Soc. 100 C9 Racial & Ethnic Stratification 1 Edited 3/09/03.

Soc. 100 C9 Racial & Ethnic Stratification

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Edited 3/09/03

Soc. 100 C9 Race

0. Introduction * •Experiences "Eye of the Storm" Bogardus •Recurrent Themes

1. Social definitions of race:Some Basics concepts *Minorities* and Subsocietys*

2. Patterns of intergroup relations

3. Race and Ethnic History in America-changing patterns *

4. Explaining Racial Inequility: Theories of racial inequality

5. Racial inequality and Political action

6. Current Race and Ethnic inequality in US

Race, Ethnic, Gender and, Age Stratification

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0. Introduction

1. Movie "A Class Divided"; thought questions *

2. Social Distance Survey in workbook "Bogardus Social Distance Scale"

3. Is there a difference between race, ethnicity and gender

Experiences

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(1) What is (are) the source(s) of racism according to this movie?

(2) What are the behavioral effects of racism?

(3) What are the psychological effects of racism?

(4) Is language related to racism, if so how?

(5) Is it possible to change racism? (If yes how?)

(6) How does racism limit behavior

(7) How is social structure related to racism?

(8) What is institutional racism?

Group Discussion: "Eye of The Storm" and "A Class Divided"1

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Discuss these in your group, write up an answer for 1-6 and turn in.

(9) How does racism compare to sexism.

(10) How is perception related to racism.

(11) How are perceptions and expectations related to racism?

(12) Should/could all schools (K-12 ) perform the color exercise? Why or why not?

(13) Would the experiment work with college students and other adults?

Group Discussion: "Eye of The Storm" and "A Class Divided" 2

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US Ethnicity 1990 Census

White73%

African American11%

Other4%

Latino8%

N American1%

Asian & PI3%

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CSUB Ethnic Distribution F96

Chart 4: Pie Chart for Ethnic Distribution of CSUB Students 1997

Am Indian2%

Other2% Other Latino

4%

African Am.6%

Asian7%

Mex Am.23%

White56%

Thanks to Dr. Terry Dunn of the CSUB planning office

Chart 3: Pie Chart for Ethnic Distribution CSUB Students Fall 97

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CSUB Ethnicity W 99

Cumulative

Ethnicity Freq % Freq %

• American Indian 74 1.3 75 1.3

• Asian,PI,Filipino 303 5.4 378 6.8

• African American 350 6.3 728 13.0

• Mexican American 1294 23.2 2022 36.2

• Other Latino 211 3.8 2233 40.0

• White 2772 49.7 5005 89.6

• Non-Resident Alien 120 2.1 5125 91.8

• Unknown 458 8.2 5583 100.0

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Click here for current CSUB numbers

Recent Racism and recurrent themes

1. Ghettos and "white" flight Jewish ghettos in Europe ethnic enclaves in US

2. Why the differences "Nature (push) vs. Pull (pull) explanations" e.g. IQ

WWI Jews made lowest on Army Alpha 1920's Polish had average IQ 83 Today Jews and Poles have above 100 IQ Black youngsters have low IQs

Racism (popular use) equivalent to the biological species differences

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1. Social definitions of race:Some Basics concepts

race; people who are seen and see themselves as different because of characteristics assumed biological, inherited racism; a belief, a world view (religious?) that another group is inferior to ones own group

ethnic group *; people who are seen and see themselves as different because of their cultural heritage-a subsociety

minority *; (social) people singled out for perceived biological or cultural differences for unequal differential treatment ---discrimination, race, ethnicity, religion, gender

majority; (social) people who have and control access to social rewards and benefits and exclude outsiders

Race(ism) ["biological"], Ethnicity [cultural], Minority [power]

Germany & Arian race (genetic?), Hutu & Tutsi (height), Irish (religion?)

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Minority Group Characteristics

1. disadvantaged: excluded from society (vote, jobs, education.)

2. Low esteem: perception of majority thus they are held in suspicion, contempt, hatred....

3. Involuntary: it is an ascribed status

4. self conscious: they see themselves as a people apart (subsociety) and frequently have self perception of low esteem

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1. Wirth, Lewis 1945 cited in GL text

A people who are identified (physical or cultural) for unequal treatment

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Subsociety

From Gordon, Milton Assimilation in American Life

Gordon defined an ethnic group as a subsociety' a network of institutions, organizations, informal associations that encourage individuals to stay within the group for all primary and many secondary interactions

4 Dimensions of a subsociety

(1) ethnicity

(2) social class

(3) region (mass media has decreased the importance)

(4) rural-urban(mass media has decreased the importance)

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Not text

Possible intergroup relationspluralism: society with diversity, mutual respect

e.g. Switzerland (Schwyzertush, French, Italians, Romanish) distinctive cultures & equalityamalgamation, "melting pot" blending of distinctive cultures to form new culture and genetic base e.g. Brazil, class distinctions(land ownership) but race distinction. Result genetic/cultural blendassimilation , ethnic & racial minorities are absorbed e.g. China •Cultural European immigrants to U.S.(pattern 1,2,3) symbolic ethnicity --third generation

•Structural’ admission to business, professional, government

• Primary acceptance to cliques, friendships-marriage

conflict; two or more groups vie for power e.g. Israel, Ireland, South Africa, U.S., Bosnia-Serbia...)Exploitation ,Colonization,slavery, segregation colonization, treatment of one group as property (rationalized) S. Africa, U.S.conflict:annihilation (genocide) Ireland, Bosnians, Nazi Germany, Native Americans, Australian Aborigines

Sociologist argue Multiculturalismpromotes tolerance

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types/stages of assimilation

From Gordon, Milton Assimilation in American Life

Ethclas: Social space delineated by the intersection of vertical dimension of ethnicity and the horizontal dimension of social class

(1) cultural or behavioral assimilation (acculturation), behavior id with majority culture (2) structural assimilation: large scale participation, primary level in cliques, clubs of dominant group

(3) Marital assimilation (amalgamation)

(4) Identification assimilation; development of sense of peoplehood based on dominant group

(5) attitudinal redemptional assimilation: absence of prejudice

(6) behavioral-receptional assimilation: absence of discrimination

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3. Race and Ethnic History in America

• Settlement- English Protestant foundation

• Expansion - Conquest/Genocide 2-3 mil to 250,000)

• Agricultural development-slavery/segregation

• Industrial development-Immigration

• Making of the Ghetto

text page 229-332

"This great continent could not have been kept as nothing but a game reserve for squalid savages" Theodore RooseveltAnnihilation/moves of native population, & War with Mexico

Nativism, WASP 3/4 of population at time of declarationof independence. Wanted to protect their culture from immigrant influence.

Agriculture and importation of Africans institutionalized slavery

Industrialization, European immigration, urbanization

Common life for new immigrant but not for Blacks until 1900 plus by 1940 most15

Some Cross-cultural examples and issues in racism

• Cross-cultural

Former Yugoslavia (p313-315)

South Africa ( apartheid-p324-326 )*

Brundi Africa (p323, 326)

OLD USSR; 93 groups ( ethnicity, religious, conflict )

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Apartheid----South Africa

"Separate development"

Text --page 324-326

Structure (not all in text):

Current

Category % of Population % of Land Infant Mortality ExpectancyWhites 15 % 86 % 4 / 1000 70Asians 3 % -- 49 / 1000Colored 9 % -- 49 / 1000Africans 74 % 14 % 61 / 1000 57

•1990 F. W. de Klerk lifted ANC ban, released nelson Mandella•Legal structure of apartheid dismantled, racial classification abandoned•Some of poorest now have electricity, black businesses increasing•Whites still UC and Africans etc LC with wide differences in homes, education, work possibilities due to years of apartheid 17

4(a). Explaining Racial Inequility: Theories of racial inequality

1. Biology--innate IQ

2. Prejudice and discrimination*

3. Institutionalized racism*--red lining, last hired -first fired

4. Systemic racism* --early educational opportunities lead to less higher Ed and less job opportunity 5. Race or Class -- which is more determining factor

• The IQ issue The Bell Curve controversy; what do IQ tests measure? • Europe vs. US notions on IQ (nature vs nurture) • Rural vs. Urban, Northern vs. Southern (differences in IQ) • Immigrants; Irish, Jews and Polish (yesterday low-today high) • Adoptions by WASP UC hi IQ families (Ups expected IQ-not in text) • Crossculturally minorities score low yet improves in equal setting • SOCIQ--PUSH------------PULL

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More concepts in race relations

Race(ism) [biological], Ethnicity [cultural], Minority [power]

Prejudice (attitude), Stereotype (over generalized attitude)

Discrimination (behavior)

personal:

institutional:

systemic*

•California Alien Act (1913)specified foreign born could not own property and US law stating•no citizenship for Japanese, •reading requirement for voting with knowledge this mostly effected blacks•Bank redlining; safe investment not overtly discriminationresidential discrimination -->educational discrimination-->job discrimination (employer or college not purposelydiscriminating but effect same)

-text page 339

personnel/individual discrimination

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Systemic Discrimination

Cultural Prejudice

China Many cultures see themselves as "the people"

Zebra Oil

New

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Race or ClassIs the significance of race declining

Wilson --- yes its part of social class,

(1) laws now limit formal discrimination and

(2) affirmative action aids in rights

(3)cumulative effects of poverty are now the major

Current problems are due to:Change in Ghetto (e.g. Chicago, see C8)The Declining Significance of Race & The Truly Disadvantaged W. J Wilson

Massey & Willie ---- no, the significance of race is increasing

“color blind” programs not defeat stereotypes (e.g. Welfare queen)

Blacks hired are seen as “tokens” and assigned low positions

Comparisons of qualifications X “race” indicate increased diff21

Three Theories of assimilation in US

From Gordon, Milton Assimilation in American Life

(1) Angelo Conformity

(2) Melting pot

(3) Cultural Pluralism

Not in text

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5. Fighting Racial inequality: Political action

1954 Brown vs. Board of Education -rejected separate but equal 1956 Rosa Parks arrest in Montgomery Alabama -first of civil rights demonstrations 1964 Civil Rights act banning public discrimination --gave access to hotels, restaurants, buses.. 1965 Voting Rights act -banned race related voting discrimination 1968 ban against discrimination in housing

Affirmative Action policies (p342-343) designed to open jobs and education goalsvoluntary--->quotasreaction from acceptance to seeing reverse discriminationNeglect of enforcement by Regan administrationReject for college admission CA and TX in 98Current find agreement with goals disagree on means

WW II The American Dilemma Myrdal 1944pointed to contradictions constitution and behavior

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6. Current Race and Ethnic inequality in US

(a) Black Americans*

(b) Latino/Hispanic Americans* Mexican, Puerto Ricans, Cubans, Latin Americans

(c) Native Americans*

(d) Asian Americans (highly diverse) Chinese; ABC & FOB's Japanese Filipinos Indians Thais etc. (Laotians, Vietnamese, Hmong.............)

income, education, labor text345

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(a) Black Americans--is their status improving? 29mil in pop

1. National Research Council 1989 findings & BGL 4th Ed

• by almost every measure (education, income, health, political participation) better off then 50 years ago

a. Politics--significant gains -- elected officials; 1970- 1500, 1990- 7,500 -- almost every office except VP and president -- blacks even elected in white majority areas (WV, NY)

b. economic--mixed -- 1940-1970 prosperity X move rural South-->urban North -- by 1970 per capita income 6X higher then 1940 --- but with economy in 70s plus progress stalled --- In 80s Regan years the gap increased 1986 45% B children lived in "poor" households 1987 median diff income W $30,809 --B $17,604

c. education 1960 W 10.9 vs. B 8.0 / 1987 W 12.7 vs. B 12.4 (other negatives -dropouts, inner-city schools, College )

d. residential segregation still high--ghetto poor further behind

e. health is better for Blacks --still worse all categories

Why better Residential expected in next census:(1) attitude change(2) Fair housing laws(3) New developments are open(4) Blacks can now afford better

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Not in text

(b) Latino/Hispanic Americans--22.3 mill in pop

a. fastest growing California group (by 2000+ largest minority 12% due to immigration and fertility)

b. Mexican Americans (65%) middle of Hispanic strata, , SW 1987 income 65% of national average $19,326

c. Puerto Ricans (10%) bottom of strata , live NY 1986 50% of national average income $14,584

d. Cubans ( 4% ) hi status. live in Miami area 1986 70% of national average income $21,000

e. Others (21%) various immigrants from South America

63% are Mexican Americans, others Cubans, Latinos, Puerto Ricans)This is the 2nd largest ethnic minority 11% of pop

*Needs detail26

(c) Native Americans-2 mil in population

Diverse - many groups, 354 nations p349, 350

1990 2 million

Poorest of all US minorities (Ed, health-shortest life span, residence, income (30% unemployed, 1/3 <$10,000 a year),

Decline and recovery (chart p329), 1988 Indian gaming law (1/3 tribes operate), political activism

History

Income, education. labor (p311)US is a settler society like Canada, Australia but unlike othersthe major minority was not native (native Americans) butblacks, brought in as slaves

*Needs detail27

(d) Asian Americans--10 mil in population

• Small % of total, fastest growing group 123% 1980-1990

• Highly diverse, dozens of different cultures

• History Early immigrants 1850->1900's unskilled labor -1924 oriental exclusion act & Chinatowns -W.W.II 12,000 Japanese incarceration by US

Second immigration 1965, immigration act ended -national quotas, relations and skills,political became preferential criteria.

• SES This group has the highest (Ed., Prof. Occ.) Why? (1) Immigration policy--only highly skilled (2) Cultural values-Ed, work, family, values

• Stereotype Asians seen as "Model Minority"--not all fit (Hmong)

*Needs detail28

Study TopicsGoals

The idea is to be able to briefly present in your own words :

1. A summary of the general point or points of the text section

2. The meaning of basic terms used in the text section

3. The basic concepts and theories of the text section

4. Apply the concepts and theories to now observations

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RACE AND ETHNICITY STUDY TOPICS CHAPTER 9

1. RACE, ETHNICITY, MINORITY GROUPS p XXX

2. PATTERNS OF INTERGROUP RELATIONS p XXX

3. EXPLAINING RACIAL INEQUALITY IN THE US p XXX

4. CLASS SUMMARY

Topics: US HISTORY AND CHANGING PATTERNS, FIGHTING RACIAL INEQUALITY IN THE US, RACE AND

ETHNIC INEQUALITY IN THE US TODAY, APARTHEID.

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1. RACE, ETHNICITY, MINORITY GROUPS p XXX

Topics: Introduction, The social definition of Race, Ethnicity, and minority group

Terms: Race, ethnicity, minority group, majority group

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2. PATTERNS OF INTERGROUP RELATIONS p XXX

Topics: Amalgamation, Assimilation, Pluralism, Exploitation, Ethnic conflict

Terms: Amalgamation, assimilation, pluralism, exploitation, cultural assimilation, structural assimilation, primary assimilation, symbolic assimilation, multiculturalism, segregation, colonization, slavery, genocide, ethnocentrism

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3. EXPLAINING RACIAL INEQUALITY IN THE US p XXX

Topics: Innate differences, Prejudice and discrimination, Institutional racism, Race or Class

Terms: Prejudice, stereotypes, discrimination, self fulfilling prophecy, racism, institutional racism

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4. CLASS SUMMARY Topics

Topics: US HISTORY AND CHANGING PATTERNS, FIGHTING RACIAL INEQUALITY IN THE US, RACE AND ETHNIC INEQUALITY IN THE US TODAY, APARTHEID.

Terms: Apartheid, affirmative action, WASP, nativism

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Thought Questions1.Some sociologists argue that race and

ethnicity do not really exist, that is, all classifications of race and ethnicity are arbitrary and incorrect. How could this claim be made and supported?

2.What does cultural extinction (a culture ceases to exist) mean in terms of the people of that culture? How does this differ from genocide?

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Assignment A05/6 Sample data:

A Class Divided Quiz

(1) Geographically where did A Class Divided occur ___

(2) What happened to students test ability when they wore a collar ___________

(3) What is the source of racism according to the movie ___________

(4) Name one psychological effect of the movie ___________

(5) Can the technique used in the film on children be used on adults to teach the effects of racism ______

(6) What was the occurrence that led to the teacher developing the technique in the movie ___________

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A Class Divided Quiz Answers

(1) Geographically where did A Class Divided occur Riceville Iowa

(2) What happened to students test ability when they wore a collar decreased, not as good

(3) What is the source of racism according to the movie socialization, social institutions

(4) Name one psychological effect of the movie poor self image, anger, hurt,

(5) Can the technique used in the film on children be used on adults to teach the effects of racism yes

(6) What was the occurrence that led to the teacher developing the technique in the movie Death of M.L. King

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Quiz C9 Questions 1. Name one of the 4 characteristic of a minority group according to Lewis Wirth.

2. In Switzerland four distinctive cultures (Schwyzertush, French, Italians, Romanish) live with mutual respect and equal treatment . What is this social pattern called? :

3. What, 5 years ago, was the pattern of race relations pattern in South Africa called?

4. Which US Latino/Hispanic group has the lowest SES (status,education, wealth, health...)?

5. What is a negative attitude held by one against an ethnic or racial group called?

6. What type of assimilation did white Europeans immigrating to the US exhibit?

7. What type of assimulation has large scale participation including primary level participation in cliques and clubs of the dominant group called?

8. Which religious religious group is under attack by Bosinia/Serbia?

9. What are programs designed to open educational and job opportunities to minorities called?

10. Which category of immigrants is stereotypically referred to as a "Model Minority"?

11. Which immigration group is growing the fastest?

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Quiz C9 Answers1. Name one of the 4 characteristic of a minority group according to Lewis Wirth.

disadvantaged, held in low esteem, involuntary,self conscious

2. In Switzerland four distinctive cultures (Schwyzertush, French, Italians, Romanish) live with mutual respect and equal treatment . What is this social pattern called? Egalitarian pluralism, multiculturism

3. What 5 years ago was the pattern of race relations pattern in South Africa is called? apartheid

4. Which US Latino/Hispanic group has the lowest SES (status,education, wealth, health...)? Puerto Ricans

5. What is a negative attitude held by one against an ethnic or racial group called? Prejudice, racism(?), stereotype

6. What type of assimilation did white Europeans immigrating to the US exhibit? cultural, structural, primary

7. What type of assimulation is large scale participation including primary level participation in cliques, clubs of the dominant group called? structural assimilation

8. What are programs designed to open educational and job opportunities to minorities called? Affirmative action

9. Which category of immigrants is stereotypically referred to as a "Model Minority"? Asians10. (On Back) According to "Eye of The Storm" / "A Class Divided, what are the behavioral effects of racism?

11. Which immigration group is growing the fastest? Asians

XX. Which religious religious group is under attack by Bosinia/Serbia? Muslims

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Race/Ethnicity Stratification Glossary

• Affirmative action (342)• Amalgamation (321)• Assimilation (321)• Discrimination (336)• Ethnic group (316)• Genocide (327)• Institutional racism (339)• Majority group (310)• Minority group (317)• Multiculturalism (322)

• Nativism (329)• Pluralism (321)• Prejudice (336)• Race (316)• Racism (316)• Segregation (323)• Slavery (322)• Stereotype (336)• Systemic Discrimination (workbook and

institutional racism (339))