Social Science 5d Notes

8/10/2019 Social Science 5d Notes

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SOCIAL SCIENCE 5D:

European Realm: (cont)

northwest highlands = oldest

highest northern points:- Galdhoppigen Mountains Norway (8000 ft)

-

Ben Novis Mountains Scotland

-

Snowden Wales (3605 ft)

central uplands: younger than N.W. highlands

- Ardennen S

-

Uosges

- Black Forest

- Urals

resources; copper, iron, zinc

Alpine Mountains: youngest

- have most activity; tectonically active

- tall mountains and steep slopes

- consists of 3 peninsulas:

Balkan region

Italian peninsula

Iberian peninsula

- Pyranees mountains separate Spain from France

- Dinaric alps and Alpinine mountains of Italy

*industrial activity: Barcelona, Milan, Athens, Turin, Mersalles*limited agriculture

*sedimentary deposits

Climates:

climes influenced by position windward of moist Atlantic air

large and various raw materials(?)

- consequence of wide range of natural environments

-

helped fuel various stages of development

temperature and precipitation*Europe climate:

- latitude factors: air masses and sea surroundings

influenced by North Atlantic drift

Murmansk in arctic area controlled by Russia

-

kept ice free b/c of N. Atlantic drift (warm temperatures)


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North Atlantic Drift important control of climate

Other controls: orientation of countries

B dry climateBs semiarid

Bw arid

C umid temperate climate

Cfa

Cfb

Cfc

Csa

Csb

D Humid cold climate

Dfa

Dfb

Dfc

E cold polar climate

- tundra and ice

H highland climate

- undifferentiated highlands

Geographical Features: Locational Advantages

Relative location situated at the crossroads of the landhemisphere, or the half of the globe with the greatest land surface

Maximum efficiency for global contact

Dense network of navigable rivers and canals

- aided contact within Europe and beyond

European interaction: close proximities and immense cultural

diversity

Ancient Europe: Ancient Greece and Imperial Rome

Greeces cultural and political foundations:- city-states: small territories of cities and their hinterlands

ruled by elected governments

Romes political and urban system:

- borrowed from Greeks, but expanded their empire and build a

vast infrastructure network

- First metropolitan scale urban center in Europe


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5 Major dimensions of contemporary Europe:

linguistic

religious

demographic

economic

political

Cultural Diversity:

Diversity of ancestries and languages:

- most belong to the Indo-European language family

-- german branch, romanic branch, Slavic branch (mostly

spoken in the East)

-

English as lingua franca

Religious strife:

- historically btwn Catholics and Protestants

-

Today, w/ the rise of Islam

Contemporary Europe: A dynamic realm: SPATIAL INTERACTION

Europe is unified as an enormous functional region that operates

based on two principles:

-

Complementarity: as one area produces a surplus of a

commodity that is required by another area

- Transferability: ease with which a commodity can be

transported by producer to consumer

creates a highly interdependent economic realm

Economic:

highly integrated and developed

if one is deficient in one area, another compensates

A Changing Population:

Negative Natural Population Growth

Shrinking population and below-replacement fertility

- impacts workers whose taxes pay for social services

Immigration Partially offsetting population decline

Changing once-homogenous nation-states

-

growth in Muslims clustered in cities and unassimilated

The Growing Multicultural Challenge


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Demographic:

1950: population reduced to 11%

currently/by 2025: will be 7%

population is relatively declining (due to crude birth/death rate)

5th

phase of demographic cycle: accrued birth rate < death rate replacement total fertility rate (TFR) = 2%

(average is usually 1.3% (?))

European Unification:

Forces at work

centrifugal forcescontribute to social and political divergence

that may break up a state

centripetal forceshelp to politically unify as a cohesive and

stable entityEuropean integration and unification

-

Triump of centripetal forces

- Proceeded after WW2

- Effort to maintain stability, prosperity, and security

Political:

Europe about 2/3 area of U.S.

40 countries40/193 is approx. 40/200 = 1/5 of worlds

country

1)Free Trade Area

- countries come together to remove trade barriers amongst

themselves, but allow each member to pursue other contries

not in the area

2)

Customs Union

- FTA + common external tariff policy

- Remove barriers to trade amongst themselves but take

on/develop their own tariff policy

3)

Common Market-

Customs Union + Free Movement of Capital and Labor

- Economic community where capital and labor move freely

4)Economic Union

- Common Market + Common Monetary/Fiscal Policy


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European unification: background

Primary motive: rapid postwar economic recovery

-

led by the united states with interest in:

*reopening European markets for US goods

*securing Europe as a buffer against USSR- European political considerations:

*Close political cooperation was necessary for peace

-

Changing motives: open market to compete globally w/ US and

Asia

The Unification Process

1921 established 1944 but began to operate 1947

agreement of customs union Benelux Belgium, Luxumberg,

and ________________

European Union: ex. Of supernationalism cooperative venture

involving three or more states each giving up some sovereignty

for mutual benefit

Several member state expansions: 6 in 1958, 27 in 2007, 28 in

2013

1951: European coal + steel community established

- 6 countries: Germany, France, Italy, and Benelux ^

-

France supplied coal, Belgium Iron, Luxumberg Steel,

Germany coal

1957: treaty of Rome signed

- established European economic community

-

established a common marketensured free movement/flow

of capital and labor among the 6 members (inner 6)

- Britain perceived this as a protectionist move and therefore

established European free trade area in 1959 (outer 7)

-norway

-sweden

-switzerland

-denmark

-portugal

-austria

-UK

2013: 28 members of economic union

-

EU parliament directly elected by EU citizens; # elected is

based on # of citizens/population

- counsel of EU (similar to US senate) 1 minister of govt from

each EU country assigned to attend foreign affairs


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policies of subsidies:

-

development of less prosperous subregions

-

common agriculture policy (CAP) and farmers

uneven development:

- major differences still persist between regions and withinmember states

Diminished State Power and New Regionalism

devolution: centrifugal forces of regions or people within a state

that demand and gain political strength at the expense of the

state:

- results when absolute sovereignty of the state over its territory

erodes

- states respond in a variety of ways, from suppression to

accommodation

Defining Europe: Difficult Choices

Widening or Deepening?

widening: expand membership of EU

-

difficulty including uneven economies, disparate political

systems, and greater cultural diversity

- yet, negotiations w/ potential members continue

deepening: intensify policies and laws of the EU

-

difficulty in maintaining and creating uniform laws- rising Euro-skepticism and public resistance to deepening

The Remaining Outsiders

negotiations w/ prospective members

- Balkans - Europes

Far East

- Turkey

EU demand for political, economic, and social reform is becoming

more urgent

Cultural distinctions could impede membership

Once Again: In Search for Europes Eastern Border

end of Cold War, divisions btwn W and E Europe

- economic contrast remain

- historical ties btwn W and E also remain

* eastward expansion of EU might define this boundary in the future


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Physiographic Regions:

The realm has diverse physiographic regions that each exhibit

natural landscape homogeneity:

- Some high-relief regions:

Pacific Mountains

Rocky Mountains

Appalachian mountains (least tectonically active)

- Some lowland regions:

Great Plains

Interior lowlands

Various coastal plains

Two broad regions:

1)

Highland region

-Western upland (the oldest)

** highest point in western upland: Mt. Mitchell

(elevation: 6, 684 feet) in North Carolina

**Mt. McKinley 20,320 ft

**Mt. Whitney 14, 494 ft (Sierra, Nevada)

- Eastern upland

** California region is the most tectonically active

** ^ as opposed to Appalachian region infrequent

earthquakes)

2)

Lowland region- Gulf-atlantic coastal plain (extends up to Cape Cod)

- Interior lowland

- Canadian shield

- Arctic coastal plain

Climate:

Physiographic variety is matched in climatic variety

Considerable Cf and Df climates are suitable for large-scale

farming. Significant rainshadow effect of the western mountains blocks

moisture to the Great Plains

Humid east experiences weather extremes due to frigid Arctic

and subtropical seasonal air masses


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Religion:

Christianity dominant (but also diverse w/ minority religions)

Regional denomination diversity

Religious tolerance for most; Islam a contemporary exception

Resources:

water: most fundamental

15% used from businesses (?)

metallic metals: lead, zinc, iron, ore Appalachian mountains

The Distribution of Natural Resources

uneven distribution of natural resources across the realm

water

- relatively well-supplied

-

concerns for future supply:

arid Southwest and Great Plains rely on other areas for

water

overuse of ground water aquifers lowers water table

abundant mineral reserves are in 3 zones

Fossil fuels or oil, natural gas, and coal energy sources

- not enough to satisfy demand, so imports are necessary

- alternative energy sources, especially nuclear power, are not

well-developed

Urbanization and the Spatial Economy: Industrial Cities

Industrialization and urbanization in tandem

A new urban system:

- cities specialized in raw materials or manufacturing

- interconnected by growing transportation network

- American Manufacturing Belt emerged as foundation of the

North American Core

Shifting spatial economy

- primary sector in decline due to mechanization

-secondary sector growth and decline

- tertiary sector expansion


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THE NORTH AMERICAN CORE

core of both states

- Contains largest cities, each states capital, economic &

media centers, hubs of research & education, and major

transportation systems- Contains more than 1/3 of each states population

influence extends beyond the realm (global)

growth of the core

- Thriving manufacturing cities grew upward, while urban

peripheries grew outward

- In time, nearby cities coalesced into an expensive

metropolitan area (metropolis)

center of globalization

- Rise of the information economy as the American

Manufacturing Belt goes into decline

CHICAGO (among the realms greatest cities)

Crossroads centrality

Leading manufacturing & industrial technology center

Post-industrial transition

THE SOUTHEAST

uneven geography development

- Sunbelt migration boom hit some cities & agricultural areas,

while missing others

- Wide income gap

environmental disasters

- Hurricanes, gulf oil

internationalization of Florida

- Air condition, air travel and Cubans

-Miami as a world city connecting Northern & Southernhemispheres

-


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THE SOUTHWEST

Regional identity: aridity & ethnic diversity

Diverse economies and challenges

- Growing technopoles

THE PACIFIC HINGE

Entire west coast

Pacific Rim: a discontinuous region along the Pacific experiencing

rapid growth & progress

Pacific Hinge represents the interface b/w the North American

realm & Pacific Rim

LOS ANGELES

Immense urban landscape

- Product of the automobile age and freeway network

North American metropolis

- 2nd largest agglomeration in the realm

- Anchor of CA metropolis

THE WESTERN FRONTIER

regions environment: remote, dry & sparsely populated

fastest growing region

- Pull factors: sunny climates, open spaces, lower cost of

living, growing job opportunities

- Slowed with 2008 economic crisis

ultimate frontier city: Las Vegas

- More than gambling and amusement

- Other attractions : jobs; low cost; sunny weather

THE CONTINENTAL INTERIOR dominant agriculture

farming and energy

losing population

region has weathered the recession with low unemployment &

strong incomes


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THE NORTHERN FRONTIER

territorially large with sparse and isolated settlements

economic bounty

- Vast mineral resources

-

Hydropower- Oil reserves

*Vast tar sands, of oil mixed with sand, in Alberta

economic activity and connections infringes on indigenous lands

AFRICA

-To the west: Atlantic Ocean

-East: Indian Ocean

-Middle east: Red Sea

- Southern-most point: Cape Agulhas ( ~35*N latitude)

-

Northern-most point: Ras Ben Sakka (~37*N Lat)

-

Western-most point: Cape Verde (~18*W longitude)

- Eastern-most point: Ras Hafun (~15*E long)

Tropic of Capricorn goes through the bottom portion of Africa

Tropic of Cancer goes through the top portion

~75% of Africa lies between the two tropics

Canary current coast of NW/Western part of Africa; is a cool

current because takes place in the west

Benguela current cool current

(Both are important for understanding the deserts)

Mozambique current warm current

Gulf of Aiden (between the Red Sea and Indian Ocrean) (not surewhy he mentioned this)

Mediterranean Sea; Atlas mountains(?) North

Red Sea and Suez Canal NE

Algeria in the north biggest of the countries

Cape Mountains (?) - South


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* Africa is the second largest continent in area (~11.7 million square

miles)

* has 54 nations; and is the 2ndmost populousin 2011: ~1.03 billion

people

Africa has:

6.5% world reserve of coal

6.5% world reserve of petroleum

2.2% worlds natural gas

Africas Physiography:

Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics

Continental drift

-

All continents once part of super continent, Pangaea

-

Plate tectonics split Pangaea apart and continue their work on

Africa today

Africas unique land:

-

Escarpments, rifts, river. (he cut off the slide here -_-)

Gondwana:

-

subsequent events leading up to the development of Africa

Rifts and Rivers

Geologically unique:

-

No mountain backbone

-

Tectonic forces:

eastern volcanic mountains

Great Lakes of Rift Valleys (Valleys formed as parallel

faults of sinking or subducting crust)

-

Plateau continent

Hydrologically unique:

-

River courses, inland deltas and cataracts

* important water ways: R. Benue, Congo Basin, Nile River, Zambizi

River

in northAtlas Mountains

in southCape Mountains(?)


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the divergence of the continents developed great rift value (?)

Africas Historical Geography: African Genesis Cradle of humankind

-

7 milion years of archeological research

Precolonial period:

- African innovations and exchange

- West Africa was one of the most culturally and economically

productive areas on the continent

- African cultures established in all environmental settings

*Predated Islamic and European contact

Tunis (capital) has same latitude has Richmond, Virginia, and SF,

CA

Africa: only continent w/o pacific coastlines

Has minimum agrigate distance from other continents

Traded btwn N and S, especially in the west

Af, Am climate zones

4 Hearths of Agriculture Innovation

-

invention vs innovation

-

invention: new addition to something already made

- innovation: an adaption

- 1) Ethiopian plateau

- 2) West African Savanna

- 3) West African Forest

-

4) Forest-Savanna boundary in West-Central Africa

Iron making centers:

-

Nok in Benue plateau of Nigeria

-

Lake Victoria near equator in Africa

did not experience bronze age only iron and stone


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Bantu Migration

Migration waves

-

from Nigeria and Cameroon

-

to Great Lakes area and South Africa

Fragmented African realm:- rich and varied cultures

-

weakness to European intrusion

Bantu language very wide spread in Africa

Bantus were farmers who used iron(?) implements

Africas Historical Geography: The Colonial Transformation

Started with 15thcentury arrival of Portuguese ships:

-

Coastal stations were established en route to the Orient

-

Strongest impact on West Africa, especially on the slave trade

Coastward Reorientation

With European incursion, centers of activity were shifted from

inland to the Atlantic coast:

- interior societies declined as coastal societies thrived

- coastal states participated in the slave trade:

*they captured interior peoples and brought them to European

traders on the coast

*later, these powerful coastal states opposed abolition

Horrors of the Slave Trade

Peril of proximity: short maritime intercontinental journey from

Africa to Brazil

Slaves in West African interior and in Arab trading

European slave trade:

- unparalleled in volume and misery

- reoriented trade routes and ravaged interior population

Europeans kept at bay by strong coastal states for nearly 400

years:- no interior incursion nor colonies until 1800

Trans-Saharan Slave Trade

West and south central AfricaAmericas


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Colonization

competition btwn colonial powers led to the partition of the entire

African continent in 1884

-

not until after 1900 (or 1980?) were they able to control all the

areas they acquired- each governed in different ways with differing political, social,

and cultural impacts

competition for food led to Berlin Conference of 1884

effective occupation:

contiguity:

caprivi strip: boundary separating Nambia and __________

15 landlot(?) territories

1)Mali

2)Chad

3)

Niger

4)

CAR: __________________________ Republic

5)S. Sudan

6)Ethiopia

7)Ruwanda

8)

Burundi

9)

Uganda10)Malawi

11)Lesotho

12) Swaziland

13) Bostwana

14)

Zimbabwe

15)

Zambia

54 countries in Africa Total

15/54external trade is high

The Berlin Conference:

1884 conference of mostly European states to settle the political

partitioning of Africa:

At the time, more than 80% of Africa was still under traditional

African rule


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7)WW2: Russia fought w/ US (but relationship strained after 1945

led to the Cold War ended 1991)

Physical Geography of Russian Realm: Physiographic Regions

The Russian Plain (1) continuation of North European lowland

Russias core area

Ural Mountains (2)

- North-south mountains not tall enough to hinder

transportation

-

Divides Russia in two vast expanses of low relief:

*Russian Plain to the West

*Siberia to the East

Russian Plain as the Eurasian heartland:

-

center of great landmass

- major influence on history

- potential vulnerability

Siberia

West Siberian Plain (3)

Worlds largest unbroken lowland where rivers flow northward,

like the Ob River

Russias plains: span 50% of Russia

core of Russia: N. European lowland

- most productive area

-

most acitivity/resources

Russian plain to the West: 75% of Russias population

- contains port city of St. Petersberg and Moscov

1 million square miles

Central Siberian Plateau (4)

east of the Yenisey River

Higher relief

Most sparsely populated area in the habitable world

Yukutsk Basin (5)

moderate topography drained by the Lens River

Eastern Highlands (6)

remote jumble of ranges


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Kamchatka and Sakhalin

Pacific Ring of Fire

-

Kamchatka Peninsula

-

Volatile volcanism

Sakhalin Island- prevalent earthquakes

-

oil and gas reserves

The Southern Perimeter

Central Asian Ranges (7)

high relief location of Lake Baykal

Caucasus Mountains (8)

barrier and zone of conflict for Russia and neighbors

in eastern most part of Russia: large number (100+) of volcanoes

Mt. Elbrus: 18,851 ft above sea level

Continentality: expansiveness of land exerts great influence on

land

- brings down temperature in winter so temperature ranges are

extremely high since areas are far from oceans

chernuzem(?): grows wheat, oats, etc; rich in resources

- mineral resources: natural oils and gases, gold, iron, coal, lead,

zinc

Physical Geography of the Russian Realm: Harsh Environments

Climate context:

Continentality: inland climatic environment remote from

moderating and moistening maritime influence

environmental effect:

- Permafrost: water in the ground permanently frozen

Hiigh latitude ecology:

-

Tundra: bare ground & rock with lichen, mosses, and low grass

- Taiga: snowforest of coniferous trees

Climate and Peoples

Climate and weather make farming difficult:

-

seasonal temperature extremes

- variable rainfall

- short, undependable growing seasons

Limitations on agriculture explain realms population distribution


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Study Guide:

should know difference btwn Absolute (site) and Relative

(situation)

Latitude and Longitude

-

latitude runs E-W, labeled N-S- join points w/ same angular distance from center of earth

-

result of intersecting a sphere w/ horizontal plane

thermal zones

7 special latitudes

-

special due to relationship w/ the sun

-

Social Science 5d Notes

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