Social Sciences 7 Unit 7

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Social Sciences 7 – Unit 7.3 Below are the big ideas and concepts you need to understand for

7.3 This is supposed to be a support to your notes. It is suggested that you make flashcards, a split-page review guide or some other

means of studying based upon your notes.

Events leading to the Revolution War French and Indian War – causes, results

Albany Plan of Union – who made, result

Colonial methods of protest

Various acts, protests against

“No taxation without representation”

Role of colonial leaders

Key conflicts such as Boston Massacre and Boston Tea Party

American Revolution Key details of battles such as Lexington and Concord, Bunker Hill, Saratoga, etc.

Strengths and weaknesses of the British / Continental Army

Colonists joining together as one – Continental Congresses

Details / impact of Common Sense and Declaration of Independence

Military leaders – what did they do?

Role of women and African Americans in the war

Other key events such as Valley Forge

Key vocabulary you need to know (see vocabulary 7.3 for definitions): Albany Plan of Union Boston Massacre Boston Tea Party boycott Common Sense Declaration of Independence French and Indian War Intolerable Acts loyalist patriot Proclamation of 1763 Quartering Act repeal – smuggling Sons of Liberty Stamp Act Tea Act tory Townshend Acts Treaty of Paris (1763)

blockade Continental Army First Continental Congress Green Mountain Boys guerrilla warfare Hessians independence militia minutemen Olive Branch Petition patriotism rebellion revolution Revolutionary War Second Continental Congress traitor Treaty of Paris (1783) Valley Forge

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French and Indian War (1754-1763)

Mr. Cripps’ Notes Your Notes Background: Britain and France have a history of warfare

French Allies: Huron and Algonquin

British Allies: Iroquois

Where / Why did the war begin: Fur trade in Ohio River

Valley

Albany Congress

Proposed by: Ben Franklin

Albany Plan Of Union: Colonies would form a

government to protect the colonies Result: It was defeated because the colonies didn’t

want to give up their power.

French British

Strengths -1 government

-more Native American allies

Strengths -15 times more people

-easier to defend

Weaknesses -settlement spread out

Weaknesses -13 separate colonies

Mr. Cripps’ Notes Your Notes

Final Battle of the War: Quebec

Treaty to end the war: Treaty of Paris (1763)

Results of the War:

1. All French lands in North America now belong to Great Britain

2. Colonists see the wonderful land of the Ohio River Valley – fertile soil and furs

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boycotts Refusing to buy taxed goods. The purpose was to get

factory owners in England mad because they were losing

business. They would put pressure on Parliament to repeal

the act. The most commonly used and successful colonial

method of protest.

Committees of

correspondence

A network of colonists who wrote each other so that people

in other colonies knew what the British were doing. They

also could coordinate their protest actions.

Hanging in

Effigies

Hanging of representations of somebody. Usually

government officials or tax collectors. They served as a

warning to tax collectors that if they continued to collect

taxes they could be hanged. Most tax collectors would quit

which made collecting the tax impossible.

Harassing

government

officials

Throwing rocks, burning houses, beating up government

officials to get them to stop doing their job.

Make your own Making your own goods so you don’t have to pay taxes.

Examples include liberty tea and homespun cloth.

Form militias A later protest. Forming groups of volunteer soldiers to

protect the colonist’s interests.

petitions Sending letters to King George and Parliament to try and

get changes made. They usually were not successful.

riots Usually unorganized protests that got out of control.

smuggling Sneaking goods into the country to avoid paying taxes.

There was a history of this dating back to the Navigation

Acts (1660’s).

Sons of Liberty

/ Daughters of

Liberty

Colonial organizations with the purpose of protesting

British actions. Biggest concentration was found around

Boston, Massachusetts.

Tar and

Feather

Tax collectors were threatened with tarring and feathering

which was painful and humiliating. Most decided to quit

their jobs making collecting taxes difficult for the British.

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Proclamation of 1763 / Sugar Act Mr. Cripps’ Notes Your Notes

Britain passed a series of acts over the next 10 years to gain money for Britain to cover the costs of running and protecting the colonies. Initially they said it is a result of the French and Indian War.

Proclamation of 1763 Settlers could not move west of the Appalachian

Mountains

Colonists Response

Colonists ignored the act and moved west

anyways

Sugar Act (1764) Taxed sugar and molasses

Colonists Response

Smuggled goods into the colonies

Bribed tax officials

Stamp Act Mr. Cripps’ Notes Your Notes

Stamp Act (1765) o Taxed paper goods such as newspapers, marriage certificates, wills, diplomas, dice and playing cards

Colonists Response

-harassed stamp agents

-riots

-Stamp Act Congress -9 colonies -sent petitions to King George

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Colonial Leaders Mr. Cripps’ Notes Your Notes

Sam Adams - Massachusetts

Leader of the Sons of Liberty

John Adams - Massachusetts

Lawyer – knew British law

Sam’s cousin

George Washington - Virginia

House of Burgesses member

Against Townshend Acts

Patrick Henry - Virginia

House of Burgesses member

Fiery speaker

“Give me liberty or give me death”

Townshend Acts / Quartering Act / Boston Massacre

Mr. Cripps’ Notes Your Notes

Townshend Acts (1767) -Taxed glass, paper, lead, paint, tea -established writs of assistance which allowed British officials to search ships without giving a reason

Colonists Response

-Nonimportation agreements – colonists merchants agreed to stop importing British goods -boycotts -Sons of Liberty / Daughters of Liberty -hangings in effigy -made homespun cloth and liberty tea

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Quartering Act (1767)

-Said colonists had to house British soldiers

Colonists Response -riots -Boston Massacre

Boston Massacre (March 5, 1770) a. 5 colonists killed b. not sure who started it c. Sons of Liberty blamed the British

Tea Act

Mr. Cripps’ Notes Your Notes Tea Act (1773)

Gave monopoly of the tea trade to the

British East India Company

Cut local merchants out of the tea trade

Colonists boycotted tea

Boston Tea Party

Sons of Liberty dressed as Mohawks and

dumped the tea

The main problem the colonists had with the taxes

was the issue of “No taxation without representation.”

“No taxation without representation” means that

the colonists felt that Parliament had no right to tax

them if they did not elect representatives to

Parliament.

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Intolerable Acts

Mr. Cripps’ Notes Your Notes

Intolerable Acts -British reaction to the Boston Tea Party

Shut port of Boston

1 town meeting a year

British officials to be tried in England

New Quartering Act

First Continental Congress

(1774)

Boycott British goods

Set up and train militias

VERY FEW people thinking about separating from

Britain

Lexington and Concord

Mr. Cripps’ Notes Your Notes Lexington and Concord (1775)

British trying to capture

1. guns

2. ammunition

3. John Hancock

4. Sam Adams

Paul Revere warns the colonists

First shots at Lexington

“Shot heard ‘round the World”

minutemen won the battle

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Continental Army vs. British Army

British Army Continental

Army

Approximately

12,000,000 people

Approximately

2,800,000 – many loyal

to England

Highly developed and

flourishing

Practically none

Lots of money -

wealthy

Little money

Best army in the

world

No army – just militia

Not good

George Washington

and other good leaders

Unfamiliar with land

Knew the land

The best in the world

none

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Fort Ticonderoga (May 1775) Mr. Cripps’ Notes Your Notes

New York Colony

American Leaders – Benedict Arnold and Ethan Allen

Ethan Allen led the Green Mountain Boys from Vermont

Importance: captured cannons

War not officially started yet

Second Continental Congress (May 1775)

Mr. Cripps’ Notes Your Notes Results:

1. Olive Branch Petition to King George III 2. Set up Continental Army – George

Washington is leader

Sides during the war Patriots are people who believe that the colonists would be better off if they

separated from Great Britain. Sons of Liberty

were examples of patriots.

Neutral people aren’t on either side in the

Revolutionary War. They see advantages of

remaining a colony and of declaring their independence.

Loyalists / Tories are people who want to remain a colony of Great Britain. They think the colonies need the support and

protection Britain offers.

Bunker Hill (June 1775) Mr. Cripps’ Notes Your Notes

Outside of city of Boston

Americans were doing well until they ran out of ammunition

“Don’t shoot until you see the whites of their eyes!” - William Prescott

British won the hill but had many more wounded and killed soldiers

Proved: 1. Americans wouldn’t be easy to defeat

2. The British wouldn’t give up ------------------------------------------------------- The British used their navy to blockade the United States. This meant that they were going to sail ships up and down the American coast to make sure ships couldn’t bring supplies to the colonies. This was very effective because the colonies had basically no navy.

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Common Sense Mr. Cripps’ Notes Your Notes

Thomas Paine

January 1776

It was obvious that the colonies had little

to gain by being a colony.

500,000 copies sold

Everyone read

Very persuasive

Declaration of Independence Mr. Cripps’ Notes Your Notes

July 4, 1776

Group of 5 wrote it – main author was Thomas Jefferson

Said the colonies were free from British control

John Hancock signed really big so that the King could read his name and know he signed it.

3 parts 1. Purpose of governments

2. Listed all the wrongs done to the colonies by

Great Britain – it was a very complete list so that Great Britain and the World would realize that the colonies had real reasons for wanting independence and wasn’t just throwing a fit.

3. Declared the colonies independent

If the war was lost, all of the people who signed it would have been traitors and been killed.

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Fighting in NY, Nathan Hale, Crisis, Trenton, Foreign Help, Valley Forge

Mr. Cripps’ Notes Your Notes

Battles for New York

Washington tried to stand up to the British in this location. His

troops were beaten and/or captured in several small battles.

Things didn’t look good for his army. The main city of New York

was captured and much of it was burned to the ground.

Nathan Hale

This person was a former school teacher who tried to find

information about the British in New York City for Washington.

He had no experience as a spy. His loyalist uncle spotted him and

ratted him out as a spy. As he was brought to the gallows he said,

“I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country.”

Known as the most famous American spy.

The Crisis - Thomas Paine

This person was famous for writing Common Sense. He wrote

The Crisis in 1776 to try to convince people to enlist as soldiers.

He called the American “sunshine soldiers” meaning that they

were willing to serve when the weather was nice and things were

going well but when the going got tough they went home. The

Crisis was very influential.

Battle of Trenton

This battle gave the Americans some momentum in the war. It

occurred just before many of the soldiers contracts were to run

out. These soldiers would have gone home without some sign of

encouragement effectively destroying the army and ending the

war. This battle convinced many soldiers to re-enlist.

Washington crossed the icy Delaware River and surprised the

Hessian mercenaries (soldiers for hire) who were recovering from

their Christmas celebration. No Americans were killed.

Baron von Steuben - This Prussian soldier helped teach the

Americans how to fight better. He trained the soldiers.

Marquis de Lafayette - This Frenchman was a valuable aid and

close friend of Washington.

Valley Forge - This is where Washington and the Continental

Army spent the winter of 1777-1778. They were cold and hungry.

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British 3 – Fold Plan The purpose of the British 3 – Fold Plan was to capture the city of

Albany.

British General Goal Actual Result

General St.

Leger

Attack Albany from Lake

Ontario

Defeated at the

Battle of Oriskany

General Howe

Attack Albany up the

Hudson River from New York

City

Captured Philadelphia

and stayed there for

the winter

General

Burgoyne

Attack Albany by going

down Lake Champlain

Defeated at Saratoga

The map below shows what the British hoped was going to happen.

Battle of Saratoga:

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Mr. Cripps’ Notes Your Notes

Saratoga British General: John Burgoyne

American General: Horatio Gates, Benedict Arnold

Nickname: Turning Point of the War

Result of the battle: Burgoyne surrendered close to 7,000

soldiers

France helped the Americans

Benedict Arnold Very good American general

He and John Andre try to give West Point to the British

Unsuccessful – most famous traitor

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Women and African Americans in the War, Fighting at Sea and on the Frontier

Mr. Cripps’ Notes Your Notes

Women helped keep the farms going during the war. Many also went with their husbands to war where they did laundry, cooked, etc. Betsy Ross was credited with making the first American flag. Mary Ludwig Hays took over for her husband and fired a cannon at the battle of Monmouth. She was also known as Molly Pitcher. Deborah Sampson dressed up as a man and fought in several battles.

African-Americans played an important part in the war. At first they were not allowed to fight but when the British offered them freedom if they fought on their side. General Washington realized that it would be beneficial if they could fight in the Continental Army. Some African-Americans proved to be heroes in the war. Peter Salem and Salem Poor fought at Bunker Hill. Many African-Americans hoped for an end to slavery because the Declaration of Independence said “all people are created equal.”

Most of the Native Americans helped the British. George Rogers Clark was the American commander in the West. He captured forts at Kaskaskia and Cahokia. He made a surprise attack at Vincennes after marching through a swamp. The best American naval leader was John Paul Jones. He commanded a ship called the Bonhomme Richard. He defeated the British warship called the Serapis. It looked like he might lose the battle and he was asked if he surrendered. He responded, “I have not yet begun to fight!”

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Sullivan-Clinton Campaign Mr. Cripps’ Notes Your Notes

series of battles in this area

goal is to destroy Iroquois villages

Fighting in the South Mr. Cripps’ Notes Your Notes

A. Main fighting 1. Charles Cornwallis (Br.) 2. Nathanael Greene (Cont.) 3. American doing poorly

a. lots of loyalists

B. Guerrilla Warfare 1. hit and run tactics 2. Francis Marion (Swamp Fox)

C. Yorktown (1781) 1. Yorktown Peninsula, Virginia 2. last major battle of the war 3. Cornwallis (BR.) surrounded by

Washington on land and the French fleet by sea 4. Surrendered

D. Treaty of Paris (1783) 1. U.S. recognized as an independent nation 2. Western boundary extended to the Mississippi River 3. Loyalists to be repaid