SoaresFilho&Machado2003

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B r i t i s h C a c t u s & S u c c u le n t J o u r n a l:No l: vomume11 September 100 J

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ArroJadolIlOOI)'ttl l lQt! V owing on a rocky hillside to Bahi3, Brnrl.

This exciting new dls:cowry is descnbed in th e amele by ' ; 'w1do de OIIveIl'<I

Soares Filho an d Marlon Machado swttng on ~ 114 o f this issue

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AlTojadoa marylanae

a new AlTojadoa species from

the stateof

Bahia, BrazilBy A valdo de O liveira S oares F ilh o' & Marlon Machado 2

• Photography by Mar.lon Machado, .

I Departamento de Ciencias Naturrais, Universidade E stadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Estrada do Bern Querer,

Km 04, Vitoria da Conqulsta, B ahia, C EP 45100-000, Brazil. Email: [email protected]

1Departamento de Ciencias Biol6gicas. Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana. Rodovia BR 116. km 013.

Feira de Santana, Bahia. CEP 44031-460, Brazil. Emaik [email protected]

Summary

A new specie s of A rro ja do a; A rro ja do a m ttry la na e

Soares filho & M .M achado, is described. The

new species is characterized by its robust, erect

and unbranched terns with woolly ring cephalia,

high number of ribs, areole with flexible spines,

small tubular flowers with thin and delicate,

spreading perianth segm ents, an d the small

obovoid fruits with translucent and aqueous

fun ic ular p ulp.

Resumo

U rna nova especie de A r ro ia d oa , A rr oj ad a a mary-

lanse Soares Filho 8 £ M.Machado, e descrita. A

nova especie se caracte riz a p ar sell c au le r ob us to ,

erero e indiviso provide de cefalios anelare

·13nos05, pelo elevado nurnero de costelas, pelas

areolas providas de espinhos flexiveis, pelas flores

rubulares pequenas com segmentos do perianto

pouco espessos, delicados e parentes e pelos fru-

ros obov6ides pequenos corn polpa funicular

translucida e aquosa.Description

Arro jad oa marylanae sp. nov. Holotypus: Brazil,

Bahia, Mun, Tanhacu, district of Sucuarana, Serra

Escura, 19 Apr. 2003, M.Mdchado 28 (HUEFS).

A b o m n i b u s sp ec ub u s A rro ja do ae h ab ito e re cto , p la m a

longiora I d t i o r d q u t, c a u le i nd i vi so c o st is n u m e r o s t o r i b u s ,

sp in i s se tos is f lexi l ibu5, c ep ha li c le no si or e, flo ri b us c um

p eta li s te nu ib u s e x p a n s i s q u e , fruc tib u: cu m p U l p d S a q u -

osa, r e l i q u i i s floris b a s i a n g us ti or ib u s d i ff tr t.Figure I The flower of ArroJadoo marylal'lae

Figure 2 (FaCIng page) Avald'o de Oliveira Soare,5Filho and Marylan Coelho, the discoverers of ArrojadotJ morylanae.

standing next to a tall. bl'3nching specimen

1114 BCSJ Vol. 21 (3)









S tem solita ry . c olumnar-e re ct, LS-3rn r ail, norma lly

unbran ched un less dam aged, but som etim es develop-

inga few lateral bran ch es in very old specim en s; vasc-

ular cylinder rather woody, 20 mm in d iame te r; tis sues

mucilag in ou s; ro ots fib ro us. m uch bran ch ed an d sup er-

ficial. Stem 6-8(-IO)cm in diameter, segmented by

ring cephalia, segments 4-10cm long, the basal seg-

m enr 30-60cm in height (corresponding [0 [h e juv e-nile phase of growth), epiderm is dark green; ribs

24-36 , low , crenate, rounded, 3-5mm wide, 4-5mrn

high, 5-8mm apart; number of ribs in the same indi-

vidual variable betw een segm ents. A reoles orbicular,

2mm wide, 7-9mm apartalong the rib, with white feIr

at first, late r gla brou s; sp in es flex ib le, th in , a cic ular,

scarcely d iffe re ntia te d b etwee n centrals an d rad ials,

12-18 at first, 2-20mrnin length with one longer up

to 35mm in length, golden yellow when new, then

straw yellow, brownish-grey in older portions of thes tem; inde te rminate growth of areoles near stem base

present with new spines to 60mm in lengl:h. Fertile

part of stem apical, forming a cephalium as broad as

th e stem ap ex , later tra nsfo rm ed in to a la teral, rin g-like

cephalium through contin ued vegetative grow th of the

stem , th at in this, way develops up to 20 and som etim es

m ore ring ceph alia alon g its ax is, each rin g cephaliurn

Figure 3 The fruit of A r ro ja dOG ma ry lcmae

116 BCSI V ol. 1,1 (3 )

Fjgure 4 Fruits of.ArroJodoo moryfQnae 1(left. three fruits)and Melocactus bcJhlenslJ(right. two fruits)

8-12mm high, 7-9cm in d iame te r; c ep ha lium a re ole sw ith abun dant cream-yellow to o ra ng e-y ellow woo l

interspersed with long reddish brown bristles [Q

25~35mm. Flowers appear both in the new apical

cephaLium and in the older r ingcepha lia ; f lower -bud s

coloured pink to pale pin kish m agen ta from th e earliest

stages of th eir developm ent: flow ers diurnal, open ing

tn the morning and remaining open until Iare after-

noon, somerimes remaining open through the night

and dosing during th e nexr rnorning, tubular, pink to

pale p in kish m age nta, 25-l0(-35)mm i n ~ength.on lyone third to half of its lengtlrexserted from the

ce ph aliurn : perian th lO -1 2mm in diameter, segments

paten t, in ner per ianth-segments spatulate, 7-9mm in

length, Imm w ide, outer perlan th -segm en ts scale <like,

1-7mm in length, Imm wide; rube nearly cylindric,

slightly broadened near the base [nectar-chamber

region), upper region striated :longitudinalIy,

10012mm in length, 4-5mm in diameter above the

nectar-chamber region, S-6mm in diameter at apex

JUSt below th e ou te r p erian th-segmen ts: ne ctar-cham -

ber region of the rube slightly flattened, 4mm in

length, Smm wide, 4mm thick; pericarpeJ smooth,

n aked, obovcid, sligh tly flatten ed, clearly delim ited

from the tube', 3-4mm in length, 4mm wide, 2mm

th ick; stam ens n um erous, 2m.m in length, covering th e

inner surface of the tube like a carpet; style 14 mm in

length, enclosed in the tube; stigm a e-lobed, each lobe

2mm in length. Fruit obovoid .[0 globose, indeh iscen t,

n aked ex cept for the persisten t floral rem ains attached

at apex , expressed from the cephalium and falling

down from the plant; flower remnant drying black,

n orm ally erect, 4mm at base, sh allow ly in serted in fruit

apex ; per ic arp smooth, slightly flattened longitudinally,



Figure S S eedling plant of' ArllojQdQQ !IT!C!ry/c!I'I!I 'e

gf'lowingin the white quam gravel

15mm in length, lOmm in diameter,

bright lilac-pink to pinkish m agent.a, paler

towards the base; funicular pulp trans-

lucent, aqueous. Seeds n um erous, usually

more than 200 per fruit, cochleariform,

glossy, small, L l mrn long, Q.9mm diam-

eter, testa-cells flat, with intersticial pits.

(Figures t -9).

Habitat and distribution

On exposed outcrops of white quartz

rock, in fissures of rock faces or in shal-

low cavities In the rock filled with quartz

gravel, quartz sand and humus, at an alt-

itude of SSG-750m, within the cddtingd

vegetation zone in a summer rainfall semi-

arid region of south-eastern Bahia, Brazil.

Etymology

The species is named after the biology stu-

dent Marylan Coelho, who discovered the

plant together with the first author in a l l

expedition ro the Serra Escura in

September of 2001. The expedition to

explore the flora of the Serra Escura wasenvisioned b y M arylan C oelho. w ho grew

up in Sucuarana, a small village clo e to

the Serra Escura, and always wanted to

explore it; [he authors wish 'C O acknowl-

edge this by descr ib ing the new species

with her name.

DisCUIssiofl

The new species was discovered in

September 2001 during an expedition

organized by Avaldo de Oliveira Soares

filho, Professor of Ecology in the Natural

Sciences Deparunentof rhe State

University of South- Western Bahia

(UESB). and M aryIan Coelho. biology stu-

dent at [hat university. The goal of the

expedition was to explore the flora of

Serra Escura, a hill rising about 300m

above th e surrounding countryside, and

located near Sucuarana, a small village

which is in a district belonging to [he

municipality of Tanhacu, in the south-

western region of the state of Bahia. The

lower areas surrounding the hill have

Figure 6 Cliff habitat with dozens of plants of ArroJadoo morylanae.

The popul.ation consists of plant'S of all sizes

BCS~ Vol. 21 (3) 117





Figure 8 .Plant. of ArrojQdoa ffl!'Jrylanae in fruit

patches of c a a t i n g a v eg eta tio n in te rs pe rs ed with cult-

ivated [and, m ostly pasture fields, O n the slopes of th e

hill is ,3 low d ec id uo us dry forest, and the upperm ost

portion of the h ill is a massive outcrop of white quartz

rock where a sparse , rupicolous vegetation grow s. T he

n ame S erra Escura mean s d ark mountain, bu t this name

is rh e result of rh e s en se of humour of th e local peo-

ple, as the mountain i s ac tua lly white. Soa re s F ilh o an d

M arylan Coelho decided ro survey the rupjcolous veg-

etation of the hill, potentially rich in endemics due to

[he isolation of this habitat, and photographs were

taken of all the plants th at the y found.

During August 2002 M arlon M achado visited Soares

Filho of V itoria da C onquista, B ahia, and Soares Filho

asked him to identify the cacti he had photographed in

his expedition to the Serra Escura. M achado immed-

lately recognized the Arrojadoa species shown in h is

pictures as som erhing new. A new expedition ro rhe

site was then planned, with the objective of collecting

material of the new species for study In January of

2003 [he discoverers of the new species, the second

author and John Hughes (UK ) visite d [ he Serra Escura,

Figure 7 (faCing page)A small but mature, individual of ArrojllldOQ marylanae

and plants were found in flower. A few plants were CD1-

leered and kept in cultivation by Soares Filho in order

to p ro ceed w~th the description of the new species, A

further visit to the habitat was made in April 20013 b y

Soares F ilho, Machado and C oe lh o, this t ime accomp-

anied b y Raymundo Reis Filho M arcello M oreira, and

the Kew botanists Nigel Taylor and Daniela Z appi, Ar

th is tim e plan ts w ere found in fruit', and the descriptioncould then be comple ted.

T he accom panying vegetation is composed of small

shrubs in the legum e fam ily ( C a m p t o J e m a ' sp., S e n n a sp.),

Velloziaceae (Vellozia sp , B a r b a c e m ( l ' sp.) , Rubiaceae ,

M aivaceae,.and herbs, grasses, and bulbs including

H i p p e a s l r u m sp. O ther cactus species found in the hab-

ita t of A r ro ja d oa m a r yl an ae are E S p O S lO O p s is d y b ow s k ii (the

Serra Escura isa new locality for this species],

M e / a C t i C l U S b a bi en si s, M e /o ca ctu s e m e s t i i , M e le c a c tu s

i n e o n c in n u s , P i /o s o c e re u s p a c h y c l c td u s , an d T a dn g c t i n a m o e -na : In the , c a a t i n g a vegetation that surrounds the Serra

E scu ra th e fo llowin g c ac tu s specie s can also be found:

A rrojadoa pen i c i l l a ta, A rrojadoa rhodantb a, C ereu s

j a m a c a r u , C o le o c e p b a lo c e r e u s g o e b e l i a n u s , M e /o c - a c t u s s a l-

vadorensis; M elocactu s zeb nm eri, P ereskia babiensis,

Figure 9 Pi'g~O,ereu5 f;/a,hyc/adui' shares the same habitat WithArrojllldOQ marylanae

BCSJ Vol. 21 (3) I 1 '9



P i /O J oc em l sc ati ng ic oi a, P i Jo Jo ce n: us g o un elf el: P i le so ce re us

pmtaedrophort15 ssp. robustus, Stephanocereus leucostek;

T d d n g a fonalis an d T d d n g a p a l m a d o r a .

A r r o ja d o a m a ry la m l€ ' read ily s tands out from all other

A r r o j a d o a species due to its greater size, thicker and

unbranched stems; higher number of ribs, flex ible

spines, woollier cepba lia , f lower s with t hin , s pr eading

perianth-segm enrs (Figure 1), fruits w ith w atery pulp

and flower rem nant narrower at ir s b as e an d s ha llowly

in se rted in th e fruit a pe x. T h e se ed s, w ith Ha t t esta -c ells

a nd in te rstitia l pits, could be viewed as another

distinguishing fe atu re , b ut th is te sta morphology is also

presen t in Arrojddod dinae, as i llust rated b y Barthlott &

Hunt (2000, p . 104 . f i g . 49.5). The cephalium seems

particularly well-developed in this species when com -

pared to other A r r o j a d o « species since it occupies the

whole apex of th e stem , and is m uch w oollier. A lso,

growth through th e cephalium compresses it an dfo rc es its str uc tu re s to a horizontal position, w hile in

th e o th er Arrojadoa species grow th th rough th e ceph al-

ium makes the cephalium structures only a little

inclined.

T he overall shape of A r rq ja d o a m a r y la n a t is highly rem-

rruscen r of S t ep ha n oc er eu s l eu c os te le ; and without the

f lower s and fruits it could easily be m istaken as a m em -

ber of that genus. Particularly when old, ta ll p la ra s

d ev elo p sid e b ran ch es (F ig ure 2) . However , b ranch ing

is e x tr eme ly rare in this spe cie s, an d only tw o spec-

imens have been found b ran ch in g n atu ra lly (w ith ou t

apparent damage to th e apical rneristem],

T he flow ers of this species show a superficial sim ilar-

i tytoMe:locacrus flow ers. as they have narrow and

elongated, spreading perianth-segrnents, and half or

more of the length of th e flow er is con cealed b y th e

ce ph aliurn w ool (figure I ) . The more striking differ-

ence between the flowers of Arrojado« m a r y l d n a e an d

flowe rs o f o th er A t t o j a d o a sp ec ies is th e a bse nce of th e

convex, fleshy outer perianth-segm ents typical of the

latter. However , flowers w ith c hara cte ristics sim ila r to

those of A r ro ja d o« m a r yl an a e are also found elsewhere '

in the' genus, such as tn A rrojad oa d mae (A . m u l t i f l o r a ) .

T he sm all fruits w ith watery pulp are also highly rem-

in isc en t o f Meiocactus, and in colour and size (but not

in diameter) the fruits of A IT oja do a m a ryla na e match

v,ery w ell th ose of th e sympa tr ic M d o ca ctu s b a bi en sis

(Figure 4). M e l o c a c l U S fruits are regularly eaten b y

Figure I'0 .Me/ocadO's bah1'eruls growing: in the white quartr. sand at the habitat o r Arro ja do a fflarylanae

Figure II (facing page) £5ponoopsls dybowtkii .isalso found at the habitat of Ar,rojadotJn;laryIQl'Jae

IlOBeS) Vol. 21 (l)





lizards, probably for the water content; as a result

liz ards disperse th e seeds of Melocactus (Taylor 1991).

We surm ise that the sim ilarities in the fruits of

A r ro ja d o a m a r y ft t n a e and Melocaaus could be a case of

con vergence to the sam e dispersal agen t. Perh aps the

sim ilarities of fruit siz e and w atery pulp reflect the

preferen ces of th e liz ards - a su itable fruit siz e for n ib-

bling, and a suitable water content. Even th e morewell-developed c ep halium o f Arrojadoa m a r y / a n a e could

be linked w ith th e mode of dispersal of its fruits, as

the right w ool of the cephaliurn causes the fruits to be

a ctiv ely ex pre sse d from it , falling to the ground and

th us b ecom in g m ore con spicuou s to th e liz ards.

A noth er distin guish in g feature of Arrojadoa m d r y l a n a e

is the very regular production of rh e ring cephalia, as

shown by the uniform size of the stem segments

b etw een con secutiv e ceph alia, In A r r o j a d o a rhodantha

and in S tephanocereus /eucosu i e (sp ec ie s th at, in c ommonwith A r ro jad oa mary /anae , produ ce m an y ceph alia alo ng

their stem s), the stem -segm ents are often not uniform

in size, and vegetative growth of the stem m ay contin-

ue for more than one season of growth , w ith checked

grow th during unfavourable periods show ing as con-

strictions along the stem . These grewrh checks are

completely absent in Arroja:doa mary lana:e ; thus, due to

th e very regular production of ring cephalia in this

species, the num ber of segm ents can be an indication

of the ag e of th e p la nt. If e ac h se gment c orr esp onds

to one year's grow th, a plant w ith 20 cephalia is m ore

than 20 years old , takin g in to accoun t growth during

th e ju ve nile p ha se .

So far A r ro jad oa mary ia :ll ae is know n only from the type

lo cality , w h ere (h e p op ula tio n is e stim ate d to c omprise

a few thousand plants of all sizes. The number of

seedling plan ts is particularly high in number and

density, and show s that the species is r ep roducing we ll.

T here are n o curren t th reats to th e h abitat as th e terrain

is un suitable for farm in g, an d quarryin g is not likely to

occur as the quartz rock is fragile and breaks easily.

T he on ly th reat th e plan ts can face is th at of collection ,

It is hoped that it will n ot en dan ger 'th is un ique an d

rare spec ie s.

ACK_NOWLEDGEMENTS:

Th authors wish [0 express their gratitude to D r. C assia van der B erg

(UfFS) fo r his help with the latin diagnosis, and to D rs. Nigel

T ay lo r a nd Daniela Z appi for helpful discassions about the new

species.

REF E]tENCES:

B AR TH LO TI, W . Be HUNT. D,1(2000) Sttd~divmiiy in IIx Ctwamtt IIIb-

J a m . C a C lo id tt U . u ee ule nt P lan t R ese arch 5. 1 73 p.

TAnoR, N . P .I{1 99 I) T he G en us M d o c a C l 1 I J ' [ Ca ct ae ea e] in C e ntr al a nd

So u th Am e r ica . Brad/~ 9 : 1-8 0.

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