1 Social Beliefs & Judgments Psy 240; Fall 2007 Purdue University Prof. Kipling Williams Psy 240: Williams 2 Heider-Simmel Tape • We are inclined to explain behavior so much, that we even infer motives to animated objects, without prompting. • We see complex interpersonal information with emotions.
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Social Beliefs & Judgments
Psy 240; Fall 2007Purdue UniversityProf. Kipling Williams
Psy 240: Williams 2
Heider-Simmel Tape
• We are inclined toexplain behavior somuch, that we eveninfer motives toanimated objects,without prompting.
• We see complexinterpersonalinformation withemotions.
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Psy 240: Williams 3
Why and How We ExplainOthers’ Behavior
• Attribution Theory– Dispositional vs.
situationalattributions
– Actor-Observerdifferences
– Inferring traits• Implicit personality
theories
Psy 240: Williams 4
Kelly’s Principles of Covariation
• Consensus– Does everybody do this
behavior?• Distinctiveness
– Does s/he only do this behaviorwhen in this particular situation(or with this particular person)?
• Consistency– Does s/he always do this sort of thing?
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Psy 240: Williams 5
Kelly’s Two Basic Principles ofAttribution
• Discounting– If we can only think of a single cause, we are more
certain that is the reason for the behavior.– If other causes are cognitively available, wediscount the likelihood of each.
• Augmenting– If alongside a facilitory factor there is also an
inhibitory factor, the likelihood that we assigncausality to the facilitory factor is augmented.
Psy 240: Williams 6
The Fundamental AttributionError
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Psy 240: Williams 7
The Fundamental AttributionError
• Why do we make thiserror?– Perspective and situational
awareness– Cultural differences– Mental effort (Gilbert)
• How fundamental is thiserror?
• Why we study attributionerrors– Is it functional to assume
dispositional causes forothers’ behaviors?
Psy 240: Williams 8
Actor-Observer Differences
• Actors more likely to make situationalattributions, whereas observers are morelikely to make dispositional attributions.
• Why?– Perspective &
Information Availability• Figure-ground biases
– Ego-centricity (self as causal)– Self-serving
• Early scenarios usuallyinvolved negative behavior
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Psy 240: Williams 9
Weiner’s Theory of Attributions forSuccess & Failure