Social Reform SSUSH7 Students will explain the process of economic growth, its regional and national impact in the first half of the 19th century, and.

Social Reform SSUSH7 Students will explain the process of economic growth, its regional and national impact in the first half of the 19th century, and the different responses to it. c. Describe reform movements, specifically temperance,

abolitionism, and public school. d. Explain women’s efforts to gain suffrage; include Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the Seneca Falls Conference.

Transcendentalism

0Philosophical movement that taught the process of spiritual discovery and insight that would lead a person to truths more profound that he or she could reach through reason

0Started in Concord, MA around 18300Declared humans as naturally good0Urged self-reliance and private worship0Leaders – Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David

Thoreau

Second Great Awakening0Powerful evangelical movement

that affected Protestant Christians 0Taught individual responsibility for

seeking salvation – previously it was believed that a person’s fate (whether they went to heaven or hell) was predetermined by god

0Emphasized the importance of the bible, salvation through Jesus, and performing good deeds

Abolitionist Movement0Movements to end

slavery were not new and had been active since colonial times

0Early movements favored gradual emancipation (freeing of enslaved persons) – first steps were to stop the spread of slavery to new states and ending the slave trade in the U.S.

Leaders of the Abolitionist Movement

0William Lloyd Garrison – white man who published an anti-slavery newspaper called The Liberator

0Founded the American Anti-Slavery Society in 1833

Leaders of the Abolitionist Movement

0Frederick Douglass – African-American who was a key leader of the American Anti-Slavery Society

0Douglass was a former slave tutored by his white owner and then self-educated

0He escaped and became active the anti-slavery movement

Leaders of the Abolitionist Movement0Although many people

did not approve of the involvement of women in politics, many became active in the abolitionist movement including freed slave Sojourner Truth

0Sarah and Angelina Grimke, daughters of a South Carolina slave holder, spoke out in favor of abolition

Underground Railroad0A network of escape routes

for slaves fleeing north to freedom

0A former slave named Harriet Tubman became a leader and moved many slaves to safety

Public School Reform0 Before the mid-1800s, no uniform education policy existed in

the US – only 2 states had compulsory education laws0 One room schoolhouses put all students together to learn –

few continued past age 100 In the 1830s, Americans began to demand tax-supported

school systems0 This upset people who sent their children to private school,

but leaders like Horace Mann believed it was important that all children attend school in order to make them good citizens

0 By the 1850s, every state had some sort of publicly funded elementary school

0 It took many years for states in the far West and South had firmly established public schools

 The Role of Women and push for reform

0At the beginning of the 19th Century, there was a debate about the roles of women

0Many people believed that woman’s place was in the home, raising and educating her family and serving the interests of her husband

0As women became educated and tasks in the home became easier, women began to venture outside of the home, many of them into the debate over slavery or the temperance movement 0The temperance movement was the

effort to prohibit the drinking of alcohol

0Women also campaigned for education and health reform

Women’s Rights Movement Emerges

0The Seneca Falls Convention – Seneca Falls, NY, 1848 – first women’s rights convention in the U.S.

0Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organized the convention

0Stanton and Mott composed the Declaration of Sentiments, modeled on the Declaration of Independence, which included a list of grievances and push for women to participate in all public issues equally with men

0This included a call for the right of suffrage (voting)0Progress was slow, but women began to gain rights

Nativist Movement

0People who favored native-born Americans over immigrants

0Know-Nothing Party of the 1850s gained many followers by vowing to restrict immigration