“Social Cost Analysis for Electricity Generation Based on Sulfur Dioxide Emissions: Empirical Evidence from Iran,” by Mehdi Sadeghi, Alimorad Sharifi, and Masoumeh Torki

7/30/2019 Social Cost Analysis for Electricity Generation Based on Sulfur Dioxide Emissions: Empirical Evidence from Iran, b

1/23

YCO DJ_UG@L JN OGOUMR

@GI IOÔLJVHOGY

Hocib [ìomcb, @lbhjuì [cùbnb,

`gi H`{jhoc Yjuab,

[jkb`l Kj{y @g`lr{b{ nju Olokyubkbyr Mogou`ybjg

E`{oi jg [lnu Ibjsbio Ohb{{bjg{4

Ohvbubk`l O~biogko nujh Bu`g,

^jlho ;>, Gheou 5

Kjvrubmcy 5605


2/23

[JKB@L KJ[Y @G@LR[B[ NJU OLOKYUBKBYR

MOGOU@YBJG E@[OI JG [_LN_U IBJSBIO

OHB[[BJG[4 OHVBUBK@L O^BIOGKO NUJH BU@G

Hocib [ìomcb, @lbhjuì [cùbnb, `gi H`{jhoc Yjuab$

O`kc olokyubkbyr mogou`ybjg jvybjg, `{bio nujh by{ eogonbkb`l kjg{opogko{ yj{jkboyr, k`{o{ {jho g}`gyoi {bio onnoky{, yco hj{y i`h`mbgm eobgm og~b(ujghogy`l iomuì`ybjg' @g jedokyb~o `gi ycjujmc kjhvùb{jg jn ~ùbj{ olok(

yubkbyr mogou`ybjg jvybjg{ `gi ycobu uo{lybgm bhv`ky{ b{ {ybll ` cbmclr kjgyuj~ou{b`l

b{{o, hj{ylr eok`{o yco{o og~bujghogy`l bhv`ky{ ùo ~our ib~oumogy' Olokyubkbyr

vujikybjg k`g bgnlogko ` }bio {oy jn ogi vjbgy{4 {jbl, gjb{o, ~b{beblbyr, mlje l klb(

h`yo, ch`g co`lyc, ~b{`l `hogbyr, `gi yco lbao1 yc{, bg juiou yj kjhvùo ~ùbj{

$Hocib [ìomcb, @{{jkb`yo Vujno{{ju `y yco Bh`h [ìbp _gb~ou{byr bg Yocu`g, Bu`g, cjli{ ` Vc'I'bg okjgjhbk{ nujh Yocu g _gb~ou{byr `gi ` h`{you{ iomuoo `gi ` e`kcolju{ iomuoo bg okjgjhbk{

nujh Bh`h [ìbp _gb~ou{byr' Yco `ycju{ ùo`{ jn `kìohbk osvouyb{o ùo okjgjhbk vl`ggbgm,

okjgjhoyubk{, ogoumr okjgjhbk{, `gi ogoumr ioh`gi `gi {vvlr hjiolbgm' Iu' [ìomcb vuo~bj{lr

coli vj{bybjg{ }byc yco Bu`gb g Hbgb{yur jn Ogoumr `gi b{ kuuogylr Vuo{biogy jn Bh`h [ìbp

_gb~ou{byr{ [kcjjl jn Okjgjhbk [kbogko{' Yco `ycju, }cj c`{ {ou~oi `{ [kbogybnbk [okuoyùr jn yco

Obmcyc Bgyoug`ybjg`l Ogoumr Kjgnouogko coli bg Bu`g, c`{ vùybkbv`yoi bg vujdoky{ io`lbgm }byc ogoumr

okjgjhbk{ `gi vuo{ogyoi v`vou{ `y bgyoug`ybjg`l kjgnouogko{'

@lbhjuì [cùbnb, @{{b{y`gy Vujno{{ju `y yco _gb~ou{byr jn B{n`c`g bg Bu`g, cjli{ ` Vc'I' bg

okjgjhbk{ nujh Mjycogeum _gb~ou{byr #[}oiog" `gi ` h`{you{ `gi e`kcolju{ iomuoo bg

okjgjhbk{ nujh Bh`h [ìbp _gb~ou{byr' ]byc ` {vokb`lbt`ybjg bg yco Bu`gb`g olokyubkbyr {okyju, yco`ycju{ ùo`{ jn `kìohbk osvouyb{o ùo bgi{yub l jum`gbt`ybjg `gi ogoumr `gi olokyubkbyr

okjgjhbk{' Co c`{ eoog bg~jl~oi bg ghouj{ uo{oùkc vujdoky{ njk{bgm jg ogoumr okjgjhbk{

`gi c`{ velb{coi `gi vuo{ogyoi cb{ `kìohbk v`vou{ `y ~ùbj{ bgyoug`ybjg`l ogoumr kjgnouogko{ `gi

njuh{'

H`{jhoc Yjuab kuuogylr cjli{ ` Uo{oùkc Osvouy vj{bybjg `y yco _gb~ou{byr jn Okjgjhbk

[kbogko{ `gi oùgoi e`kcolju{ `gi h`{you{ iomuoo{ bg og~bujghogy nujh B{l`hbk @tì _gb~ou{byr

bg Bu`g' Yco `ycju c`{ }juaoi jg {o~ou`l uo{oùkc vujdoky{ uol`yoi yj ogoumr `gi og~bujghogy`l

okjgjhbk{'

Yco Djug`l jn Ogoumr `gi Io~oljvhogy, ^jl' ;>, Gj{' 0 `gi 5

Kjvrubmcy 5605 er yco Bgyoug`ybjg`l Uo{oùkc Kogyou nju Ogoumr `gi Okjgjhbk Io~oljvhogy#BKOOI"' @ll ubmcy{ uo{ou~oi'

02=


3/23

olokyubkbyr vujikybjg yokcgjljmbo{ `gi ycobu og~bujghogy`l bhv`ky{, ` kjhhjg io(

gjhbg`yju h{y eo ioyouhbgoi' Yji`r, yco hj{y }biolr `kkovyoi kjhhjg iogjh(

bg`yju b{ osyoug`l kj{y{, b'o', yco hjgoyùr ~`lo jn i`h`mo{ k`{oi er olokyubkbyr

vujikybjg'0

Yco vubko jn olokyubkbyr bg Bu`g, `{ bg jycou io~oljvbgm kjgyubo{, ogkjhv`{{o{jglr vùy jn yco vujikybjg kj{y{ `gi bmgjuo{ `gr jycou osyoug`lbybo{' Osyoug`lbybo{

ùo ycj{o kj{y{ yc`y `nnoky ycbui vùybo{ yc`y ùo gjy bgkjuvju`yoi bgyj yco vujikybjg

kj{y{, {kc `{ co`lyc kùo osvogibyuo{ `gi og~bujghogy`l i`h`mo{' Bg juiou yj

jey`bg ` u`ybjg`l okjgjhbk iokb{bjg uomùibgm yco kcjbko jn `g ogoumr {juko, by b{

bhvjuy`gy yj agj} cj} yco ibnnouogy ogoumr jyvy jvybjg{ ùo mjbgm yj eo o~`l(

`yoi'5 Yco {o jn yco }jui osyoug`l bhvlbo{ yc`y {jho kj{y{ ij gjy `kkuo yj yco

nbuh{ vujikybjg kj{y{ ey ùo bhvj{oi jg `ll jn {jkboyr ju, `y lo`{y, jg ` {e{oy jn

uolo~`gy cj{ocjli{ ju nbuh{' [kc kj{y{ ùo jy{bio yco hùaoy {r{yoh `gi ùo gjy

uonlokyoi bg uol`yb~o hùaoy vubko{'; Osyoug`l kj{y{ jn olokyubkbyr mogou`ybjg uov(

uo{ogy yco gkjhvog{`yoi hjgoyùr ~`lo jn og~bujghogy`l `gi co`lyc i`h`mo{

by k`{o{' Yco{o kj{y{ ùo bhvj{oi jg {jkboyr `gi yco og~bujghogy `gi ùo gjy

`kkjgyoi nju er yco vujikou{ ju yco kjg{hou{ jn olokyubkbyr' Osyoug`l kj{y{

{cjli uonloky yco ~`lo jn yco i`h`mo k`{oi er olokyubkbyr mogou`ybjg `gi `{(

{jkb`yoi vujko{{o{' Ycouo ùo {bmgbnbk`gy gom`yb~o onnoky{ jg ch`g co`lyc, ebly

og~bujghogy, kujv{, njuo{y{ `gi okj{r{yoh{, ey yco hj{y ycjujmclr bg~o{ybm`yoi

`hjgm ycoh ùo bhv`ky{ jg ch`g co`lyc'9 Yco o{ybh`ybjg jn `ll yco{o i`h`mo{

b{ hjuo ibnnbkly io yj yco l`ka jn i`y` `gi bgkjhvloyo agj}loimo èjy ycovù`hoyou{ bgnlogkbgm yco yrvo `gi h`mgbyio jn yco uol`yoi bhv`ky{'

Yco vub~`yo kj{y jn olokyubkbyr mogou`ybjg b{ kjg{biouoi yj bgklio jglr osvog{o{

uol`yoi yj yco vujikybjg n`kyju{ kjgyubeybgm yj yco vj}ou mogou`ybjg vujko{{'

Yjy`l {jkb`l kj{y{ ùo ionbgoi `{ yco {h jn yco vub~`yo kj{y{ jn yco nbuh `gi `gr

osyoug`l kj{y{' Yco kj{y jn olokyubkbyr mogou`ybjg bgklio{ jglr osvog{o{ uol`yoi

yj yco vujikybjg n`kyju{ kjgyubeybgm yj yco vj}ou mogou`ybjg vujko{{o{, `gi yco{o

kj{y kjhvjgogy{ {r{yoh`ybk`llr ùo uokjuioi er yco yblbybo{ `gi `ky`llr kjg{yb(

yyo yco e`{b{ nju yco okjgjhbk ~`l`ybjg jn ibnnouogy vj}ou mogou`ybjg `lyoug`(

yb~o{'?

Jycou kj{y olohogy{ yc`y ùo v`bi nju er ycbui vùybo{ gjy bg~jl~oi bg ycovujikybjg ju kjg{hvybjg jn yco vujiky ij gjy {cj} v bg vubko{ `gi ùo gjy kjg(

{biouoi bg {y`giùi kj{y kjhvùb{jg{' Yco{o kj{y olohogy{ ùo gjuh`llr uonouuoi yj

`{ osyoug`l kj{y{ yc`y kjg{b{y jn ~ùbj{ {bio onnoky{ jn yco vujikybjg vujko{{

bhvj{oi jg {jkboyr `{ ` }cjlo' Osyoug`l kj{y{ yc`y mogou`llr ùo gjy bgkjuvju`yoi

bg yco vub~`yo kj{y jn olokyubkbyr bgklio gom`yb~o onnoky{ jg yco og~bujghogy `gi

ch`g co`lyc io yj `bu vjllybjg ju `gr jycou og~bujghogy`l uovouk{{bjg{ `{(

{jkb`yoi }byc yco olokyubkbyr mogou`ybjg vujko{{'>

Nju ycb{ v`vou, }o c`~o `g`lrtoi yco [c`cbi U`dòo Vj}ou Vl`gy, }cbkc b{ ` nol(

jbl(m`{(nbuoi vl`gy ljk`yoi bg Bu`g' Yco hj{y {bmgbnbk`gy og~bujghogy`l bhv`ky `{({jkb`yoi }byc ycb{ vj}ou n`kblbyr b{ `bu vjllybjg k`{oi er nol kjhe{ybjg' Bg ycb{

`g`lr{b{, yco velbk co`lyc bhv`ky{ uo{lybgm nujh yco `gg`l jvou`ybjg jn yco

YCO DJ_UG@L JN OGOUMR @GI IOÔLJVHOGY023


4/23

[c`cbi U`dòo Vj}ou Vl`gy c`~o eoog `{{o{{oi' Yco hj{y bhvjuy`gy vjllybjg {yoh(

hbgm nujh ycb{ vj}ou vl`gy b{ {ln`yo òuj{jl{' @lycjmc bhv`ky{ jn `kbibnrbgm vjl(

ly`gy{ `ky j~ou 0,666 abljhoyou{ ju o~og muo`you ib{y`gko{, bg ycb{ {yir jglr yco

bhv`ky{ ùb{bgm jg yco [c`cbi U`dòo Vj}ou Vl`gy youubyjur c`~o eoog `g`lrtoi'

Yco d{ybnbk`ybjg b{ yco muì`l iokuo`{o jn `hebogy kjgkogyu`ybjg{ `{ yco ib{y`gkonujh yco vj}ou vl`gy bgkuo`{o{' Yco ~`l`ybjg `yyohvyoi bg ycb{ uo{oùkc jglr yào{

bgyj kjg{biou`ybjg og~bujghogy`l i`h`mo{ `gi bhv`ky{ jg ch`g co`lyc io yj `bu

vjllybjg' Yc{, yco {jkb`l kj{y jn olokyubkbyr mogou`ybjg }bll eo o{ybh`yoi `{ yco

{h jn vub~`yo kj{y{ `gi jn yco èj~o(ionbgoi osyoug`l kj{y kjhvjgogy{' Bg ycb{

v`vou }o }bll vuo{ogy `g j~ou~bo} jn yco lbyou`yuo jg yco bhv`ky jn osyoug`l kj{y{

jn vujikybjg jg yco hùaoy, ycog vuo{ogy {o~ou`l k`{o {yibo{ jg olokyubkbyr

mogou`ybjg `gi `kkjhv`grbgm {jkb`l kj{y{, njllj}oi er ju hjiol, by{ uo{ly{, `gi

ju kjgkl{bjg{'

Lbyou`yuo Uo~bo} jg yco Bhv`ky jn Osyoug`l Kj{y{ jn Vujikybjg jg yco Hùaoy

Okjgjhb{y{ c`~o ljgm uokjmgbtoi yc`y yco vub~`yo hùaoy {r{yoh jnyog c`{

gio{buèlo onnoky{ uomùibgm yco og~bujghogy' N`hblbù os`hvlo{ jn {kc onnoky{

ùo yco gjsbj{ {hjao `gi vjllyoi }`you ohb{{bjg{ jn hjioug bgi{yub`l vl`gy{'

Bg {kc kbukh{y`gko{, yco yokcgbk`l g`yuo jn yco vujikybjg vujko{{ mogou`yo{

` ib{ybgky jyvy onnoky nujh yco nbg`l hùaoyoi vujiky' Yco {vbllj~ou onnoky{jn hjioug bgi{yub`l vujikybjg uo{ly bg ioyoubju`ybgm og~bujghogy`l p`lbyr,

`g jyvy yc`y yco nbuh ijo{ gjy `gi, jn kju{o, kjli gjy {oll' Jg yco kjgyuùr,

cj{ocjli{ `gi jycou nbuh{ `nnokyoi er yco vjlly`gy {vbllj~ou{ osvoubogko uo`l

jvvjuygbyr kj{y{ bg h`gr ibnnouogy njuh{ `gi }jli eo }bllbgm yj v`r ~ùbj{

`hjgy{ bn ycor onnokyb~olr kjli {yjv ju lo{{og yco nbuh{ vjllybgm `kyb~bybo{ #`gr

kj{y, yc`y b{, ìibybjg`l yj yco kj{y{ uo{lybgm nujh yco vujikybjg jyl`r{ jn yco

nbuh b{ `g osyoug`l ju {vbllj~ou kj{y"'

Op6 b{ yco bgbyb`l vjbgy #ionbgoi er bgbyb`l ioh`gi P6 `gi bgbyb`l vubko V6"'

Osyoug`l kj{y{ }bll bgkuo`{o yco kj{y jn {vvlr #olokyubkbyr" `gi yco go} opblbeubhvubko hj~o{ yj Vy' Bg nbmuo 0, opblbeubh b{ {cbnyoi yj yco vjbgy Opy ionbgoi er

` go} ioh`giPy #}cbkc b{ lj}ou yc`g yco jubmbg`l P6" `gi ` go} vubko Vy #}cbkc b{

cbmcou yc`g yco jubmbg`l V6"' Yco opblbeubh b{ njgi }cog yco ùo` kjhvj{oi

er yco vujikou {uvl{ #@" `gi kjg{hou {uvl{ #E" b{ h`sbhbtoi'=

[yibo{ njk{bgm jg yco b{{o jn ogoumr vubkbgm }ouo vùybklùlr yjvbk`l bg yco

0226{ `gi 5666{' Bgkuo`{bgmlr, `kìohbk uo{oùkc c`{ njk{oi jg biogybnrbgm yco

osyoug`l kj{y{, bgklibgm mlje`l }ùhbgm `gi klbh`yo kc`gmo, }byc yco vujikybjg

`gi kjg{hvybjg jn ibnnouogy {juko{ jn ogoumr' Yco vjlbkr uo{vjg{o yàog er

h`gr kjgyubo{ c`{ eoog yco vujvj{`l nju ~ùbj{ yrvo{ jn ogoumr ju kùejg y`so{yj bgkjuvju`yo osyoug`lbybo{ bgyj ycobu kj{y{' @y yco {`ho ybho, `{ vujvj{`l{ nju

og~bujghogy`l y`so{ c`~o eoog njuyckjhbgm, bg hkc jn yco bgi{yub`lbtoi }juli

[JKB@L KJ[Y JN OLOKYUBKBYR MOGOU@YBJG BG BU@G 022


5/23

kjhvoybybjg c`{ ohoumoi `{ ` ijhbg`gy velbk vjlbkr mj`l' Kjhvoybybjg vjlbkr b{

iub~og er yco eolbon yc`y kjhvoybyb~o hùaoy{ vounjuh `lljk`yb~o ngkybjg{ eoyyou

yc`g mj~oughogy(j}goi ju uoml`yoi bg{ybyybjg{ ij' @kkjuibgmlr, kjhvoybyb~o

hùaoy{ {cjli eo {oi `{ hkc `{ vj{{belo yj vounjuh yco{o y`{a{ `gi eogonby{ ùo

osvokyoi yj eo `lljk`yb~o, vujikyb~o, `gi vj{{o{{ irg`hbk onnbkbogkr'

Cj}o~ou, uolb`gko jg hùaoy{ ijo{ gjy bhvlr yc`y ` l`b{{ot(n`buo `vvuj`kc yj

vubkbgm b{ `vvujvub`yo bg je~bj{ k`{o{ jn hùaoy n`bluo{ #{kc `{ osyoug`l kj{y{ jn

vujikybjg"' Uokogy lbyou`yuo c`{ {yuo{{oi yc`y bg yco ljgm ug, okjgjhbk`llr bg(

onnbkbogy ogoumr vubkbgm b{ lbaolr yj loì yj bg~o{yhogy{ bg ogoumr {vvlr yc`y uo{ly

bg `gg`llr uokuubgm hb{`lljk`ybjg{ jn uo{juko{'3 Yc{, yco bgkl{bjg jn osyoug`l

kj{y{ jn vujikybjg bgyj yco vubkbgm hjiol }bll loì yj eoyyou uo{juko `lljk`ybjg'

Vuo~bj{ [yibo{

]o {c`ll vuj~bio ` eubon j~ou~bo} jn {jho jn yco vuo~bj{ }jua yc`y c`{ eoog

vuo{ogyoi jg olokyubkbyr mogou`ybjg `gi osyoug`l kj{y{' Ycouo b{ jgo `g`lr{b{ yc`y

c`{ eoog kùuboi jy nju yco gbgo ycouh`l vj}ou vl`gy{ bg Kuj`yb`' Yco ohb{{bjg{

{yohhbgm nujh ycouh`l vj}ou vl`gy{ ùo {bhblù uomùilo{{ jn yco nj{{bl nol {oi1

yco hj{y bhvjuy`gy ohb{{bjg{ ùo ycj{o nujh {lnu ibjsbio #[J5"' ^ùbj{ yrvo{

jn vj}ou vl`gy{ ibnnou bg yco h`mgbyio jn ohb{{bjg{, iovogibgm vjg nol yrvo,mogou`ybjg vujko{{o{, `gi vj}ou vl`gy onnbkbogkr' Yco [J5 ohb{{bjg{ nujh yco

Kuj`yb`g ycouh`l vj}ou vl`gy {yir ùo mb~og bg yèlo 0'

Nbmuo 0BLL_[YU@YBJG JN V@UYB@L OP_BLEUB_H EOY]OOG IOH@GI @GI [_VVLR

EONJUO @GI @NYOU OSYOUG@L KJ[Y KJG[BIOU@YBJG



6/23

Ib{vou{bjg c`{ eoog hjioloi er yco Okj[og{o vujmu`h v`ka`mo io~oljvoi nju

yco Oujvo`g Kjhhb{{bjg{ OsyougO vujdoky'2 Yco hjiol {oi b{ yco Cù}oll

yu`dokyjur hjiol yc`y eoljgm{ yj yco L`mu`gmb`g mujv jn hjiol{'

Bg yco Okj[og{o v`ka`mo i`yè`{o, Oujvo c`{ eoog vuo{ogyoi er yco O_UJ(

MUBI kj(juibg`yo {r{yoh' Yco ogybuo ùo` b{ ib~bioi bgyj mubi koll{' O`kc mubi koll

c`{ `g ùo` jn 06,666 {pùo abljhoyou{ #ah

5

" `gi `ll vujvouybo{ jn ` mubi koll ùo`{{hoi yj eo kjg{y`gy' Jgo jyvy i`yh jn yco hjiolbgm vujko{{ b{ `hebogy

kjgkogyu`ybjg jn [J5'

Y}ogyr(ycuoo mubi koll{ nujh yco O_UJMUBI kjjuibg`yo {r{yoh kjgy`bg yco

kjhvloyo Kuj`yb g youubyjur' Eok`{o jn yco hjiol{ lbhby`ybjg{, k`lkl`yoi `hebogy

kjgkogyu`ybjg{ ùo kjg{y`gy }bycbg ` mubi koll' @g osvj{uo(uo{vjg{o ngkybjg vuo{(

ogy{ ` uol`ybjg{cbv eoy}oog `g bgkuohogy`l kc`gmo bg `hebogy kjgkogyu`ybjg{ jn

` vjlly`gy `gi yco ìibybjg`l gheou jn co`lyc ib{juiou jkkuuogko{' Yco osvj{uo(

uo{vjg{o ngkybjg{ nju yco `g`lrtoi co`lyc ogivjbgy{ ejyc nju VH06 #yc`y b{, nju

vùybkl yo h`yyou bg yco `yhj{vcouo }byc ` ib`hoyou jn lo{{ yc`g ju op`l yj ` gjhbg l06 hbkujhoyou{" `gi by{{e{oy VH5'? #}cbkc b{ ` ho`{uo jn {h`llouvùybkl yo{ bg yco

`bu jn 5'? hbkujhoyou{ ju lo{{ bg {bto" ùo vuo{ogyoi bg yèlo 5' Ejyc VH06 `gi VH5'?vùybklo{ ùo agj}g yj vujiko uo{vbu yjur `gi kùibj~`{klù bllgo{{ `gi ùo {h`ll

ogjmc yj bg~ìo o~og yco {h`llo{y `bu}`r{, hàbgm ycoh ` vùybklù co`lyc c`tùi

yj ch`g{, hj{y o{vokb`llr vujeloh`ybk nju yco olioulr `gi ~our rjgm' Cj}o~ou,

VH5'?, }cbkc b{ 066 ybho{ ycbggou yc`g ` ch`g c`bu, b{ kjg{biouoi yj c`~o hjuo {o(

~ouo co`lyc onnoky{' VH5'? vùybklo{ ùo lbmcyou, k`g yu`~ol nuycou, `gi {y`r bg yco `bu

ljgmou #i`r{ ju }ooa{" yc`g yco lùmou vùybklo{' Vujljgmoi osvj{uo yj olo~`yoi kjg(

kogyu`ybjg{ jn vùybkl`yo h`yyou `l{j b{ `{{jkb`yoi }byc bgkuo`{oi cj{vby`l `gi ijkyju~b{by{ `gi, hjuo bhvjuy`gylr, hjuy`lbyr' Eugbgm nol{ {kc `{ m`{jlbgo, jbl, ibo{ol, ju

}jji vujiko hj{y jn yco VH5'?vjllybjg njgi bg jyijju `bu `gi hkc jn yco VH06'

Yèlo 0OHB[[BJG[ NUJH YCO KUJ@YB@G YCOUH@L VJ]OU VL@GY[, 5666

Vj}ou vl`gy

[lnu Ibjsbio Ohb{{bjg{

Yjg{ Hbllbmu`h{ vou Ablj}`yy(Cju

[b{à 9,3?5 9,=;3

Vljhbg =,60? ?,66=

Ubdoa` ?,;90 3,39;

Douyj~ok 6 5,63?

YOYJ T`muoe 5,=6= >5=

OLYJ T`muoe 3;; 5=

YOYJ J{bdoa 9;9 0,650

VYO J{bdoa 5 6

[juko4 H' Ejtbko~bk, T' Yjh{bk, `gi G' Ioeuokbg, Osyoug`l Kj{y jn Olokyubkbyr Mogou`ybjg4

K`{o [yir Kuj`yb`, Ogoumr Vjlbkr, ~jl' ;;, gj' 00 #566?", vv' 0;3?;2?'



7/23

Yj k`lkl`yo yco ìibybjg`l co`lyc onnoky jn `g bgkuohogy`l vùybkl`yo h`y(

you #VH" kjgkogyu`ybjg, yco gheou jn vojvlo osvj{oi {cjli eo agj}g' Yj

eo èlo yj kjhebgo i`y` jg vjvl`ybjg iog{byr `gi k`lkl`yoi `hebogy kjg(

kogyu`ybjg{ jn VH, mojmu`vcbk bgnjuh`ybjg {jny}ùo c`{ eoog {oi' E`{oijg osvj{uo(uo{vjg{o ngkybjg{ `gi bgkuohogy`l kjgkogyu`ybjg{ jn VH `{{j(

kb`yoi }byc vj}ou vl`gy jvou`ybjg{, `g bgkuo`{o bg je{ou~oi co`lyc ib{juiou{

k`g eo k`lkl`yoi' @iibybjg`l co`lyc ib{juiou{ k`{oi er bgkuo`{oi kjgkog(

yu`ybjg{ jn vùybkl`yo h`yyou c`~o eoog k`lkl`yoi `kkjuibgm yj yco njllj}bgm

op`ybjg4

@iibybjg`l ib{juiou{ kjgk iog{byr ùo` osvuo{

}couo kjgk b{ yco bgkuohogy`l kjgkogyu`ybjg jn VH #hm*h;

", iog{byr b{ yco vjv(l`ybjg iog{byr bg yco je{ou~oi ùo` #ah0", ùo` b{ yco ùo` #ah5", `giosv(uo{ b{

yco gheou jn bgkbiogy{ k`{oi er VH bgkuo`{o jn 0 hm*h;' Yco gheou jn ~ùbj{

co`lyc bgkbiogy{ c`{ eoog o{yèlb{coi nju vjllybjg jubmbg`ybgm nujh o`kc jn yco

`g`lrtoi vj}ou vl`gy{ bg o`kc jn yco 000 vjlrmjg{'

@ hjgoyùr ~`lo k`g eo `yy`kcoi yj o`kc jn yco `g`lrtoi co`lyc ib{juiou{' Yco

~`lo{ {oi bg ycb{ {yir ùo {yujgmlr iovogiogy vjg {yibo{ kùuboi jy bg yco

_gbyoi [y`yo{' ]cblo ycouo ùo ` gheou jn {yibo{ jg yco ~`lo jn hjuy`lbyr bh(

v`ky{ bg Oujvo, ycouo c`~o eoog no} `yyohvy{ yj ~`lo yco bhv`ky{ jg hjuebibyr'

[bhblù {yibo{ c`~o gjy eoog giouyàog bg Kuj`yb`1 cogko, yco uolb`gko jg yco_'[' gi Oujvo`g _gbjg `g`lr{o{ b{ bgo~byèlo' Yco kj{y{ `yy`kcoi yj yco `g`lrtoi

co`lyc ib{juiou{ ùo vuo{ogyoi bg yèlo ;'

Yèlo 5V@UYBK_L@YO H@YYOU4 @IIBYBJG@L G_HEOU JN CO@LYC

BGKBIOGY[ VOUhm*h;

NJU VH06 @GI VH5'?`

Yrvo{ jn Co`lyc Bgkbiogy{

Gheou jn Co`lyc Bgkbiogy{ vou hm*h;

VH06 VH5'?

Uo{vbu yjur ib{o`{o{cj{vby l ìhb{{bjg{ 5'6= $ 06(>

;'9> $ 06(>

Kjgmo{yb~o coùy n`bluoolioulr 0'3? $ 06(?

;'62 $ 06(?

Kouoeuj~`{klù ib{o`{o{cj{vby`l ìhb{{bjg{ ?'69 $ 06(>

3'95 $ 06(>

Kcujgbk eujgkcbyb{kcbliuog 0'>0 $ 06(;

5'>2 $ 06(;

Kcujgbk kjmckcbliuog 5'6= $ 06(;

;'9> $ 06(;

@kyo hjuy`lbyr 6'696/ 6'6>3/

Uo{yubkyoi kyb~byr i`r{ìly{ 6'65? 6'695

Kcujgbk eujgkcbyb{ìly{ 9'2 $ 06

(?

='3 $ 06

(?

Kcujgbk hjuy`lbyr 6';2/ 6'>9/

`hm*h

;8 hbkujmu`h{ vou kebk hoyou jn `bu'



8/23

Yco hjuebibyr kj{y{ c`~o eoog k`lkl`yoi er o{yèlb{cbgm yco kj{y{ bgib~bi`l{

ùo }bllbgm yj v`r bg juiou yj `~jbi ` kouy`bg ub{a, o'm', ib{o`{o' Yco hjuy`lbyr kj{y{

ùo e`{oi vjg yco njllj}bgm `{{hvybjg{'

Nbu{y, yco hjgoyùr ~`lo jn lbno c`{ eoog `{{hoi yj op`l )9'6= hbllbjg'Nuycou, by c`{ eoog `{{hoi yc`y bg io`yc k`{o{ k`{oi bg `kkbiogy{, ;0'>? roù{ jn

lbno ùo lj{y' Yco{o `{{hvybjg{ ùo e`{oi vjg ` ;(voukogy ib{kjgy u`yo mb~og yco

~`lo jn ` lj{y roù jn lbno jn )023,666'

H`gr vojvlo }cj{o io yc{ }ouo lbgaoi yj `bu vjllybjg cì eoog {{vokyoi

jn c`~bgm ` {cjuyou lbno osvoky`gkr' By c`{ eoog `{{hoi yc`y kyo hjuy lbyr uo{lybgm

nujh osko{{b~o `bu vjllybjg {cjuyog{ yco `~ou`mo lbno osvoky`gkr er 2 hjgyc{ `gi

kcujgbk hjuy`lbyr k`{oi er osvj{uo yj `bu vjllybjg er ? roù{ ju hjuo'

Iokb{bjg hàbgm bg ogoumr `gi og~bujghogy k`ll{ bgkuo`{bgmlr nju ` eoyyou

o~`l`ybjg jn yco vj{{belo bhv`ky{ jn `gr og~b{`moi vjlbkr `gi ho`{uo, {kc`{ ` uogo}èlo olokyubkbyr yùmoy, `g ogoumr y`s, ` p`gybnboi jedokyb~o yj uoiko

muoogcj{o m`{ ohb{{bjg{, ` ~jlgyùr `muoohogy eoy}oog velbk `ycjubybo{ `gi

bgi{yubo{, ` {y`yo `bi oskovybjg nju klo`g ogoumbo{, ` {y`giùi nju ogoumr onnbkbogkr,

`gi `g bgyoug`lbt`ybjg jn osyoug`l kj{y{'06

Bg `gjycou vb~jy`l }jua `{{o{{bgm yco {jkb`l kj{y{ jn olokyubkbyr mogou`ybjg nujh

nj{{bl nol{, I' I`lb`gb{ oy `l' jnnou{ ` k`{o {yir jn Muooko' 00 Yco bhvjuy`gko jn

ycb{ uo{oùkc{ k`lkl`ybjg{ b{ yc`y ycor `llj} nju ` hjuo uo`lb{ybk kjhvùb{jg

eoy}oog yco `ky`l vubko jn olokyubkbyr `gi yco olokyubkbyr vujikoi er uogo}èlo

ogoumr {juko{, h`bglr }bgi `gi {jlù*vcjyj~jly`bk' Yco o{ybh`yoi osyoug`l kj{yjn ogoumr }`{ njgi yj eo bg yco u`gmo jn ='; yj 0?'9 Muooa iu`kch` vou ablj}`yy(

cju #a]c"'

Yèlo ;HJGOY@UR ^@L_O[ @YY@KCOI YJ YCO @G@LRTOI

CO@LYC IB[JUIOU[

#bg 022? _'[' ijllù{"

Co`lyc Ib{juiou Kj{y

@kyo hjuy`lbyr 093,?66

Kcujgbk hjuy`lbyr 0,;=?,666

Uo{vbu`yjur ib{o`{o 06,;66

Kouoeuj~`{klù ib{o`{o 06,;66

Kjgmo{yb~o coùy n`bluo 06,;66

Kcujgbk eujgkcbyb{kcbliuog ;66

Kcujgbk eujgkcbyb{ìly{ 0;3,666

Kcujgbk kjmckcbliuog ;66

Uo{yubkyoi kyb~byr i`r{ 066

[juko4 H' Ejtbko~bk, T' Yjh{bk, `gi G' Ioeuokbg, Osyoug`l Kj{y jn Olokyubkbyr Mogou`ybjg4

K`{o [yir Kuj`yb`, Ogoumr Vjlbkr, ~jl' ;;, gj' 00 #566?", vv' 0;3?;2?'

[JKB@L KJ[Y JN OLOKYUBKBYR MOGOU@YBJG BG BU@G 56;


9/23

Bg juiou yj `llj} `g j~ou`ll o~`l`ybjg jn yco yjy`l osyoug`l kj{y jn olokyubkbyr

mogou`ybjg nujh nj{{bl nol{ bg Muooko, yco uo{ly{ jn yco vuo~bj{ `g`lr{b{ ùo

vuo{ogyoi bg yèlo 9'

Nujh yèlo 9, yco uoìou k`g {oo yc`y `g ìibybjg`l `hjgy jn eoy}oog ='; `gi

0?'9 Muooa iu`kch` vou ablj}`yy cju, bg 0226 u`yo{, h{y eo ìioi yj yco vubko jnolokyubkbyr' Yco bhvjuy`gko jn ycb{ `g`lr{b{ b{ yc`y yàbgm ycb{ osyoug`l kj{y jn

ogoumr bgyj `kkjgy bg yco ~ùbj{ {kogùbj{ uol`yoi yj ogoumr io~oljvhogy jvybjg{

kc`gmo{ yco `yyu`kyb~ogo{{, bg vùybklù bg yco k`{o jn uogo}èlo ogoumr uo{juko{

{kc `{ }bgi ju {jlù*vcjyj~jly`bk' ]bycjy yco bgkl{bjg jn yco{o osyoug`l {jkb`l

kj{y{, uogo}èlo{ `vvoù uol`yb~olr osvog{b~o, }cbkc uo{ly{ bg ` muo`you ybho uo(

pbuoi nju ycobu vogoyu`ybjg bgyj yco ogoumr hùaoy'05 Yc{, yco bgkl{bjg jn {jkb`l

kj{y{ k`g c`~o ` {bmgbnbk`gy bhv`ky }cog kjhvùbgm ~ùbj{ `gi kjhvoybgm {juko{

jn ogoumr mogou`ybjg'

@gjycou uolo~`gy }jua jg yco {edoky b{ vuo{ogyoi bg [' Hbu`{moib{ oy `l', }cbkc

io`l{ }byc yco bhv`ky jn {jkb`l kj{ybgm jg yco kjhvoybyb~ogo{{ jn uogo}èlo og(

oumbo{ bg yco k`{o jn Kuoyo'0; Yco{o uo{oùkcou{ bg~o{ybm`yoi yco onnoky jn {jkb`l

kj{ybgm bg ogoumr iokb{bjg hàbgm `gi, hjuo {vokbnbk`llr, bg yco kjhvùb{jg jn

`lyoug`yb~o `kybjg vl`g{ yj {`yb{nr olokyubkbyr ioh`gi' Yco os`hbgoi k`{o {yir

uonou{ yj yco `yjgjhj{ olokyubkbyr {r{yoh jn Kuoyo' Yco uo{ly{ {cj} yc`y yco

cbmcou yco vogoyu`ybjg jn uogo}èlo ogoumr bgyj yco ogoumr {r{yoh, yco lj}ou yco

{jkb`l kj{y{ #b'o', yco {h jn yco vub~`yo `gi osyoug`l kj{y{" jn olokyubkbyr bhvj{oi

jg yco {jkboyr `{ ` }cjlo'Kuoyo b{ yco njuyc lùmo{y b{l`gi bg yco Hoibyouu`go`g, }byc ` vjvl`ybjg

hùaoi bg uokogy roù{ er ` goy bgkuo`{bgm yuogi `gi okjgjhbk muj}yc u`yo{ ijelo

Yèlo 9YJY@L O^@L_@YBJG JN OSYOUG@L KJ[Y[ JN OLOKYUBKBYR MOGOU@YBJG NUJH

NJ[[BL N_OL[ BG MUOOKO

Osyoug`l Onnoky{

Osyoug`l Kj{y

#Muooa iu`kch`{ vou ablj}`yy cju"

N`g` nlju` 6'62;

H`gabgi 6'?03 yj 0'93?

H`youb`l{ 6'9? yj 5'0;

Klbh`yo 9'; yj 2'=0

Iovloybjg jn gjguogo}èlo {juko 0'32?

Velbk osvogibyuo nju mogou`l {ou~bko{ 6'65=?

Velbk osvogibyuo nju uo{oùkc `gi io~oljvhogy 6'65;

Yjy`l osyoug`l kj{y jn olokyubkbyr ='; yj 0?'9

[juko4 I' I`lb`gb{, I' Voy`{{b{, H' [`gy`hjub{, @' @umbubj, K' Kùy`lb{, `gi I' @{bhàj(

vjlj{, [jkb`l Kj{y jn Olokyubkbyr Mogou`ybjg bg Muooko, Uogo}èlo Ogoumr, ~jl' 05, gj' ; #022=",

vv' 53032'



10/23

yco g ybjg`l Muooa `~ou`mo' Yco olokyubkbyr {r{yoh jn Kuoyo b{ `g `yjgjhj{ {r{yoh

yc`y `lhj{y yjy`llr iovogi{ vjg nol jbl bhvjuy{ nujh yco h`bgl`gi' Olokyubkbyr

mogou`ybjg b{ `kkjhvlb{coi er ` goy}jua jn kjg~ogybjg`l vj}ou vl`gy{ }byc ` yjy`l

k`v`kbyr jn `vvujsbh`yolr ?50 hom`}`yy{ #H]"' Ycouo ùo {bs {r{yoh yuebgo{ jn

` yjy`l k`v`kbyr `hjgybgm yj 000'5? H], bgyoug`l kjhe{ybjg ogmbgo jn 92'05H], ` kjhebgoi(krklo vj}ou vl`gy jn 0;9'9 H], `gi 503'= H] jn m`{ yuebgo

mogou`yju{' Yco{o l`{y gby{ {o jli yokcgjljmr `gi, ycouonjuo, ùo kcù`kyoubtoi er

cbmc lo~ol{ jn nol kjg{hvybjg'

Eok`{o jn yco b{l`gi{ cbmc lo~ol jn yjub{h `gi by{ j~ou`ll okjgjhbk io(

~oljvhogy, olokyubkbyr ioh`gi bgkuo`{o{ u`vbilr `gi vuo{ogy{ cbmc {o`{jg`l ~ùb(

`ybjg{' Hjuo {vokbnbk`llr yco `gg`l u`yo jn bgkuo`{o jn olokyubkbyr ioh`gi bg Kuoyo

b{ ùjgi 3 voukogy, }cblo yco kjuuo{vjgibgm Muooa g`ybjg`l nbmuo b{ ;'? voukogy'

Ycb{ uo{ly{ bg vj}ou bgonnbkbogkr vujeloh{ yc`y uopbuo osvog{b~o {jlybjg{ nju

kjvbgm }byc yco voà vj}ou ljì h`bglr io yj yco j~ou{o jn yco m`{ yuebgo

mogou`yju{' Ycouonjuo, by b{ mogou`llr `kkovyoi yc`y ycouo b{ `g umogy gooi nju

osv`gibgm yco olokyubkbyr mogou`ybjg {r{yoh }byc yco bg{y`ll`ybjg jn go} vj}ou

vl`gy{' Cj}o~ou, ycouo b{ gjy ` g`gbhj{ ~bo} `{ yj yco yrvo jn vl`gy{ yj eo

bg{y`lloi' Yco h`bg kjgnlbky b{ }coycou uogo}èlo ogoumr {juko{ {cjli eo yb(

lbtoi bg yco {r{yoh `gi yj }c`y osyogy' Yèlo ? vuj~bio{ ` kjhvùb{jg jn yco

vub~`yo kj{y olohogy{ jn ~ùbj{ vj}ou {juko{ bg Kuoyo'

Yèlo ?VUB^@YO KJ[Y OLOHOGY[ JN YCO UONOUOGKO VJ]OU _GBY[ BG KUOYO

Vj}ou gby{

Bg~o{yhogy

#ouj{*ablj}`yy

roù"

Nbsoi

Jvou`ybjg .

H`bgyog`gko

#ouj{*ablj}`yy

roù"

^ùbèlo

Jvou`ybjg .

H`bgyog`gko

#hbllbjg{ jn

ouj{*ablj}`yy

cju"

Nol

#hbllbjg{ jn

ouj{*ablj}`yy

cju"

[yo`h 0,9=3 03'0 0'5 ;6

Ibo{ol 0,;23 06'; 0'3 5>

Kjhebgoi krklo =53 59'; 6'2 ?;

M`{ yuebgo{

#jli yokcgjljmr" ;?; 5='9 6'= 0?;

M`{ yuebgo{

#go} yokcgjljmr" ;?; 5='9 6'= >9

]bgi 0,5?6 ?'2 Gomlbmbelo 6

Ebjh`{{ 5,666 56 0'5 99

Criuj 0,=66 5? Gomlbmbelo 6

[juko4 [' Hbu`{moib{, I' Ibàjlàb, L' V`v`mb`ggàb{, `gi @' Tou~j{, Bhv`ky jn [jkb`l

Kj{ybgm jg yco Kjhvoybyb~ogo{{ jn Uogo}èlo Ogoumbo{4 Yco K`{o jn Kuoyo, Ogoumr Vjlbkr, ~jl' 53,

gj' 0 #5666", vv' >?=;'

[JKB@L KJ[Y JN OLOKYUBKBYR MOGOU@YBJG BG BU@G 56?


11/23

Osyoug`l kj{y{ jn olokyubkbyr mogou`ybjg c`~o eoog `{{o{{oi nju o`kc {vokbnbk

vj}ou vl`gy k`yomjur' Nju yco kjg~ogybjg`l jbl(nbuoi gby{ yco{o kj{y{ bgklio i`h(

`mo{ jn `bu vjllybjg #o{vokb`llr {{vogioi vùybkl`yo{, [J5, gbyujmog jsbio{, `gi

yco {okjgiùblr vujikoi òuj{jl{ yc`y h`bglr kjhvub{o {ln`yo{ `gi gbyu`yo{" jg

ch`g co`lyc, `mubklyuo `gi h`youb`l{, i`h`mo{ io yj jkkv`ybjg`l `kkbiogy{,`gi yj yco mlje`l }ùhbgm onnoky, `{ }oll `{ i`h`mo{ io yj v{yuo`h bhv`ky{ #jbl

yu`g{vjuy`ybjg `gi uonbgbgm"' @{ {cj}g bg yèlo >, hjuy`lbyr `gi yco mlje`l }ùhbgm

onnoky ùo yco hj{y bhvjuy`gy kjhvjgogy{ jn yco osyoug`lbybo{ k`lkl`yoi nju yco

kjg~ogybjg`l vj}ou vl`gy{'

Bg vùybklù, yco kj{y `{{bmgoi yj yco hjuy`lbyr onnoky{ uolbo{ jg yco roù{ jn

lbno lj{y #RJLL" `vvuj`kc, }cbkc `vvlbo{ ` ~`lo jn 26,666 ouj{ nju o`kc roù jn

lbno lj{y `gi yào{ bgyj `kkjgy yco ho`g `mo jn yco `nnokyoi vjvl`ybjg'09 Bg ì(

ibybjg, ` ;(voukogy ib{kjgy u`yo c`{ eoog ìjvyoi nju uoikbgm nyuo i`h`mo{

yj vuo{ogy ~`lo' Yco uo{lybgm i`h`mo kj{y k`g bgkuo`{o kjg{biouèlr bn ` lj}ou

ib{kjgy u`yo b{ {oi' @g o~og cbmcou i`h`mo kj{y b{ jey`bgoi bn yco ~`l`ybjg

vujkoiuo b{ e`{oi jg yco ~`lo jn {y`yb{ybk`l lbno #^[L" `vvuj`kc, }couo ` ~`lo

jn ;'0 hbllbjg ouj{ b{ `{{bmgoi yj ch`g lbno bgiovogiogylr nujh `mo ju vcr{bk`l

{by`ybjg' Yco nbmuo{ `vvlboi nju yco ^[L `gi yco RJLL c`~o eoog ioub~oi nujh

` lùmo gheou jn Oujvo`g {yibo{ {bgm }`mo(ub{a, kjgybgmogy ~`l`ybjg, `gi

hùaoi(e`{oi yokcgbpo{1 cogko, ycor vuj~bio ` }bllbgmgo{{ yj v`r ju }bllbgmgo{{

yj `kkovy ycb{ yrvo jn o{ybh`yo'

Yco vub~`yo, osyoug`l, `gi {jkb`l kj{y nbmuo{ jey`bgoi nju yco ycuoo `lyoug`yb~ovl`g{ ùo vuo{ogyoi bg yèlo =' Ycor ùo nujh yco e`{o(k`{o i`h`mo o{ybh`yo{ `{(

{bmgoi yj hjuy`lbyr `gi yco mlje`l }ùhbgm onnoky #RJLL ; voukogy `gi 03 ouj{

vou yjg jn kùejg ibjsbio"'

E`{oi jg yèlo =, by k`g eo {oog yc`y }byc uo{voky yj vub~`yo kj{y{, yco kjg~og(

ybjg`l `kybjg vl`g `vvoù{ `{ yco hj{y okjgjhbk`l {jlybjg nju yco {r{yoh{ os(

v`g{bjg4 yco `gg`l osvog{o{ nju olokyubkbyr mogou ybjg er yco roù 566? }jli uo`kc

0?>'39 hbllbjg ouj{ }cblo ` uo{yubkyoi ju osyog{b~o osvljby`ybjg jn uogo}èlo og(

oumr {r{yoh `{{hoi bg yco uogo}èlo(kjg{yu`bgoi ju bgyog{b~o vl`g{ bgkuo`{o yco{o

kj{y{ er 9'> voukogy ju 2'? voukogy, uo{vokyb~olr' Cj}o~ou, yco ycuoo vl`g{ ùo bg(~ou{olr u`gaoi bn kjhvùoi jg yco e`{b{ jn ycobu osyoug`l kj{y{' Yco kjg~ogybjg`l

vl`g mogou`yo{ ` yjy`l osyoug`l kj{y `hjgybgm yj 06>'35 hbllbjg ouj{ jg `g `gg`l

e`{b{, }cbkc b{ cbmcou er 55'3 voukogy `gi 9;'5 voukogy kjhvùoi yj yco uogo}èlo(

kjg{yu`bgoi `gi yco bgyog{b~o vl`g{, uo{vokyb~olr' Yco kj{y ibnnouogko b{ {j lùmo yc`y

by j~oukjhvog{`yo{ nju yco eogonby{ nujh yco lj}ou vub~`yo kj{y{' Cogko, yco {`ho

u`gabgm b{ jey`bgoi bn yco kjhvùb{jg b{ hìo jg yco e`{b{ jn yco yjy`l {jkb`l kj{y{

`{{jkb`yoi }byc yco ycuoo `kybjg vl`g{' Yco yjy`l {jkb`l kj{y jn yco kjg~ogybjg`l vl`g

b{ 05'> hbllbjg ouj{ cbmcou yc`g yco uogo}èlo kjg{yu`bgoi vl`g `gi 0=';? hbllbjg

ouj{ cbmcou yc`g yco bgyog{b~o jgo' Jg ` vou(gby jn olokyubkbyr e`{b{, ycb{ ho`g{ yc`yyco uo`lbt`ybjg jn yco kjg~ogybjg`l vl`g loì{ yj ` kjg{biouèlo bgkuo`{o jn yco {jkb`l

kj{y jn olokyubkbyr `hjgybgm yj ? hbllbjg yj >'3 hbllbjg ouj{*a]c bg kjhvùb{jg

YCO DJ_UG@L JN OGOUMR @GI IOÔLJVHOGY56>


12/23

Yèlo>

OSYOUG@LK

J[Y[UOL@YOIYJOLOKYU

BKBYRMOGOU@YBJGNUJH

KJGÔGYBJG@L

@GIUOGO]@E

LOVJ]OUVL@GY[`

#bghbllbjg{jno

uj{vouablj}`yycju"

I

bo{ol

[yo`h

#osb{ybgm"

[

yo`h

#{kc

oiloi"

Kjhebgoi

Krklo

M`

{Yuebgo{

#jli

yokcgjljmr"

M`{Yuebgo{

]bgi

#go}yokcgjljmr"

]bgi

Ebjh`{{

Criuj

Hjuy`lbyr#VH

06

`giòuj{jl{"

^`loj

n{y`yb{ybk`llbno

0

6?'>

0=2'2

5='5

9?'5

5?'?

90'9

(

2'=

(

Roù{jnlbnolj{y

53'2

92'5

='9

05'9

=

00';

5'=

(

@kyohjuy`lbyr#[J5"

^`loj

n{y`yb{ybk`llbno

0';?

56'5

0'??

6'2>

0'6>

6'2

(

5o(5

(

Roù{jnlbnolj{y

?'0

6'=>

?'3o(5

;'>o(5

9o(5

;'9o(5

=o(9

(

Hjuebibyr ;'

=

>'5

6'2;

0'?3

6'32

0'99

(

6';9

(

Jkkv`

ybjg`l`kkbiogy{

6'05

6'05

6'05

6'05

6'05

6'05

Goml'

6'05

6'3?

Bhv`ky{

jg`mubklyuo

0'5

>'5

?'>o(;

>'=o(;

9'3o(;

>'5o(;

(

>o(9

6'95

#kjgybgoi"

[JKB@L KJ[Y JN OLOKYUBKBYR MOGOU@YBJG BG BU@G 56=


13/23

Yèlo>

#kjgybgoi"

OSYOUG@LKJ

[Y[UOL@YOIYJOLOKYUBKBYRMOGOU@YBJGNUJHK

JGÔGYBJG@L

@GIUOGO]@ELOVJ]OUVL@GY[`

#bghbllbjg{jnouj{vouablj}`yycju"

I

bo{ol

[yo`h

#osb{ybgm"

[

yo`h

#{kc

oiloi"

Kjhebgoi

Krklo

M`

{Yuebgo{

#jli

yokcgjljmr"

M`{Yuebgo{

]bgi

#go}yokcgjljmr"

]bgi

Ebjh`{{

Criuj

Bhv`ky{

jgh`youb`l{

6';0

6'=?

2'>o(5

6'09

3'>o(5

6'0;

(

0'>o(5

(

Gjb{o

Goml'

Goml'

Goml'

Goml'

Goml'

Goml'

=';o(5(?

Goml'

0';9

Mlje`l]ùhbgm

Eo{yo{ybh`yo

00'?

0;';

0;';

00'>

5>'?

00'5

(

(

(

U`gmojno{ybh`yo{

5'9

yj33'?

5'3yj065'>

5'3

yj065'>

5'?yj32'2

?'

>yj569'>

5'9yj3>'0

(

(

(

_v{yuo`

hbhv`ky{

0'30

0'30

0'30

0'30

0'30

0'30

0'0

G'O'

Goml'

`

Ib{

kjgyu`yo{oib{;voukogy1Goml'8gomlbmbelo1G'O'8gjyo{ybh`yoi1VH8vùybkl`yoh`yyou1[J5

8{lnuibjsbio'

[juko4['Hbu`{moib{,I'Ibàjlàb,L'V`v`mb`ggàb{,`gi@'Tou~j{,Bhv`kyjn[jkb`lKj{ybgmjg

ycoKjhvoybyb~ogo{{jnUogo}èloOgoumbo{4

YcoK`{ojnKuoyo,OgoumrVjlbkr,~jl'53,gj'0#5666",vv'>?=;'



14/23

}byc yco y}j jycou `lyoug`yb~o vl`g{ jylbgoi bg yèlo =' Ycouonjuo, by k`g eo {y`yoi

yc`y yco cbmcou yco kjgyubeybjg jn uogo}èlo ogoumr bg yco olokyubkbyr {r{yoh, yco

lj}ou yco {jkb`l kj{y jn yco mogou`yoi olokyubkbyr'0?

Hoycjijljmr jn [jkb`l Kj{y O~`l`ybjg

Gj} }o yug yj ` vuo{ogy`ybjg jn yco hoycjijljmr {oi bg `{{o{{bgm yco osyoug`l

kj{y jn olokyubkbyr mogou`ybjg nju ju hjiol' Osyoug`l kj{y{ ùo gjy mogou`llr bg(

kjuvju`yoi bgyj yco vub~`yo kj{y jn olokyubkbyr, bgklibgm i`h`mo{ yj yco og~bujghogy

`gi ch`g co`lyc io yj `bu vjllybjg ju jycou og~bujghogy`l uovouk{{bjg{' @ll

yco{o i`h`mo{ ùo ibnnbkly yj o{ybh`yo eok`{o jn ` l`ka jn i`y` `gi `g bgkjhvloyo

agj}loimo uomùibgm yco vù`hoyou{ bgnlogkbgm yco yrvo `gi h`mgbyio jn yco

uol`yoi bhv`ky{' Yco o~`l`ybjg {oi bg ycb{ uo{oùkc jglr kjg{biou{ yco bhv`ky{ jg

ch`g co`lyc io yj [J5 ohb{{bjg nujh yco [c`cbi U`dòo Vj}ou Vl`gy #[UVV"'Ycb{ b{ eok`{o [J5 ohb{{bjg{ c`~o {bmgbnbk`gy onnoky{ jg ch`g co`lyc `gi by b{

` ~our bhvjuy`gy m`{ bg ycb{ vj}ou vl`gy bg yco n`ll `gi }bgyou {o`{jg{ `{ yco vubhùr

nol{ {oi er ycb{ vl`gy ùo nol jbl `gi m`{ jbl' Yc{, yco {jkb`l kj{y jn olokyubkbyr

mogou`ybjg }bll eo o{ybh`yoi `{ yco {h jn yco vub~`yo kj{y{ `gi yco osyoug`l kj{y'

[K VK OS 0

}couo [K 8 {jkb`l kj{y, VK 8 vub~`yo kj{y, `gi OS 8 osyoug`l kj{y'

Yco Vub~`yo Kj{y K`lkl`ybjg4 Yco vub~`yo kj{y jn olokyubkbyr mogou`ybjg bgklio{yco bg~o{yhogy kj{y ib{kjgyoi jg `g `gg`l e`{b{ #B", yco jvou`ybjg{ `gi h`bg(

yog`gko kj{y{ #H", `gi yco nol kj{y #N"' @ll yco{o kj{y kjhvjgogy{ ~ùr `kkjuibgm

Yèlo =O[YBH@YOI KJ[Y JN OLOKYUBKBYR MOGOU@YBJG BG KUOYO ER YCO RO@U 566?

#`{{o{{hogy hìo bg 5666"

@kybjg vl`g Vub~`yo Kj{y Osyoug`l Kj{y [jkb`l Kj{y

@gg`l osvog{o{ #hbllbjg{ jn ouj{"

Kjg~ogybjg`l 0?>'39 06>'35 5>;'>>

Uogo}èlo kjg{yu`bgoi 0>9'69 3='65 5?0'6>

Uogo}èlo bgyog{b~o 0=0'=0 =9'>6 59>';0

Olokyubkbyr kj{y #ycj{`gi{ jn ouj{*ablj}`yy cju"

Kjg~ogybjg`l >6'=5 90';? 065'6=

Uogo}èlo kjg{yu`bgoi >;'9? ;;'>> 2='00

Uogo}èlo bgyog{b~o >>'90 53'3? 2?'5>

[juko4 [' Hbu`{moib{, I' Ibàjlàb, L' V`v`mb`ggàb{, `gi @' Tou~j{, Bhv`ky jn [jkb`l

Kj{ybgm jg yco Kjhvoybyb~ogo{{ jn Uogo}èlo Ogoumbo{4 Yco K`{o jn Kuoyo, Ogoumr Vjlbkr, ~jl' 53,

gj' 0 #5666", vv' >?=;'



15/23

yj yco yrvo{ jn ogoumr kùubou{ `gi ogoumr yokcgjljmbo{ {oi `gi k`g eo osvuo{{oi

`{ `g gbpo kj{y nbmuo #VK" jg ` ablj}`yy(cju #a]c" e`{b{ er yàbgm bgyj `k(

kjgy yco `gg`l olokyubkbyr vujikybjg #P" jn yco {vokbnbk vj}ou vl`gy'

Yco `gg`l bg~o{yhogy kj{y b{ o{ybh`yoi bg uol`ybjg }byc ` lbno(ybho iu`ybjg

#G", bg{y`ll`ybjg voubji #ge", `gi yco ib{kjgy u`yo #u8 06 voukogy"' Ycb{ hoycji b{ì`vyoi nujh [' Hbu`{moib{ oy `l'0>

V K60 u ge0

u 0 u ge05

B Vu 0 u Gge0

0 u G0;

}couo K2 8 K*ge, K8 bg~o{yhogy kj{y, ge 8 bg{y`ll`ybjg voubji, u 8 ib{kjgy u`yo,`gi G 8 lbno(ybho iu`ybjg'

Yco jvou`ybjg `gi h`bgyog`gko kj{y{ #H" ùo eujaog ij}g bgyj y}j vùy{4 #0"

nbsoi kj{y{ bgklibgm `ll jg{byo lèju `gi bg{u`gko kj{y{ `gi #5" ~ùbèlo kj{y{

bgklibgm nol {yju`mo, `gi olokyubkbyr {vvlr, uov`bu, `gi h`bgyog`gko }jua' Yj

kùur jy yco `g`lr{b{, y}j {kogùbj{ ùo kjg{biouoi nju nol kj{y' Jgo b{ e`{oi jg

yco nuoo(jg(ejùi #NJE" vubko `gi yco jycou b{ e`{oi jg yco {e{bibtoi vubko' Yco

vub~`yo kj{y jn olokyubkbyr mogou`ybjg b{ k`lkl`yoi er yco njllj}bgm njuhl`4

VK B8P NBSJ.H8P ^@UJ.H8P N8P 9

}couo B 8 bg~o{yhogy kj{y, NBSJ.H 8 nbsoi jvou`ybjg `gi h`bgyog`gko kj{y,

^@UJ.H 8 ~ùbèlo jvou`ybjg `gi h`bgyog`gko kj{y, `gi N 8 nol kj{y'

Yco Osyoug`l Kj{y K`lkl`ybjg4 Osyoug`l kj{y{ jn olokyubkbyr mogou`ybjg bg {yo`h

gby{ c`~o eoog o~`l`yoi' Yco{o kj{y{ bgklio i`h`mo{ jn `bu vjllybjg jg ch`g

co`lyc' Yco hoycjijljmr `vvlboi bg ycb{ v`vou c`{ eoog io~oljvoi }bycbg yco

osyoug`l kj{y{ jn `bu vjllybjg jg ch`g co`lyc bg Yocu`g' Yco i`y` {oi bg ycb{

v`vou ùo kjhvloyolr iovogiogy jg {yibo{ kùuboi jy bg Yocu`g'[jho vù`hoyou{ ùo o~`l`yoi yj uokjmgbto okjgjhbk i`h`mo{ jg ch`g co`lyc

eok`{o jn `bu vjllybjg4 ib{o`{o {bmg{, kj{y jn bllgo{{, `gi vuoh yuo hjuy lbyr}cbkc

ùo {oi nju yco ioyouhbg`ybjg jn yco kjgybgmogy ~`l`ybjg hoycji, kj{y jn bllgo{{, `gi

~`lo jn {y`yb{ybk`l lbno'

Yco o~`l`ybjg jn ib{o`{o {bmg{ bgklio{4 `kyo hjuy`lbyr, kcujgbk hjuy`lbyr,

uo{vbu`yjur ib{o`{o, kouoeuj~`{klù ib{o`{o, kjgmo{yb~o coùy n`bluo, kcujgbk

eujgkcbyb{ #kcbliuog", kcujgbk kjmc #kcbliuog", kcujgbk eujgkcbyb{ #ìly{",

`gi uo{yubkyoi `kyb~byr i`r{' Yco kjgybgmogy ~`l`ybjg hoycji b{ {oi nju okj(

gjhbk o~`l`ybjg jn yco `njuohogybjgoi {bmg{' Bg ycb{ hoycji nju yco okjgjhbko~`l`ybjg jn yco ib{o`{o {bmg{, ` po{ybjgg`buo }`{ yblbtoi yj vuj~bio ` kjg(

ibybjg`l o~`l`ybjg'0= Yco uo{vjgiogy{ }bllbgmgo{{ yj v`r `gi ib{o`{o {bmg{ }ouo



16/23

m`bgoi nujh ;,666 po{ybjgg`buo{ `gi ycujmc yco {o jn uol`yoi {y`yb{ybk`l

{jny}ùo'

Bg yco bllgo{{(kj{ybgm hoycji, {vokbnbk gheou{ jn velbk cj{vby`l{ }byc ycobu

kl`{{bnbk`ybjg `gi kjibgm {r{yoh ùo {olokyoi' [jho ij{{bou{ jn uol`yoi ib{o`{o{

nujh `bu vjllybjg ùo {olokyoi `gi ycobu bgnjuh`ybjg jg yco kj{ybgm ùo osyu`kyoi'Nbg`llr, yco `~ou`mo nll kj{y jn yco ib{o`{o b{ ioyouhbgoi nujh {y`yb{ybk`l {jny}ùo'

Yco hjuebibyr `gi hjuy`lbyr kj{y{ c`~o eoog k`lkl`yoi }byc yco kj{y{ yc`y

bgib~bi`l{ ùo }bllbgm yj v`r bg juiou yj `~jbi ` kouy`bg ub{a' Yco hjgoyùr ~`lo

jn jgo gby jn [J5 ohb{{bjg c`{ eoog `{{hoi `{ _'[' )=,=;2'66 vou gby' Ycb{

~`lo }`{ `vvlboi bg ycb{ v`vou yj k`lkl`yo i`h`mo{ yj ch`g co`lyc nujh yco

[c`cbi U`dòo Vj}ou Vl`gy {bgm yco kjgybgmogy ~`l`ybjg hoycji #K^H" `gi yco

~`lo jn {y`yb{ybk`l lbno #^[L" hoycji, }cbkc `l{j c`{ eoog {oi er yco Hbgb{yur

jn Co`lyc `gi Hoibk`l Oik`ybjg bg by{ 5669 Yocu`g vujdoky uovjuy' Cogko, yco

uo{ly{ jn yco o~`l`ybjg vujkoiuo }bll bgibk`yo yco ~`lo jn [J5 ohb{{bjg nujh

[UVV'

Yco ohb{{bjg{ {yohhbgm nujh [UVV ùo nujh nj{{bl nol{' Yco hj{y bhvjuy`gy

m`{ b{ {lnu ibjsbio eok`{o yco [J5 ohb{{bjg{ ùo ~our cbmc bg yco n`ll `gi }bgyou

{o`{jg{' Cogko, jglr {lnu ibjsbio, }cbkc cùh{ ch`g co`lyc, c`{ eoog bgklioi

bg ju `g`lr{b{' ]cog }o n`kyju bg yco {bto jn Yocu`g #3>9,666,666 h 5", `ljgm }byc

yco {bto jn yco [c`cbi U`dòo Vj}ou Vl`gy #2,666,666 h5", `gi yco hjgoyùr ~`lo

jn jgo gby jn [J5 ohb{{bjg bg Yocu`g #)=,=;2", ycog }o ioyouhbgo yco ~`lo jn

jgo gby jn [J5 ohb{{bjg nju 2> {pùo hoyou{ b{ _'[' )30'66 #`{ vuo{ogyoi eolj}"'

3>916661666

216661666 2> h5

)=1=;282> )30

Yj o{ybh`yo yco osyoug`l kj{y{, yco [J5 ohb{{bjg b{ kjhvùoi }byc yco `bu p`lbyr

{y`giùi `gi yco osyoug`l kj{y }`{ o~`l`yoi er kjg{bioubgm yco p`gybyr jn olok(

yubkbyr vujikybjg iubgm ` 59(cju voubji `gi yco ~`lo jn ` gby jn [J5 ohb{{bjg'

]o`ycou njuok`{ybgm bgnjuh`ybjg #}bgi {vooi, }o`ycou yohvou`yuo", kcbhgorkjgibybjg{, `gi `bu ~oljkbyr jyvy m`{ }ouo {oi' Ycog }o ioyouhbgo yco ib{vou{bjg

`gi ~`lo jn [J5 `y ` ib{y`gko jn eoy}oog ?66 yj ?,666 hoyou{ nujh yco kcbhgor `y

voà `gi jnn(voà(ljì voubji{ nju `ll nju {o`{jg{, }cbkc k`vyuo{ yco bhvjuy gko

jn {o`{jg`l ~ùb`ybjg{' ]o {c`ll gj} yug yj ju hjiol{ `vvlbk`ybjg{ `gi nbgibgm{'

@vvlbk`ybjg jn yco Hjiol nju yco [c`cbi U`dòo Vj}ou Vl`gy

Kcù`kyoub{ybk{ jn yco [c`cbi U`dòo Vj}ou Vl`gy4 Yco [c`cbi U`dòo Vj}ouVl`gy b{ ljk`yoi gjuyc}o{y jn Yocu`g, yco k`vby`l jn Bu`g, `gi c`{ ` gjhbg`l mog(

ou`ybjg k`v`kbyr jn 5,666 H]' Yco h`dju nol{ kjg{hoi er ycb{ vj}ou vl`gy ùo



17/23

nol jbl, m`{ jbl, `gi g`yu`l m`{' Yco vj}ou mogou`ybgm {r{yoh c`{ 0; gby{, bg(

klibgm ejyc {yo`h `gi kjhebgoi(krklo yrvo{' Ycouo ùo nju {yo`h yuebgo{ gby{mogou`ybgm 0,666 H] olokyubkbyr `gi {bs m`{ yuebgo{ gby{ `gi ycuoo {yo`h gby{

}byc >96 H] `gi ;=? H] k`v`kbybo{, uo{vokyb~olr' Yèlo 3 vuj~bio{ `g j~ou~bo}

jn yco ogoumr kjg{hvybjg kjhebg`ybjg `y yco [UVV' Yèlo 2 {cj}{ yco vl`gy{

`gg`l olokyubkbyr vujikybjg vuj~bioi er yco ibnnouogy gby{ bg 566?'

Yco Vub~`yo Kj{y K`lkl`ybjg Uo{ly{4 Yco vub~`yo kj{y{ jn olokyubkbyr mogou`ybjg

nujh [UVV bgklio yco bg~o{yhogy kj{y, yco jvou`ybjg `gi h`bgyog`gko kj{y{, `gi

yco nol kj{y' Yco `gg`l vub~`yo kj{y{ jn olokyubkbyr mogou`ybjg nju o`kc k`yomjur

c`~o eoog o{ybh`yoi er bhvlohogybgm op`ybjg{ #5" ycujmc #9" `gi er {bgm i`y`

kjgkougbgm yco `gg`l olokyubkbyr vujikybjg nujh o`kc vj}ou vl`gy k`yomjur `gi

yco kj{y olohogy{ vuo{ogyoi bg yèlo{ 06 `gi 00' Yco{o `g`lr{o{ c`~o eoog

bhvlohogyoi nju y}j vubkbgm {kogùbj{4 NJE `gi {e{bibtoi vubko{ jn nol{'

Yco Osyoug`l Kj{y K`lkl`ybjg Uo{ly{4 Yco osyoug`l kj{y{ jn olokyubkbyr mogou(

`ybjg `l{j c`~o eoog `{{o{{oi nju {yo`h gby{' Yco kjhebgoi krklo kjg{ho

g`yu`l m`{ `gi m`{ jbl {j by{ `bu vjllybjg b{ lj}ou yc`g {y`giùibtoi kjgkogyu`ybjg

`gi c`~o lj} onnoky{ jg ch`g co`lyc' Cogko, yco cbmco{y [J5 ohb{{bjg jubmbg`yo{

nujh {yo`h gby{1 yc{, yco yjy`l kj{y{ jn ch`g co`lyc onnoky{ ùo muo`you nujh

Yèlo 3OGOUMR KJG[_HVYBJG KJHEBG@YBJG NJU YCO

[C@CBI U@D@OO VJ]OU VL@GY, 566?

_gby{G`yu l M`{

#kebk hoyou"M`{ Jbl

#lbyou"Nol Jbl

#lbyou"

[yo`h gby{ 0,6==,=33 005 ?6>,59;

Kjhebgoi(krklo gby{ 0,6>?,23; 3=,93= 6

[juko4 Y`~`gbu H`g`mohogy Mujv, Olokyubkbyr Bgi{yur [y`yb{ybk Roùejja #Yocu`g, Bu`g4

Y`~`gbu, 566?"'

Yèlo 2OGOUMR VUJI_KYBJG NJU YCO [C@CBI U@D@OO

VJ]OU VL@GY, 566?

#bg hom`}`yy(cju{"

_gby{ Muj{{ Vujikybjg

[yo`h gby{ >,=;6,69?

Kjhebgoi(krklo gby{ ?,6?9,0;3

[juko4 Y`~`gbu H`g`mohogy Mujv, Olokyubkbyr Bgi{yur [y`yb{ybk Roùejja #Yocu`g, Bu`g4

Y`~`gbu, 566?"'



18/23

yco jvou`ybjg jn {yo`h gby{' Ycb{ `g`lr{b{ }`{ kjgikyoi giou gjuh`l kjgibybjg{

#jnn vo a" `gi vo a(ljì voubji{ nju `ll nju {o {jg{' Yco [J5 ohb{{bjg{ kjgkogyu ybjguo{lybgm nujh yco {yo`h gby{ jvou`ybjg bg yco roù 5669 ùo vuo{ogyoi bg yèlo 05'

Yco [J5 ohb{{bjg{ }ouo kjhvùoi `m`bg{y `bu p`lbyr {y`giùi{ {oy er yco _'['

Og~bujghogy`l Vujyokybjg @mogkr eok`{o ycouo ùo gj g`ybjg`l og~bujghogy`l

{y`giùi{ bg Bu`g' Yco osb{ybgm {y`giùi b{ {cj}g bg yèlo 0;' Yco vubhùr {y`g(

iùi{ ùo lbhby{ {oy yj vujyoky velbk co`lyc, bgklibgm yco co`lyc jn {og{byb~o

hoheou{ jn yco vjvl`ybjg {kc `{ `{ych`ybk{ bg kcbliuog `gi yco olioulr'

Kjg{bioubgm yco cbmco{y [J5 ohb{{bjg{ uo{lyoi bg yco n`ll `gi }bgyou {o`{jg{,

yco osyoug`l kj{y{ jn olokyubkbyr mogou`ybjg c`~o eoog `{{o{{oi nju {yo`h gby{'

Yco{o kj{y{ bgklioi i`h`mo{ jn `bu vjllybjg #o{vokb`llr [J5 ohb{{bjg{" jgch`g co`lyc jglr' Yco vujkoiuo nju yco osyoug`l kj{y o~`l`ybjg b{ `{ njllj}{4

Yocu`g ùo` * vj}ou vl`gy ùo` 8 2> h5

O~`l`ybjg jn jgo gby jn [J5 ohb{{bjg 8 )=,=;2*2> 8 )30

Osyoug`l kj{y jn [J5 ohb{{bjg `y yco jnn(voà(ljì kjgibybjg 8

)30$09='2 8 )00,2;?

)30$0>9'; 8 )0;,5?2

Yèlo 06VUB^@YO KJ[Y OLOHOGY[ JN YCO UONOUOGKO VJ]OU _GBY[ _GIOU

[_E[BIBTOI N_OL VUBKO[

#bg 5666 _'[' ijllù{ vou ablj}`yy(cju"

Vj}ou _gby{ Bg~o{yhogy

Nbsoi Jvou`ybjg .

H`bgyog`gko

^ùbèlo Jvou`ybjg .

H`bgyog`gko Nol Yjy`l

[yo`h gby 6'60; 6'66> 6'669 6'663 6'60?

Kjhebgoi(krklo gby{ 6'609 6'66; 6'66> 6'662 6'60>

[juko4 @ycju{ k`lkl`ybjg{'

Yèlo 00VUB^@YO KJ[Y OLOHOGY[ JN YCO UONOUOGKO VJ]OU VL@GY _GBY[ ]BYC

NUOO(JG(EJ@UI VUBKO JN N_OL


Vj}ou _gby{ Bg~o{yhogy

Nbsoi Jvou`ybjg .

H`bgyog`gko

^ùbèlo Jvou`ybjg .

H`bgyog`gko Nol Yjy`l

[yo`h gby{ 6'60; 6'66> 6'669 6'650 6'6;>

Kjhebgoi(krklo gby{ 6'609 6'66; 6'66> 6'60? 6'6;6


[JKB@L KJ[Y JN OLOKYUBKBYR MOGOU@YBJG BG BU@G 50;


19/23

Osyoug`l kj{y jn [J5 ohb{{bjg `y yco voà(ljì kjgibybjg 8

)30$595'0 8 )02,?;=

)30$5?2'= 8 )56,2?=

Osyoug`l kj{y jn [J5 ohb{{bjg `y yco jnn(voà kjgibybjg * olokyubkbyr vujikybjg bg

jgo roù #bg 5666 _'[' ijllù{*a]c"4

)00,2;? * =>3,5=0 8 6'60?

)0;,5?2 * =>3,5=0 8 6'60=

Osyoug`l kj{y jn [J5 ohb{{bjg `y yco voà(ljì kjgibybjg * olokyubkbyr vujikybjg bgjgo roù #bg 5666 _'[' ijllù{*a]c"4

)02,?;= * =>3,5=0 8 6'65?

)56,2?= * =>3,5=0 8 6'65=

Yèlo 05[_LN_U IBJSBIO #[J5" OHB[[BJG KJGKOGYU@YBJG NUJH

YCO [C@CBI U@D@OO VJ]OU VL@GY, 5669`

[o`{jg{

H`sbhh Vjllybjg Kjgkogyu`ybjg#hm*h;

"

#jnn(voà(ljì kjgibybjg" #voà(ljì kjgibybjg"

[vubgm ;92'9 ;>6'=

[hhou ;;2'6 ;??'5

N`ll ?05'2 >6='0

]bgyou ?52'; >59'=

`hm*h


Yèlo 0;[LJVO ^@L_O JN [_LN_U IBJSBIO #[J5" KJGKOGYU@YBJG[

@Y VO@A @GI JNN(VO@A KJGIBYBJG[`

[o`{jg{

Jnn(Voà Kjgibybjg Voà(Ljì Kjgibybjg

Kjgkogyu`ybjg

#hm*h;

"

Kjgkogyu`ybjg

[y`giùi

#hm*h;

"

[ljvo

^`lo

#hm*h;

"

Kjgkogyu`ybjg

#hm*h;

"

Kjgkogyu`ybjg

[y`giùi

#hm*h;

"

[ljvo

^`lo

#hm*h;

"

[vubgm ;92'9 ;>? ( ;>6'= ;>? (

[hhou ;;2'6 ;>? ( ;??'5 ;>? (

N`ll ?05'2 ;>? 09='2 >6='0 ;>? 595'0

]bgyou ?52'; ;>? 0>9'; >59'= ;>? 5?2'=

`hm*h




20/23

Yco kj{y{ jn ch`g co`lyc bhv`ky{ `{{jkb`yoi }byc yco {yo`h gby{ #e`{oi jg

vou gby olokyubkbyr mogou`ybjg" ùo vuo{ogyoi bg yèlo{ 09 `gi 0?'

@ kjhvù`yb~o ~bo} jn yco osyoug`lbybo{ o{ybh`yoi nju jnn(voà `gi voà(ljìkjgibybjg{ kloùlr uo~o`l{ yc`y bg {yo`h gby{ yco osyoug`l kj{y jn voà(ljì olokyubkbyr

vujikybjg b{ {bmgbnbk`gylr cbmcou yc`g yco osyoug`l kj{y `y yco jnn(voà kjgibybjg'

Yco [jkb`l Kj{y @{{o{{hogy jn Olokyubkbyr }byc Uo{voky yj [J5 Vjlly`gy{4 Yco

{jkb`l kj{y jn olokyubkbyr mogou`ybjg b{ yco {h jn yco vub~`yo `gi osyoug`l kj{y{' Bg

ju uo{oùkc, yco {jkb`l kj{y{ jn {yo`h gby{ }ouo k`lkl`yoi giou uolo~`gy vubko

{kogùbj{ `gi nju y}j kjgibybjg{ #jnn(ljì `gi voà ljì" nju ibnnouogy {o`{jg{' ]o

uovjuy yco i`h`mo o{ybh`yo{ e`{oi vjg yco hjuy`lbyr `gi hjuebibyr onnoky{ jn ju

~ùbj{ {kogùbj{ bg yèlo{ 0> `gi 0=, uo{vokyb~olr'

Kjgkl{bjg

Yco kjhvloyo kj{y{ jn {bgm nj{{bl nol{ yj vj}ou olokyubkbyr mogou`ybjg c`~o gjy

eoog k`lkl yoi bg ycobu ogybuoyr1 bg vùybklù, yco gom`yb~o osyoug`lbybo{ k`{oi er

vjllybjg `gi co`lyc onnoky{ c`~o gjy eoog yàog bgyj kjg{biou`ybjg' Yco{o i`h`mo{

jnyog ybho{ bhvj{o gom`yb~o osyoug`l kj{y{ yc`y {jhoybho{ oskooi yco vub~`yo kj{y{'

]cblo olokyubkbyr vujikybjg b{ ì~`gy`moj{ nju ` kjgyur, by `l{j k`g c`~o cùhnl

`gi i`h`mbgm er(vujiky{ {kc `{ og~bujghogy`l io{yukybjg `gi ohb{{bjg{' Yco

Yèlo 09YCO OSYOUG@L KJ[Y[ JN [_LN_U IBJSBIO #[J5" OHB[[BJG

@Y YCO JNN(VO@A KJGIBYBJG


[o`{jg{ Osyoug`l Kj{y{

N`ll 6'60?

]bgyou 6'60=


Yèlo 0?YCO OSYOUG@L KJ[Y[ JN [_LN_U IBJSBIO #[J5" OHB[[BJG

@Y YCO VO@A( LJ@I KJGIBYBJG


[o`{jg{ Osyoug`l Kj{y{

N`ll 6'65?

]bgyou 6'65=


[JKB@L KJ[Y JN OLOKYUBKBYR MOGOU@YBJG BG BU@G 50?


21/23

h`dju kc`llogmo nujh ejyc `g okjgjhbk `gi velbk co`lyc vou{vokyb~o b{ yc`y yco

vubko jn olokyubkbyr bg Bu`g`{ bg jycou io~oljvbgm kjgyubo{ogkjhv`{{o{ jglr ycovujikybjg kj{y{ `gi bmgjuo{ `gr jycou osyoug lbybo{'

Bg o~`l`ybgm olokyubkbyr mogou`ybjg yokcgjljmbo{, nol {olokybjg, `gi og~bujg(

hogy`l bhv`ky{, {vokb`l `yyogybjg {cjli eo v`bi yj {jkb`l kj{y{ `gi io~oljvbgm

jedokyb~o njuh{ jn `g`lr{b{' Bg ycb{ v`vou, yco {jkb`l kj{y{ jn [J5 ohb{{bjg{ c`~o

eoog k`lkl`yoi nju yco [c`cbi U`dòo Vj}ou Vl`gy' Yco {jkb`l kj{y{ }ouo jey`bgoi

e`{oi jg obmcy {kogùbj{ nju y}j {o`{jg{ }byc yco {hh`ybjg jn ejyc yco vub~`yo

`gi osyoug`l kj{y{' Yco uo{ly{ {cj} yc`y bg kjhvùb{jg }byc jycou gby{, yco {jkb`l

kj{y{ jn {yo`h gby{ ùo kjg{biouèlo, }cbkc b{ io yj yco cbmc kjg{hvybjg jn

nol jbl'@g ogoumr vjlbkr }bll eo gooioi yj bgyoug`lbto `ll osyoug`l kj{y olohogy{ yc`y

ùo gjy vuo{ogylr bgklioi bg ogoumr vubko{ bg juiou yj {okuo ` {jgi nyuo io(

~oljvhogy jn yco kjgyur{ ogoumr {r{yoh{ `gi ` {{y`bgèlo io~oljvhogy nju by{

bgcèby`gy{' Ycb{ kjli eo ijgo er lo~rbgm y`so{ jg {vokbnbk `kyb~bybo{, bgikbgm

{e{y`gyb`l osyoug`l kj{y{' Ycb{ `g`lr{b{ bgibk`yo{ yco bhvjuy`gko jn osyoug`l kj{y{

jn ogoumr bg yco ~ùbj{ {kogùbj{ uol`yoi yj ogoumr vubko jvybjg{' By `l{j ohvc`{bto{

yco hùaoybgm bgyouo{y nju jycou h`bglr uogo}èlo ogoumbo{ lbao }bgi ju {jlù*

vcjyj~jly`bk, }cbkc {ooh osvog{b~o roy uo{ly bg lj}ou osyoug`l kj{y{'

Yèlo 0>YCO [JKB@L KJ[Y[ JN OLOKYUBKBYR MOGOU@YBJG[_E[BIBTOI

OGOUMR VUBKO

#bg _'[' ijllù{ vou ablj}`yy(cju"

Vj}ou Vl`gy

[kogùbj 0

#jnn(voà bg

yco `yhg"

[kogùbj 5

#jnn(voà bg

yco {hhou"

[kogùbj ;

#voà bg yco

`yhg"

[kogùbj 9

#voà bg yco

{hhou"

[yo`h gby 6'6;6 6'6;5 6'696 6'695


Yèlo 0=YCO [JKB@L KJ[Y[ JN OLOKYUBKBYR MOGOU@YBJGNUOO(JG(EJ@UI

OGOUMR VUBKO

#bg _'[' ijllù{ vou ablj}`yy(cju"

Vj}ou Vl`gy

[kogùbj ?

#jnn(voà bg yco

`yhg"

[kogùbj >

#jnn(voà bg yco

{hhou"

[kogùbj =

#voà bg yco

`yhg"

[kogùbj 3

#voà bg yco

{hhou"

[yo`h gby 6'6?0 6'6?; 6'6>0 6'6>;


YCO DJ_UG@L JN OGOUMR @GI IOÔLJVHOGY50>


22/23

Yco hj{y {bmgbnbk`gy bhv`ky jn ujybgo jvou`ybjg{ bg yrvbk`l ycouh`l vj}ou

vl`gy{ b{ `bu ejugo vjllybjg `gi kjg{opogylr velbk co`lyc iomuì`ybjg' Yco kj{y{

jn velbk co`lyc iomuì`ybjg kjli eo uoikoi er bhvuj~bgm yco onnbkbogkbo{ jn

vj}ou vl`gy{ `gi ljk`ybgm vjllybjg {juko{ nuycou nujh iog{olr vjvl`yoi ùo`{'

Hjuoj~ou, bgyujikbgm klo`g yokcgjljmbo{ yj uoiko cùhnl ohb{{bjg{ k`g eokjg{biouoi bg nyuo osv`g{bjg vl`g{'

GJYO[

0Oujvo`g Kjhhb{{bjg, Uo{oùkc Uo{ly{ jg [jkbj(Og~bujghogy`l I`h`mo{ Io yj Olokyubkbyr

Yu`g{vjuy#Eu{{ol{4 Oujvo`g Kjhhb{{bjg, 566;"1 Jà Ubimo G`ybjg`l Lèju`yjur `gi Uo{juko{

nju yco Nyuo #JUGL(UNN", Osyoug`l Kj{y{ `gi Eogonby{ jn Nol Krklo{4 Uovjuy{ 0(3 #Jàubimo,

Yoggo{{oo `gi ]`{cbgmyjg, I'K'4 JUGL(UON, 02250223"1 `gi Ujeouy I' Uj}o oy `l', Go} Rjua

[y`yo Og~bujghogy`l Osyoug`lbybo{ Kj{y [yir #Go} Rjua4 Nùuù, [yu`{, `gi Mbujs, 022>"'

5I' I`lb`gb{, I' Voy`{{b{, H' [`gy`hjub{, @' @umbubj, K' Kùy`lb{, `gi I' @{bhàjvjlj{, [jkb`l

Kj{y jn Olokyubkbyr Mogou`ybjg bg Muooko, Uogo}èlo Ogoumr, ~jl' 05, gj' ; #022=", vv' 53032'

;Hbkcòl Y`{{bm `gi Dj{ovc [ogok`, Og~bujghogy`l Okjgjhbk{ #Ogmlo}jji Klbnn{, Go} Dou{or4

Vuogybko(C`ll, 5665"'

9Djg`yc`g Ajjhor `gi Nljuogybg Au`{o, Bgyujikybjg yj Og~bujghogy`l Osyoug`lbyr Kj{y{,

Ogoumr @g`lr{b{ Vujmu`h, @vvlboi [kbogko Ib~b{bjg, L`}uogko Eouaolor Lèju`yjubo{, Eouaolor,

K`lbnjugb`, 022='

?

[' Hbu`{moib{, I' Ibàjlàb, L' V`v`mb`ggàb{, `gi @' Tou~j{, Bhv`ky jn [jkb`l Kj{ybgm jg ycoKjhvoybyb~ogo{{ jn Uogo}èlo Ogoumbo{4 Yco K`{o jn Kuoyo, Ogoumr Vjlbkr, ~jl' 53, gj' 0 #5666",

vv' >?=;'

>Bebi'

=V' U`n`d `gi [' Arvuoj{, Bgyoug`lbt`ybjg jn Osyoug`l Kj{y bg yco Vj}ou Mogou`ybjg [okyju4

@g`lr{b{ }byc Mlje`l HlybUombjg`l H@UA@L Hjiol, Ogoumr Okjgjhbk{ Hjiolbgm Mujv,

Uovjuy KC(?5;5, V`l [kcouuou Bg{ybyyo #V[B", ^bllbmog, [}bytoul`gi, 5669'

3Ujmou L`}uor, Nll [jkb`l Kj{y Vubkbgm bg yco Ogoumr [okyju4 Yco K`{o jn Olokyubkbyr Mog(

ou`ybjg bg Go} [jyc ]`lo{ `gi ^bkyjub`, Bgyoug`ybjg`l Djug`l jn [jkb`l Okjgjhbk{, ~jl' 5>, gj{'=*3*2 #0222", vv' 25?99'

2Oujvo`g Kjhhb{{bjg, jv' kby'

06H' Ejtbko~bk, T' Yjh{bk, `gi G' Ioeuokbg, Osyoug`l Kj{y jn Olokyubkbyr Mogou`ybjg4 K`{o [yir

Kuj`yb`, Ogoumr Vjlbkr, ~jl' ;;, gj' 00 #566?", vv' 0;3?;2?'

00I' I`lb`gb{ oy `l', jv' kby'

05Bebi'

0;[' Hbu`{moib{ oy `l', jv' kby'

09Oujvo`g Kjhhb{{bjg, jv' kby'

[JKB@L KJ[Y JN OLOKYUBKBYR MOGOU@YBJG BG BU@G 50=


23/23

0?[' Hbu`{moib{ oy `l', jv' kby'

0>Bebi'

0=Gheou jn v`ybogy{ 8 ;,666, vujyo{y bgioso{ 8 6'65, kouy`bgyr kjonnbkbogy 8 2? voukogy, `gi

iolbk`kr 8 6'6?'


“Social Cost Analysis for Electricity Generation Based on Sulfur Dioxide Emissions: Empirical Evidence from Iran,” by Mehdi Sadeghi, Alimorad Sharifi, and Masoumeh Torki

Documents