Smolensk

Smolensk

For the South Shetland island historically known asSmolensk, see Livingston Island.

Smolensk (Russian: Смоленск; IPA: [smɐˈlʲensk]) is acity and the administrative center of Smolensk Oblast,Russia, located on the Dnieper River, 360 kilome-ters (220 mi) west-southwest of Moscow. Population:326,861 (2010 Census);[5] 325,137 (2002 Census);[9]341,483 (1989 Census).[10]

The walled city in the center of Smolensk (along withthe outskirts) was destroyed several times throughout itslong history because it was on the invasion routes of bothNapoleon and Hitler. Today, Smolensk is noted for elec-tronics, textiles, food processing, and diamond faceting.

1 Etymology

The name of the city is derived from the name of theSmolnya River. The origin of the river’s name is lessclear. One possibility is the old Slavic word "смоль"(smol) for black soil, which might have colored the wa-ters of the Smolnya. An alternative origin could bethe Russian word "смола" (smola), which means resin,tar, or pitch. Pine trees grow in the area, and the citywas once a center of resin processing and trade. TheByzantine emperor Constantine VII recorded its name asΜιλινισκα.[11]

2 Geography

The city is located in European Russia on the banks ofthe upper Dnieper River, which crosses the city withinthe Smolensk Upland, which is the western part ofthe Smolensk–Moscow Upland.The Dniepr River flowsthrough the city from east to west and divides it into twoparts: the northern (Zadneprove) and southern (center).Within the city and its surroundings the river takes in sev-eral small tributaries.In the valleys are stretched streets, high ridges, hills, andheadlands form the mountain. Smolensk is situated onseven hills (mountains).The old part of the city occupies the high, rugged left(south) bank of the Dnieper River. The area features un-dulating terrain, with a large number of tributaries, creeksand ravines.

3 History

See also: Timeline of SmolenskHistorical affiliations

Kievan Rus’ 882–1054Principality of Smolensk 1054–1387

Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1387-1514Grand Duchy of Moscow 1514-1547Tsardom of Russia 1547-1618Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1618–1667Tsardom of Russia 1667-1721Russian Empire 1721–1917Belarusian People’s Republic 1918-1919Soviet Russia 1919-1922Soviet Union 1922–1991Russian Federation 1991–present

3.1 Medieval origins

Smolensk is among the oldest Russian cities. The firstrecorded mention of the city was 863 AD, two years af-ter the founding of ancient Rus’. According to RussianPrimary Chronicle, Smolensk (probably located slightlydownstream, at the archaeological site of Gnezdovo) waslocated on the area settled by the West Slavic Radimichstribe in 882 when Oleg of Novgorod took it in passingfrom Novgorod to Kiev. The town was first attested twodecades earlier, when the Varangian chieftains Askoldand Dir, while on their way to Kiev, decided against chal-lenging Smolensk on account of its large size and popu-lation.The first foreign writer to mention the city was the Byzan-tine Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus. In De Ad-ministrando Imperio (c. 950) he described Smolensk asa key station on the trade route from the Varangians tothe Greeks. The Rus’ people sailed from the Baltics upthe Western Dvina as far as they could then they pulledtheir boats out onto the ground and dragged them alongto the upper Dnieper. It was in Smolensk that they sup-posedly mended any leaks and small holes that might haveappeared in their boats from being dragged on the groundand they used tar to do that, hence the city name.The Principality of Smolensk was founded in 1054. Dueto its central position amid Kievan Rus’ lands, the citydeveloped rapidly. By the end of the 12th century, theprincedom was one of the strongest in Eastern Europe, so

1

2 3 HISTORY

St. Michael’s Church (Svirskaya) was built in 1180–1197.

that Smolensk Dynasty frequently controlled the Kievanthrone. Numerous churches were built in the city at thattime, including the church of Sts. Peter and Paul (1146,reconstructed to its presumed original appearance afterWorld War II) and church of St. John the Baptist (1180,also partly rebuilt). The most remarkable church in thecity is called Svirskaya (1197, still standing); it was ad-mired by contemporaries as the most beautiful structureto the east of Kiev.Smolensk had its own veche since the very beginning ofits history. Its power increased after the disintegrationof Kievan Rus, and although it was not as strong as theveche inNovgorod, the princes had to take its opinion intoconsideration; several times in 12th and 13th centuriesthere was an open conflict between them.[12]

3.2 Between Russia, Lithuania, andPoland

Although spared by the Mongol armies in 1240,Smolensk paid tribute to the Golden Horde, gradually be-coming a pawn in the long struggle between Lithuania andtheGrandDuchy ofMoscow. The last sovereignmonarchof Smolensk was Yury of Smolensk; during his reign thecity was taken byVytautas the Great of Lithuania on threeoccasions: in 1395, 1404, and 1408. After the city’s in-corporation into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, some ofSmolensk’s boyars (e.g., the Sapiehas) moved to Vilnius;

descendants of the ruling princes (e.g., the Tatishchevs,Kropotkins, Mussorgskys, Vyazemskys) fled to Moscow.

Capitulation of Russian garrison of Smolensk before WładysławIV of Poland in 1634

With tens of thousands of people living there, Smolenskwas probably the largest city in 15th-century Lithuania.Three Smolensk regiments proved decisive during theBattle of Grunwald against the Teutonic Knights. It wasa severe blow to Lithuania when the city was taken byVasily III of Russia in 1514. To commemorate this event,the Tsar founded the Novodevichy Convent in Moscowand dedicated it to the icon of Our Lady of Smolensk.

Uspensky Cathedral

In order to repel future Polish–Lithuanian attacks, BorisGodunov made it his priority to heavily fortify the city.The stone kremlin constructed in 1597–1602 is thelargest in Russia. It features thick walls and numer-ous watchtowers. Heavy fortifications did not preventthe fortress from being taken by the Polish–LithuanianCommonwealth in 1611 after a long twenty-month siege,during the Time of Troubles and Dimitriads. Weak-ened Muscovy temporarily ceded Smolensk land to theCommonwealth in the Truce of Deulino and for the nextforty-three years it was the seat of SmolenskVoivodeship.To recapture the city, the Tsardom of Russia launched theso-called "Smolensk War" against the Commonwealth in1632. After a defeat at the hands of king Wladislaw IV,the city remained in Polish–Lithuanian hands. In 1632,

3.4 Soviet period 3

the Uniate bishop Lew Kreuza built his apartments inSmolensk; they were later converted into the OrthodoxChurch of Saint Barbara. The hostilities resumed in1654 when the Commonwealth was being affected by theKhmelnytsky Uprising and the Swedish invasion. Afteranother siege, on September 23, 1654, Smolensk was re-captured by Russia. In the 1667 Truce of Andrusovo, thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth finally renounced itsclaims to Smolensk.

3.3 Modern history

Eagles monument in Smolensk, commemorating the centenary ofthe Russian victory over Napoleon

Smolensk has been a special place to Russians for manyreasons, not least for the fact that the local cathedralhoused one of the most venerated Orthodox icons, at-tributed to St. Luke. Building the new Cathedral of theAssumption was a great project which took more thana century to complete. Despite slowly sinking into eco-nomic backwater, Smolensk was still valued by Tsars as akey fortress defending the route to Moscow. It was madethe seat of Smolensk Governorate in 1708.In August 1812, two of the largest armies ever assembledclashed in Smolensk. During the hard-fought battle, de-scribed by Leo Tolstoy in War and Peace, Napoleon en-tered the city. Total losses were estimated at 30,000 men.Apart from other military monuments, central Smolenskfeatures the Eagles monument, unveiled in 1912 to markthe centenary of Napoleon’s Russian campaign.At the beginning of World War I, the 56th Smolensk In-

View of Smolensk in 1912. Early colour photograph by SergeiProkudin-Gorskii

fantry Division was first assigned to the First Army ofthe Imperial Russian Army. They fought at the Battle ofTannenberg. It was subsequently transferred to the 10thArmy and fought at the Second Battle of the MasurianLakes. In March 1918, while the city remained a partof Russia, Belarusian People’s Republic, proclaimed inMinsk under the German occupation, declared Smolenska part of it. In February–December 1918, Smolenskwas home to the headquarters of the Western Front,North-West Oblast Bolshevik Committee and WesternOblast Executive Committee. On January 1, 1919, theByelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed inSmolensk, but its government moved to Minsk as soon asthe German forces had been driven out of Minsk severaldays later.

3.4 Soviet period

After the Revolution, for inclusion in its composition asclaimed Smolensk Belarusian People’s Republic and theByelorussian SSR. Since April 1918 Smolensk was thecenter of the Western Region, which is based on January1, 1919, Byelorussian SSR was formed. January 7 BSSRgovernment moved from Minsk and Smolensk alreadyJanuary 16, 1919 decision of the Central Committee ofthe RCP Smolensk region was transferred to the RSFSR.In 1920 was held the new provincial census, according towhich the Russian population prevailed over Belarus, butthe Belarusian party leadership until 1926 leaves no hopefor the inclusion of Smolensk in the Belorussian SSR. In1940, 18 km (11mi) from Smolensk, the KatynMassacreoccurred.During World War II, Smolensk once again saw wide-scale fighting during the first Battle of Smolensk when thecity was captured by the Germans on July 16, 1941. Thefirst Soviet counteroffensive against the German army

4 7 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

was launched in August 1941 but failed. However, thelimited Soviet victories outside the city halted the Ger-man advance for a crucial two months, granting time toMoscow’s defenders to prepare in earnest. Camp 126 wassituated close to Smolensk and at this time Boris Men-shagin was mayor of Smolensk, with his deputy BorisBazilevsky. Both of them would be key witnesses in theNuremberg Trials over the Katyn massacre.[13] Over 93%of the city was destroyed during the fighting; the ancienticon of Our Lady of Smolensk was lost. Nevertheless, itescaped total destruction. In late 1943, Göring had or-dered Gotthard Heinrici to destroy Smolensk in accor-dance with the Nazi “scorched earth” policy. He refusedand was punished for it. The city was finally liberatedon September 25, 1943. The rare title of Hero City wasbestowed on Smolensk after the war.After the Germans captured the city in 1941, they foundthe intact archives of Smolensk Oblast Committee of theCommunist Party, the so-called Smolensk Archive. Thearchive was moved to Germany, and a significant partof it eventually ended up in the United States, providingWestern scholars and intelligence specialists with uniqueinformation on the local workings of the Soviet govern-ment during its first two decades. The archives were re-turned to Russia by the United States in 2002.[14][15]

On April 10, 2010, a Tu-154 military jet carrying Pol-ish president Lech Kaczyński, his wife, and many notablepolitical and military figures crashed in a wooded areanear Smolensk while approaching the local military air-port. All ninety-six passengers died immediately on im-pact. The purpose of the visit was to commemorate the70th anniversary of the Katyn massacre, in which some22,000 Polish POWs were murdered by the NKVD.In 2013, archaeologists of the Russian Academy of Sci-ences discovered and unearthed in the ancient templesin Smolensk dated to middle to second half of the 12thcentury, built on the left bank at the time the city wasthe capital of Smolensk principality. From unique objectpreserved walls in some places low, in othersthe height ofhuman growth.[16]

In September 2013, Smolensk widely celebrated the1,150th anniversary with funds spent on different con-struction and renovation projects in the city.[17] In cel-ebration Central Bank of Russia issued commemorativecoins made of precious metals.[18]

4 Administrative and municipalstatus

Smolensk serves as the administrative center of the oblastand, within the framework of administrative divisions, italso serves as the administrative center of SmolenskyDis-trict, even though it is not a part of it.[1] As an adminis-trative division, it is incorporated separately as Smolensk

Urban Okrug—an administrative unit with the statusequal to that of the districts.[1] As a municipal division,this administrative unit also has urban okrug status.[2]

5 Climate

6 Economy

Smolensk has several factories including the SmolenskAviation Plant and several electronics and agriculturalmachinery factories.

6.1 Transportation

Smolensk is located on the M1 main highway and mainrailway betweenMoscow andMinsk. Since 1870, there isa railway connection between Smolensk and Moscow.[20]Local public transport includes buses and trolleybuses.Public transportation network includes buses, trolley-buses, trams, and marshrutkas.There are two airports located in the outskirts of thecity; Smolensk South (civilian) and Smolensk North (mil-itary); however, there are no regular flights scheduled toSmolensk South Airport.

6.2 Education

Smolensk is home to the Smolensk State University(SMOLGU) and the Smolensk State Medical University(affiliated as university in 2015) (SSMU); together withcolleges of further education and other educational in-stitutes. smolensk is home for many foreign studentsincluding Indians,Japanese,Sri Lankans and few others.among them Indians are with highest count of popula-tion.smolensk is a great site for pursuing medical educa-tion.

7 International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia

7.1 Twin towns and sister cities

Smolensk is twinned with:

• Tulle, France (1981)

• Hagen, Germany (1985)

• Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA (1993)

5

• / Kerch, Ukraine/Russia (1998)

• Targovishte, Bulgaria (2002)[21]

• Woodstock, Georgia, USA (2006)

8 Notable people• Sergey Belavenets (1910–1942), Soviet chess mas-ter, theoretician, and chess journalist

• Alexander Belyayev (1884–1942), science fictionwriter

• Mikhail Glinka (1804–1857), composer

• Elizaveta Golovanova (born 1993), Miss Russia2012

• Natalia Ishchenko (born 1986), swimmer

• Anatoly Kharlampiyev (1906–1979), founder ofSambo

• Eduard Khil (1934–2012), singer

• Sergey Konenkov (1874–1971), sculptor

• Semyon Lavochkin (1900-1960), aircraft designer

• Maria Itkina (born 1932), runner

• Anatoly Lukyanov (born 1930), politician

• Morris Markin (1893-1970), Founder of CheckerMotors Corporation

• Gregori Maximoff (1893–1950), politician

• Grigory Potyomkin (1739–1791), statesman

• Aleksandr Tvardovsky (1910–1971), writer

• Peter Fishman (born 1955), sculptor

• Yuri Gagarin (1934–1968), cosmonaut

• Patriarch Kirill (born 1946), Patriarch of Moscowand all Rus’

• Olga Voronets (1926–2014), mezzo-soprano folksinger

9 Honors

Smolensk Strait between Livingston Island andDeceptionIsland in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is namedafter the city.[22]

10 See also• Battle of Orsha

11 References

11.1 Notes

[1] Resolution #261

[2] Decision #164

[3] http://www.smolsovet.ru/

[4] БД ПМО Смоленской области. Город Смоленск

[5] Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011)."Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года.Том 1” [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1].Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010All-Russia Population Census) (in Russian). Federal StateStatistics Service. Retrieved June 29, 2012.

[6] The value of density was calculated automatically by di-viding the 2010 Census population by the area specifiedin the infobox. Please note that this value may not be ac-curate as the area specified in the infobox does not nec-essarily correspond to the area of the entity proper or isreported for the same year as the population.

[7] Правительство Российской Федерации. Федеральныйзакон №107-ФЗ от 3 июня 2011 г. «Об исчислениивремени», в ред. Федерального закона №248-ФЗ от21 июля 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в Федераль-ный закон "Об исчислении времени"». Вступил в си-лу по истечении шестидесяти дней после дня офи-циального опубликования (6 августа 2011 г.). Опуб-ликован: "Российская газета", №120, 6 июня 2011 г.(Government of the Russian Federation. Federal Law#107-FZ of June 31, 2011 On Calculating Time, asamended by the Federal Law #248-FZ of July 21, 2014On Amending Federal Law “On Calculating Time”. Effec-tive as of after sixty days following the day of the officialpublication.).

[8] Почта России. Информационно-вычислительныйцентр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектовпочтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (Russian)

[9] Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21,2004). "Численность населения России, субъектовРоссийской Федерации в составе федеральныхокругов, районов, городских поселений, сельскихнаселённых пунктов – районных центров и сельскихнаселённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и болеечеловек" [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts,Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, RuralLocalities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localitieswith Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийскаяперепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia PopulationCensus of 2002] (in Russian). Retrieved August 9, 2014.

[10] Demoscope Weekly (1989). "Всесоюзная переписьнаселения 1989 г. Численность наличного населениясоюзных и автономных республик, автономныхобластей и округов, краёв, областей, районов,городских поселений и сёл-райцентров" [All UnionPopulation Census of 1989: Present Population of Unionand Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and

6 12 EXTERNAL LINKS

Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements,and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers].Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-UnionPopulation Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институтдемографии Национального исследовательскогоуниверситета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute ofDemography at the National Research University: HigherSchool of Economics]. Retrieved August 9, 2014.

[11] http://faculty.uml.edu/ethan_spanier/Teaching/documents/CP21DeAdministrandoImperio.pdf

[12] Алексеев, Л. В. (1980). Смоленская земля в IX-XIII вв.(in Russian). Moscow: Наука. pp. 111–115.

[13] Sanford, George. Katyn and the Soviet Massacre of 1940:Truth, Justice and Memory, Part 804, 2005, p. 140. ISBN978-0-415-33873-8.

[14]

[15] “Prologue: Selected Articles”. Archives.gov. 2011-10-19. Retrieved 2011-12-24.

[16] Интерфакс-Религия: Археологи обнаружили вСмоленске храм XII века

[17] 1150-летие Смоленска: от проектов к реализации

[18] К 1150-летию основания Смоленска отчеканилипамятные монеты из драгоценных металлов

[19] “Pogoda.ru.net” (in Russian). Retrieved September 8,2007.

[20] Train Station in Smolensk (Russian)

[21] “International Contacts”. Targovishte Municipality.Archived from the original on 2007-08-13. Retrieved2013-08-29.

[22] Smolensk Strait. SCAR Composite Antarctic Gazetteer.

11.2 Sources

• АдминистрацияСмоленской области. Постанов-ление №261 от 30 апреля 2008 г. «Об утвержде-нии реестра административно-территориальныхединиц и территориальных единиц Смоленскойобласти», в ред. Постановления №464 от 27июня 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в ре-естр административно-территориальных единици территориальных единиц Смоленской обла-сти». Опубликован: База данных "Консультант-плюс". (Administration of Smolensk Oblast. Reso-lution #261 of April 30, 2008On the Adoption of theRegistry of the Administrative-Territorial Units andTerritorial Units of Smolensk Oblast, as amended bythe Resolution #464 of June 27, 2014 On Amendingthe Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Unitsand Territorial Units of Smolensk Oblast. ).

• Смоленский городской Совет. Решение №164 от28 октября 2005 г. «Устав города Смоленска (но-вая редакция)», в ред. Решения №1308 от 19 де-кабря 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в Уставгорода Смоленска». Вступил в силу со дня офи-циального опубликования, за исключением по-ложений, для которых установлены иные срокивступления в силу. Опубликован: "Смоленскиеновости", №71, 22 декабря 2005 г. (SmolenskCity Council. Decision #164 of October 28, 2005Charter of the City of Smolensk (New Edition),as amended by the Decision #1308 of December19, 2014 On Amending the Charter of the City ofSmolensk. Effective as of the day of the official pub-lication, with the exception of the clauses for whichother dates of taking effect are specified.).

12 External links• (Russian) Official website of Smolensk

• (Russian) Travel in Smolensk

• (Russian) Smolensk news

• (Russian) Smolensk Wiki

• (Russian) Homepage of the Smolensk fortress

• Some photos of the Smolensk fortress

• More photos of Smolensk

• Historic images of Smolensk

• (Russian) Basketball in Smolensk

• (Russian) News of Smolensk sport

• (Russian) News of Smolensk medicine

• The murder of the Jews of Smolensk during WorldWar II, at Yad Vashem website.

7

13 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

13.1 Text• Smolensk Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smolensk?oldid=675135215 Contributors: Jeronimo, Space Cadet, Mikue, Nikola

Smolenski, Adam Bishop, WhisperToMe, Altenmann, Lowellian, Arseni, Halibutt, Cautious, Timvasquez, Meursault2004, Wwoods, Lefty,David Johnson, Gilgamesh~enwiki, Ezhiki, Gadfium, Kolt, Sca, Piotrus, Mzajac, Gene s, Maximaximax, Balcer, Irpen, D6, Rich Farm-brough, Guanabot, Murtasa, Mani1, Pavel Vozenilek, Bo Lindbergh, Bender235, El C, Kwamikagami, Darwinek, Jumbuck, AnthonyAppleyard, Nwinther, Snowolf, Cmapm, TintoRetto, Ghirlandajo, Axeman89, Sheynhertz-Unbayg, Isfisk, Woohookitty, Lokyz, AndriyK,TaivoLinguist, BD2412, Monk, Dpr, Jorunn, Czalex, The wub, Dinosaurdarrell, FlaBot, Gurch, Nimur, Lignomontanus, Fisenko, Goud-zovski, Atitarev, Introvert, Chobot, Volunteer Marek, YurikBot, RussBot, Conscious, Alex Bakharev, Leutha, Voyevoda, Welsh, Molobo,Rwalker, Bota47, Strolls, Black Falcon, Boivie, Errabee, Abune, Petri Krohn, Curpsbot-unicodify, Appleseed, Sardanaphalus, Attilios,SmackBot, YellowMonkey, Kuban kazak, Kintetsubuffalo, Fisss, Mekem~enwiki, Jprg1966, Skrofler, Hibernian, Barend, Colonies Chris,Dr. Dan, KaiserbBot, Rrburke, Backspace, Flyguy649, Smooth O, Bowlhover, Ala.foum, Nathcer, Barry Kent~enwiki, Apcbg, MTS-bot~enwiki, Canadaolympic989, Wfgiuliano, Shoeofdeath, ChrisCork, HennessyC, Adam Keller, Bonás, Soul phire, Lachambre, Cydebot,Denghu, M.K, Tkynerd, PKT, Thijs!bot, Marek69, Grahamdubya, Iulius, Escarbot, Dr. Blofeld, Cloachland, Superzohar, Camptown,JAnDbot, Epeefleche, Ygoloxelfer, The Anomebot2, Petcub, Rickard Vogelberg, CommonsDelinker, Alaexis, YBlume, HornColumbia,Inwind, Glossologist, Russia portal, VolkovBot, Taraborn, TXiKiBoT, A4bot, JhsBot, Thomas419ca, M0RD00R, InMooseWeTrust, Plu-tonium27, SieBot, WRK, MilFlyboy, Dmitry plus, Pymouss, OKBot, Richard David Ramsey, Sfan00 IMG, Foxj, Niceguyedc, Alexbot,SchreiberBike, Stepheng3, Karolis-lt, DerBorg, Vanished User 1004, Olvegg, Addbot, Magus732, LokiiT, Lightbot, Jarble, Greyhood,Pio2009, Legobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, MinorProphet, Russian Luxembourger, AnomieBOT, JackieBot, Nika 243, Geregen2, Xqbot, Disb,Lexa87, January2009, Gazarko, Tobby72, Masterknighted, BenzolBot, M2545, HRoestBot, Tinton5, Full-date unlinking bot, Wbarker1,Zooomrok, TobeBot, Lotje, Pashko 2, DeIntegro, Genesiser, CalicoCatLover, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, HarDNox, Spyderius, Glas-zlo, TheConduqtor, Piast93, Alphasinus, Supasun, Nikitosos, Art-fest, Wiki13, Kalamarnica, Josvebot, TDF9055, EnzaiBot, JYBot, Lu-gia2453, Helensword, Lekoren, Ziadios, אמיר ,אהוד Oliszydlowski, Dostojewskij, CogitoErgoSum14, WhyHellWhy, Radyanskysoldativ,Rubbish computer, KasparBot, Vikasmaru and Anonymous: 154

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flags_1410-03.svg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: self-made (based on Клейноди України (з історії державної і національноїсимволіки). Комплект з 33-х кольорових листівок. – К., 1991., Banderia Pruttenorum) Original artist: Alex Tora

• File:Capitulation_of_Russian_garrison_of_Smolensk_before_Vladislaus_IV_Vasa_of_Poland_1634.png Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Capitulation_of_Russian_garrison_of_Smolensk_before_Vladislaus_IV_Vasa_of_Poland_1634.png License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Image taken by User:Mathiasrex Maciej Szczepańczyk Original artist:Anonymous painter

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• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Smolensk_(Smolensk_oblast)_(2001).png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Coat_of_Arms_of_Smolensk_%28Smolensk_oblast%29_%282001%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.comOriginal artist: Unknown. Author of vectorization can be found at Vector-images.com.

• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Smolensk_oblast.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Coat_of_Arms_of_Smolensk_oblast.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of vectorization canbe found at Vector-images.com.

• File:Flag_of_Belarus_(1918,_1991-1995).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991-1995%29.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg License: Public do-main Contributors: The flag of Bulgaria. The colors are specified at http://www.government.bg/cgi-bin/e-cms/vis/vis.pl?s=001&p=0034&n=000005&g= as: Original artist: SKopp

• File:Flag_of_France.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Orig-inal artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Germany.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg License: PD Contributors: ?Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Oryol_(variant).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Flag_of_Oryol_%28variant%29.svgLicense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work, using File:Imperial Coat of arms of Russia (17th century).svg created by<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg' class='image'><img alt='Vexilloid of the RomanEmpire.svg' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/25px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png' width='25' height='35' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/38px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/50px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png 2x' data-file-width='245' data-file-height='343' /></a> TRAJAN 117 Original artist: Osipov Georgiy Nokka

• File:Flag_of_Russia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Origi-nal artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Russian_SFSR_(1918-1937).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Flag_of_Russian_SFSR_%281918-1937%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Sergey Chekhonin

8 13 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

• File:Flag_of_Smolensk_(Smolensk_oblast).png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Flag_of_Smolensk_%28Smolensk_oblast%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Vector-images.com Original artist: Unknown. Author of vectorizationcan be found at Vector-images.com.

• File:Flag_of_Smolensk_Oblast.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Flag_of_Smolensk_Oblast.png Li-cense: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg License: Public domainContributors: ДСТУ 4512:2006 - Державний прапор України. Загальні технічні умови

SVG: 2010

Original artist: України• File:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg Li-cense: Public domain Contributors: http://pravo.levonevsky.org/ Original artist: СССР

• File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg License:PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Hero_of_the_USSR.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Hero_of_the_USSR.png License: Publicdomain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia; Transfer was stated to be made by User:Notwist. Original artist: Original uploaderwas Irpen at en.wikipedia Later version(s) were uploaded by Zscout370 at en.wikipedia.

• File:Koporye_fortress_tower.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Koporye_fortress_tower.jpg License:CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Lob_flag_moskovskiy.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Lob_flag_moskovskiy.svg License: CCBY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Лобачев Владимир

• File:Map_of_Russia_-_Smolensk_Oblast_(2008-03).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Map_of_Russia_-_Smolensk_Oblast_%282008-03%29.svg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: Made from Image:Map of Russian subjects,2008-03-01.svg Original artist: Marmelad

• File:Michael_smolensk.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Michael_smolensk.jpg License: CCBY-SA3.0 Contributors: ru:File:Церковь Михаила Архангела в Смоленске.jpg Original artist: ru:User:Denis Bisteinoff

• File:Outline_Map_of_Smolensk_Oblast.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Outline_Map_of_Smolensk_Oblast.svg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Nzeemin

• File:Red_pog.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/0c/Red_pog.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Originalartist: ?

• File:Smolensk_1912.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Smolensk_1912.jpg License: Public domainContributors: Фотографии Сергея Михайловича Прокудина-Горского (1863-1944) Восстановленные в рамках народного проекта

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii Collection (Library of Congress)Original artist: Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii, digital rendering by Oleg Polyakov

• File:Smolensk_eagles.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Smolensk_eagles.jpg License: CCBY-SA 3.0Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Smolensk_railway_station.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Smolensk_railway_station.jpg Li-cense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Al Silonov

• File:Speaker_Icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg License: Public domain Con-tributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Uspensky_cathedral.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Uspensky_cathedral.jpg License: CC BY3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dmitry Grishin

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