted at 25ft spacing that comes to about 162
plants per hectare. Most growers buy grafted seedlings which takes
the shape of a tree in two years. The trunk of this seedling is not
very strong to bear the weight of the fruit, therefore seeds of the
non-grafted (local varieties) is grafted with new varieties, which
can bear yield of about 200 to 400kg. These trees are pruned soon
after the harvest giving plenty of firewood, and foliage for
livestock. Another advantage is that the farmer can grow kharif
crop which is usually cash crop like cotton etc,.
Among the main constituents of this fruit, the jujube belonged
to the food value of the fruit The jujube originated in China where
they have been cultivated for more than 4,000years and where there
are over 400cultivars. The plants traveled beyond Asia centuries
ago and today are grown to some extent in Russia, northern Africa,
southern Europe, the Middle East and the southwestern United
States. Jujube seedlings, inferior to the Chinese cultivars, were
introduced into Europe at the beginning of the Christian era and
carried to the U. S. in 1837. It wasn't until 1908 that improved
Chinese selections were introduced by the USDA
Objectives
To identify the socio-economic status of grower,
To determine the cost of production of jujube crop in the
study,
To calculate the net profit return of Jujube growers.REVIEW OF
LITERATURE ON JUJUBEIn order to trace publishing dynamics of
literature on jujube, help researchers know research trend and
progress, and enhance retrieval efficiency of the literatures, the
literatures on jujube in the years from 1999 to 2008 in the China
Academic Journals (CAJ) Full-text Database were analyzed. The
results showed that there were 5 377 articles published on jujube
in the 10 years, 742 articles are published on the core journals of
CAJ. The articles were much more than those published in the past
years. Quantity of the articles published in the 10 years was
increased evidently. There were 17 kinds of journal distributed in
the core zone of the journals publishing jujube articles. The 123
authors were regarded as core authors of jujube articles. In the 10
years, the articles on jujube planting were the most abundant.
Quantity of articles on insects and diseases controlling and
foundational researches was increased remarkably, while that on
jujube germplasm was decreased. Change of quantity showed
production and research trend in these years.
Marjan, and Foong (2004)
reported no correlation between total phenolic contents and
antioxidant capacities of
extracts from five types of vegetables, nor were any
relationships between antioxidant capacities and phenolic
composition found in fruit berry, fruit winesZizyphus jujuba cv.
Jinsixiaozao and Zizyphus jujuba cv.
Yazao contained relatively high amounts of zinc (0.65 and 0.63
mg/100 g, respectively). Zinc is nutritionally essential for all
organisms for several reasons, among them being
its role in the immune system.
Methodology
Study area
The study work was conducted through the questionnaire in Moosa
Khatian village and its surrounding area orchards it is major fruit
growing area in Hyderabad taulka, It is about 20 kilometers away
from Hyderabad city.Data source
The data source of this study consist of both primary and
secondary sources. The primary data was collected from the Jujube
Growers through the well structured pre- tested questionnaire. The
interview with growers was carried out personally. Data was
collected during the crop 2013 year with the questionnaire of
jujube growers, information was collected about ,inputs and out put
cost, Jujube production by the growers.
Data collection procedure
The data was collected from, Jujube growing area of Moosa
Khatian. Which was selected and identified with the help of local
jujube growers, and 29 sample select through the simple random
sampling techniques.
Data analysis procedure
The data is analysis with the help of (SPSS) Statistical package
for social scientists software.In (SPSS) we analysis mean and
frequency.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Age of Respondents
Age is one of the important characteristics of the Young
community. It reflects on the productivity of the population as it
has on the overall situation within the commodity. In developing
countries, aged members are more prone to diseases and thus are or
less productive. It has a bearing on the employment pattern,
spatial mobility and quality of work done. Age plays a significant
role in any kind of business, particularly in agriculture, because
the use of child labor on the farms is quite high.
Figure 1: Age of Respondents
Data presented in Figure 1 majority of the respondent (69
percent) between 36 to 50 years, 13.8 percent of the respondents
have 20 to 35 years and 13.8 percent of the respondents have age
between 51 to 60 years, 3.4 percent of the respondents were above
60 years.Farming Experience of Respondents
It is said that experience makes the man perfect. So experience
in cultivation of land is always count as an important tool.
Farmers having experience of jujube production are always regarded
as an asset in the farmers community. The farmers who supplement
their income engaged with other petty landowner for part time jobs
like poultry rising, livestock rising etc which help them to
develop socio-economic conditions of family.Figure 2: Farming
Experience
Jujube growing Experience
Data present in figure shows that 3.4 percent of respondents had
experience of 1 to 5 years of Jujube cultivation, 41.4 percent of
respondents were having experience 6to 10 years, 24.1 percent of
respondents were having experience 11 to 15 years and remaining
percent of respondents were having 31.0 onwards years experience
ovation.
Figure 3: Jujube Growing Experience
Involvement in Farming Involvement in farming is always
considered as progress; data regarding farming experience of jujube
grower is given below;Figure 4: Involvement in farming
Figure shows that majority involvement 82.8% of the jujube
growers had part time experience and 17.2% of the growers had full
time experience.Education Level
Education is always considered as an important factor of
understanding and learning skills. It is education which changes
the behavior of human beings in particular and living beings in
general. Education changes moral character, thinking pattern and
make learn how to talk and behave with other people. It helps in
making the decisions on right direction. Following data shows
education level of the growers.Figure 5: Education level of jujube
growers
Information regarding the education level of selected growers
was analyzed and presented by in Figure 5. It was founded that
majority 37.9 percent of the respondents were illiterate, followed
by 27.6 percent of respondent were educated at primary level, 20.7
percent had secondary, and 13.8 percent were intermediate. Primary
source of IncomeA primary source is a main source of information or
situation. For example a primary source of income is where a person
gets the most of their income.
Table 1: Primary Source Of IncomeFrequencyPercentage
agriculture2896.6
employment13.4
Table shows that 96.6 percent respondents have primary source of
income and 3.4 percent have employment
Land Tenure System
Tenancy also has an important productivity impact. The length of
the time horizon for owners and tenants is bound to differ, giving
rise to differing attitude towards long term investment (especially
natural resources managements investment) and corps with long
gestation lags. Growers can be classified into various categories,
especially with regards to land tenure. An important distinction is
between landowners and tenants. The latter are either lease holder
or share croppers who till the land of others in exchange to either
a fixed rent or for a share in production as in the case for food
crops and share of revenue generated in the case of cash crops. At
one end of the scale do the large absentee landlords own thousands
of acres of land, titled by tenant and managed by a Kadar. At
shared in land.
The share croppers are not involved in purchase of input and
marketing of crop output. This is usually left to the landlord or
his Kadar. The tenants share of grain food crops is paid in kind,
out of which some may be sold if they have surplus. Cash crops like
cotton and sugarcane are always marketed by the landlord .The most
common share cropping contract requires the tenant to bear the 50
percent costs of seed, fertilizer and pesticide. In return the
tenant receives 50 percent share in the crop output. Table 2:
Tenancy Status
Frequency
Percentage
Owner
6
20.7
Contract
23
79.3
The majority respondents 20.7 percent have own land and reaming
79.3 percent have contract
Table 3: Power Source
FrequencyPercentage
Tractor29100
Land Type
During the survey soil type were recorded according to the
farmers own classifications and technology. For example, clay soil
was described as Pace whereas clay-loam was described as Bari and
sandy-loam as Hake.
Table 4: Land TypeFrequencyPercentage
Clay2069.0
clay loam517.2
Sandy413.8
Shows that 69.0 percent respondents have clay , and 17.5 percent
have sandy loam soil, 13.8 percent growers have sandy soil.
Irrigation Source
Growers used different sources such as canal and Tube wells to
provide irrigation. Tube well water is mostly used at the time of
scarcity of canal water. But unfortunately we have no available
canal water, Table 5: Irrigation source
FrequencyPercentage
Tubewell29100.0
The source of irrigation was examined and found that majority
100 percent respondents used Tub well water.Fixed Cost
Fixed costs are those costs which remain the same regardless of
the volume of output actually achieved. The cost which does not
vary according to the magnitude of production and remains the same,
whether the output is large or small is known as fixed costs.Table
6: Fixed Cost of jujube Fixed costAverage cost (Rs/acre)
Govt. Tax400
Water charges700
Total1100
Data presented in table 9 shows that fixed cost of cauliflower
production . Fixed costs including water charges and Govt: land tax
of Jujube production 700-1000 Rs/acre.
Variable Cost of JujubeVariable costs are those costs which
change with the volume of output over a specific time period.
Variable costs are also known as running costs. These costs refer
to those expenses or out lays which incurred on fertilizer, seeds,
pesticides, harvest, labour wages, expenditure incurred on
marketing costs etc. Variable costs are those items of expenditure
that have a direct bearing on production. The variable costs differ
from fixed costs in the sense that the later one is applied
constantly irrespective to the quantity of the commodity produced,
where as variable costs depend entirely to the flow of forth coming
output. Variable costs are those costs which increase with the
change in output often more or less in proportion to it.
Labour cost refers to all out lays incurred to engage labour for
production process. Labour has been defined as any exertion of mind
or body under gone partially or wholly with view to produce some
good other than pleasure derived directly from the work.
Data presented in table 7 shows that variable cost of Jujube
production. The total variable costs Rs. 30168.9 /acreTable 7:
Variable Cost
Initial costAverage cost (Rs/acre)
Labor charges for layout/digging expert603.4
Labor charges for Transplanting489.7
Cost Rs/plant826.9
Transportation cost of seedling534.5
Total 2454.5
Variable CostAverage cost
FYM trucks1158.6
Urea bags1750.7
Dap bags4226.9
Labor charges for irrigation 5570
Pesticide2671.4
Lime white Washing336.8
Interculturing12000
Total30168.9
Marketing Cost of Jujube Marketing CostMarketing cost are those
expenses, which are when agriculture commodities move from the
producing center to final consumer. It is a term frequently used to
designate expenditure in the time of commodity leaves the farm gate
till it researches the consumer hands. The marketing cost includes
a number of expenses like cost of grading cost, packing cost,
transportation, loading, unloading, and commission charges.
Table 8: Marketing CostMarketing costAverage cost(Rs/acre)
Grading627.6
Packing5931.0
Loading/Unloading1482.8
Commission16049.5
Transportation7413.8
Total31504.7
The data presented shows that marketing cost of jujube
cultivation , The total marketing cost is 31504.7 Rs/acre
Total cost of production
Total cost is the sum of the fixed cost and variable cost for
any given level of production, i.e., fixed cost plus total variable
cost. Agriculture cost is often divided into various categories.
Some of the more commonly used cost concepts are follows.
Table 9: Cost of Production
Cost of productionAverage price (Rs/acre)
Fixed cost1100
Variable cost30168.9
Marketing cost31504.7
Total61673.6
Net returns.Net return refers to the residual which remains for
the entrepreneurs after subtracting cost production from grass
income net returns was determined by acre cost from average income
per acre realized by the growers.Table 10: Net returns by the
selected jujube growersYield priceAverage price (Rs/acre)
Sale Price/bag539.6
Yield bags/acre250.6
Total output135223.76
Total input61673.6
Net return73550.16
Input-output ratio of jujube growers
The criteria of input-output ratios, is usually used to examine
the production efficiency of some specific enterprise. It indicates
the rate of return as compared to cost.
In the present study, input-output ratios were determined to
know the income of farm on per rupee expenses. It was calculated by
dividing total value of production with the total cost of
production.
Table 11: Input-output ratio of growers. Total outputTotal
inputInput-output ratio
135223.7661673.61:2.19
Data presented in table shows that input-output ratio of jujube
growers the input-output ratio of growers stood at 1:2.19.It means
that with the investment of Rs. 1.00 in jujube crop they yielded
Rs.2.19.Cost benefit ratio of jujube growersThe cost benefit ratio
refers to net returns as compared to cost of production it is
calculated by dividing net income with cost of production.
Table 12: Cost benefit ratio of growers.Net returnTotal
inputCost benefit ratio
73550.1661673.61:2.67
Data presented in table shows that cost benefit ratio of growers
the cost benefit ratio of the jujube growers stood at
1:2.67.CONCLUSION The present study is to economic analysis of
jujube production Moosa Khatian via Tando Jam District Hyderabad in
Sindh. The work has been carried out based on the primary data
collected from Moosa Khatian. The study findings revealed that
majority 69 percent age of respondents.The majority 62.1 percent of
respondents were educated and 37.9 percent were illiterate. They
were well experienced in farming and well aware with knowledge of
new and improved technologies introduced in farming.
Majority 82.8 percrent of producers full time and 17.2 percent
of respondents half time engaged in agriculture. Majority 60
percent of jajube farmers belong to medium farmer. In case of 79.3
percent farmers have contractors .
The overall cost of jujube yield was obtained by growers 250.6
bags/acre.Total output of Jujube production was received by growers
Rs/ 135223.76/acre and net return received by growers Rs.
73550.16.Pakistan Agricultural Research Council
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