Social Philosophy Term Paper

CHAPTER 1 PHILOSOPHY

Philosophy

Is the science of all things studied from the viewpoint ofthe ultimate causes under the light of human reason alone.

Philosophy is a science. Science is an orderly body ofknowledge and is this philosophy. Philosophy is not simply baseone mere opinion or theories but certain knowledge obtaineddemonstration and reduced comprehensive rational system.Philosophy is valid sciences that lead us to valid reality.

Kind of causes

In Philosophy, there are four (4) different kinds of causesthese are; a. Material, b. Formal, c. efficient, d. final.Ordinarily when we talk of cause, we talk of that which breaksabout ordinary existence. A philosophy if we talk of causes weget to a broader definition. Causes are the explanation ofsomething. If we are to understand man philosophically we try tounderstand him from the 4 ultimate kinds of causes.

a. Material Causes – explain the begins, determinabolness,its potentiality.

b. Formal Cause – explain whatness, the form of the being,the form of the being.

c.Efficient Cause – explain a being’s origin the hownessd. Final Cause – explain the reason for a being existence

its whyness.

Instrument of philosophy

1. Logic – is the art and science of correct thinking.2.Ethics – is the study of morality human conduct.3. Cosmology – study of the universe.

4. Aesthetics – is the study of beautiful5. Epistemology – study of the truth.6. Metaphysics – study of reality.7. Ontology – study of being8. Rational Psychology – study of philosophical, study of

man its origin, nature and destiny.9. Theodicy – study of GOD and this relation with man and

universe.

10. History of Philosophy – historical study of thedevelopment of philosophy.

CHAPTER 2 ROLES AND CONDITION OF PHILOSOPHY

Roles of philosophy

The 1strole of philosophy is to ask genuine philosophicalquestion in order for it to justify legitimate science. Genuinephilosophical question are those question that any serious personask himself about the world. About the direction of his lifeabout the problem of society and about GOD. Every person variesin his answer to those questions. Philosophy provides a criticalbasis for our world views.

The 2nd role of philosophy is that pronounces judgement uponscience and technology. It gives meaning to science andtechnology. Science can bring about the invention of the atomicbomb but the scientist cannot determine when to drop it. Thisconcept bridge into focus the fact that science and technologyare ambivalent; they can be use either in a constructive anddistractive way. Philosophy has the role of living direction tothis thing. Men who have been thing as intelligence andpurposeful use it. It promotes judgement upon hours, religion,

history, science, education, and politics and interprets theindividuals.

The 3rd role of philosophy is to provide the person with his“map of living” that gives to his activity and that makes a humanlife a meaningful whole. Philosophy provides a cosmic map so thatman’s endeavours may have some coherence and meaning.

The 4th role of philosophy is to uncover the meaning ofphenomenal. Phenomenal refers to those which are present toreview things those that appear. The important realization thatthe meanings of appearances have to be south out for the meaningto be revealed.

Condition of philosophy

If Philosophy were truly knowledge it should fulfil two (2)conditions: 1.it must lead us to

Knowledge, knowledge understandsbut what kind of knowledge? Therewas a time in the past when philosophy used to claim to drive atcertitude such that it would coerce the mind to give it ascent anhonest prevents of truth.

Philosophy should see the truth people used to believe thatanyone honest must be his assent. Philosophy lead us to knowledgethat in the some of opinion but not simple opinion. Opinion usreasoned understanding only necessary and self-evident principleand evidence and in direction made from the absolute truth posethe quality.

Philosophy aims not at also with truth as necessary not inthe sense of simple opinion but not absolute knowledge. Thisknowledge is reasoned opinion. This type of truth has four (4)basis characteristics: 1. It is testable or very friable, 2. Itis subject to rational criticism and traditional criticism, 3. Itis recti-friable or corrigible, 4.It is falsifiable.

Philosophy leads to the truth and truth is essentially inthe mind when are speaks good reality as nit is. Philosophy willbring man to certain conviction that what we say is realitycorrespond better than anything else we can say. What the humanwill says about reality is good enough to somewhat explanation.This is a necessary characteristic of modern truth the mindshould be satisfied enough and there for reality is explained.

HUMAN VALUES AND THEORIES

Value

Man is not only an animal; it is a person no other corporealis a person only man is a person because if he has the gift ofinsight (intellect) and volition (will). We often refer to aperson a self of ego. There is no basic difference between thesetwo terms.

Kinds of values

Values are classified according to the level of human lifeto which there corresponds.

1. Biological Values. These are necessary to philosophicalsurvival of a man as an organism,

1. Life and health2. Food and shelter3. Work

2. Social Values. These are necessary to the casual needs offulfilment.

1. Leisure and Sex2. Marriage3. Family and Home4. Parental authority5. Education

3. Rational Values. These are necessary to the function andfulfilment of intellectual and will.

1. Understanding and control of nature2. Guide and control of one self3. Solidarity with fellowmen

4. Religion

CORE VALUE OF NEW FILIPINO

Moral maturity is a process of conversation. It meansshedding off the old self and putting on the new self. For thenew conversation to be total, it must work from within theperson. This involves a new way of thinking a new perception ofrealities for the Filipino, this conversation begin with thefresh view of human been part in our tradition somehow in ournational consciousness.

In the previous chapter, we have said that the firstfundamental value is that of the self-manifesting himself as aperson. The human person has value, not because of what he was interms of material possession but for what he is, a creaturegifted by GOD with intellect and will. Because of his humandignity, a person possesses certain right and duties essential tohis development.

On the basis of human dignity. Fr. Gorospe, explore thepotentials of values which he consider “Core” or central to theeducation and eventual transformation of the Filipino. These corevalues are: TRUTH, LOVE, and FAITH, INTEGRITY, HARDWORK andSOCIAL JUSTICE.

1. Truth, Love, and Faith

There is a need for intellectual conversation. One should beready to deny what is false and to accept what is true. Thisinvolves genuine concern for study and research, denying tsismisor guess work or reliable source of information.

Filipino cultural values

The values of the Filipino’s spring from their peculiar wayof viewing life, each origin, its meaning and its purpose. Forexample the value of “PananaligsaMaykapal” comes from the beliefthat GOD is the supreme creator. The values of Pag-ibig,Pakikipag-

kapwa, PagpapahalagasaFamilia, Hiya, UtangnaLoob – Take roots ontheir awareness of social relatedness and from the awareness ofhis worth as a person dignify and responsible – come dangal,amorpropio, delacadeza, palabra de honor.

PRE – PHILOSOPHYMythological StoryThe summary of the Helen of Troy

Answer:

Helen was a beautiful woman who was married to the king ofSparta. Menelaus but was unhappy. A Trojan prince, Paris came byand they fell in love and ran off to tory. It turned out thatMenelaus was the brother of Agamemnon who was the commander inchief of all the Greek Forces when it came to matters of war.Agamemnon’s title was “the Royal Sackers of cities” because hehad destroyedmany. Agamemnon hadn’t had a “good war” for a whileand decided to use this excuse (Helen) to start the war withtroy. He bullies everyone (all the other city kings) to join in.A 1000 war ships are sent out.

Troy is not easy to destroy. The walls are huge and strongand another prince, hector is extremely good at war and thwartsthe Greek over and over again. The war last almost 10 years. Thefighting is severe and there are plagues and everything else.Finally Odysseus comes up with the idea of the Trojan horse. TheTrojan were proud of their horse taming history and the idea wasto leave a large model of a horse, out of wood, and leaves andthe Trojans would interpret this as a “sorry for the war” kind ofgift. Both sides were very sick of the war at the time.

The Trojans take the horse into the city and have a bigparty because they are so happy the war is over and get drunk.They are all sleep. It turns out that some of the Greeks arehiding inside of the house. They go to the city gates and openthem up and let in the whole Greek army who has sneakily returned(as planned) in the middle of the night. They rape and pillage(destroy) the entire city, keeping the gold and the women andchildren as sort of “extra families”. This is how the city wallsare breached.

Greeks even today still like to say, “Beware of Greeksbearing gifts.” This is a reference to Trojans horse. A type ofcomputer virus is called Trojan horse because that’s how it gets

into your computer, when you accept a gift you allow the virus away in, through the fire wall.

WESTERN SOCIAL PHILOSOPHIES

We start our survey with the Western Philosophies, whichshow 4 approaches on key philosophical issues; values, moralobligation, natural law, and virtue.

ValuesThis is defined as the object of human desire and striving

or the subjective appraisal of an object as in some way good.Money has value since it can be exchanged for a variety of goods.Money can change in value and can even be said to float.

Moral obligationThis term means the claim made by reason that some actions

ought to be done and deserve praises while other models ofbehaviour ought to be discarded and deserve blame. To obligationis attached responsibility.

Natural lawIt refers to the standards of morality based on the natural

law governing man, the universe and nature. According toGansewinkel, it is “the mandatory aspects of the objective moralorder or the participation in the eternal law by the rationalcreature dictate of reason concerning natural goods.”

VirtueIt is equated with the power for moral action that enables a

man to act with ease and order in the area of right and wrong inhis life.

EASTERN SOCIAL PHILOSOPHIES

ConfucianismIs an ethical and philosophical system developed from the

teaching of the Chinese philosopher Confucius? Confucianism originated as an “ethical – socio-political

teaching” during the spring and autumn period, but laterdeveloped metaphysics and cosmological element in the HanDynasty.

Among philosophical schools of classical china is one knownas Ming – Chia, the school of names? It was so called for anontological and Ideological reason.

Kung futzuThe founder of Confucianism and grant master also called

“Ch’iu or hill.”

ConfuciusWere a Chinese teacher, editor, politician and philosopher

of the spring and autumn period of Chinese history. Thephilosophy of Confucius emphasized personal and governmentalmorality, correctness of social relationship, justice andsincerity.

The way to attain virtues is through natural means: Being true to one’s nature (chung) Applying those principles in relationship with others (shu)

Confucianism is founded on the experience of the all –embracing harmony between man and nature is highlyconservative. Founded by the Chinese philosopher, kung FuTzu, this philosophy teaches that man is the ruler and masterof the universe and man’s duty is to see to it that naturemust serve humans ends.

Confucianism offers three (3) ethical contributions:

Doctrine of the Mean

En meldio res. Moral virtue lies in the middle or theprinciple of moderation. The Filipino idea of “katamtaman”(tagalog), “eksakto” (cebuano), “husto - hustuhan” (ilongo),“taman - taman” (muslim).

Natural Law

Every person is supposed to have with himself if the four(4) natural principles:

Humanity (jen) Justice (yi) Wisdom (te) Propriety (li)

The Golden Rule –

Stated affirmatively, the golden rule says: “Do untoothers as you want others do unto you.” And stated

negatively “Do not do unto others what you do not want doneunto you.”

TAOISM AND BUDDHISM

Taoism

Is a Chinese philosophy the first began, scholars believe,sometimes around the time of Confucius, perhaps the most infamousChinese philosopher, who lived around the years 500 to 600 B.C.E.

This is a philosophical system, which strongly emphasizesman’s place in nature. In contrast to Confucianism, it is notconcerned with society, except as something to move away from.Taoism had originally commanded the respect of the powerful untilConfucianism replaced it as the guardian of official values.

Buddhism

Is all about finding your own way, not imitating the ways ofothers or even the way of Buddha himself?

Is a religion based on the teaching of SiddhartaGuatama, wholived about 25 centuries ago in what is now Nepal and northeastIndia. He came to be called “the Buddha,” which means “awakenedone,” after he experienced a profound realization of the natureof life, death and existence. In English, the Buddha was said tone enlightened, although in Sanskrit it is Bodhi,” awakened.

Originates from the experienced of the misery of life.

ZEN BUDDHISM

Is a blend of Indian mysticism and Chinese naturalism,filtered through the mesh of peculiarly Japanese character.

ZenThe way of liberation from an inner disorder in man, which

Buddha calls “Dukha”

AvidyaIgnorance mistaking the self – centered, separative,

assertive, phenomenal self for our fundamental, authentic self.

Awakening or SatoriIs an intuitive, experiential knowledge, beyond feeling,

knowing and believing by a high spiritual faculty, of theabsolute oneness of all beings, the unity in which there is noseparative, assertive self.

Zen accepts three (3) stages concerning the way towardsawakening:

Sila (Virtue) Samadhi (Mental Culture) Prajna (Wisdom)

5 Zen Virtues

Ahimsa (Do not do unto others that which you do not wishunto you)

Maître (loving - kindness) Dana (Giving in without expecting any return , based on the

conviction that there is no mine and thine) Karuna (Compassion) Ksanti (forbearance from retaliating, based on the

conviction that the misorder is not our enemy)

Zazen

Sitting meditation aims at stilling the ceaseless waves ofsense image, imaginations and thought that obscure the purity andclarity of mind, so that the one can see true self.

Munen – muso

The absence of concepts and thoughts. It is a state of no –mindness.

Koan

A formulation in bluffing language, which is not an objectof meditations, but a technique to check rational thinking andawaken a deeper level of the mind beyond the discursiveintellect.

THE HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUE IN THE PHILIPPINES

The Philippines is a signatory country to the InternationalCovenant on Economic, Cultural and Social Rights (adopted by theGeneral Assembly in 1966) and the International Covenant on Civiland Political Rights (adopted also in 1966). The Philippines, asa party to the Covenants, has formally agreed to abide by theirprovisions.

It is interesting to note that the Philippines ratified theCovenant on Civil and Political Rights only during the Aquinoadministration. This occurred on February 28, 1986, exactly 3days after former Pres. Corazon Aquino, the first femalepresident took over Marcos. With the ratification in 1987 of thePhilippines Constitution, drafted after President Aquino tookoffice, the primary of human rights as a policy of the state wasguaranteed. Article II, Section 11 of the PhilippinesConstitution state: “The State values the dignity of every humanperson and guarantees full respect for human rights”

On February 27, 1986 former Pres. Corazon Aquino ordered therelease of all political prisoners, including alleged NPA and CPPleaders. On February 28, 1986, the Philippines ratified theInternational Covenant on Civil and Political Rights as gestureof solidarity with the world wide human right movement. On March18, 1986, she also signed Executive Order No.8, creating thePresidential Commissions on Human Rights (PCHR). The PCHR, aprecursor of the constitutionally – mandated Commissions on HumanRights was assigned to investigate reports or complaints of humanrights violation.

Former Pres. Corazon Aquino also repealed a number ofPresidential Decrees issued by former Pres. Marcos, violate ofhuman rights namely:

PD 1404 Amending Article 125 of the revised penal code whichis authorizes a longer period for the delivery of people

arrested for political offences including rebellion,inciting to sedition and subversion.

PD 1834 – Raising the maximum penalty for subversion fromlife imprisonment to death.

PD 1836 – Empowering the President to issue orders of arrestduring the state of emergency, or when the privilege ofhabeas corpus is suspended.

PD 1877 –Empowering the President to issue preventivedetention action (PDA) against people believed to have takenpart for political offences.

PD 1877 a – Empowering the President to issue preventivedetention action (PDA) against people who arrest anddetention are required by public safety or as a means toquell rebellion.

The Commission on Human Rights had receives 951 cases ofalleged human rights violation as of June 30, 1988. Of thesecases, 407 occurred before February 25, 1986 for the rest of1986, 107 in 1987, 142 up to June 30, 1988, and 99 cases whichhave no specific dates of occurrence.

THE NATURE OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE SELF

The International Bill of Human Rights enumerates specifichuman rights which demand the respect and protection of thepeople, government, which and ideologies. Among these are:

Freedom of Religion Liberty Property The rights to life Freedom of expression and association Rights to work Free access to education

Definition of rights

Adjective form – when we mention to a just deed, a just debtor a just a law.

Noun – form rights is depend as that which is owned or due. Subjective view – rights is residing is in the person

possessing it. Rights are a moral power or capacity to have,to possess or to require something – deserving respect –such that it is inherent in the person.

BRAHMANISM

In Hinduism, Brahman is “the unchanging reality amidst andbeyond the world” which cannot be exactly defined but is “(being– consciousness – bliss) and the highest reality.

It is founded on the experience of the divine being who isthe one beyond all multiplicity. The Supreme Being for the Hinduis more real than of the Filipino. For the Hindu, the materialworld and the individual self-Atman are simply deceptions. Theonly real, non – conscious and beyond good and evil is Brahman orthe great self. The duty of man is to deny the individual and thephenomenal, to achieve self – annihilation and absorptions intothe Great Self. The chief contribution of Hinduism is thePhilosophy of the self.

An understanding of Brahmanism must be centred on mysticalexperience. The Holy book of Brahmanism is called GranthSahid.While the experience of Semitic race is of a transcendentpersonal GOD who revealed himself in the ultimate cause or “end”for which everything has been created, the Oriental experience ofthe immanent principle of every man as the Atman, the self. Theinner spirit Isvara, reveals itself finally as a personal GOD,the Lord of what is and will be.

Atman – Individual Self Brahman – Great Self Brahmanism – Important part of Aryan Religion Grant Sahid – Holy book of Brahmanism Advaita – Non – duality Avidya – Ignorance Paravidya – wisdom Caste – Social Class Avataras – Reincarnation

TYPOLOGY OF HUMAN RIGHTSTypology

Is the study of types.

Human rightsAre legal rights, guaranteed by international law, of

person’s state. They serve to protect human beings and theirdignity in times of peace and war.

A.Natural and positive lawRights are natural or positive as it spring fromnatural or positive law. The natural law refers to themoralprecepts, which are perceived by the sound andmatured human reason.On the other hand, positive laws are made by the act ofa legislator. We also make a distinction between theright of property or possession and the right ofjurisdiction.

B.Right is alienable When its possessor lawfully gives upright gives up aright. It is alienable when the possessor cannot giveup a right lawfully.

The righto life is a natural and inalienable right. Noone can give such a right. One cannot actually takeaway through suicide.

C.Right is perfect (juridical) When it is enjoyed by law, either natural or positive.It is imperfect (non - juridical) When it is based onvirtue rather than on justice.

Essential properties of right

As a moral capacity or power, right is inviolable. Itdemands respect by man. Inviolability is an essence of right.There are, however properties or qualities, which flow from humanright. These include the following: COACTION, LIMITATION andCOLLISION.

1. Coaction– Is the capacity of right to forcefully preventsis violation, and to exact redress for unjust violation.

2. Limitation – Is the natural limit or boundary of right,beyond which it cannot be exercised without violating theright of another.

3. Collision – Is the apparent conflict of the rights.Ideally, rights cannot conflict since they are derivedultimately from nature.

RIGHT TO LIFEThe most basic of rights declared for recognition by General

Assembly of nations is the right to life. This is explicit statedin several articles of the Universal Declaration of other legalinstrument ratified by the United Nations.

Summary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights1. Everyone is free and we should all be treated in the same

way.2. Everyone is equal despite differences in skin colour, sex

religion, and language.3. Everyone has the right to rest and leisure4. No one has the right to hurt you or to torture you.5. Everyone has the right to ask for legal help when their

rights are not respected.6. Everyone has the right to say what he/she think and to give

and receive information7. Everyone has the right to practice and observe all aspects

of their own religion and change their religion if they wantto.

8. Everyone has the right to be treated equally by the law.9. Everyone must respect the rights of others, the community

and public property.

10. No one has the right to take away any of the rights in hisdeclaration.

Extension of right to human lifeMan is bound to exercise ordinary care for the conservation

of his persona; life and death. This entails the properdevelopment or maintenance of life, observation, of therequirements of reason for cultivating human integrity, andavoiding excess that destroy life. Consequently, man mustavoid:

1. Drug addiction2. Alcoholism and others similar vices

3. Suicide

CAPITAL PUNISHMENT

It is clear that the states have the right to impose capitalpunishment as measurement to promote the common welfare. On theother hand the bill of rights looks forward to the finalabolition of the death penalty.

Mercy killing

Direct killing to a terminally sick patient like the case ofyoung man shooting his old gravely ill to death, is plainlyhomicide. Moralists, however admit the moral soundness ofremoving life, sustaining system.

Abortion

The life of a fetus in the womb is much debated amongmoralistic. Consequently state laws differ as to thedetermination of the legality of forcible abortion. It is wise tobe guided by state laws.

War

Moralists lay down moral condition to justify the conduct ofwar.

a) The need to respond to an act of hostility and in justice.b) Contact of war is in accordance with the ways of civilized

people.

THE HUMAN RIHGTS AND PHYSICAL INTEGRITY

Human rights

Are commonly understood as inalienable fundamental rights towhich a person is inherently entitled simply because she or he isa human being.Human Rights are thus conceived as Universal and EgalitarianThese Rights are may exist as Natural or as Legal Rights.

Physical integrity

A person’s body is an intimate aspect of his or her privatelife and a sound mental state is an important factor for thepossibility to enjoy the right to private rights.Physical Integrity is sometimes referred to life integrityrights.

Every man has the right to freedom from human interferenceto his GOD – given gift to life. Sais differently each man hasthe duty to respect the life, health and bodily integrity of hisfellowmen.Therefore:

Man cannot unjustly kill his neighbour’s; Cannot main or mutilate him He cannot break his health And he cannot confine, imprison or enslave him

The case of self defenseSelf – defense

The act of defending one’s person when physically attacked.The right of self – defense is the right for civilians acting ontheir own behalf to engage in a level of violence.

The principle is stated: It is lawful to defend one’s lifeagainst unjust attack even at the cost of the life aggressor,

provided there is nothing inordinate in the manner or time inwhich the fatal defensive act is done.

a) The attack must be unjustb) The attack is a serious naturec) Time or manner need not be inordinate

Upon reflection, the right to self – defence runs parallel toman’s to right in society to;

Defend his valuable goods The integrity of his body His liberty

THE SIX FORMS OF GOVERNMENT(Aristotle)

1. Monarchy –The rule by one man interested in the good ofthe state as whole.

2. Aristocracy – Rule by the best people (capable throughnatural endowment and education and always limited to a fewpersons.)

3. Polity – Or constitutional government, means rule by themasses of citizens who compose the state.

4. Tyranny – To which it degenerates when the monarch’sinterest turn to selfish ends and he deteriorates intodespot which ultimately would lead into anarchy.

5. Oligarchy – The rule of a few whose chief objective is notgood of the citizens but their own financial and honorificadvancement.

6. Democracy – That is rule by the great masses of people whoare not principally interested in the common good in as muchas each individual is concerned mainly about his personalpain.

THE IDEAL OF SOCIAL JUSTICE

Social Justice

Is justice exercised within a society, particularly as it isto and among the various social classes of a society.

5 basic ideals of social justice

Everyone deserve to have their basic needs met Everyone deserves equal opportunities Everyone deserves equal protection Personal responsibility to grow Everyone deserves equal rights

Individual differences make all difference

Individual Differences

Is descriptive organization of thoughts, feelings, andbehaviours that go together and how they relate to otheroutcomes.

Types of Individual Differences

Average Intelligence Special Abilities Nationality Interest Personality

THE THREE SOCIAL CLASSES

The Guardians– that have the wisdom The Auxiliaries– that have the courage The Workers– that have the temperance

A successful just is one in which the guardians control orrule using reason, the auxiliaries protect the society wealthand territory from outside attacks through their courage;while workers will moderate their desire.

Philosopher as leaders

Plato – Classical Greek philosopher, student of Socrates,Teacher of Aristotle, writer of Philosophical dialogues, andfounder of the Academy Athens.

Was convinced that there would be no hope for the stateuntil the time came that king became philosophical orphilosopher – king.

“He thought philosopher should have been king because theywere the ones with most knowledge”

ARISTOTLE’S EXCLUDED CLASSES

Women, children and slaves are excluded from governmentbecause they are considered inferior.

Aristotle regarded slavery as natural and therefore condoneit. Although he did not justify the practice of seizing slaves byconquest, he regarded the slaves as an individual who by naturaldisposition, lacking intellectual acumen, prefers to obey ratherthan to command, to follow rather than to think for himself.

1. Virtue considered of intellectual virtue and moral virtue.Intellectual virtue was comprised of theoretical wisdom,practical wisdom and understanding.

2. Aristotle identified many that could not lead the good life.Women, slaves and the lower class (trades people andfarmers) were unable to lead the good life since they couldnot make their own decisions, nor could they choose anaction for its own sake; therefore they were unable topractice the virtues. Animals were excluded from the goodlife as they could not exercise rationality.

3. The good life then is dependent on favourable externalfactor outside a person’s control.

4. Aristotle is prepared to acknowledge that luck plays a rolein leading the good life as evidence by, “most peoplesupposed that the eudaimons life is the fortunate life, ornot without good fortunate, and no doubt correctly, forwithout the external goods which are in the control of luck,it is not possible to be eudaimon.”

5. Eudaimonia is defined by Nussbaum as activity according toexcellence, living well and doing well. However, to whatextent is Aristotle prepared to acknowledge luck’s role.

Forms of Government

Plato realized that the State might not always beattainable. He also believes that imperfect forms of governmentmight often be inevitable.

1. Timocy the rule of a person whom the people to honourusually a military leader or a king.

2. Oligarchy the rule of few wealthy persons

3. Democracy government by the masses

4. Tyranny the most perverse form of government

FILIPINO VALUES

The Filipino Value System or Filipino Values refer to theset of the value system that a majority of the Filipino havehistorically held important in their lives. This Philippine Valuesystem includes their own unique assemblage of consistentideologies, moral codes, ethical practices, etiquette, andcultural values that are promoted by their society.

Examples:Filipino Value family loyalty and treat elders with respect

and deference. Among the Tagalog community, saying “PO” and “OPO”when talking to the elderly is taught to the very young.

“MANO PO” Taking an older person’s hand and putting it onone’s head before leaving the house to court a blessing, and oncoming back to give respect, is another one of the more obviouspractices of showing respect.

Honorific Titles – “ATE” and “KUYA” are addressed to the eldestamong the sibling. The origin of these honorific titles isChinese. The Chinese word for elder brother is “KO” and “A”modifies the word to mean “KIN”. Likewise, “ATE” is from “CHI”and preceded by “A”, this becomes “ACHI”. In fact, this is howKapampangan (a major language in Central Luzon, not tagalog) saysit.

Hospitality – Is one of the Values that tourist from smilingaround the world notice first every time they visit thePhilippines. Filipinos look great care of their guest, makingsure that they’re comfortable and happy in their stay.

Happy People – Filipinos are also happy people, always smilingand never forget to have a good laugh amidst the problems andhardship that come their ways.

Religious – Filipinos are religious. They devote time toreconnect with GOD. They have strong faith, believing thatproblems and adversities in life will surpass with the help andprovidence of GOD.

Bahalana Attitude – The Bahalana attitude is the outcome of theMañana habit when the tasks are left undone. This is usuallyshown and even expressed by people who do not care much of whatlies ahead and just leave everything in fate.

Hiya or Shame – The Filipino Hiya or Shame trait from losing AmorPropio which is a Spanish word, meaning pride. Filipinos find itdifficult to confront someone so as not to humiliate the personor cause to lose his Amor Propio.

VALUES CLARIFICATION SKILLS

What is Value?Values reflect our attitude and what we believe about

everything.

What is Value Clarification?Value Clarification is a technique for encouraging

individuals to relate their thoughts and their feelings and thusenrich their awareness of their own values.

Why is Values Clarification important?Clarifying Values is an integral part of personal growth.

Knowing what’s most important to us provides a blueprint anddirection in our lives

Value Clarification is a key area in our self – knowledgebecause we developed a greater awareness of our core values.Knowing our core values or what‘s most important to us isextremely relevant to creating goals, setting priorities andmanaging our time.

A. ElicitingA majority of the literature in values clarification

concerns thought strategies, activities or exercise that evokevalue statement. Although the strategies are importantelicitation resources, a value clarification relationshipinvolves much more.B. Accepting

The skills of accepting is necessarily a dynamic, non –evaluate communication to people. Since acceptance does not implyeither agreement or disagreement, men should avoid negative aswell as positive responses to value statement.C. Clarifying

The skills of clarifying are essentially a matter of askinggentle, non – threatening questions. These question stem fromthese seven elements of valuing process.

1. Did you choose this value freely? (Did you make your ownchoice? Could you have made some other decision withoutgetting into trouble?)

2. Did you consider the consequences of those alternatives?(Did you think about some other choice you could make? Didyou look at some other ways of believing or behaving orthinking?)

3. Did you consider the consequences of those alternatives?(Did you think about what would happen if you have picked adifferent possibility? Did you work out the result of eachchoice?)

4. Do you feel good about your choice? (Did you like yourselffor believing or behaving or feeling that way? Are you proudof your choice?)

5. Have you told other people about your choice? (Would youshare your believe with others? Are you willing to stand upyour choice?)

6. Have you done anything because of your choice? (Has yourbelief ever made you act in certain ways? Did it ever changeyour belief?)

7. Is there a pattern of behaviour that related to your choice?(Do you act some way consistently because of your belief?Will you do something of everything you can because of yourchoice?)

THE ESSENCE OF VALUES CLARIFICATION PROCESS

A Value may be defined as: A strongly held belief chosen from among each alternative After careful consideration of the consequences of each

alternative That is both prized and esteemed Publicity stated Publicity acted upon And repeated in one’s daily living

Values Education – Is an attempt to teach about values and/orvaluing.

Inculcation Moral development Clarification value Action learning

Values Clarification Process Individual makes choices and decisions affected by the

internal processes of willing, feeling, thinking, andintending.

Assumed that as the individual develops the making ofchoices will more often base on conscious, self – determinedthought and feeling.

Person is seen as an initiator of interaction with societyand environment

The educator should assist the individual to develop his orher internal processes.

Relies on internal cognitive and affective decision makingprocess.

An individualistic rather than a social process.

THE SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCE AND PHENOMENOLOGICALKNOWLEDGE OF VALUES

“The heart has reason which reason itself does not know.”---Blaise Pascal

“It is only with the heart that one can see rightly; what isessential invisible to the naked eye.”

---Antoine Saint Exupery

Values are first ‘felt’ or immediately given in experiencebefore they thought of or to prior to explicit philosophicalknowledge.

Max Scheler (1874 - 1928) considered the emotional sphere ofhuman existence as the most important sphere.

Man’s emotional life has its own order of the heart. Values are an added aspect of the good. If good stresses

objectivity, value stresses subjectivity. Value involves a dynamic relationship between a subject

valuing and an object being valued. All human values are both objective and subjective. Values are objective in the sense that they are realizable

“values or another” And subjective in the sense that a value is a “value for me” It is obvious that there are diverse “moralities” among

different people and cultures at different time of history. The moral dimension of human experience involves both

necessity or moral obligation and freedom Moral Values differ from other values simply because they

involve moral oughtness and free choice. A human value becomes moral if the individual becomes aware

of its values and if he freely opts for it. It is therefore very important for a person or people to

have the proper sense of values. Distortion in sense of values can result in immoralities. The experience of moral value reveals certain essential

characteristics, most important of which is their absolutecharacter.

The oughtness of value can be best identified in experienceas a “”call’, but no matter how strong the call of value, itnever takes away freedom.

It should always remembered that human values must always betaken in the context of the total human person or thecommunity of persons whose condition and ground is thepersonal absolute or GOD.

The moral ought, moral value, the moral idea, the personalmodels are, and should be, person – oriented.

PERSON AS A BULIDING BLOCK OF MORAL VALUE

We Filipinos are prone to use our personhood for ourfrailties. Here are some thing to reflect in our mind, heart andsoul. Try to meditate and internalize everything.

We just say “sapagkat kami ay taolamang”, a title of a songwhich happens to be popular but meaning attached maybewrong.

Related to this attitude is “ganyanlangangbuhay” “Mala slang siya” “kapalaran ay talaganglalapit kung talagnag akin” Another is “playing with fire” with somebody. This is “kabit

system” or querida. For Dewey, the good man is the man who becoming better: the

bad man is the one becoming worse. We will realize that to be a person is a task, not simply a

given thing to be used as an excuse for any limitation. Man is “relatedness” No wonder why some philosophers call man as response – able. Each one of us obtains “personhood” The reality of man is not a matter of fact but a matter of

freedom. To be man therefore, is to be essential involved in the work

of forging a world that is always new, the WORLD OFCOMMUNICATION.

They must consider it a vocation to be for every otherperson, the vehicle of truly creative love.

THE PILIPINO AS PERSON

A person, like animals and plants, and minerals is also anobject. But unlike animals and plants and minerals, a personbesides being an object is also a subject who can say “I”.

Two (2) psychological effects of Slavery andColonialism

1. Oppression – can happen when a person because of superiorforce or status or even of personality keeps another in acondition of object, to be used for superior aggrandizationas a person.

2. Dependency – it occurs when a person or nation does not havethe feeling of sovereignty, the sense of being able tochange and re – direct one’s own destiny.

Society must have the following characteristics:

1. Person – centered– such a society treats of development interm of its being about, by and for human beings and notabout index numbers of national income, GNP, or massivesizes of physical infrastructure;

2. Meritocratic – it stress the native strength of creativeideas, talents, managerial organizational and the forwardfuture – oriented vision of leaders and people.

3. Humane – it seeks a more equitable distribution wealth andincome particularly among the poor and “right mix” oftechnology with humane.

4. Democratic – it seeks true power sharing from the people whowhile seeking common national goals, opt for alternativeapproaches and pluralistic lifestyle compatible with theiridentities and human dignity.

LOVE AS a BUILDING BLOCK OF MORAL VALUES

To become fully human, the individual must become free tolove others. By love, we don’t mean “romantic”, which has todaybecome meaningless. The word love is a swampy concept, a semanticconfusion.

Love is a many – splendored thing– There are many viewpointsand aspects of love. But one of the most human and true tolife viewpoints is the experiential or phenomenologicaldescription of the experience of love. Phenomenology makesus aware of realities that are so much a part of us that wehave taken them for granted. Only by adopting this can wearrived at truer and more realistic meaning of love.

The creativity of love – it takes much time to really get toknow who the person is; the more you know. The more you needto know; love is full of many surprises.

Love creates new “you” – love is acceptance of the others ashe/she is. By love, I create a new meaning for the other. Iflove is reciprocals, in the other be, he also makes me be.

All love includes two (2) things:

1. Distinction: a love and beloved; and this concretelyexpressed by difference between the “I” and the “you” One isnot the other.

2. Oneness: a “we” somewhat we are one. Love is giving a givingof the best, a giving of self. Love is a life of giving andgiving of life.

FREEDOM AS a BUILDING BLOCK OF MORAL VALUES

Free will – is the ability of agents to make choicesunconstrained by certain factors.

Liberty – is the value of individual to have agency (control overtheir own actions).

Right – are legal, social, or ethical principles of freedom orentitlement; that is, right are the fundamental normative rulesabout what is allowed of people or owed according to people,according to same legal system, social convention, or ethicalprinciples. Rights are of essential importance in suchdisciplines as law and ethics, especially theories of justice anddeontology.

Freedom of Speech – is the political right to communicate one’sopinions and ideas using one’s body and property to anyone whowilling to receive them.

The term Freedom of Expression is sometimes usedsynonymously, but includes any act of seeking, receiving andimparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used.

“Freedom of expression”

What are moral Values?Moral Values are the standard of good and evil, which govern

an individual’s behaviour and choices.

Moral values also derived from within one’s own self. This isclearly demonstrated in the behaviour of older infants and youngtoddler.

SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY IN SINGAPORE

Singapore was the first in 1365 in the Javanese“Nagarakretagama” as “Temasek” or sea Tow. E third centuryChinese account describe as “Pu – lou - chung” or island at thetip of peninsula.

Singapore became independent in 1965. It lacked naturalresources and infrastructure. Foreign investment was then slow.It took one man effectively steer. Singapore ship – of – stateinto what now. That man was former prime minister who used astrong authoritarian government coupled with his concept of“Asian Values” to the maximum.

Neo – Darwinism

Singapore governments version of Darwinism emphasize high –standard achievement orientation, far sighted planning,conviction, competitive excellence, hard – headedness andadaption at the same time, it tempers hardiness with a measure of

compassion to ensure that those who are less successful incompetition will through the floor.

Dragmatism

The 2nd value component of pragmatism. For the SingaporeGovernment and for the Singaporean Universities the term refersto plausibility, reality testing and progressive adjustment.

Golden – means – seeking Rationalism

The 3rd component is golden – means – seeking rationalism.When adopting pragmatism, the Singapore Government is not justconcerned about producing polities that work, but about

formulating and implementing policing work the best forSingapore’s survival and development.

Communitarianism and conservative Liberalism

Given the specific circumstances of Singapore and itsUniversities and on the basis of the golden means – orientedlearning the government concludes that one of the best ways (thesupposed golden means) to ensure Singapore’s survival anddevelopment because of its very limited resources is to pursuecommunitarians combined with conservative liberalism.

The concept of Good Governance in the Singapore

In the Singapore context a good government, is onecharacterized as honest, capable, clean, efficient, forwardlooking and firm

Singaporean Social Philosophy at Work

Although person’s cultural determinism has been stronglycriticized as a theoretical system, it is probably fair torecognize that he made a valid point in arguing that values andsocial philosophy regulate action and interaction

SOCAIL PHILOSOPHY IN MALAYSIA

Malaysia – is often the “Lucky country of Asia”Bahasa – is the national language of MalaysiaIslam – is the national religionBudi – is the way of rational thinking

The structure of Budi is composed of virtues qualitiessuch as:

Murahhati (generosity) Hormat (respect) Ikhlas (sincerity) Mulai (righteousness) Timbang – rasa (considerate) Jagahati – (caring) Budi – bicara (discretion) Malu (feeling of shame at the collective level) Segan (feeling of shame experienced at the individual level)

Five (5) doctrines Belief in GOD Loyalty to king and country Rule of Law Good behaviour and Morality

THE CONCEPT OF GOOD GOVERNMENT IN THE SINGAPOREAN MODEL

Disciplinary: Anti – social behaviour is not permitted in Singapore. The

fine for littering (magkalat) is $250 (Php 10, 000) Jaywalking, spitting (lumura) and smoking in government

offices are also fined $250. Gambling (sugal) except for the state lottery, is legal. The punishment for drug trafficking is death.

Qoute:“If you fail, you pay”

Singapore’s government operating model was based on a firmcommitment to good and clean governance. (Humble)

Singaporeans now accept that two is the right number of children.

Women having three or more babies would get shortermaternity leave, higher hospital charges and less income taxrelief.

There is a $5000 reward for mother who agrees to besterilized after their second child. Sterilized parents gettop priority for public housing, and their children get intodesirable schools.

Singapore vs. U.S.A

The percentage of families living in poverty dropped to 0.3per cent ( in the U.S it is near 20 per cent)

The newspapers (U.S.A) is full of criticism of the govt –obviously the Leaders in America are not as smart asSingapore leaders – nobody in Singapore can find anythingwrong with the government.

According to Singapore’s Deputy Prime Minister Wong KanSeng, inthe recent Transparency International Survey, Singapore wasranked the world’s third least corrupt nation after New Zealandand Denmark.

SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY OF INDONESIA

Indonesia – is the world’s largest Muslim state in terms ofpopulation with 365 different cultures. The National Indonesiaphilosophy called Pancasila.

Pancasila– is the official philosophical foundation of theIndonesian state. Pancasila consist of two old Javanese words(originally from Sanskrit), “pañca” meaning five (5) and “sila”meaning principles.

Five (5) fundamental Principles

1. Belief in GOD2. Just and civilized humanity3. Unity of Indonesia4. Sovereignty of the people led by the wisdom of deliberations

among representatives5. Social justice for the people of Indonesia

Pancasila Moral Education, Religion and the History ofIndonesia National Struggles are the three subjects mandatedin all schools intended form moral values among students.

SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY IN THAILAND

Sitti– Authority, right, success.Prarachakamnodmai– New Royal DecreePoor phrai– Free manKwamsumret– SuccessAmnajanchobtham– authority

Schools under obligation:1. Ego2. Greed3. Hatred4. Delusion

Value of freedom1. Christianity 2. Buddhism

The 3 Poisons1. Lust2. Hatred3. Delusion

Examples of values listed as mandatory:

Primary Education: Prohibition to harm human or animal life, kindness,

courtesy and sacrifice.Secondary Education:

Positive work attitude, discipline, honesty, obedience tolaws and social rules, sacrifice for public, solvingproblems, rationality in peaceful ways.

Instructional Method: Consisted of lecture, problem discussion, student grouping,

role – play, religious play, religious debate, outsideclassroom teaching, practice and individual teaching.

Thai Certain Behaviours:- The Thai Smile(Yim Sa - Yam)- Sa – Bai – Jai(Contented Heart)- Greng Jai(Being considerate)- Kwamsa – nook(Enjoyment and fun)- Mai BhenRai(Never mind)- Sa – Duak(Convenient)- Boon – Koon/Ga – Dhan – Yoo (Good deeds &Greatfulness)- Nam – Jai(Flowing Heart)

Characteristics of good governance in Thailand

- Honesty- Fairness- Efficiency

- Transparency- Accountability

SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY IN THE PHILIPPINES

The Filipino Value System or Filipino Values refers to theset of Values or the Value System that a majority of the Filipinohave the historically held important in their lives. ThisPhilippine Value System includes their own unique assemblage ofconsistent Ideologies, Moral codes, ethical practices, etiquette,and cultural values that are promoted by their society.

As general description, the distinct value system ofFilipinos is rooted primarily in personal alliance system,especially those based in kinship, obligation, friendship,religion (particularly Christianity) and commercial relationship.

Philosophical Basis

Filipino Values are for the most part, centred atmaintaining social harmony, motivated, primarily by the desire tobe accepted with in a group. The main sanction against divergingfrom these values is the concepts of “HIYA”, roughly translatedas a sense of shame and “Amor Propio” or self – esteem. Socialapproval, acceptance by a group, and belonging to a group aremajor concerns. Caring about what others will think, say or doare strong influences on social behaviour among Filipinos.

Basic Orientation and Concept

Filipinos psychology is usually thought of as a branch ofAsian Psychology the placement, determined primarily on culture.However, there is an on-going debate on the make – up ofPhilippine Culture, because this will determine whetherPhilippine Psychology is to be placed under the realms of eitherAsian psychology or Western psychology. The vast majority ofPhilippine psychologist seems to prefer to classify this field asAsian, but there is a steadily growing body that attempts toplace the field as Eurasian.

LIVING VALUES IN THE CLASSROOM & OTHER ACTIVITIES

Living Values Education (LVE) provides professionaldevelopment courses and educational resources materials to helpeducators help young people explore and develop universal values,according to cultural background.

The Nine (9) values being:1. Freedom2. Happiness3. Honesty4. Love5. Peace6. Respect7. Responsibility8. Simplicity9. Unity

This can be expressed in life through attitude, behaviour andrelationships. The educational program helps children, youth,educators, and parents to understand, develop and share values indaily life.

Living Values Education (LVE) – is a way of conceptualizingeducation that promotes the development of values – basedlearning communities and places the search for meaning andpurpose at the heart of education. LVE emphasizes the worth andintegrity of each person involved in the provision of education,in the home, schools and community. In fostering qualityeducation, LVE supports the overall development of the individualand a culture of positive in each society and throughout theworld, believing that education is a purposeful activity designedto help humanity flourish.

The implementation of Living Values Education is facilitatedby the Association for living Values Education International(ALIVE) a non – profit making association of organization around

the world concerned with values education. Drawing on a strongvolunteer

Base, the advancement and implementation of Living ValuesEducation is supported by UNESCO and a host of otherorganizations, agencies, governmental bodies, foundation,community groups and individuals. It is part of the globalmovement for a culture of peace in the framework of the UnitedNations International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non –Violence for the Children of the World. ALIVE group’s togethernational bodies promoting Living Values Education and is anindependent organization that does not have any particular orexclusive religious, political or national affiliation orinterest.

In 2001, LVE’s series of five (5) books won’ The TeacherChoice Award by Learning Magazine’ a national publication in theUSA for teachers and educators. Separate programmes exist forchildren at risk including refugees and Children Affected by War(LVARCAW), street children, youth in need of drug rehabilitationand young offenders. The Ministry of labour in Vietnam noted inMarch 2008 that LVE drug rehabilitation program was the mostsuccessful drug rehab program in government rehabilitationclinics in the country.

VALUES EDUCATION IN NEW ZEALAND: CORNERSTONE VALUES

Cornerstone Values – is a Values Education Curriculum by JohnHenna.

Values Education has two (2) goals1. To be build character through the teaching of Cornerstone

Values.2. To develop the ability to recognize and practice Cornerstone

Values.

Assumption: Such behaviour as stealing, cheating and lying for

example are wrong A certain core of value principles and there is a need

to use this base in order to examine particularsituations and choose behaviour accordingly.

People are not by nature rational/ irrational andmoral/ immoral and that if left entirely to their owndevices, individuals will not always choose therational and the good.

The best values education is that which remindsstudents that is their own character and their futurethat is at stake.

The 8 Cornerstone Values are:1. Honesty and Truthfulness2. Kindness3. Consideration and concern to others4. Compassion5. Obedience6. Responsibility7. Respect8. Duty

“Education without values, as useful as it is, seems ratherto make man a cleverer devil.”

IDEALISM

The Philosophical theory that ideas are the only reality. Impractically by virtue of thinking in their ideal form

rather as they really are.

The practice or habit of giving or attributing ideal form orcharacters to things in art or literature according to idealstandards or patterns.

Principles of Idealism

1. Principle of Universal Mind – An idealist that there is auniversal mind and this universal mind is considered as GOD.

2. Man is a Spiritual Being – According to this idealisticphilosophy man is a combination of spiritual andmaterialistic aspect.

3. Ideas and Values are Superior to Materials World – Idealismbelieves in the worth of ideals or higher values.

4. Real Knowledge ids perceived in Mind – According toidealist, the knowledge gained by various activities thatincludes creativity of the mind is more valid than theknowledge acquired through the senses.

Type of types of Idealism

Subjective Idealism– Is the monistic metaphysicaldoctrine that only mind and mental content exist.

Objective Idealism– A form of idealism asserting that theact of experiencing has a reality combining and transcendingthe natures of the object experienced of the mind ofobserver.

REALISM

Is a general, is an approach to life that means dealing withthe way things are. If you see the world through the lensrealism, you accept what’s in front of you and don’t pretend it’sotherwise.

For those who follow the doctrine of realism, it’s “just thefacts”, ma’am “what you see is what you get; if you can’t see itor touch it, it doesn’t really exist. Realism is more than just away of approaching life; it is a formal philosophy and a 19th –century art movement, where animals and people and landscape aredepicted as they appear – no purple and green faces or polka –dotted ponies, just people and trees and landscape painted inproportions and colour's that look like the real thing.

Realistic tend to believe that whatever we believe now isonly an approximation of reality and that every new observationbrings us closer to understanding reality. In its Kantian sense,realism is contrasted with idealism. In a contemporary sense,realism is contrasted with anti – realism, primarily in thephilosophy of science. Philosophers who profess realism statethat truth consist in the mind’s correspondence to reality.

The question of the nature and plausibility of realismarises with respect to large number of subject matters. Althoughit would be possible to accept (or reject) realism across theboard, it is more common for the philosophers to be selectivelyrealist or non – realist about various topics: thus it would beperfectly possible to be realist about the everyday world ofmacroscopic object and their properties, but a non – realistabout aesthetic and moral value. In addition, it is misleading tothink that there is a straightforward and clear – cut choicebetween being a realist and non – realist about a particularsubject matter.

Two (2) general aspect of realismThere are two aspects to realism, illustrated by looking at

realism about the everyday world of macroscopic object and theirproperties.

First, there is a claim about existence. Tables, rocks, themoon, and so on, all exist, as do the following facts: thetable being square, the rocks’ being made of granite, andthe moon being spherical and yellow.

The second aspect of realism about the everyday world ofmacroscopic object and their properties concernsindependence. The fact that the moon exists and is sphericalis independent of anything or anyone happens to say or thinkabout the matter.

Conclusion:Reality is something we should deal with every single day of

our lives. Realists may have believed that the world is justplain “What you see, is what you get,” but because of our culturehere in the Philippines and influences from different countriesas well, these non – existing entities are strongly believed.

Realist might not consider such thing, but there are stillunexplained occurrences that realist or even scientist cannotelucidate.

LABOR THEORY OF VALUES

Exploitation of LaborThe worker becomes all the poorer the more wealth he

produces, the more his production increases in power and range.The worker becomes an ever cheaper commodity the more commoditieshe creates.

Karl Heinrich Marx,(5 May 1818 – 14 May 1883) was a Germanphilosopher, economist, sociologist, historian, journalist, andrevolutionary. Marx’s work in economics laid in the basis for thecurrent understanding of labor and its relation to capital, andhas influenced much of subsequent economic thought. He publishednumerous books during his lifetime, the most notable being TheCommunist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (1867 - 1894).

Points: Workers are required to support a capitalist, thus

capitalist class are “parasites”. Price of product = Labor of production Surplus Value (Profit) Worker is Indispensable The worker sells himself at a subsistence wage instead of

the proper reward Marx noted that competition among capitalist tends to

equalize profit.

NATURALISM

Is a philosophy that denies anything as havingsupernaturally.

Society is therefore received as less organic in naturalismthan in pragmatism, as well as in idealism. It is an aspector portion of nature, not so much an organism that hasrhythms and patterns, which while not contrary to or aboveNature, are yet its own rhythms and patterns.

As has been pointed out. Thomas Hobbes viewed individual manand his native state as at war with himself. He iscompetitive, he grasps for honor and dignity, the istroublesome, and he is hungry for power.

Individual man, he contended is not a man unless he is free;if he is in bondage, he is not a man.

It would appear that for naturalism, social values aresynthetic values, which result from agreement in which menbind themselves together.

THE NATURE OF MAN AS AN OBJECT AND AS A SUBJECT

The concept of nature as a standard by which to makejudgments was a basic presupposition in Greek philosophy.Specially, “almost all” classical philosophers accepted thata good human life is a life in accordance with nature.

The social philosophy guard also relation with othersciences, like the anthropology, experimental psychology,political science, geography, the linguistic, sciences ofthe communication and any other sciences that the behaviourof the man in the social sphere intends.

Intending the philosophy like science unravelling theadjustment to the truth more radical than locks up eachproposal that can be thought, the social philosophy will

really study to do objective the condition in which thehuman relations are developed.

An object is exposed to the cognizing subject from thevarious, “angel”, of the in various aspects. But it is thetask of scientific knowledge to reproduce the properties ofthe object “as it is”, and not its relationship to this orthat “point of view” of the subject.

Although the object of the philosophy is all the knowledge,it constructs their operative way from the last causes ormore universal wisdom towards the most particularapplications. The philosophy contemplates the unit of thelogical knowledge, that it implies the no contradiction oftwo contemplate contents of the knowledge under a casualidentity. Therefore of economy the philosophy studies theuniversal knowledge from the last causes that generates theprinciples of knowing more universal.

The development of knowledge is in fact characterized by thetendency to become aware of reality as a “thing it self”,that is a single systematic whole, to connect all the known“fragments” of reality (various system of relationships)into a unified object system presenting its various aspectand sides to the recognizing subject. It is important tonote that the realization of the abovementioned tendency inscientific knowledge presuppose that the subject is aware ifhis place in the system of object reality.

The nature or material world to which the man belongs; andin whose reality the man is, is constituted like essential

object of the social philosophy because in him the humanrelations take place.

THE NATURE OF MAN AS A BEING – OF – THE – WORLD

Essentially, man is a being – in – the – world. The humanbody is interface of man with the world. The Phenomenologistspeaks of worlds for man, rather than environment. Environmentapplies to animals, but the things around man are not simplyobject lying; they form a network of the meaning, in and aroundwhich man organizes his life. Thus, we speak of the world of astudent, of a teacher, of a farmer, a politicians, a fisherman, apriest, a labourer.

“Being thrown” into the world that connects the past withthe present. The past, through being – toward – death. Awarenessand acknowledgement is characterized as a state of “thrown -ness” (Geworfenheit) in the present i.e. being thrown into theworld with all its attendant frustration, suffering, and demandsthat one does not choose, such as social, conventions or ties ofkinship and duty.

The very fact of one’s own existence is a manifestation ofthrown – ness. The idea of the past as a matrix not chosen, butat the same time not utterly binding or deterministic, results inthe notion of Geworfenheit – a kind of alienation that humanbeing struggle against, and that leaves a paradoxical opening forfreedom.

LOVE AND JUSTICE IN SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY

The ultimate value of love always presupposes justice. Andjustice is the true foundation of any social order. Love, whichis the enhancement of other person, requires giving to the othermore than what is hue due, his basic dignity as a person. It isoften stated that love is the maximum of justice and justice isthe minimum of love. The demand of justice cannot be separatedfrom the existential relationship of man and fellowman, and thatis why truth as a value is important.

We now answer the question that states: How do these world –views affect our social philosophy and our philosophy ofeducation?

In the 1st place, we deny the conception of educationalobjectives in relation only to personal development or self –realization with no end beyond that. To have a Missionary –Vision simply in terms of developing the integrated man isinsufficient. A true and genuine philosophy of education mustalso extend to social aims.

In the 2nd place, the process of socialization is alwaysvalue laden. While other social scientist like the sociologistsay that their field of study if ethically neutral, yet we claimthat no discipline is totally value – free.

In the 3rd place, we need to take a closer look at educationand perform an educational re – engineering. We have to rememberthat the integral and holistic development is not just theeducation of the mind. It is also education of the heart.

In the 4th and final place, we affirm that personalizationand socialization are but two sides of a single process ineducation in life. True enough, education is liberation.