Social Impact Of the Industrial Revolution. Impacts: Urbanization – Movement of people from the countryside to the cities Urbanization – Movement of people.

Social ImpactSocial Impact

Of the Of the

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

Impacts:Impacts:

UrbanizationUrbanization – Movement of people – Movement of people from the countryside to the from the countryside to the

citiescities Development of a Middle-Class ~ Development of a Middle-Class ~

BourgeoisieBourgeoisie (Merchants, Artisans, Entrepreneurs).(Merchants, Artisans, Entrepreneurs). Concept of “Rags-to-riches” – People Concept of “Rags-to-riches” – People

who started off with little or nothing, who started off with little or nothing, who were able by their own efforts to who were able by their own efforts to improve their situation in lifeimprove their situation in life

SlumsSlums – Areas of the cities without – Areas of the cities without enough elements of sanitation and enough elements of sanitation and protection.protection. Tenements – Multi-story buildings Tenements – Multi-story buildings

divided into small apartments where divided into small apartments where multiple families lived.multiple families lived.

No sewage or sanitationNo sewage or sanitation Garbage was strewn in the back yards or on Garbage was strewn in the back yards or on

the streetsthe streets Water was contaminatedWater was contaminated

Historical Slums:Historical Slums:

Slums in London

Alleyway in Yorkshire

New York City:New York City:

Slum in 1880’s

A slum in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in the late

1800’s

Tenements: Tenements:

New York City in the late-1800’s – Note the

Tenement Buildings along both sides Typical NYC Tenement

Working Conditions:Working Conditions:

In general they were Harsh and Cruel.In general they were Harsh and Cruel. Long hours – 12-16 hours in lengthLong hours – 12-16 hours in length 6 or 7-days per week6 or 7-days per week Dust and/or particle infected air –Dust and/or particle infected air –

Anthrasilicosis Anthrasilicosis or Black Lungor Black Lung Women were hired and paid about ½ of Women were hired and paid about ½ of

a man’s wagesa man’s wages Children were hired and paid about ¼ of Children were hired and paid about ¼ of

a man’s wagesa man’s wages

Working Conditions:Working Conditions:

British Shipyard in the 1890’s

Making chairs in a factory

Everyone must work:Everyone must work:

Workers with their Supervisor

Children in the Mills

New Ideologies:New Ideologies:

Adam Smith’s Adam Smith’s The Wealth of NationsThe Wealth of Nations encouraged government to keep their encouraged government to keep their hands off – Laissez-Fairehands off – Laissez-Faire The Free Market would produce more goods at The Free Market would produce more goods at

lower prices, making them affordable to all.lower prices, making them affordable to all. Thomas Malthus Thomas Malthus – Economist who – Economist who

foresaw the population rate fast outpacing foresaw the population rate fast outpacing the food supply. He believed there were the food supply. He believed there were natural checks on populationnatural checks on population War, Disease & FamineWar, Disease & Famine

But as society advanced, these provided less control.But as society advanced, these provided less control.

Jeremy Bentham Jeremy Bentham UtilitarianismUtilitarianism – Idea that the goal for – Idea that the goal for

society should be “the greatest society should be “the greatest happiness for the greatest number.”happiness for the greatest number.”

Robert Owen – British Social Robert Owen – British Social Reformer Reformer Utopian – set up his own town were all Utopian – set up his own town were all

members shared in the work and in turn members shared in the work and in turn shared in the profits.shared in the profits.

New Lanark Mill, ScotlandNew Lanark Mill, Scotland

NLM – World Heritage Site Today

School at New Lanark Mill

Heart of the Mill Heart of the Mill

Waterwheel above & Power Loom to the right

Aerial view of the New Lanark Mill World Heritage

Site today

This was the model community of Entrepreneur

Robert Owen

Why was Reform needed:Why was Reform needed:

The Industrial Revolution changed the landscape of The Industrial Revolution changed the landscape of Britain. Small villages grew into vast cities seemingly Britain. Small villages grew into vast cities seemingly overnight. The rates of growth were staggering.overnight. The rates of growth were staggering.

The unremitting boom in population did more than The unremitting boom in population did more than strain the resources of local authorities: it broke strain the resources of local authorities: it broke them apart. It was not that the new industrial cities them apart. It was not that the new industrial cities were unplanned; they were beyond the capacity of were unplanned; they were beyond the capacity of planning. planning.

Every essential requirement for human survival Every essential requirement for human survival became scarce and expensive. Shortages of food, became scarce and expensive. Shortages of food, water, and basic accommodation were commonplace.water, and basic accommodation were commonplace.

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Shantytowns sprang up wherever space would allow, Shantytowns sprang up wherever space would allow, making the flimsily built habitations of construction making the flimsily built habitations of construction profiteers seem like palaces. There was loud profiteers seem like palaces. There was loud complaint about those 19complaint about those 19thth century rip-off artists, but century rip-off artists, but in truth the need for housing was so desperate that in truth the need for housing was so desperate that people willingly lived anywhere that provided shelter.people willingly lived anywhere that provided shelter.

Houses were built back-to-back and side-to-side, with Houses were built back-to-back and side-to-side, with only narrow alleyways to provide sunlight and air. In only narrow alleyways to provide sunlight and air. In Edinburgh, one could step through the window of one Edinburgh, one could step through the window of one house into the window of the adjoining one.house into the window of the adjoining one.

Whole families occupied single rooms where members Whole families occupied single rooms where members slept as they worked, in shifts. In Liverpool, more slept as they worked, in shifts. In Liverpool, more than 38,000 people were estimated to be living in than 38,000 people were estimated to be living in cellars – windowless underground accommodations cellars – windowless underground accommodations that flooded with the rains and tides.that flooded with the rains and tides.

Most cities lacked both running water and Most cities lacked both running water and toilet facilities. Districts were provided toilet facilities. Districts were provided with either hand pumps or capped pipes with either hand pumps or capped pipes through which private companies ran through which private companies ran water a few hours each day.water a few hours each day.

The water was collected in buckets and The water was collected in buckets and brought home, where it would stand for brought home, where it would stand for the rest of the day and serve indifferently the rest of the day and serve indifferently for washing, drinking, and cooking.for washing, drinking, and cooking.

Outhouse toilets were an extravagant Outhouse toilets were an extravagant luxury; in one Manchester district 33-luxury; in one Manchester district 33-outhouses had to accommodate 7,095 outhouses had to accommodate 7,095 people.people.

Outhouses were a mixed-blessing even In Outhouses were a mixed-blessing even In the middle-class districts where they were the middle-class districts where they were more plentiful, as there was not system of more plentiful, as there was not system of drainage to flush away the waste. It drainage to flush away the waste. It simply accumulated in cesspools, which simply accumulated in cesspools, which were emptied manually about every two were emptied manually about every two years.years.

The thing that most impressed visitors as The thing that most impressed visitors as they approached an industrial city was the they approached an industrial city was the smoke; what impressed them most when smoke; what impressed them most when they arrived was the smell.they arrived was the smell.

The quality of life experienced by most of the The quality of life experienced by most of the urban poor who lived in the squalid urban poor who lived in the squalid conditions has been recorded by a number of conditions has been recorded by a number of contemporary observers: Friedrich Engels contemporary observers: Friedrich Engels and Sir Edwin Chadwick.and Sir Edwin Chadwick.

According to Engels: “In this district I found a According to Engels: “In this district I found a man, apparently about sixty years old, living man, apparently about sixty years old, living in a cow stable,” her recounted from one of in a cow stable,” her recounted from one of his walking tours.his walking tours.

““He constructed a sort of chimney for his He constructed a sort of chimney for his square pen, which had neither windows, square pen, which had neither windows, floor, nor ceiling, had obtained a bedstead & floor, nor ceiling, had obtained a bedstead & lived there, though the rain dripped through lived there, though the rain dripped through his rotten roof.his rotten roof.

This man was too old & weak for regular This man was too old & weak for regular work, & supported himself by removing work, & supported himself by removing manure with a hand-cart; the dung-heaps lay manure with a hand-cart; the dung-heaps lay next door to his palace!”next door to his palace!”

From his own observations Engels concluded From his own observations Engels concluded that “in such dwellings only a physically that “in such dwellings only a physically degenerate race, robbed of all humanity, degenerate race, robbed of all humanity, degraded, reduced morally & physically to degraded, reduced morally & physically to that of beasts, could feel comfortable and at that of beasts, could feel comfortable and at home.”home.”

Chadwick reported on the conditions of the Chadwick reported on the conditions of the laborers in 1842. He reported on the causes laborers in 1842. He reported on the causes of disease to include a way to remove of disease to include a way to remove wastes.wastes.

Not even in middle-class districts was Not even in middle-class districts was there an effective way to remove waste. there an effective way to remove waste. Chamber pots & primitive toilets were Chamber pots & primitive toilets were emptied into ditches, which were used to emptied into ditches, which were used to drain rain off into local waterways.drain rain off into local waterways.

The few underground sewers that existed The few underground sewers that existed were square containers simply emptied were square containers simply emptied once they were filled.once they were filled.

Chadwick envisioned a system that would Chadwick envisioned a system that would carry waste out of the city quickly and carry waste out of the city quickly and deposit it in outlying fields where it could deposit it in outlying fields where it could be used for fertilizer.be used for fertilizer.

Reform:Reform:

In the 1830’s and 1840’s the British In the 1830’s and 1840’s the British enacted new laws to protect the enacted new laws to protect the workers.workers. Factory Act – 1833:Factory Act – 1833:

Prohibited Factory Work by Children under Age 9Prohibited Factory Work by Children under Age 9 Provided 2-hours per day of daily educationProvided 2-hours per day of daily education Created 12-hour days in the millsCreated 12-hour days in the mills

Mines Act – 1842:Mines Act – 1842: Prohibited Women & Children from working Prohibited Women & Children from working

undergroundunderground

Ten Hours Act – 1847:Ten Hours Act – 1847: Created the 10-hour a day workdayCreated the 10-hour a day workday

Public Heath Act – 1848:Public Heath Act – 1848: Established Boards of Health & the Office of Established Boards of Health & the Office of

a Medical Examiner to protect the people a Medical Examiner to protect the people Vaccination Act – 1853 & Contagious Vaccination Act – 1853 & Contagious

Diseases Act – 1864:Diseases Act – 1864: Attempted to control epidemicsAttempted to control epidemics

Liberalism Liberalism – – Belief in Individualism & Belief in Individualism & Individual Freedom.Individual Freedom. – – Expressed as Expressed as Lassiez-Lassiez-FaireFaire in economics. in economics.

SocialismSocialism – – The people as a whole would The people as a whole would own and operate the means of productionown and operate the means of production

This concept grew out of the Enlightenment This concept grew out of the Enlightenment and the basic goodness of mankind.and the basic goodness of mankind.

CommunismCommunism – – Form of Socialism that advocated a Form of Socialism that advocated a

conflict between the Haves (conflict between the Haves (BourgeoisieBourgeoisie) ) and the Have-Not’s (Proletariat) of and the Have-Not’s (Proletariat) of Society.Society.

Communism – Then & Now:Communism – Then & Now:

Karl Marx designed Communism for a Karl Marx designed Communism for a Republican Government, with a Capitalist Republican Government, with a Capitalist & Industrial Economy -- Germany of the & Industrial Economy -- Germany of the 1870’s1870’s

It was first applied to Russia in the 19-It was first applied to Russia in the 19-teens – Absolute Monarchy & Agrarian teens – Absolute Monarchy & Agrarian Economy.Economy.

Later it was applied to China in 1948 – Later it was applied to China in 1948 – Warlord controlled with a Agrarian Warlord controlled with a Agrarian economy.economy.