Social Reform Movements from the 1820s to the 1850s Social Reform Movements from the 1820s to the 1850s Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality.

Social Reform Movements from the 1820s to the 1850sSocial Reform Movements

from the 1820s to the 1850sSocial Reforms & Redefining the

Ideal of Equality

Temperance

Women’s Rights

Abolitionism

Antebellum Reform

Movements

Antebellum Reform

Movements

Republican Republican MotherhoodMotherhood

• The concept related to women's roles as mothers in the emerging United States before and after the American Revolution (c. 1760 to 1800).

• It centered around the belief that children should be raised to uphold the ideals of republicanism, making them the perfect citizens of the new nation.

Painting The Artist and His Family by James Peale (1795)

Roles & Experctations of Women in Early 19th

Century AmericaWhat were women’s traditional roles? What were women were

expected to do?

• • • • • • •

Early 19th century Women

Early 19th century Women1. Unable to vote.

2. Legal status of a minor.3. Single could own her own

property.4. Married no control over

herproperty or her children.

5. Could not initiate divorce.6. Couldn’t make wills, sign a

contract, or bring suit in court without her husband’s permission.

Social Reform Prostitution

The “Fallen Woman”

Social Reform Prostitution

The “Fallen Woman”Sarah Ingraham

(1802-1887)

1835 Advocate of Moral Reform

Female Moral Reform Society focusedon the “Johns” & pimps, not the girls.

R2-1

“Separate Spheres” Concept

“Separate Spheres” Concept

“The Cult of Domesticity” A woman’s “sphere” was in the home (it was a

refuge from the cruel world outside). Her role was to “civilize” & educate her husband and

family.

An 1830s MA minister:The power of woman is her dependence. A woman who gives up that dependence on man to become a reformer yields the power God has given her for her protection, and her character becomes unnatural!

Cult of Domesticity = Slavery

Cult of Domesticity = SlaveryThe 2nd Great Awakening inspired

women to improve society.

Angelina Grimké Sarah Grimké

Southern Abolitionists

Lucy Stone

American Women’sSuffrage Assoc.

edited Woman’s Journal

Cult of Domesticity

• Between 1820 and the Civil War, the growth of new industries, businesses, and professions helped to create in America a new middle class.

• (The Middle class consisted of families whose husbands worked as lawyers, office workers, factory managers, merchants, teachers, physicians and others.)

Cult of Domesticity• Although the new middle-class family had its roots in preindustrial society, it

differed from the preindustrial family in three major ways: – I) A nineteenth-century middle-class family did not have to make what it needed in order to

survive. Men could work in jobs that produced goods or services while their wives and children stayed at home.

– 2) When husbands went off to work, they helped create the view that men alone should support the family. This belief held that the world of work, the public sphere, was a rough world, where a man did what he had to in order to succeed, that it was full of temptations, violence, and trouble. A woman who ventured out into such a world could easily fall prey to it, for women were weak and delicate creatures. A woman's place was therefore in the private sphere, in the home, where she took charge of all that went on.

– 3) The middle-class family came to look at itself, and at the nuclear family in general, as the backbone of society. Kin and community remained important, but not nearly so much as they had once been.

Cult of Domesticity• A new ideal of womanhood and a new

ideology about the home arose out of the new attitudes about work and family. – Called the "cult of domesticity," it is found in

women's magazines, advice books, religious journals, newspapers, fiction--everywhere in popular culture.

– This new ideal provided a new view of women's duty and role while cataloging the cardinal virtues of true womanhood for a new age.

Charles Dana Gibson, No Time for Politics, 1910

Cult of Domesticity

• This ideal of womanhood had essentially four parts--four characteristics any good and proper young woman should cultivate:– Piety

– Purity

– Domesticity

– Submissiveness

Cult of Domesticity

– Piety: Nineteenth-century Americans believed that women had a particular propensity for religion. The modern young woman of the 1820s and 1830s was thought of as a new Eve working with God to bring the world out of sin through her suffering, through her pure, and passionless love.

– Purity: Female purity was also highly revered. Without sexual purity, a woman was no woman, but rather a lower form of being, a "fallen woman," unworthy of the love of her sex and unfit for their company.

Cult of Domesticity

– Domesticity: Woman's place was in the home. Woman's role was to be busy at those morally uplifting tasks aimed at maintaining and fulfilling her piety and purity.

– Submissiveness: This was perhaps the most feminine of virtues. • Men were supposed to be religious, although not generally. Men were

supposed to be pure, although one could really not expect it. But men never supposed to be submissive. Men were to be movers, and doers--the actors in life. Women were to be passive bystanders, submitting to fate, to duty, to God, and to men.

Women’s Rights Movement

Women’s Rights Movement1840 split in the abolitionist

movement over women’s role in it.

London World Anti-Slavery Convention

Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton

1848 Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments